Personal computer - Knowledge

673: 1890: 248: 1318: 1199: 2285:, up 11.2% from 239 million in 2006. In 2004, the global shipments were 183 million units, an 11.6% increase over 2003. In 2003, 152.6 million computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2002, 136.7 million PCs were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2000, 140.2 million personal computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 226 billion. Worldwide shipments of personal computers surpassed the 100-million mark in 1999, growing to 113.5 million units from 93.3 million units in 1998. In 1999, Asia had 14.1 million units shipped. 1824: 2249: 832:, personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of personal computers used at home. 1169:. These machines were AC-powered and included a small CRT display screen. The form factor was intended to allow these systems to be taken on board an airplane as carry-on baggage, though their high power demand meant that they could not be used in flight. The integrated CRT display made for a relatively heavy package, but these machines were more portable than their contemporary desktop equals. Some models had standard or optional connections to drive an external video monitor, allowing a larger screen or use with video projectors. 1534: 972:, these varieties often rest on the ground or underneath desks. Despite this seeming contradiction, the term "desktop" does typically refer to these vertical tower cases as well as the horizontally aligned models which are designed to literally rest on top of desks and are therefore more appropriate to the "desktop" term, although both types qualify for this "desktop" label in most practical situations aside from certain physical arrangement differences. Both styles of these computer cases hold the systems hardware 938: 1875: 2100: 2340:

of 2011. Global PC sales fell sharply in the first quarter of 2013, according to IDC data. The 14% year-over-year decline was the largest on record since the firm began tracking in 1994, and double what analysts had been expecting. The decline of Q2 2013 PC shipments marked the fifth straight quarter of falling sales. "This is horrific news for PCs," remarked an analyst. "It's all about mobile computing now. We have definitely reached the tipping point." Data from

6129: 1267: 597: 1115: 1248:). These machines had a keyboard with slightly reduced dimensions compared to a desktop system, and a fixed LCD display screen coplanar with the keyboard. These displays were usually small, with 8 to 16 lines of text, sometimes only 40 columns line length. However, these machines could operate for extended times on disposable or rechargeable batteries. Although they did not usually include internal disk drives, this form factor often included a 2541: 712:, followed by the Heathkit H89 in late 1979. With the purchase of the Heathkit H8 you would obtain the chassis and CPU card to assemble yourself, additional hardware such as the H8-1 memory board that contained 4k of RAM could also be purchased in order to run software. The Heathkit H11 model was released in 1978 and was one of the first 16-bit personal computers; however, due to its high retail cost of $ 1,295 was discontinued in 1982. 263: 2527: 883: 716: 727: 1356: 1222:, enhancing their portability. To save power, weight and space, laptop graphics chips are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM, resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to desktop machines, that more typically have a graphics card installed. For this reason, desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for 2352:, which was designed to look similar to tablet/smartphone software, was cited as a contributing factor in the decline of new PC sales. "Unfortunately, it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only didn't provide a positive boost to the PC market, but appears to have slowed the market," said IDC Vice President Bob O’Donnell. 2147:, PC gaming was the third largest gaming sector behind console and mobile gaming in terms of market share sitting at a 24% share of the entire market. The market for PC gaming continues to grow and is expected to generate $ 32.3 billion in revenue in the year 2021. PC gaming is at the forefront of competitive gaming, known as 665:, Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order, for 50 Apple I computers, only if the computers were assembled and tested and not a kit computer. Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users, not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit. The 38: 980:, processor chip and other internal operating parts. Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard, which are plugged into ports on the back of the computer case. Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they leave space on the desk for 2339:

as computing devices would surpass the PCs sales (as has happened since 2012). As of 2013, worldwide sales of PCs had begun to fall as many consumers moved to tablets and smartphones. Sales of 90.3 million units in the fourth quarter of 2012 represented a 4.9% decline from sales in the fourth quarter

2190:. Distributors such as the ones listed allow many games to be purchasable and accessible to users. Though some distributors may only sell games that have been created by their own company, many games and franchises are available on multiple distributor platforms. Some multiplayer pc games can also be 2086:

tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts; even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important

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also provide portable storage for users, commonly used on other electronics such as mobile phones and digital cameras, the information stored on these cards can be accessed using a memory card reader to transfer data between devices. Webcams, which are either built into computer hardware or connected

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Unlike desktop computers, only minor internal upgrades (such as memory and hard disk drive) are feasible owing to the limited space and power available. Laptops have the same input and output ports as desktops, for connecting to external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards. Laptops

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manufacturers. Many personal computer users no longer need to write their programs to make any use of a personal computer, although end-user programming is still feasible. This contrasts with mobile systems, where software is often available only through a manufacturer-supported channel, and end-user

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pen or finger. Some tablets may use a "hybrid" or "convertible" design, offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment, or a screen that can be rotated and folded directly over top the keyboard. Some tablets may use desktop-PC operating system such as Windows or Linux, or may run an

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following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, these 3 machines were referred to as the "1977 trinity". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on

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AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... 'The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year,' said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a

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in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system): the power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service

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In August 2013, Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75% of the operating profit share of the PC industry to Microsoft (operating system) and Intel (semiconductors). According to IDC, in 2013 PC shipments dropped by 9.8% as the greatest drop-ever in line with consumers

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that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. Often, they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user; for example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been

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can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case. The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I/O panel on the back of the computer case. The monitor is also connected to the input/output (I/O) panel, either through an

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were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could be used with a television already in the home as the computer display, with low-detail blocky graphics and a limited color range, and text about 40 characters wide by 25

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began to be explored, but widespread adoption required lower-cost graphical display equipment. By 1984, mass-market computer systems using graphical user interfaces were available; by the turn of the 21st century, text-mode operating systems were no longer a significant fraction of the personal

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is a comprehensive term for all physical and tangible parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. Some sub-systems of a personal computer may contain processors that run a fixed

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inside the computer case. Disk drives, which provide mass storage, are connected to the motherboard with one cable, and to the power supply through another cable. Usually, disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage.

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The development of thin plasma display and LCD screens permitted a somewhat smaller form factor, called the "lunchbox" computer. The screen formed one side of the enclosure, with a detachable keyboard and one or two half-height floppy disk drives, mounted facing the ends of the computer. Some

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In 2007, with the release of Windows Mobile 6, Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme: devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC, while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile

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used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating

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Somewhat larger and more expensive systems were aimed at office and small business use. These often featured 80-column text displays but might not have had graphics or sound capabilities. These microprocessor-based systems were still less costly than time-shared mainframes or minicomputers.

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and BAN (Basel Action Network) teamed up with electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of electronic waste. Some organizations oppose EPR regulation, and claim that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use.

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portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians, and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton.

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were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70% of the second billion PCs. About 180 million computers (16% of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12% annually.

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An increasingly important set of uses for personal computers relied on the ability of the computer to communicate with other computer systems, allowing interchange of information. Experimental public access to a shared mainframe computer system was demonstrated as early as 1973 in the

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Before the introduction of the IBM PC, portable computers consisting of a processor, display, disk drives and keyboard, in a suit-case style portable housing, allowed users to bring a computer home from the office or to take notes at a classroom. Examples include the

2273:. The United States had received 38.8% (394 million) of the computers shipped, Europe 25% and 11.7% had gone to the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest-growing market as of 2002. The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008. Almost half of all households in 232:

Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time-sharing systems, they were all "personal computers" and not "PC" (brand) computers. In 1995, a CBS segment on the growing popularity of PC reported: "For many newcomers PC stands for Pain and Confusion."

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setup into one box. HTPCs can also connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be assembled from components.

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is "a device connected to a computer to provide communication (such as input and output) or auxiliary functions (such as additional storage)". Peripherals generally connect to the computer through the use of USB ports or inputs located on the I/O panel.

1218:" design, where the keyboard and computer components are on one panel, with a hinged second panel containing a flat display screen. Closing the laptop protects the screen and keyboard during transportation. Laptops generally have a rechargeable 2260:

personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time. Of the latter figure, 75% were professional or work related, while the rest were sold for personal or home use. About 81.5% of personal computers shipped had been

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interaction, using an alphanumeric display and keyboard. The user had to remember a large range of commands to, for example, open a file for editing or to move text from one place to another. Starting in the early 1960s, the advantages of a

2304:(IDC) data for Q2 2011, for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively. This trend reflects the rising of emerging markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions. 1263:. Such computers are currently large laptops. This class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers, and may have limited battery capacity or no battery. 1889: 797:

on 23 July 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$ 1,295.

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In the second quarter of 2018, PC sales grew for the first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline.

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sold in 2008. Besides the regular computer manufacturers, companies making especially rugged versions of computers have sprung up, offering alternatives for people operating their machines in extreme weather or environments.

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and speakers can be connected via USB or through an auxiliary port (found on I/O panel) and allow users to listen to audio accessed on their computer; however, speakers may also require an additional power source to operate.

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supports applications and provides common services such as memory management, network connectivity and device drivers, all of which may be used by applications but are not directly of interest to the end user. A simplified

391:, based on microprocessors, were developed during the early 1970s. Widespread commercial availability of microprocessors, from the mid-1970s onwards, made computers cheap enough for small businesses and individuals to own. 2194:, allowing players the ability the play with other platforms, such as pc and different consoles. There are "games" on distributor platforms that may allow players to play other known games using the game application as an 859:

was made available for public use. The combination of powerful personal computers with high-resolution graphics and sound, with the infrastructure provided by the Internet, and the standardization of access methods of the

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The global personal computer shipments were 350.9 million units in 2010, 308.3 million units in 2009 and 302.2 million units in 2008. The shipments were 264 million units in the year 2007, according to

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Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with computers. While personal computer users may develop their applications, usually these systems run

1935:. The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most 312:

to mainframe computers. Computers intended for laboratory, instrumentation, or engineering purposes were built, and could be operated by one person in an interactive fashion. Examples include such systems as the

169:" – have dominated the personal computer market, and today the term "PC" normally refers to the ubiquitous Wintel platform. Alternatives to Windows occupy a minority share of the market; these include the 2717: 1006:(also known as single-unit PCs) is a desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit. A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices, with some monitors including 4943: 2218:, etc. Many games, frequently free to play games, have microtransactions available for players. These transactions can help enhance gameplay or to personalize their characters. There are games such as 1779:(a high-speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters, found in older computers). Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots, with some having PCI slots as well. 1295:

drive, smaller size, and lower performance than full-size laptops. By mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan.

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A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a

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for telephone communication and often had provisions for external cassette or disk storage. Later, clamshell format laptop computers with similar small plan dimensions were also called "notebooks".

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Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for around only

3686:...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember. 2807: 308:

which became operational in 1946 could be run by a single, albeit highly trained, person. This mode pre-dated the batch programming, or time-sharing modes with multiple users connected through

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form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by

2007:. Windows, macOS, and Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the 864:, established the foundation for a significant fraction of modern life, from bus time tables through unlimited distribution of free videos through to online user-edited encyclopedias. 3104: 2383:, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another 672: 2988: 2652: 1010:

capability. The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops, located behind the monitor, and configured similarly to laptops.

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As of June 2008, the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion, while another billion is expected to be reached by 2014. Mature markets like the United States,

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acts have been implemented in various countries and states. In the absence of comprehensive national legislation or regulation on the export and import of electronic waste, the

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There are multiple different game distributors; players are able to purchase games in-person at retail stores and digitally. Some large names for digital game distributors are

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computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The Apple I computer differed from the other kit-style hobby computers of era. At the request of

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have since filled the gap left by Netbooks. Unlike the generic Netbook name, Ultrabook and Chromebook are technically both specifications by Intel and Google respectively.

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can be connected through an audio input port on the I/O panel and allow the computer to convert sound into an electrical signal to be used or transmitted by the computer.

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incorporated the designation into its model name, the term originally described personal computers of any brand. In some contexts, "PC" is used to contrast with "Mac", an

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that first came about in the late 1980s, typically in a clamshell form factor with a keyboard. Non-x86 based devices were often called palmtop computers, examples being

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The "brain" may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far.

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series of computers developed from 1965 to 1969. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a

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onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphics card. Capabilities of the personal computer's hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of

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There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.

2171:, the PC gaming sector was the second-largest category across all platforms as of 2022, valued at US$ 45 billion, surpassing console market revenue by 2020. 426:. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time. 824:

were characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large-capacity local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a

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in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for

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In 2001, 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977. More than 500 million personal computers were in use in 2002 and one

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The three personal computers referred to by Byte Magazine as the "1977 Trinity" of home computing: The Commodore PET, the Apple II, and the TRS-80 Model I.

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was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units. Another famous personal computer, the revolutionary

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This article is about the general concept of a personal computer ("PC"). For the specific architecture often meant by "PC" in industry jargon, see

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Commodore press release. "The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977."

3392:"This announcement ranks with IBM's announcement of the System/360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing." 669:

as delivered was still technically a kit computer, as it did not have a power supply, case, or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop.

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could be fit into a transport case, making it a portable computer, but it weighed about 50 pounds. Such early portable computers were termed "

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Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste generated annually, according to the

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leading the industry that is suspected to surpass a billion dollars in revenue in 2019. According to a December 2023 market analysis done by

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after being revealed in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later that year. Three months later (April), the

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via USB are video cameras that records video in real time to either be saved to the computer or streamed somewhere else over the internet.

3948: 2980: 2658: 2198:; these games originally may not be supported by the player's current device, whether it be platform locked or no longer supported by the 612: 5008: 4102: 2970:

Gene Carter, Wow! What a Ride!: A Quick Trip Through Early Semiconductor and Personal Computer Development, Lulu Press – 2016, chapter 8

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bucked the general trend as strong sales to first-time buyers in the developing world allowed the company's sales to stay flat overall.

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in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person.

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continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.

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operating system designed primarily for tablets. Many tablet computers have USB ports, to which a keyboard or mouse can be connected.

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in February 2008, characterized by low cost and lean functionality. These were intended to be used with an Internet connection to run

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Wayne Green visited MITS in August 1975 and interviewed Ed Roberts. Article has several paragraphs on the design of the Altair 8800.

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laptop, the computing industry started to pursue the price too. Although introduced only one year earlier, there were 14 million

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Most 2010s and 2020s-era personal computers require users only to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical

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programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display, and printer. The

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Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing – 2006, p. 80

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was remarkably small, leading to the "desktop" nomenclature. More recently, the phrase usually indicates a particular style of

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Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing – 2006, p. 73

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operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable.

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can be plugged in via USB and can be used as an input device for video games as an alternative to using keyboard and mouse.

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are also a little more expensive compared to desktops, as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive.

593:(CRT) and cassette tape storage. These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. 3625: 3067: 2499: 2402:

was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982,

4795: 4710: 3595: 3519: 3482: 3097:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 4517: 2981:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2738: 2277:

had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40% of homes in United Kingdom, compared with only 13% in 1985.

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provide portable storage using flash memory which allows users to access the files stored on the drive on any computer.

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in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". This seminal, single user

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with more people working at home and learning remotely, PC sales grew by 26.1% compared to previous years according to

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IBM's first PC was introduced on 12 August 1981 setting what became a mass market standard for PC architecture.

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form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or

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has also been used, primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s. The advent of personal computers and the concurrent

4836:"Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market" 3914: 2426:. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below 6159: 6133: 5170: 4765: 1317: 1172:

IBM PC-compatible suitcase format computers became available soon after the introduction of the PC, with the

242: 182: 134: 4601: 688:(usually referred to as the "Apple") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June 1977, and the 6154: 5430: 4053: 3699: 3237: 2830: 1664:, such as a keyboard controller. Firmware usually is not changed by the end user of the personal computer. 1580: 1256: 735: 467: 4629: 4472: 3068:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2495:

External costs of environmental impact are not fully included in the selling price of personal computers.

915:, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, 6174: 5094:"Laptops are on fire! In a good way (if you're selling). PC sales race to highest growth rate since 2011" 5064:"PC Sales Remain on Fire as Fourth Quarter Shipments Grow 26.1% Over the Previous Year, According to IDC" 2222:

that allow players to purchase additional game packs in order to gain access to additional new gameplay.

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was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the

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The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind

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1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true "personal computer", the

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at Fairchild in 1968. Faggin later used silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the first single-chip

4661: 6164: 3039:"1964: First Commercial MOS IC Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum" 2877: 2594: 2368: 2020: 1642: 1408:, among others. Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Linux 1203: 620: 517:. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL/1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, 852:

service providers emerged in the late 1980s, giving public access to the rapidly growing network.

459:. It was built starting in 1972, and a few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the 6114: 5925: 5537: 5423: 4548: 3297: 2191: 1727: 1550: 1468:

are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are

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Early personal computers‍—‌generally called microcomputers‍—‌were often sold in a

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https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110210/tc_afp/itinternettelecomequipmentmobileconsumerproduct

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is popular among the high-end PC market. According to an April 2018 market analysis done by

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integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.

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are computers inside of keyboards, generally still designed to be connected to an external

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written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "

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in 1968 gave a preview of features that would later become staples of personal computers:

8: 5920: 5627: 3185: 1981: 1700: 1405: 1003: 766:; the latter was introduced in 1982, and totaled 8 million unit sold. Following came the 446: 126: 4282: 4133: 3991: 1823: 6102: 6039: 5762: 5599: 5532: 5492: 5474: 5313: 4915: 3410: 3325: 2574: 2532: 2490: 2371:. According to Canalys, 2020 was the highest growth rate for the PC market since 2011. 2270: 2252:

Personal computers worldwide in million distinguished by developed and developing world

1828: 1692: 1588: 968:

While the term "desktop" often refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer

904: 638:, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, 486: 419: 340: 118: 106: 4271:: 5 – via 2018 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. 3127:

Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, Intel Core Microarchitecture, x86 Processor Family

2624: 2063:. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an 6090: 6044: 6018: 6005: 5940: 5671: 5654: 5502: 5357: 5317: 5309: 5154: 5129: 4634: 4333: 4145: 4082: 3851: 3824: 3774: 3416: 3381: 3317: 3130: 2569: 2546: 2434: 2364: 2179: 2153: 1988: 1967:

An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an

1944: 1860: 1818: 1704: 1688: 1656: 1632: 1461: 1130: 1123: 1109: 1056: 973: 920: 751: 697: 693: 628: 531:, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the 524: 482: 403: 399: 309: 267: 158: 50: 31: 4501:, January 14, 2009, Andy Patrizio, internetnews.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011 3329: 304:, early experimental machines could be operated by a single attendant. For example, 5965: 5948: 5728: 5649: 5642: 5305: 4877: 4323: 4315: 4261: 4137: 4020: 3727: 3309: 2503: 2450: 2262: 2248: 2203: 2199: 2068: 2038:

Generally, a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task.

1956: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1856: 1843:, or documentation that performs some task on a computer system. The term includes 1836: 1696: 1668: 1647: 1617: 1449: 1445: 1409: 1260: 1237: 1060: 1041: 932: 908: 837: 590: 494: 438: 142: 46: 42: 4410: 4314:. CHI '22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–12. 3961:

maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.

961:

to small models which can be tucked behind or rest directly beneath (and support)

455:

was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the

6085: 6075: 6065: 5902: 5882: 5794: 5594: 5567: 5382: 5366: 5190: 4823: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4441: 4307: 3979: 3845: 3665: 3402: 2840: 2599: 2584: 2564: 2336: 2308: 2293: 2183: 2039: 1908: 1893:

Children being taught how to use a laptop computer in 2005. An older (1990s-era)

1852: 1797: 1788: 1708: 1684: 1622: 1560: 1393: 1387: 1371: 1329: 1321: 1312: 1288: 1271: 1173: 1166: 1142: 1029: 988: 810: 685: 415: 376: 74: 4843: 1533: 1291:. Initially, the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an 6034: 5664: 5637: 5512: 5482: 5351: 4791: 4718: 3621: 3599: 3511: 3490: 2713:

The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, second Ed. End-User Development

2629: 2289: 2274: 2215: 2076: 2052: 1968: 1848: 1760: 1735: 1712: 1637: 1570: 1554: 1514: 1472:. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like 1442: 1022: 891: 856: 680:

The first successfully mass-marketed personal computer to be announced was the

578: 559: 510: 460: 430: 423: 380: 356: 322: 226: 170: 146:

program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer.

54: 5147:

Icons of business: an encyclopedia of mavericks, movers, and shakers, Volume 1

4141: 2670:

The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.

1287:, were a subgroup of laptops suited for general computing tasks and accessing 619:

Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the

113:

by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. The term

6148: 6049: 5860: 5817: 5745: 5686: 5577: 5572: 5517: 5487: 5458: 5415: 4381: 4354: 3321: 2802: 2418:. The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about 1928: 1743: 1672: 1574: 1545: 1538: 981: 954: 942: 746: 681: 650: 388: 333: 251: 114: 5408: 4463:, May 27, 2010, Andy Patrizio, earthweb.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011 4319: 3540: 3456: 3313: 957:. Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical 937: 485:

prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the

6080: 6013: 5982: 5855: 5850: 5703: 5698: 5542: 5393: 5354:

make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date

4328: 3209:, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?" 2403: 2345: 2015: 1977: 1916: 1764: 1739: 1585: 1292: 1080: 1045: 916: 887: 767: 658: 639: 624: 372: 344: 275: 138: 110: 102: 37: 5291:"Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" 5204:"Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now" 3573: 1180:

to give roughly equivalent performance to contemporary desktop computers.

1145:

was produced in a very small experimental batch around 1978. In 1975, the

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CASS, STEPHEN (2023). "Hands On Yugoslavia'ｓ Home-Brewed Microcomputer".

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Petrovskaya, Elena; Deterding, Sebastian; Zendle, David I (2022-04-29).

2473:, the average selling price of all Windows portable PCs has fallen from 2099: 1184:

variations included a battery, allowing operation away from AC outlets.

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A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (

1413: 1367: 1350: 1300: 1266: 1245: 1223: 1177: 1064: 992: 969: 958: 790: 775: 646: 616: 596: 551: 544: 456: 442: 384: 314: 218: 174: 98: 86: 1114: 6109: 5975: 5960: 5782: 5757: 5125: 5036: 4944:"Steve Ballmer's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis" 4385: 2470: 2406:

observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about

2395: 2349: 2316: 2140: 2131: 1940: 1840: 1597: 1541:

of a personal computer and peripherals (some of which are optional):

1439: 1429: 1397: 1296: 1158: 1076: 704:

In 1977 the Heath company introduced personal computer kits known as

662: 635: 586: 567: 506: 411: 364: 186: 150: 1722:

connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The

437:

lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards,

262: 73:

designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as

5897: 5830: 5708: 5691: 5632: 5522: 5372:, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?" 5181: 3436:

What's New (February 1978), "Commodore Ships First PET Computers",

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at U.S. retail in August 2008. In 2009, ASP had further fallen to

991:

is a desktop computer that generally comprises a high-performance

5807: 5777: 5681: 4714: 3885:"The PC was supposed to die a decade ago. Instead, this happened" 3796:"Evolution of Custom Gaming PCs: What Really Made the Difference" 3151:"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer" 2442: 2341: 2320: 2187: 2148: 2135: 2044: 2004: 1477: 1280: 1274: 996: 949:

Before the widespread use of PCs, a computer that could fit on a

882: 666: 654: 571: 490: 337: 90: 4045: 3703: 3229: 2908:"1995 video shows the struggle was real for first-time PC users" 2292:

and Japan accounted for 58% of the worldwide installed PCs. The

1863:

to provide the necessary services for application software, and

1259:

is a portable computer that provides the full capabilities of a

93:. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an 5737: 5409:

Global archive with product data-sheets of PCs and Workstations

4214:"Newzoo: Global esports market will exceed $ 1 billion in 2019" 2454: 2399: 2266: 2014:

Early personal computers used operating systems that supported

1920: 1453: 1337: 1211: 1193: 1162: 1037: 1014: 731: 689: 540: 471: 452: 407: 318: 166: 154: 45:, which includes a metal case with the computing components, a 4185:"Global Games Market Revenues 2018 | Per Region & Segment" 2441:(ASP) showed a decline in 2008/2009, possibly due to low-cost 2242: 715: 5207: 4435:

Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 – Gartner study

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Green, Wayne (February 1976). "Believe Me – I'm No Expert!".

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being a leading example of the type. Later models included a

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The personal computer was made possible by major advances in

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had roughly the plan dimensions of a sheet of typing paper (

623:

as the first commercially successful personal computer. The

543:, was demonstrated in 1973 and shipped in 1974. It used the 4663:

Economic recovery bumps AP 1999 PC shipments to record high

2835: 2344:

showed a similar decline for the same time period. China's

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issue affecting developing countries and the environment,

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computer, long before the era of the personal computers.

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influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market

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The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right

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devices. The graphics card or sound card may employ a

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became more commonly available after 1978. Commercial

5005:"PC shipments faced their steepest-ever drop in 2013" 2868:"Mac or PC? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs" 2414:; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around 1048:. The goal is to combine many or all components of a 4789: 4741:"Computers in use pass 1 billion mark: Gartner" 4312:

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

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In later years a hardware specification called 1324:Compaq tablet PC with rotating/removable keyboard 923:for animation and motion picture visual effects. 121:have significantly affected the lives of people. 27:Computer intended for use by an individual person 6146: 4382:"personal computers: More than 1 billion served" 4259: 3449: 3401: 3176: 3174: 3172: 2831:"Don't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this" 1336:display, which can be controlled using either a 566:) which later served as inspiration for Apple's 501:minicomputer in order to run APL/1130. In 1973, 497:, and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an 4980:. Credit Suisse. August 8, 2013. Archived from 4444:, Jan 13, 2011, retrieved at September 12, 2011 734:personal computer produced in 1985–1990 by the 5445: 4906: 4589: 4079:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary 3435: 2051:Typical examples of software applications are 1509:were miniature pocket-sized computers running 5431: 4941: 4828: 4621: 4485: 4466: 3429: 3395: 3169: 1675:(or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the 1521:was later released by Microsoft that run the 5185:December 1998. Retrieved November 17, 2010. 4654: 4630:"Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S" 4562: 4531: 4504: 4447: 4428: 4072: 4070: 3124: 2206:can range across each distributor platform, 1976:, prioritizing system requests, controlling 1738:for graphics cards, network cards, or other 1715:) are usually found in a personal computer. 1141:in 1972, but no hardware was developed. The 5289:Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). 5002: 4738: 4540:iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast 4513:ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast 3622:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004" 3596:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004" 3273: 2739:"Personal Computers | Information Literacy" 2650: 1491: 1214:computer is designed for portability with " 5438: 5424: 5201: 4260:Chmielarz, Witold; Szumski, Oskar (2018). 3298:"Design Innovations in Personal Computers" 3227: 911:. Workstations are used for tasks such as 539:Another desktop portable APL machine, the 258:), an early example of a personal computer 137:, which is provided in "ready-to-run", or 5288: 5115: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4516:, pcworld.com, 2007-06-19, archived from 4327: 4067: 3912: 2590:Market share of personal computer vendors 2237:Market share of personal computer vendors 1851:that perform productive tasks for users, 5257: 4902: 4900: 4379: 4164: 2828: 2469:in February. According to research firm 2374: 2247: 1888: 1873: 1822: 1532: 1354: 1316: 1265: 1197: 1113: 936: 881: 725: 714: 671: 627:designed for the Altair was to become a 595: 481:Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a 375:MOS integrated circuit was developed by 261: 246: 133:"), which is most often proprietary, or 36: 4023:. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. 3613: 3587: 3369: 3295: 2937:"Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" 2716:. Interaction Design Foundation. 2017. 2484: 1746:to keep the analog parts away from the 701:development of the processor hardware. 14: 6147: 5029: 4858: 4642:from the original on December 27, 2011 4610:from the original on November 18, 2014 4167:"Microsoft Office 2000 software suite" 4123: 3906: 3840: 3619: 3593: 3483:"Joe's Heathkit Computer Catalog Page" 2902: 2865: 2810:from the original on 27 September 2014 2795: 2508:extended producer responsibility (EPR) 1392:The ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) is a small 1153:" by journalists owing to their heft. 589:microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size 291:in a June 1949 news article about the 97:, rather than by a computer expert or 5419: 5260:"The true cost of personal computers" 4897: 4627: 3676:from the original on January 17, 2023 3279: 2555:List of computer system manufacturers 1907:Software applications are common for 770:, totaled 17 million units sold, the 562:. It had a graphical user interface ( 256:American Museum of Science and Energy 41:An artist's depiction of a 2000s-era 5350:Accidental Empires: How the boys of 4815:Tablets, smartphones to outsell PCs 4691:from the original on August 23, 2014 4373: 4361:from the original on August 25, 2012 4352: 4076: 3813: 3793: 3645: 3376:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 3212: 2500:United Nations Environment Programme 2094: 1025:browsers and Internet applications. 4923:from the original on April 11, 2013 4380:Kanellos, Michael (June 30, 2002). 3871:Desktop notebooks stake their claim 3697: 3620:Reimer, Jeremy (December 2, 2012). 3594:Reimer, Jeremy (November 2, 2009). 2847:from the original on 8 October 2014 2777:from the original on 6 October 2014 2390:At their introduction in 1981, the 2202:of the pc. The number of different 1950: 1730:(microprocessor chip) plugs into a 926: 221:for "personal computer". While the 24: 5343: 5232:Shane O'Neill (December 2, 2009). 5091: 5011:from the original on June 25, 2017 4411:"Computers reach one billion mark" 4126:Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices 3834: 3741: 3725:"A Decade of Personal Computing". 2866:Haslam, Karen (11 December 2013). 1381: 355:(MOS) transistor was developed by 25: 6191: 5376: 5123:Personal Computers and the Family 5044:from the original on 13 July 2018 4907:Nick Wingfield (April 10, 2013). 4355:"PCs: More than 1 billion served" 3921:from the original on May 27, 2016 3240:from the original on May 31, 2008 2657:, Popular Science, archived from 1835:Computer software is any kind of 804:In 1982 "The Computer" was named 274:from 1982, in a classroom in the 6128: 6127: 5310:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x 5282: 5258:Mattison, Richard (2012-10-03). 4950:. Bloomberg News. Archived from 4768:. OLPC News. December 11, 2008. 4628:Yates, Nona (January 24, 2000). 4574:, newsfactor.com, archived from 4492:PC Sales Up for 2008, but Barely 4021:"Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0" 3915:"Time to drop the Netbook label" 3882: 3771:Encyclopedia of Computer Science 3459:. Apple II History. 2008-11-04. 3153:. 22 August 2008. Archived from 2829:Ackerman, Dan (22 August 2013). 2539: 2525: 2465:for notebooks by January and to 2331:consulting firm predicted that, 2164:Counter-Strike: Global Offensive 2098: 1963:Usage share of operating systems 1283:, also called mini notebooks or 560:Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) 165:hardware – collectively called " 5270:from the original on 2016-10-02 5251: 5225: 5195: 5164: 5139: 5104:from the original on 2022-07-24 5085: 5056: 5023: 4996: 4966: 4935: 4809: 4798:from the original on 2019-04-25 4783: 4772:from the original on 2019-02-07 4758: 4747:from the original on 2009-09-19 4732: 4717:. June 23, 2008. Archived from 4703: 4677: 4417:from the original on 2008-02-18 4403: 4392:from the original on 2012-08-25 4346: 4299: 4275: 4253: 4235: 4224:from the original on 2023-01-17 4206: 4195:from the original on 2019-10-17 4177: 4158: 4117: 4095: 4056:from the original on 2018-11-01 4038: 4027:from the original on 2019-03-30 4013: 4002:from the original on 2019-03-22 3984: 3966: 3951:from the original on 2017-05-26 3933: 3895:from the original on 2023-01-17 3876: 3864: 3821:Upgrading and Repairing Laptops 3787: 3762: 3735: 3718: 3700:"Chronology of Amiga Computers" 3691: 3658: 3639: 3628:from the original on 2023-01-17 3551:from the original on 2019-02-19 3533: 3522:from the original on 2023-01-17 3504: 3475: 3463:from the original on 2014-05-10 3350: 3336:from the original on 2017-05-25 3289: 3261: 3252: 3221: 3200: 3143: 3107:from the original on 2021-08-12 3089: 3078:from the original on 2020-07-29 3060: 3049:from the original on 2021-10-26 3031: 3020:from the original on 2019-10-27 3002: 2991:from the original on 2019-10-24 2973: 2964: 2953:from the original on 2015-12-22 2929: 2918:from the original on 2023-01-17 2896: 2720:from the original on 2019-03-29 2693:from the original on 2018-04-22 2651:Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010), 2512:Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2422:, comparable to total sales of 2230: 2027: 1867:that controls and co-ordinates 394:In what was later to be called 43:desktop-style personal computer 4473:Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008 2859: 2822: 2789: 2755: 2731: 2704: 2675: 2644: 2617: 2363:In 2020, as the result of the 2356:trends to use mobile devices. 2302:International Data Corporation 877: 493:compact cassette drive, small 212: 153:operating systems (first with 13: 1: 5298:Journal of Industrial Ecology 5202:Joe Wilcox (April 16, 2009). 5173:Average PC Price drops below 5003:John Fingas (March 4, 2014). 4739:Tarmo Virki (June 23, 2008). 3913:Erica Ogg (August 20, 2009). 3373:A History of Modern Computing 3296:Garland, Harry (March 1977). 3228:Jim Battle (August 9, 2008). 2610: 1923:and other digital messaging, 1903:is visible in the background. 1754:For large amounts of data, a 1683:, a storage device such as a 1344: 872: 826:multitasking operating system 243:History of personal computers 135:free and open-source software 5399:How to Upgrade Your Computer 5304:(2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. 5030:Warren, Tom (13 July 2018). 4571:Global PC Sales Leveling Off 4173:: 105 – via Ebscohost. 3731:. 5 August 1991. p. 24. 3125:Weidendorfer, Josef (2011). 2796:Finnie, Scot (8 June 2007). 2315:foundation and its low-cost 1423: 1257:desktop replacement computer 1122:from 1975, one of the first 129:, free-of-charge software (" 7: 4603:HP back on top of PC market 3873:, accessed October 19, 2007 3746:. JACKED IN. Archived from 3570:"Sinclair Research website" 2518: 1895:desktop personal computer's 1812: 1763:connected via an expansion 1528: 1103: 1098: 1017:computer was introduced by 343:(IC) chip was developed by 189:operating systems, such as 10: 6196: 5878:Personal digital assistant 5151:Greenwood Publishing Group 4790:Conrad H. Blickenstorfer. 4413:. BBC News. July 1, 2002. 3992:"Definition of PERIPHERAL" 3744:"Obituary: The PC is Dead" 3270:(2007). Macmillan, p. 448. 2488: 2234: 2129: 2031: 1960: 1954: 1816: 1495: 1436:personal digital assistant 1427: 1385: 1348: 1310: 1191: 1107: 1040:or an appropriately sized 930: 896: 240: 236: 29: 6123: 6058: 6027: 6004: 5939: 5911: 5816: 5793: 5736: 5727: 5620: 5560: 5553: 5473: 5466: 5457: 5189:October 11, 2011, at the 4142:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1 3860:– via Google Books. 3415:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3370:Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). 2944:The EDSAC Replica Project 2743:courses.lumenlearning.com 2630:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2090: 1748:electromagnetic radiation 1306: 1187: 1129:The potential utility of 828:. Eventually, due to the 353:metal–oxide–semiconductor 336:technology. In 1959, the 65:, often referred to as a 4165:Garrison, Bruce (1999). 4081:. Boston, MA: Springer. 3850:. Wiley. pp. 7–17. 3823:, Que Publishing, 2004, 3358:The engineering handbook 3129:. Boston, MA: Springer. 2605: 2595:Personal Computer Museum 2225: 2048:that benefits the user. 2021:graphical user interface 1943:" in mind. However, the 1492:Palmtop and handheld PCs 867: 846:online service providers 745:During the early 1980s, 740:Socialist Czechoslovakia 621:microcomputer revolution 321:of 1956, and the Soviet 6180:Time Person of the Year 6115:Wireless sensor network 5404:How to Build a Computer 4948:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4320:10.1145/3491102.3502056 4128:. Morgan and Claypool. 3541:"Heathkit H89 computer" 3314:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669 3101:www.computerhistory.org 3072:www.computerhistory.org 3043:www.computerhistory.org 3014:www.computerhistory.org 2985:www.computerhistory.org 1728:central processing unit 1133:was apparent early on. 1067:. Examples include the 1036:. It is connected to a 945:desktop computer (2006) 529:Smithsonian Institution 396:the Mother of All Demos 349:Fairchild Semiconductor 266:The 8-bit architecture 181:operating system), and 149:Since the early 1990s, 101:. Unlike large, costly 5888:Portable data terminal 5266:. GreenBiz Group Inc. 4794:. Ruggedpcreview.com. 4287:store.steampowered.com 4124:Kinser, Jason (2015). 4103:"Application software" 3978:March 4, 2008, at the 3356:Dorf, Richard C., ed. 2806:. Computerworld, Inc. 2560:List of home computers 2253: 1984:, and managing files. 1980:devices, facilitating 1904: 1886: 1884:raster graphics editor 1832: 1653: 1396:. It was developed by 1364: 1325: 1289:web-based applications 1277: 1207: 1126: 1034:digital video recorder 946: 894: 842:bulletin board systems 785:In the same year, the 742: 738:company in the former 723: 677: 604: 371:in 1964, and then the 298: 278: 259: 58: 6071:Information appliance 5893:Portable media player 5836:Handheld game console 4077:Weik, Martin (2000). 2439:average selling price 2375:Average selling price 2251: 2235:Further information: 2208:first-person shooters 2151:, with games such as 1927:playback, playing of 1892: 1877: 1826: 1536: 1484:readers and cameras. 1438:, PDA) that runs the 1370:are often similar to 1358: 1320: 1269: 1201: 1117: 940: 913:computer-aided design 885: 774:(1983) introduced in 729: 718: 675: 615:. Based on the 8-bit 599: 474:and its descendants. 470:used in the original 387:, in 1971. The first 280: 265: 250: 223:IBM Personal Computer 40: 6160:Classes of computers 5846:Mobile data terminal 5826:Electronic organizer 5498:Intelligent terminal 4283:"RetroArch on Steam" 4247:visualcapitalist.com 4220:. 12 February 2019. 3750:on February 23, 2014 2763:"Mac* vs. PC Debate" 2485:Environmental impact 2461:for desktops and to 2313:One Laptop per Child 2084:End-user development 2034:Application software 1933:computer programming 1859:that interface with 1845:application software 1827:A screenshot of the 1628:Application software 708:, starting with the 302:history of computing 217:The term "PC" is an 183:free and open-source 6155:American inventions 5098:www.theregister.com 4846:on January 15, 2013 4792:"Rugged PC leaders" 4721:on December 4, 2008 4353:Kanellos, Michael. 4249:. 31 December 2023. 4171:World Communication 4134:2015klmd.book.....K 3847:Laptops for Dummies 3672:. 54–59: 18. 1999. 3516:vintagecomputer.com 3188:on 10 February 2003 2884:on 23 December 2014 2625:"personal computer" 2477:in October 2008 to 2398:and its competitor 1982:computer networking 1869:distributed systems 1701:visual display unit 1004:all-in-one computer 907:and run multi-user 806:Machine of the Year 782:series (464–6128). 634:in the form of the 527:now resides in the 268:Pravetz 82 computer 127:commercial software 6175:Personal computers 6103:Computer-on-module 5961:Digital wristwatch 5763:Mobile workstation 5533:Video game console 5493:Internet appliance 5327:on August 26, 2014 5145:Kateri M. Drexler 5121:Marvin B. Sussman 4984:on August 14, 2013 4954:on August 24, 2013 4916:The New York Times 4822:2011-03-05 at the 4497:2012-03-17 at the 4478:2011-12-27 at the 4459:2011-09-25 at the 4440:2011-09-25 at the 3945:The New York Times 3487:www.classiccmp.org 3457:"Apple II History" 3360:. CRC Press, 2004. 2575:Mobile workstation 2533:Electronics portal 2491:Computer recycling 2254: 2110:. You can help by 2011:operating system. 1905: 1887: 1833: 1829:LibreOffice Writer 1693:optical disc drive 1654: 1643:External hard disk 1525:operating system. 1412:, and low-voltage 1365: 1326: 1278: 1234:Notebook computers 1208: 1131:portable computers 1127: 1124:portable computers 1057:Keyboard computers 947: 905:local area network 895: 793:, was unveiled by 743: 724: 722:, released in 1981 678: 605: 570:, and Microsoft's 420:video conferencing 341:integrated circuit 287:British newspaper 279: 260: 119:Digital Revolution 59: 18:Personal computing 6142: 6141: 6091:Rugged smartphone 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5677:Small form factor 5503:Interactive kiosk 5214:on April 17, 2009 4885:on April 19, 2013 4713:(Press release). 4635:Los Angeles Times 4339:978-1-4503-9157-3 4218:GamesIndustry.biz 4151:978-1-6270-5627-4 4088:978-0-7923-8425-0 3947:, April 1, 2009, 3780:978-0-442-27679-9 3666:"Computing Japan" 3518:. 8 August 2013. 3422:978-0-07-135892-7 3387:978-0-262-53203-7 3157:on 22 August 2008 3136:978-0-387-09765-7 2570:Portable computer 2547:Technology portal 2502:. To address the 2481:in October 2009. 2451:desktop computers 2435:Microsoft Windows 2365:COVID-19 Pandemic 2263:desktop computers 2204:video game genres 2180:Valve Corporation 2169:Visual Capitalist 2154:League of Legends 2128: 2127: 2065:application suite 2024:computer market. 1989:Microsoft Windows 1945:software industry 1941:user-friendliness 1861:computer hardware 1857:operating systems 1819:Computer software 1689:solid-state drive 1657:Computer hardware 1110:Luggable computer 982:multiple monitors 921:computer graphics 909:operating systems 752:Sinclair Research 750:characters tall. 698:Tandy Radio Shack 694:Tandy Corporation 581:introduced fully 525:portable computer 489:processor with a 483:portable computer 439:computer displays 404:Douglas Engelbart 79:internet browsing 63:personal computer 32:IBM PC compatible 16:(Redirected from 6187: 6170:Office equipment 6131: 6130: 5966:Calculator watch 5949:Activity tracker 5734: 5733: 5558: 5557: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5320:. 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Archived from 4099: 4093: 4092: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4046:"GUI Definition" 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 3988: 3982: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3838: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3800:digitalstorm.com 3794:Houghton, Andy. 3791: 3785: 3784: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3742:Angler, Martin. 3739: 3733: 3732: 3728:Information Week 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3702:. Archived from 3695: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3598:. Archived from 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3572:. Archived from 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3545:oldcomputers.net 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3489:. Archived from 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3403:Freiberger, Paul 3399: 3393: 3391: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3184:. Archived from 3178: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2880:. Archived from 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2621: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2504:electronic waste 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2448: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2337:tablet computers 2294:emerging markets 2200:operating system 2123: 2120: 2102: 2095: 2069:Microsoft Office 1978:input and output 1957:Operating system 1951:Operating system 1878:A screenshot of 1837:computer program 1798:Game controllers 1789:USB flash drives 1697:computer monitor 1669:desktop computer 1450:operating system 1446:operating system 1410:operating system 1372:tablet computers 1261:desktop computer 1246:ANSI A or ISO A4 1238:TRS-80 Model 100 1089:Raspberry Pi 400 1061:computer monitor 1042:computer display 933:Desktop computer 927:Desktop computer 838:Community Memory 762:(1981), and the 591:cathode ray tube 296: 254:in 1983 (at the 143:operating system 21: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6165:Home appliances 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6119: 6076:Microcontroller 6066:Embedded system 6054: 6023: 5992: 5935: 5907: 5903:Ultra-mobile PC 5812: 5789: 5715: 5616: 5549: 5453: 5444: 5389:Dissecting a PC 5383:How Stuff Works 5379: 5346: 5344:Further reading 5341: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5191:Wayback Machine 5174: 5169: 5165: 5144: 5140: 5120: 5116: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4905: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4870: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4824:Wayback Machine 4814: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4667: 4666:, zdnetasia.com 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4499:Wayback Machine 4490: 4486: 4480:Wayback Machine 4471: 4467: 4461:Wayback Machine 4452: 4448: 4442:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4122: 4118: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4075: 4068: 4059: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4005: 4003: 3996:Merriam-Webster 3990: 3989: 3985: 3980:Wayback Machine 3971: 3967: 3954: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3839: 3835: 3819:Scott Mueller, 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3706:on 2 April 2014 3696: 3692: 3679: 3677: 3670:Computing Japan 3664: 3663: 3659: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3602:on June 6, 2012 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3407:Swaine, Michael 3400: 3396: 3388: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3337: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3230:"The Wang 2200" 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2841:CBS Interactive 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2664: 2662: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2600:Gaming computer 2565:Public computer 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2309:developed world 2246: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2228: 2216:adventure games 2184:Electronic Arts 2138: 2130:Main articles: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2108:needs expansion 2093: 2053:word processors 2040:System software 2036: 2030: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1917:Internet faxing 1909:word processing 1853:system software 1849:word processors 1821: 1815: 1761:expansion cards 1736:expansion slots 1709:pointing device 1691:, and often an 1685:hard disk drive 1652: 1623:System software 1571:Expansion cards 1531: 1504: 1496:Main articles: 1494: 1432: 1426: 1394:tablet computer 1390: 1388:Ultra-mobile PC 1384: 1382:Ultra-mobile PC 1353: 1347: 1315: 1313:Tablet computer 1309: 1206:laptop computer 1196: 1190: 1174:Compaq Portable 1167:Commodore SX-64 1143:Xerox NoteTaker 1112: 1106: 1101: 1030:Home theater PC 989:gaming computer 935: 929: 901: 880: 875: 870: 661:, owner of the 579:Hewlett Packard 554:, developed at 416:word processing 377:Federico Faggin 327:computer system 297: 286: 245: 239: 227:Apple Macintosh 215: 75:word processing 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6193: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 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2015-04-30. 4094: 4087: 4066: 4037: 4012: 3983: 3965: 3932: 3905: 3875: 3863: 3856: 3833: 3812: 3786: 3779: 3761: 3734: 3717: 3698:Polsson, Ken. 3690: 3657: 3638: 3612: 3586: 3561: 3532: 3503: 3474: 3448: 3428: 3421: 3394: 3386: 3362: 3349: 3288: 3272: 3260: 3251: 3236:. Jim Battle. 3220: 3211: 3199: 3182:"IBM Archives" 3168: 3142: 3135: 3117: 3088: 3059: 3030: 3001: 2972: 2963: 2928: 2906:(2015-01-23). 2895: 2858: 2821: 2788: 2754: 2730: 2703: 2674: 2643: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2536: 2520: 2517: 2489:Main article: 2486: 2483: 2453:and $ 689 for 2376: 2373: 2290:Western Europe 2275:Western Europe 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2192:cross-platform 2126: 2125: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2089: 2077:user interface 2032:Main article: 2029: 2026: 1955:Main article: 1952: 1949: 1817:Main article: 1814: 1811: 1671:consists of a 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1591: 1583: 1578: 1575:graphics cards 1568: 1558: 1555:microprocessor 1548: 1542: 1530: 1527: 1515:Psion Series 3 1493: 1490: 1488:Professional. 1443:Windows Mobile 1428:Main article: 1425: 1422: 1386:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1311:Main article: 1308: 1305: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1137:described the 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 931:Main article: 928: 925: 919:modeling, and 897:Main article: 892:RISC processor 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 857:World Wide Web 747:home computers 461:Datapoint 2200 389:microcomputers 381:microprocessor 357:Mohamed Atalla 284: 241:Main article: 238: 235: 214: 211: 173:platform from 157:and then with 89:playback, and 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6192: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:Smart speaker 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Diskless node 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5362:0-201-57032-7 5359: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5240:on 2014-03-12 5239: 5235: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5160: 5159:0-313-33863-9 5156: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5134:0-86656-361-X 5131: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5074:on 2021-12-30 5073: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4901: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4520:on 2012-01-19 4519: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4360: 4357:. CNET News. 4356: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4329:10044/1/95775 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4050:www.linfo.org 4047: 4041: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3857:9780764575556 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3648:IEEE Spectrum 3642: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3576:on 2014-12-14 3575: 3571: 3565: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512:"Heathkit H8" 3507: 3493:on 2018-05-25 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2803:Computerworld 2799: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2661:on 2010-04-20 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2633:(Online). n.d 2632: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2472: 2467:$ 540 and 560 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2437:systems, the 2436: 2431: 2425: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:price of the 2388: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2250: 2238: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2119:February 2024 2113: 2109: 2106:This section 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:media players 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:computer game 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1882:, which is a 1881: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744:break out box 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:computer case 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539:exploded view 1535: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:GPS receivers 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046:media servers 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 955:computer case 952: 944: 943:Dell OptiPlex 939: 934: 924: 922: 918: 917:architectural 914: 910: 906: 900: 893: 889: 884: 865: 863: 858: 855:In 1991, the 853: 851: 847: 843: 840:project, but 839: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 813: 812: 807: 802: 799: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 741: 737: 733: 728: 721: 717: 713: 711: 707: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Commodore PET 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Steve Wozniak 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:Also in 1973 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 537: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 516: 513:offered only 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477:In 1973, the 475: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 335: 334:semiconductor 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 307: 303: 294: 290: 283: 277: 273: 269: 264: 257: 253: 252:Commodore PET 249: 244: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177:(running the 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 122: 120: 116: 115:home computer 112: 108: 104: 103:minicomputers 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6098:Single-board 5983:Smartglasses 5926:Programmable 5851:Mobile phone 5704:Blade server 5582: 5543:Microconsole 5538:Home console 5394:How PCs Work 5367: 5349: 5329:. Retrieved 5322:the original 5301: 5297: 5284: 5274:28 September 5272:. Retrieved 5263: 5253: 5242:. Retrieved 5238:the original 5227: 5216:. Retrieved 5212:the original 5197: 5180: 5172: 5171:Nancy Weil, 5166: 5146: 5141: 5122: 5117: 5106:. Retrieved 5097: 5087: 5076:. Retrieved 5072:the original 5067: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5035: 5025: 5015:September 8, 5013:. Retrieved 4998: 4986:. Retrieved 4982:the original 4977: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4952:the original 4947: 4937: 4925:. Retrieved 4914: 4887:. Retrieved 4883:the original 4876: 4848:. Retrieved 4844:the original 4839: 4830: 4811: 4800:. Retrieved 4785: 4774:. Retrieved 4760: 4749:. Retrieved 4734: 4723:. Retrieved 4719:the original 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4687:. CBC News. 4679: 4668:, retrieved 4662: 4656: 4644:. Retrieved 4633: 4623: 4612:, retrieved 4602: 4580:, retrieved 4576:the original 4570: 4564: 4553:, retrieved 4549:the original 4539: 4533: 4522:, retrieved 4518:the original 4512: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4430: 4419:. Retrieved 4405: 4394:. Retrieved 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4348: 4311: 4301: 4290:. Retrieved 4286: 4277: 4268: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4226:. Retrieved 4217: 4208: 4197:. Retrieved 4188: 4179: 4170: 4160: 4125: 4119: 4111:the original 4107:ScienceDaily 4106: 4097: 4078: 4058:. Retrieved 4049: 4040: 4029:. Retrieved 4015: 4004:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3968: 3959: 3953:, retrieved 3944: 3935: 3925:November 29, 3923:. Retrieved 3908: 3897:. Retrieved 3888: 3878: 3866: 3846: 3836: 3820: 3815: 3805:28 September 3803:. Retrieved 3799: 3789: 3770: 3764: 3754:February 12, 3752:. Retrieved 3748:the original 3737: 3726: 3720: 3708:. Retrieved 3704:the original 3693: 3685: 3678:. Retrieved 3669: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3630:. Retrieved 3615: 3604:. Retrieved 3600:the original 3589: 3578:. Retrieved 3574:the original 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3544: 3535: 3524:. Retrieved 3515: 3506: 3495:. Retrieved 3491:the original 3486: 3477: 3465:. Retrieved 3451: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3411: 3397: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3338:. Retrieved 3305: 3301: 3291: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3244:November 13, 3242:. Retrieved 3234:Wang2200.org 3233: 3223: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3190:. Retrieved 3186:the original 3159:. Retrieved 3155:the original 3145: 3126: 3120: 3109:. Retrieved 3100: 3091: 3080:. Retrieved 3071: 3062: 3051:. Retrieved 3042: 3033: 3022:. Retrieved 3013: 3004: 2993:. Retrieved 2984: 2975: 2966: 2955:. Retrieved 2943: 2931: 2920:. Retrieved 2911: 2898: 2886:. Retrieved 2882:the original 2871: 2861: 2849:. Retrieved 2834: 2824: 2812:. Retrieved 2801: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2766: 2757: 2746:. Retrieved 2742: 2733: 2722:. Retrieved 2712: 2706: 2695:. Retrieved 2686: 2677: 2669: 2663:, retrieved 2659:the original 2653: 2646: 2635:. 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