139:, the most broadly applied legal threshold of adulthood, is typically characterized by recognition of control over oneself and one's actions and decisions. The most common age threshold is 18 years of age, with thresholds ranging from 14 to 21 across nations and between provinces. Although the age of majority is referred to as a jurisdiction's legal age, the legal ages of various other issues of legal maturity like sexual consent or drinking and smoking ages are often different from the age of majority. Aside from age-based thresholds of maturity, restrictions based in a perceived intellectual immaturity also extend to those with a variety of mental impairments (generally defined as anyone with a mental disability that requires guardianship), with laws in place in most regions limiting the voting rights of the mentally disabled and often requiring the judgment of a court to declare fitness. Similar to those restrictions placed on children, persons with mental disabilities also have freedoms restricted and have their rights assigned to parental guardians.
98:
pattern of development (infancy, childhood, juvenility, adolescence) that has been theorized to confer a number of evolutionarily competitive benefits (Locke & Bogin, 2006). In infancy, motor development stretches long into the early years of life, necessitating that young infants rely on their mothers almost entirely. This state of helplessness provides for an intensely close bond between infant and mother, where separation is infrequent and babies are rarely out of a caregiver's arms. For non-human primates and all non-human mammalian species the growth of the first permanent molar marks the end of lactation and the beginning of foraging, setting an early requirement for independence. Human children, on the other hand, do not have an advanced motor control capable of foraging and also lack the digestive capacity for unprepared food, so they have always relied on the active involvement of their mother and other caregivers in their care into childhood.
58:
through the use of symbols and tools, therefore, is re-interpretive imitation that is "practiced, perfected, and varied in play" through extensive exploration of the limits on one's ability to interact with the world. Evolutionary psychologists have also hypothesized that cognitive immaturity may serve an adaptive purpose as a protective barrier for children against their own under-developed meta-cognition and judgment, a vulnerability that may put them in harm's way. For youth today, the steadily extending period of 'play' and schooling going into the 21st century comes as a result of the increasing complexity of our world and its technologies, which too demand an increasing intricacy of skill as well as a more exhaustive set of pre-requisite abilities. Many of the behavioral and emotional problems associated with
89:
authority over their choice of dress, hairstyle, friends, hobbies, and media choices. But this constrained earlier concept of personal autonomy later develops into a broader understanding of individual freedoms, with an understanding of freedom of speech as a universal right emerging by elementary school age. However, younger children do have difficulty with maintaining a consistent view on universal rights, with 75% of first-grade children expressing uncertainty about prohibiting freedom of speech in Canada. But this same study also found that 6- to 11-year-old
Canadian children rejected nondemocratic systems on the basis of violating principles of majority vote, equal representation, and right to a voice, which provides evidence for an emerging knowledge of political decision-making skills from a young age.
110:(communication across diverse regions of the brain). The brain's "cross-talk" may be related to decision-making concerning risk-taking, with one study of American adolescents finding delayed reaction time and decreased spread across brain regions in a task asking them to determine whether a dangerous action is a good idea or not. Steinberg observes that there is close overlap in the activated brain regions for socioemotional and reward information, which may pose a challenge when making decisions in the most high-risk peer contexts. One study found that preference for small immediate rewards over larger long-term rewards was associated with increased activation with regions primarily responsible for socioemotional decision-making.
42:) one can attain, after which the level of psychological functioning no longer increases much with age. However, beyond this, integration is also an aspect of maturation, such as the integration of personality, where the behavioral patterns, motives and other traits of a person are gradually brought together, to work together effectively with little to no conflict between them, as an organized whole, e.g., bringing a person's various motives together into a purpose in life. Case in point: adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept, in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life's purpose, directedness, and intentionality, which contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful.
147:
the political intelligence of the voting population. Although critics have cited 'youth culture' as contributing to the malaise of modern mass media's shallow treatment of political issues, interviews with youth themselves about their political views have revealed a widespread sense of frustration in their political powerlessness as well as a strongly cynical view of the actions of politicians. Several researchers have attempted to explain this sense of cynicism as a way of rationalizing the sense of alienation and legal exclusion of youth in political decision-making.
151:
this research is now recognized to have used challenging and contradictory vignettes that placed a high demand on still-developing verbal and metacognitive skills which are not recognized as requisite to an understanding of individual political rights. More recent research has unveiled that even elementary school age children have a concept of freedom of speech and that by ages 8–9 this concept expands beyond a concern for personal autonomy and onto awareness for its social implications and the importance of the right to a political voice.
212:. A girl's menarche is commemorated in varying ways, with some traditional Jewish customs defining it as a contamination, with the customs shaped around cleaning it away and ensuring it does not make anything or one unclean. This served a historical purpose of blocking women from taking part in economic or political events. The Maori of New Zealand, the Tinne Indians of the Yukon, the Chichimilia of Mexico, and the Eskimos, among other groups, all hold varyingly negative beliefs about the time of menarche and what dangers it brings.
277:, said that juvenile justice was based on the belief that young people do not always make good decisions because they are not mature, but this means that they can be reformed more easily than adults. However, the relationship between psychological maturity and age is a difficult one, and there has been much debate over methods of determining maturity, considering its subjective nature, relativity to the current environment and/or other factors, and especially regarding social issues such as
80:
identities. Adolescents navigate a web of conflicting values and selves in order to emerge as 'the person one has come to be' and 'the person society expects one to become'. Erikson did not insist that stages begin and end at globally pre-defined points, but that particular stages such as "Identity" could extend into adulthood for as long as it took to resolve the conflict.
50:
that often vary as a result of social sentiments. The concept of psychological maturity has implications across both legal and social contexts, while a combination of political activism and scientific evidence continue to reshape and qualify its definition. Because of these factors, the notion and definition of maturity and immaturity is somewhat subjective.
105:, which is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as planning, decision-making, judgment and reasoning, develops and matures most rapidly during early adolescence, but is seen to continue into one's 20s. Accompanying the growth of the prefrontal cortex is continued synaptic pruning (the trimming of rarely used synapses) as well as increased
228:, that, aside from serving to train entrants, also demarcate an initial recognition of maturity in the organization, with successive experiences building upon that. Many occupations and social groups recognize similar tiers of maturity within the group across many cultures, which emphasize maturity as a form of status.
205:, in parts of Latin America, Début in the Philippines, Ji Li in China, and Sweet Sixteen in the United States coincide closely with graduation, which highlights the importance and broad recognition of the transition; however, these celebrations have been most prominently celebrated only by girls up until recently.
189:
as a rite of passage in early adolescence. The rite holds fewer practical responsibilities than the Bar/Bat
Mitzvah, but carries ethical and moral consequences. In all churches, of age Christians are responsible for going to church on Sundays and for confessing their sins periodically; within certain
118:
One problem with the notion of mental maturity as in adults being both more critical and less plastic than children is that it assumes a negative correlation between plasticity and independent critical thinking. This assumption is criticized as the ability to clearly distinguish ideas from each other
146:
are not permitted to vote in elections is that they are too intellectually immature to understand voting issues. This view is echoed in concerns about the adult voting population, with observers citing concern for a decrease in 'civic virtue' and 'social capital,' reflecting a generalized panic over
57:
proposed the purpose of the period of immaturity as being a time for experimental play without serious consequences, where a young animal can spend a great deal of time observing the actions of skilled others in coordination with oversight by and activity with its mother. The key to human innovation
158:
in cases involving mentally retarded or underage perpetrators. In Atkins v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court decision banning the execution of mentally retarded persons, was decided on the grounds that "diminished capacities to understand and process mistakes and learn from experience, to engage in
97:
Where maturity is an earned status that often carries responsibilities, immaturity is then defined in contrast by the absence of serious responsibility and in its place is the freedom for unmitigated growth. This period of growth is particularly important for humans, who undergo a unique four-stage
84:
defines the formal operational stage as a plateau reached once an individual can think logically using symbols and is marked by a shift away from "concrete" thought, or thought bound to immediacy and facts, and toward "abstract" thought, or thought employing reflection and deduction. These theories
49:
and the oversight of an adult in decision-making acts. Maturity has different definitions across legal, social, religious, political, sexual, emotional, and intellectual contexts. The age or qualities assigned for each of these contexts are tied to culturally-significant indicators of independence
200:
is celebrated throughout many countries of the world following or prior to final coursework for the year or after graduation. Various parties, ceremonies, or gatherings are held, ranging in their focus on academics, bonding, or as a farewell. In some
Western European countries a post-degree party
150:
Another reason cited against child voting rights is that children would be unduly biased by media and other societal pressures. In cognitive research, some studies conducted in the 1970s offered a skeptical view of adolescent understanding of democratic principles like freedom of speech. However,
1111:
Luna, Beatriz; Thulborn, Keith R.; Munoz, Douglas P.; Merriam, Elisha P.; Garver, Krista E.; Minshew, Nancy J.; Keshavan, Matcheri S.; Genovese, Christopher R.; Eddy, William F.; Sweeney, John A. (30 April 2001). "Maturation of Widely
Distributed Brain Function Subserves Cognitive Development".
88:
While maturity is often termed as a label awarded to a child, research has revealed that children themselves hold a clear sense of their own autonomy and personal jurisdiction. For instance, American elementary-aged school children demonstrated an acknowledgement of the limits of their parents'
109:
of nerve fibers in the brain, which serves to insulate and speed up signal transmission between neurons. The incomplete development of this process contributes to the finding that adolescents use their brain less broadly than do adults when asked to inhibit a response and show less cross-talk
79:
describe progression into adult maturity, with each maturational stage characterized by a certain kind of psychosocial conflict. The "Identity" stage is characterized as being mainly concerned with issues of role exploration and role confusion, and also the exploration of sexual and other
74:
of one's decision-making ability, these outcomes are deeply embedded in not only cognition, but also in lifelong processes of emotional, social and moral development. Various theorists have provided frameworks for recognizing the indicators of maturity.
223:
act as a rite of passage into a group. These practices test and assert the expectations for pain tolerance and allegiance for men in those groups. Various branches of the military hold similar formal proving rituals, such as
201:
consists of burning notebooks and final projects. In certain countries, such as
Colombia and the United States, the prom has come to take on a dual role of celebrating both academic achievement as well as sexual maturity.
780:
Roweton, William E. (1 April 1988). "Gross, F. L., Jr. (1987). Introducing Erik
Erikson: An invitation to his thinking. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 148 pp., $ 23.50 (hard cover), $ 10.75 (paper)".
119:
and critically assess them would increase the capacity for self-correction and not decrease it, making the correlation between plasticity and independent critical thinking positive and not negative.
177:" (literally "an who is subject to the law") refers to the ceremony declaring that a Jewish child is morally and ethically responsible for their actions, is eligible to be called to read from the
181:, as well as responsibility to abide by the 613 laws written in the Torah. Traditionally, this ceremony awarded adult legal rights as well as the right to marry. Similarly,
1877:
62:
may arise as children cope with the increased demands placed on them, demands which have become increasingly abstracted from the work and expectations of adulthood.
159:
logical reasoning, to control impulses, and to understand the reactions of others" was cited as the evidence supporting a reduced view of criminal culpability.
1472:
Gallatin, Judith; Adelson, Joseph (1 April 1971). "Legal
Guarantees of Individual Freedom: A Cross-National Study of the Development of Political Thought".
2023:
1792:
1689:
631:
568:
2045:
1993:
76:
553:
Yaremko, John, Mary A (2005). "2005 John and Mary A. Yaremko
Programme on Multiculturalism and Human Rights Symposium Equality and the Family".
242:
While older people are generally perceived as more mature and to possess greater credibility, psychological maturity is not determined by one's
1329:
1870:
416:
1973:
81:
1635:
Sheldon, K. M.; T. Kasser (2001). "Getting Older, Getting Better? Personal
Strivings and Psychological Maturity Across the Life Span".
794:
1863:
39:
2051:
1809:; Elizabeth Cauffman (June 1996). "Maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent Decision Making".
1612:
1578:
1499:
Helwig, Charles C. (1 December 1997). "The Role of Agent and Social
Context in Judgments of Freedom of Speech and Religion".
1449:
1305:
961:
819:
757:
721:
658:
1343:
Putnam, Robert D. (1 December 1995). "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America".
2072:
1902:
85:
have shaped the investigation of adolescent development and reflect the limitations of cognition prior to adulthood.
17:
681:
Kemph, John P. (1 March 1969). "Erik H. Erikson. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1968".
1670:
Franz, Warren, Watson, Angell, Shepherd I, Howard C, John B, James R. (1919). "Psychological Bulletin, Volume 16".
842:
Nucci, Larry (21 March 1981). "Conceptions of Personal Issues: A Domain Distinct from Moral or Societal Concepts".
1050:"Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy"
584:"Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy"
1544:"Cruel and Unusual Punishment: The Juvenile Death Penalty: Adolescence, Brain Development and Legal Culpability"
1983:
1097:
1034:
1166:
1023:(2). Washington: Smithsonian Institution: 33–66Proceedings of the Seventh International Smithsonian Symposium
38:
can be operationally defined as the level of psychological functioning (measured through standards like the
1950:
1907:
127:
The definition and determination of maturity has been applied to the issue of criminal responsibility of
1932:
1917:
113:
2013:
1763:"The relation of mental age to chronological age as determined by certain individual and group tests"
1126:
522:
467:
250:
purposes, people are not considered psychologically mature enough to perform certain tasks (such as
1963:
1894:
1886:
1229:
McClure, Samuel M.; Laibson, David I.; Loewenstein, George; Cohen, Jonathan D. (October 15, 2004).
1194:(1 April 2007). "Risk Taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives From Brain and Behavioral Science".
1543:
877:
Laupa, Marta (1 March 1995). "Children's reasoning about authority in home and school contexts".
309:
1012:
1121:
517:
424:
1786:
1683:
1395:
Eliasoph, Nina (31 July 1990). "Political culture and the presentation of a political self".
1091:
1028:
625:
562:
454:
328:
315:
1385:
Buckingham, (1999). Oxford Review of Education, Political Education, 25, (1-2), pp. 171-184.
1245:
8:
2009:
1110:
1249:
1842:
1834:
1806:
1743:
1516:
1512:
1485:
1420:
1412:
1368:
1360:
1323:
1269:
1211:
1191:
1147:
1074:
1049:
932:
927:
910:
890:
859:
746:
710:
647:
608:
583:
365:
348:
Wechsler, David (1 March 1950). "Intellectual Development and Psychological Maturity".
102:
1705:"Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties"
1230:
1178:
Poster Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York
2041:
2019:
2003:
1927:
1912:
1826:
1652:
1608:
1574:
1567:
1524:
1445:
1424:
1311:
1301:
1261:
1207:
1139:
1079:
1065:
986:
957:
815:
753:
717:
654:
613:
599:
535:
373:
143:
128:
1372:
1273:
1215:
208:
A number of traditions are associated with the earlier critical maturation point of
1846:
1818:
1774:
1735:
1644:
1508:
1481:
1404:
1352:
1253:
1203:
1131:
1069:
1061:
1013:"Parental Investment: Human Uniqueness Compared to "Great Apes": Likely Difference"
922:
886:
851:
790:
690:
603:
595:
527:
490:
357:
225:
114:
Problems with alleged negative correlation between plasticity and critical thinking
1855:
1151:
2033:
2029:
1602:
1439:
951:
809:
304:
237:
136:
531:
1648:
508:
Bjorklund, DF (September 1997). "The role of immaturity in human development".
270:
255:
190:
denominations it is also a common practice to warn children that it would be a
154:
Maturity has also been taken into account when determining the fairness of the
582:
Johnson Ph.D, M.P.H, M.D., Ph.D, Giedd, M.D, Sara B, Robert W, Jay N. (2009).
262:
or making medical decisions) until they have reached a certain age. In fact,
202:
194:(an act punishable by banishment to hell) to lapse in these responsibilities.
27:
Learned ability to respond to the environment in a socially appropriate manner
2066:
1959:
1830:
1704:
1315:
274:
216:
155:
54:
1257:
795:
10.1002/1520-6807(198804)25:2<209::AID-PITS2310250218>3.0.CO;2-B
2037:
1989:
1979:
1656:
1528:
1265:
1143:
1135:
1083:
617:
581:
377:
312:, in which people believe they are currently as mature as they will ever be
186:
182:
46:
45:
The status of maturity is distinguished by the shift away from reliance on
1295:
694:
539:
1999:
1969:
1922:
391:
266:
173:
106:
59:
1165:
Baird, Abigail A; Fugelsang, Jonathan A; Bennett, Craig M (April 2005).
1838:
1822:
1747:
1520:
1408:
936:
863:
369:
294:
191:
31:
1416:
1364:
1231:"Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards"
1011:
Lancaster, Jane B; Lancaster, Chet S (1983). Ortner, Donald J. (ed.).
1778:
983:
494:
481:
Bruner, Jerome S. (1 January 1972). "Nature and uses of immaturity".
132:
1739:
855:
361:
1762:
1356:
1300:. Rebecca J. Compton (Fourth ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom.
1048:
Johnson, Sara B.; Blum, Robert W.; Giedd, Jay N. (31 August 2009).
1047:
949:
282:
278:
259:
209:
71:
953:
Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People
911:"Children's Conceptions of Fair Government and Freedom of Speech"
320:
251:
70:
Although psychological maturity is specifically grounded in the
243:
220:
168:
1228:
1669:
299:
263:
178:
807:
1805:
197:
247:
65:
1471:
748:
Introducing Erik Erikson: an invitation to his thinking
92:
1164:
1885:
1546:. Juvenile Justice Center, American Bar Association
1566:
1010:
985:
745:
709:
646:
1437:
801:
2064:
1634:
984:Robert Alan LeVine; Barbara Bloom Lloyd (1966).
743:
707:
331:of species that never completely reach maturity.
162:
2046:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
977:
943:
644:
445:University, Johns Hopkins (1885). "Circulars".
1600:
1171:: An fMRI study of adolescent decision making"
950:Kim Ronald Hill; A. Magdalena Hurtado (1996).
1871:
1604:The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation
1184:
1004:
904:
902:
900:
341:
122:
1791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1688:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1465:
1388:
1104:
1041:
630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
567:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
77:Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
1594:
1564:
1222:
1196:Current Directions in Psychological Science
811:Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development
1878:
1864:
1726:Mack, J. W. (1909). "The Juvenile Court".
1678:. American Psychological Association: 312.
1558:
1492:
1431:
1336:
1328:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
897:
701:
638:
501:
444:
215:For boys and young men, practices such as
142:One reason cited for why children and the
1535:
1190:
1125:
1073:
926:
870:
737:
607:
521:
507:
474:
1394:
347:
82:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
40:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
1017:How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey
808:Herbert Ginsburg; Sylvia Opper (1988).
779:
773:
552:
14:
2065:
1760:
1498:
1342:
1293:
908:
480:
2052:Evolutionary developmental psychology
1859:
1541:
1158:
988:Nyansongo: a Gusii community in Kenya
876:
841:
835:
680:
674:
414:
66:Socio-emotional and cognitive markers
1725:
1702:
1438:William A. Gamson (28 August 1992).
744:Francis L. Gross (1 February 1987).
1569:Red Flower: Rethinking Menstruation
909:Helwig, Charles C. (1 April 1998).
708:J. Eugene Wright (1 October 1982).
93:Biological and evolutionary markers
24:
1513:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01953.x
1486:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1971.tb00655.x
1345:PS: Political Science and Politics
928:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06205.x
891:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1995.tb00047.x
25:
2084:
1601:Janice DeLaney (1 January 1988).
449:. The Ohio State University: 106.
171:religion, the "becoming a Bar or
1908:Cognitive development of infants
1607:. University of Illinois Press.
1208:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x
1066:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016
600:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016
1974:Theory of cognitive development
1887:Human psychological development
1799:
1754:
1719:
1696:
1663:
1628:
1379:
1287:
752:. University Press of America.
1984:Cultural-historical psychology
1761:J.E, M, Evans, Castle (1918).
1444:. Cambridge University Press.
712:Erikson, identity and religion
575:
546:
438:
415:Adler, Nancy (November 1997).
408:
384:
13:
1:
2044: (b. 1950), and others (
1767:Journal of Applied Psychology
335:
163:Cultural and religious issues
1054:Journal of Adolescent Health
588:Journal of Adolescent Health
396:APA Dictionary of Psychology
7:
2024:Stages of moral development
532:10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.153
423:. MacArthur. Archived from
288:
10:
2089:
1933:Positive adult development
1918:Positive youth development
1649:10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.491
1096:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1033:: CS1 maint: postscript (
956:. Transaction Publishers.
649:Identity: Youth and Crisis
235:
123:Legal and political issues
2014:Ecological systems theory
1946:
1893:
1294:Banich, Marie T. (2018).
783:Psychology in the Schools
2073:Developmental psychology
1994:Psychosocial development
1964:Psychosexual development
1895:Developmental psychology
1637:Developmental Psychology
1542:Ortiz, Adam (Jan 2004).
1474:Journal of Social Issues
645:Erik H. Erikson (1968).
269:, who helped create the
1258:10.1126/science.1100907
1169:What were you thinking?
555:Equality and the Family
310:End-of-history illusion
1811:Law and Human Behavior
1672:Psychological Bulletin
1297:Cognitive neuroscience
1136:10.1006/nimg.2000.0743
510:Psychological Bulletin
462:Cite journal requires
421:Psychosocial workgroup
285:, culture, laws, etc.
231:
53:American psychologist
1709:American Psychologist
1703:J.J., Arnett (2000).
695:10.1002/bs.3830140209
483:American Psychologist
329:developmental biology
316:Mature minor doctrine
1565:Dena Taylor (1988).
258:, signing a binding
2036: (1943–2020),
2022: (1927–1987) (
2012: (1917–2005) (
2002: (1907–1990) (
1992: (1902–1994) (
1982: (1896–1934) (
1972: (1896–1980) (
1962: (1856–1939) (
1807:Steinberg, Laurence
1250:2004Sci...306..503M
1192:Steinberg, Laurence
131:and to a number of
1823:10.1007/BF01499023
1728:Harvard Law Review
1573:. Crossing Press.
1409:10.1007/BF00137622
1397:Theory and Society
879:Social Development
683:Behavioral Science
129:juvenile offenders
2060:
2059:
2040: (b. 1946),
2032: (b. 1939),
2004:Attachment theory
1928:Adult development
1913:Child development
1614:978-0-252-01452-9
1580:978-0-89594-312-5
1501:Child Development
1451:978-0-521-43679-3
1307:978-1-107-15844-3
1244:(5695): 503–507.
963:978-0-202-36406-3
915:Child Development
844:Child Development
821:978-0-13-675166-3
814:. Prentice-Hall.
759:978-0-8191-5789-8
723:978-0-8164-2362-0
716:. Seabury Press.
660:978-0-393-31144-0
417:"Purpose in Life"
350:Child Development
256:consenting to sex
144:mentally disabled
103:prefrontal cortex
18:Personal maturity
16:(Redirected from
2080:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1779:10.1037/h0074678
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1441:Talking Politics
1435:
1429:
1428:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1129:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1077:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
991:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
947:
941:
940:
930:
906:
895:
894:
874:
868:
867:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
805:
799:
798:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
751:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
715:
705:
699:
698:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
653:. W. W. Norton.
652:
642:
636:
635:
629:
621:
611:
579:
573:
572:
566:
558:
550:
544:
543:
525:
505:
499:
498:
495:10.1037/h0033144
478:
472:
471:
465:
460:
458:
450:
442:
436:
435:
433:
432:
412:
406:
405:
403:
402:
388:
382:
381:
345:
246:. However, for
21:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1889:
1884:
1854:
1804:
1800:
1784:
1783:
1759:
1755:
1740:10.2307/1325042
1724:
1720:
1701:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1497:
1493:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1127:10.1.1.330.7349
1109:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
982:
978:
968:
966:
964:
948:
944:
907:
898:
875:
871:
856:10.2307/1129220
840:
836:
826:
824:
822:
806:
802:
778:
774:
764:
762:
760:
742:
738:
728:
726:
724:
706:
702:
679:
675:
665:
663:
661:
643:
639:
623:
622:
580:
576:
560:
559:
551:
547:
523:10.1.1.453.8039
506:
502:
479:
475:
463:
461:
452:
451:
443:
439:
430:
428:
413:
409:
400:
398:
390:
389:
385:
362:10.2307/1126418
346:
342:
338:
327:- the study in
305:Attitude change
291:
240:
238:Age of majority
234:
165:
137:age of majority
125:
116:
95:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2027:
2017:
2010:Bronfenbrenner
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1817:(3): 249–272.
1798:
1773:(4): 308–322.
1753:
1734:(2): 104–122.
1718:
1695:
1662:
1643:(4): 491–501.
1627:
1613:
1593:
1579:
1557:
1534:
1507:(3): 484–495.
1491:
1464:
1450:
1430:
1403:(4): 465–494.
1387:
1378:
1357:10.2307/420517
1351:(4): 664–683.
1335:
1306:
1286:
1240:. New Series.
1221:
1183:
1157:
1120:(5): 786–793.
1103:
1060:(3): 216–221.
1040:
1003:
976:
962:
942:
921:(2): 518–531.
896:
869:
834:
820:
800:
789:(2): 209–210.
772:
758:
736:
722:
700:
689:(2): 154–159.
673:
659:
637:
594:(3): 216–221.
574:
545:
500:
489:(8): 687–708.
473:
464:|journal=
437:
407:
383:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
325:Juvenilization
318:
313:
307:
302:
297:
290:
287:
273:system in the
271:juvenile court
233:
230:
185:churches hold
164:
161:
124:
121:
115:
112:
94:
91:
67:
64:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:Theorists and
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:(5): 469–480.
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1480:(2): 93–108.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
990:
989:
980:
965:
959:
955:
954:
946:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
903:
901:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:(1): 114–21.
849:
845:
838:
823:
817:
813:
812:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
761:
755:
750:
749:
740:
725:
719:
714:
713:
704:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
662:
656:
651:
650:
641:
633:
627:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
564:
556:
549:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
519:
516:(2): 153–69.
515:
511:
504:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
469:
456:
448:
441:
427:on 2011-11-30
426:
422:
418:
411:
397:
393:
392:"integration"
387:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
340:
330:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:United States
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
229:
227:
222:
218:
217:scarification
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
195:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
170:
160:
157:
156:death penalty
152:
148:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
120:
111:
108:
104:
99:
90:
86:
83:
78:
73:
63:
61:
56:
55:Jerome Bruner
51:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1937:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1787:cite journal
1770:
1766:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1684:cite journal
1675:
1671:
1665:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1603:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1568:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1537:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1440:
1433:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1296:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1241:
1237:
1224:
1202:(2): 55–59.
1199:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1092:cite journal
1086:nihms:207310
1057:
1053:
1043:
1029:cite journal
1020:
1016:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
987:
979:
967:. Retrieved
952:
945:
918:
914:
882:
878:
872:
847:
843:
837:
825:. Retrieved
810:
803:
786:
782:
775:
763:. Retrieved
747:
739:
727:. Retrieved
711:
703:
686:
682:
676:
664:. Retrieved
648:
640:
626:cite journal
591:
587:
577:
563:cite journal
554:
548:
513:
509:
503:
486:
482:
476:
455:cite journal
446:
440:
429:. Retrieved
425:the original
420:
410:
399:. Retrieved
395:
386:
356:(1): 45–50.
353:
349:
343:
324:
241:
214:
207:
196:
187:Confirmation
172:
166:
153:
149:
141:
126:
117:
100:
96:
87:
69:
52:
47:guardianship
44:
35:
29:
1923:Young adult
885:(1): 1–16.
267:Julian Mack
203:Quinceañera
174:Bat Mitzvah
107:myelination
60:adolescence
1114:NeuroImage
431:2011-11-03
401:2022-01-14
336:References
295:Mental age
236:See also:
192:mortal sin
133:legal ages
32:psychology
2042:Demetriou
1903:Antenatal
1831:0147-7307
1425:140441785
1324:cite book
1316:985974469
1122:CiteSeerX
518:CiteSeerX
226:boot camp
183:Christian
2067:Category
2020:Kohlberg
1980:Vygotsky
1951:theories
1938:Maturity
1657:11444485
1529:29106706
1373:14610751
1274:14663380
1266:15486304
1216:18601508
1144:11304075
1084:19699416
618:19699416
378:15420813
289:See also
283:politics
279:religion
260:contract
210:menarche
72:autonomy
36:maturity
2034:Fischer
2030:Commons
1990:Erikson
1847:8733431
1839:1393975
1748:1325042
1620:15 June
1586:15 June
1550:15 June
1521:1131673
1457:15 June
1279:15 June
1246:Bibcode
1238:Science
1075:2892678
996:15 June
992:. Wiley
969:15 June
937:1132181
864:1129220
609:2892678
540:9283298
370:1126418
321:Neoteny
252:driving
2000:Bowlby
1970:Piaget
1845:
1837:
1829:
1746:
1655:
1611:
1577:
1527:
1519:
1448:
1423:
1417:657799
1415:
1371:
1365:420517
1363:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1264:
1214:
1152:754405
1150:
1142:
1124:
1082:
1072:
960:
935:
862:
827:9 June
818:
765:9 June
756:
729:9 June
720:
666:9 June
657:
616:
606:
538:
520:
376:
368:
221:hazing
169:Jewish
135:. The
2038:Kegan
1960:Freud
1843:S2CID
1835:JSTOR
1744:JSTOR
1517:JSTOR
1421:S2CID
1413:JSTOR
1369:S2CID
1361:JSTOR
1270:S2CID
1234:(PDF)
1212:S2CID
1174:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
933:JSTOR
860:JSTOR
557:: 93.
366:JSTOR
300:Adult
264:judge
248:legal
179:Torah
1827:ISSN
1793:link
1690:link
1653:PMID
1622:2013
1609:ISBN
1588:2013
1575:ISBN
1552:2013
1525:PMID
1459:2013
1446:ISBN
1330:link
1312:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1281:2013
1262:PMID
1140:PMID
1098:link
1080:PMID
1035:link
998:2013
971:2013
958:ISBN
829:2013
816:ISBN
767:2013
754:ISBN
731:2013
718:ISBN
668:2013
655:ISBN
632:link
614:PMID
569:link
536:PMID
468:help
374:PMID
219:and
198:Prom
101:The
1819:doi
1775:doi
1736:doi
1645:doi
1509:doi
1482:doi
1405:doi
1353:doi
1254:doi
1242:306
1204:doi
1132:doi
1070:PMC
1062:doi
1021:967
923:doi
887:doi
852:doi
791:doi
691:doi
604:PMC
596:doi
528:doi
514:122
491:doi
358:doi
323:or
244:age
232:Age
167:In
30:In
2069::
1841:.
1833:.
1825:.
1815:20
1813:.
1789:}}
1785:{{
1769:.
1765:.
1742:.
1732:23
1730:.
1713:55
1711:.
1707:.
1686:}}
1682:{{
1676:16
1674:.
1651:.
1641:37
1639:.
1523:.
1515:.
1505:68
1503:.
1478:27
1476:.
1419:.
1411:.
1401:19
1399:.
1367:.
1359:.
1349:28
1347:.
1326:}}
1322:{{
1310:.
1268:.
1260:.
1252:.
1236:.
1210:.
1200:16
1198:.
1176:.
1146:.
1138:.
1130:.
1118:13
1116:.
1094:}}
1090:{{
1078:.
1068:.
1058:45
1056:.
1052:.
1031:}}
1027:{{
1019:.
1015:.
931:.
919:69
917:.
913:.
899:^
881:.
858:.
848:52
846:.
787:25
785:.
687:14
685:.
628:}}
624:{{
612:.
602:.
592:45
590:.
586:.
565:}}
561:{{
534:.
526:.
512:.
487:27
485:.
459::
457:}}
453:{{
419:.
394:.
372:.
364:.
354:21
352:.
281:,
254:,
34:,
2048:)
2026:)
2016:)
2006:)
1996:)
1986:)
1976:)
1966:)
1879:e
1872:t
1865:v
1849:.
1821::
1795:)
1781:.
1777::
1771:2
1750:.
1738::
1692:)
1659:.
1647::
1624:.
1590:.
1554:.
1531:.
1511::
1488:.
1484::
1461:.
1427:.
1407::
1375:.
1355::
1332:)
1318:.
1283:.
1256::
1248::
1218:.
1206::
1180:.
1167:"
1154:.
1134::
1100:)
1064::
1037:)
1000:.
973:.
939:.
925::
893:.
889::
883:4
866:.
854::
831:.
797:.
793::
769:.
733:.
697:.
693::
670:.
634:)
620:.
598::
571:)
542:.
530::
497:.
493::
470:)
466:(
447:4
434:.
404:.
380:.
360::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.