573:, began on the heights of Tumilaca, and the constitutionalists forced their opponents to spend the night without water and on their weapons. At dawn the next day, Guarda had his troops camp near a stream. Attentive to this movement, Castilla advanced completely alone to the enemy camp and entered the tent of Guarda, to whom he offered to capitulate (which was only a simulation). After agreeing on the terms of the capitulation, Castile suggested to Guarda that he rest his troops so they could go drink at the stream. Castilla himself, leaving the store, addressed these troops and in a stentorian voice ordered them: "Battalion: set up pavilions and get out of the water." The Guarda soldiers obeyed, as if they had listened to their own boss. It was then the opportune moment for the Castilian soldiers to enter into action, who, advancing at a trot, surrounded Guarda's tent, while Castilla entered and took the Vivanquist chief by the arm, telling him: "You are my prisoner." The soldiers of Guarda, since they were unarmed, were easily taken prisoner. This was a great victory for the constitutionalists, who, mostly militiamen, subdued an army of experienced soldiers, superior in number. As a consequence of this victory, the rebellion advanced to Puno, Cuzco and
895:, Ríos and Lopera to place the troops in apparent positions to present the battle on July 23, the next day. But Lopera exceeded the limits in carrying out the orders and with the first body he moved, he began the attack on the enemy line. When Vivanco and other chiefs who were with him in the distance noticed the battle that was taking place, they decided to march to the battle scene, but it was already too late: their battalions had been destroyed. Pezet himself was seriously injured. At sunset, Vivanco ordered his surviving troops to leave the field. Castilla called off the pursuit at seven o'clock at night and his army concentrated in Challapampa, where he waited for dawn to enter the city.
566:, near Tacna, was fought on August 29, 1843. Nieto attacked Balta, but then pretended to withdraw to attract the opposing cavalry and his leader to a place distant from his infantry. Balta fell into the trap, which Castilla took advantage of to attack the enemy infantry and take up positions in a cemetery. Upon Balta's return, he received the closed volleys of the Castilla riflemen, while Nieto, leaving the farce of withdrawing from him, counterattacked from behind him. The skillful maneuver determined the defeat of Balta, who lost more than 500 men, including soldiers and officers.
838:
826:
807:
793:
216:
205:
194:
183:
166:
154:
136:
125:
105:
90:
742:
639:), for his adherence to the laws and for his vast culture. But he fell ill and died on February 17, 1844, a victim of liver disease. As such a death occurred unexpectedly, since Nieto was barely 40 years old, there were those who suspected possible poisoning. Castilla replaced Nieto in the presidency of the Junta, thus going on to lead the revolution. Vivanco, seeing that his situation was getting complicated, marched towards Arequipa, where he had massive support.
1022:
29:
1016:
57:
412:). It was fought between the government forces of Vivanco and Echenique against the revolutionaries led by Domingo Nieto and Ramon Castilla. A battle was fought at Pachia in Tacna on August 29, 1843. A clash occurred at San Antonio, Moquegua on October 27, 1843. Domingo Nieto died on February 17, 1844. From June 17 to June 29, 1844, fighting occurred in the capital Lima between the government and supporters of
883:, historian of the revolutions of Arequipa, tells an anecdote about this battle: he states that Vivanco, at the time the fight broke out, was busy trying to decipher the inscription of the year in which the bell of Cayma church, a monument of historical value, had been established. During that time he suffered the defeat of Carmen Alto and thus lost power. But more credible is the
712:
Castilla, reinforced with the forces of Miguel de San Román, besieged
Arequipa, with both parties exchanging fire for 16 days. Later, on the night of July 21, 1844, Castilla took the offensive and advanced on Vivanco's right flank, dawning on Acequia Alta or Carmen Alto.
909:
to deal with
Vivanco, offering him guarantees. Vivanco, who had placed his troops in the Apacheta cemetery, refused everything. And in the evening of that same day he set off at full gallop for the port of Islay where he embarked on a merchant steamer. He arrived in
521:
Vivanco sent a division to the south of Peru under the command of his war minister, General Manuel de la Guarda, to strengthen the garrisons that already existed in that area, with the slogan of putting an end to the "factious" without hesitation. Guarda landed on
951:. The winner was Castilla, who assumed power on April 20, 1845. This first government of Castilla (1845-1851), meant the beginning of a stage of institutional calm and the organization of the Peruvian State, after two decades of internal conflict.
887:
version, which maintains that
Vivanco was in the bell tower of that church to observe the field of operations and that he had arranged for the battle to be fought the next day, but the imprudence of one of his officers precipitated the struggle.
708:
Vivanco, who was indeed in
Arequipa, wanted to resign when he heard the news of Elías's defection. But before the pleas of the Arequipa crowd he gave up. Arequipa was very devoted to his cause and prepared to resist the attack of Castilla.
1002:. (Hasta 1973). Tomo 3. El Perú, primera independencia nacional y revolución peruana. Publicada bajo el auspicio del Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas. Impreso en los Talleres Gráficos de Iberia S.A. Lima, 1973.
436:, assumed power. After containing the Bolivian invasion of southern Peru and signing peace with the neighboring country, Menéndez ended up being overthrown. Peru was then plunged into a period later known as the
557:
With the rebels in Puno having been dispersed, the leadership's troops advanced on Tacna. Nieto and
Castilla, at the head of rebel militiamen from Tacna and Moquegua, lured Colonel Juan Francisco Balta, a
854:, the army of Castilla was deployed, sheltered by the irregularities of the terrain, and waited for the attack of its adversaries. Castilla assumed command of his troops and appointed General
688:. All of Lima mobilized to defend itself, but after a week of tense waiting, the attack did not take place because Echenique, according to what he says in his memoirs, was informed by
569:
The forces of Guarda and
Castillo remained standing, numbering about 3,200 men. They met the forces of Nieto and Castilla on October 27, 1843, near Moquegua. The battle, known as the
437:
941:
140:
899:
937:, the President of the Council of State Manuel Menéndez resumed supreme command on October 7, 1844, with the mission of carrying out the constitutional transfer of power.
598:
609:
873:
921:
Castilla was magnanimous with the defeated and did not apply any repression. The people of
Arequipa, who had fervently supported Vivanco (as they would also in the
249:
531:
978:
541:. Before continuing the march towards Tacna, both were in charge of subduing the generals Juan Crisóstomo Torrico and Miguel de San Román, who had risen up in
859:
501:
933:
Victorious on the battlefield, Castilla complied with reestablishing the
Constitution of 1839. Consequently, and after a brief interim period of
946:
925:), accepted the new order of things, given that their leader showed no interest in continuing the fight and rather fled, abandoning his troops.
577:, thus consolidating itself throughout southern Peru, with the exception of Arequipa, which remained unwavering in its loyalty to Vivanco.
242:
670:, until then loyal to Vivanco, taking advantage of his departure, rose up against the Directorial government and proclaimed himself
608:, Dr. José M., Coronel Zegarra, and National Guard Colonel Nicolás Jacinto Chocano. The secretary and substitute member was Colonel
1066:
235:
922:
549:. Vivanco was irritated upon hearing this news, harshly reprimanding Guarda for not having captured and shot the rebels.
318:
313:
298:
259:
429:
391:
700:, an episode remembered as an expression of weariness or disgust of the population of Lima in the face of militarism.
442:
972:
145:
1100:
1040:
904:
674:
on June 17, 1844. Immediately afterwards, Elías organized the defense of the capital against the threat of the
603:
369:
380:
1085:
1059:
365:
351:
336:
614:
496:
459:
came to power. The latter established an authoritarian and conservative government, which he called the
373:
1095:
1090:
878:
495:
government and restore legitimate authority, that is, that of Menéndez. As its goal was to restore the
409:
308:
303:
293:
273:
995:. Tomo VIII. La República (1833-1843). Primera Edición. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1971.
448:
830:
456:
323:
129:
597:), whose presidency was assumed by Domingo Nieto. It was made up of General Ramón Castilla, Colonel
536:
384:
283:
278:
679:
158:
1052:
452:
174:
344:
988:
855:
209:
689:
619:. The representative figure of the revolutionaries was Marshal Nieto, who was nicknamed the "
724:
and established his defense line there, yielding the initiative to the enemy in this part.
8:
864:
488:
340:
198:
892:
851:
798:
95:
562:
chief who with a small detachment had moved away from the bulk of his army. Thus, the
433:
425:
968:
842:
484:
187:
655:
632:
624:
590:
464:
358:
667:
413:
220:
1032:
934:
1036:
741:
721:
523:
1079:
960:
850:
In Carmen Alto, a small town surrounded by a plain located between Cayma and
683:
518:, to support the revolution, with some units of the regular army joining it.
480:
170:
918:
a few days later. Shortly before, the squad had joined the winning side.
620:
574:
967:, Tomo 4. Editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. Lima, 2005.
696:
near
Arequipa, rendering an attack on Lima meaningless. Thus ended the
28:
227:
1021:
527:
515:
545:. Once the capitulation was signed, Torrico and San Román went to
546:
447:, where several generals vied for power. After successive coups,
408:
was the second internal conflict in 19th century Peru (after the
1015:
911:
915:
587:
Provisional
Government Junta of the Free Departments in Cuzco
511:
837:
825:
806:
792:
663:
542:
215:
204:
193:
182:
165:
153:
135:
124:
104:
89:
62:
914:
on July 27, being arrested by Domingo Elías and exiled to
891:
Indeed, on July 22, 1844, Vivanco ordered his lieutenants
416:. A final clash occurred at Carmen Alto on July 22, 1844.
898:
The next morning, Castilla entered the city and sent Dr.
595:
Junta de Gobierno Provisional de los Departamentos Libres
585:
On September 3, 1843, the revolutionaries constituted a
514:
on May 17, 1843. Militias were organized in Tacna and
985:. Tomo I. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.
811:
109:
552:
580:
1077:
746:1865 map highlighting the location of the battle
716:Vivanco, who was preceded by several parties of
432:in 1841, the president of the Council of State,
965:Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933)
692:that Vivanco and Castilla were preparing for a
1060:
650:Another episode of the war was the so-called
243:
672:Political and Military Chief of the Republic
1067:
1053:
740:
693:
424:After the death of the Peruvian president
250:
236:
27:
727:
530:, where he joined the forces of General
1078:
703:
682:, who were advancing from the central
257:
231:
1009:
983:Historia de la República (1821-1930)
720:, positioned himself in the town of
642:
13:
666:. It all started when the prefect
14:
1112:
631:) and the "Greco-Roman Marshal" (
553:Battles of Pachía and San Antonio
474:
1020:
1014:
1000:Historia general de los peruanos
858:as General-in-Chief and General
836:
824:
805:
791:
581:The Provisional Government Junta
214:
203:
192:
181:
164:
152:
134:
123:
103:
88:
55:
954:
940:Menéndez complied with calling
506:, the uprising was called the "
406:Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
22:Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
510:", the same one that began in
1:
419:
1039:. You can help Knowledge by
928:
7:
900:Juan Manuel Polar y Carasas
767:Carmen Alto, Arequipa, Peru
33:Militia during the conflict
10:
1117:
1008:
410:Peruvian Civil War of 1834
993:Historia General del Perú
831:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
817:
784:
750:
739:
734:
508:Constitutional Revolution
491:set out to end Vivanco's
457:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
269:
130:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
116:
81:
37:
26:
21:
390:Huacanvelica and Junín (
1031:This article about the
961:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge
874:Juan Gualberto Valdivia
453:Juan Francisco de Vidal
449:Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
1101:Peruvian history stubs
979:Chirinos Soto, Enrique
923:civil war of 1856–1858
818:Commanders and leaders
659:
636:
628:
594:
468:
117:Commanders and leaders
776:Revolutionary victory
735:Battle of Carmen Alto
728:Battle of Carmen Alto
690:Felipe Pardo y Aliaga
680:José Rufino Echenique
637:Mariscal greco-romano
571:battle of San Antonio
159:José Rufino Echenique
73:Revolutionary victory
989:Vargas Ugarte, Rubén
678:forces commanded by
629:El Quijote de la Ley
497:Constitution of 1839
141:Juan Francisco Balta
112:(constitutionalists)
1086:Wars involving Peru
869:as Chief of Staff.
856:Miguel de San Román
704:Arequipa Resistance
532:Fermín del Castillo
489:Manuel de Mendiburu
210:Miguel de San Román
199:Manuel de Mendiburu
893:Juan Antonio Pezet
261:Civil wars in Peru
1096:Conflicts in 1844
1091:Conflicts in 1843
1048:
1047:
942:general elections
848:
847:
812:Provisional Junta
780:
779:
610:José Félix Iguaín
401:
400:
226:
225:
110:Provisional Junta
77:
76:
16:Civil war in Peru
1108:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1026:
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1024:
1018:
1010:
998:Varios autores:
950:
908:
882:
868:
860:Isidro Frisancho
841:
840:
829:
828:
810:
809:
796:
795:
752:
751:
744:
732:
731:
618:
607:
564:battle of Pachía
540:
505:
446:
438:military anarchy
430:war with Bolivia
330:Other conflicts:
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1076:
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1033:history of Peru
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1006:
957:
944:
935:Justo Figuerola
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902:
876:
862:
835:
823:
804:
790:
768:
745:
730:
706:
648:
612:
601:
583:
555:
534:
526:and marched to
499:
477:
440:
434:Manuel Menéndez
426:Agustín Gamarra
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843:Ramón Castilla
833:
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599:Pedro Cisneros
582:
579:
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485:Ramón Castilla
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475:Tacna Uprising
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188:Ramón Castilla
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973:9972-205-66-5
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799:Directoriales
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789:
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783:
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772:
771:
765:
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749:
743:
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723:
719:
714:
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687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Domingo Elías
665:
661:
657:
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646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:of the Law" (
622:
616:
611:
605:
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588:
578:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
550:
548:
544:
538:
533:
529:
525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Domingo Nieto
472:
470:
469:el Directorio
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
414:Domingo Elías
411:
407:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
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371:
367:
363:
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353:
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233:
230:
222:
221:Domingo Elías
217:
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189:
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172:
171:Domingo Nieto
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147:
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137:
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126:
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120:
115:
111:
106:
101:
98:
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96:Directoriales
91:
86:
85:
80:
72:
69:
68:
64:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1041:expanding it
1030:
1027:
1005:
999:
992:
982:
964:
955:Bibliography
939:
932:
920:
897:
890:
884:
871:
849:
797:
785:Belligerents
758:22 July 1844
717:
715:
711:
707:
697:
694:final battle
684:
675:
671:
660:Semana Magna
651:
649:
645:Semana Magna
644:
586:
584:
570:
568:
563:
559:
556:
520:
507:
492:
478:
460:
423:
405:
403:
329:
328:
288:
175:
99:(government)
94:
82:Belligerents
945: [
903: [
885:vivanquista
877: [
863: [
676:vivanquista
613: [
602: [
575:Andahuaylas
560:Vivanquista
535: [
500: [
441: [
428:during the
144: [
1080:Categories
718:montoneros
698:Magna Week
652:Magna Week
420:Background
929:Aftermath
852:Yanahuara
479:Generals
461:Directory
385:1867–1868
370:1921–1922
345:1896–1897
337:1825–1828
319:1894–1895
314:1884–1885
299:1856–1858
294:1854–1855
289:1843–1844
284:1836–1839
279:1835–1836
45:1843–1844
763:Location
528:Arequipa
516:Moquegua
493:de facto
364:Loreto (
357:Huaraz (
335:Huanta (
50:Location
656:Spanish
633:Spanish
625:Spanish
621:Quixote
591:Spanish
547:Bolivia
465:Spanish
971:
912:Callao
773:Result
685:Sierra
379:Puno (
350:Lima (
173:
70:Result
60:
1035:is a
975:(V.4)
949:]
916:Chile
907:]
881:]
872:Dean
867:]
722:Cayma
662:) in
617:]
606:]
539:]
524:Islay
512:Tacna
504:]
445:]
324:1980–
148:]
1037:stub
969:ISBN
755:Date
664:Lima
643:The
543:Puno
487:and
455:and
404:The
392:1965
381:1815
374:1932
366:1896
359:1885
352:1872
341:1839
309:1867
304:1865
274:1834
63:Peru
42:Date
471:).
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981::
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