PC game - Knowledge

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PC games have long been a source of controversy, largely due to the depictions of violence that has become commonly associated with video games in general, with much of the criticism stemming from the fact that the PC gaming industry is not as regulated as on other platforms. The debate surrounds the

1190:. Consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers. While often purchased to do work on evenings and weekends, clones' popularity caused consumer-software companies to increase the number of IBM-compatible products, including those developed specifically for the PC as opposed to 2592:

have become increasingly more popular over the last half decade. While not required for all gamers, these servers provide a unique "home", fully customizable, such as additional modifications, settings, etc., giving the end gamers the experience they desire. Today there are over 510,000 game servers

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PhysX) card, are also available to accelerate physics simulations in modern computer games. PPUs allow the computer to process more complex interactions among objects than is achievable using only the CPU, potentially allowing players a much greater degree of control over the world in games designed

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grossly underperformed, the popularity of personal computers for education rose dramatically. In 1983, American consumer interest in console video games dwindled to historical lows, as interest in games on personal computers rose. The effects of the crash were largely limited to the console market,

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We've been developing games that are community-based for more than ten years now, ever since the original Unreal and Unreal Tournament. We've had games that have had free online gameplay, free server lists, and in 2003 we shipped a game with in-game voice support, and a lot of features that gamers

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executive agreed, saying that "Unfortunately, its effect has been extremely negative. Without question, Nintendo's success has eroded software sales. There's been a much greater falling off of disk sales than anyone anticipated." A third attributed the end of growth in sales of the Commodore 64 to

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Digital distribution also slashes the cost of circulation, eliminates stock shortages, allows games to be released worldwide at no additional cost, and allows niche audiences to be reached with ease. However, most digital distribution systems create ownership and customer rights issues by storing

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A PC is a general-purpose tool. Its inner workings are exposed to the owner, and misconfiguration can create enormous problems. Hardware compatibility issues are also possible. Game development is complicated by the wide variety of hardware configurations; developers may be forced to limit their

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By spring 1994, an estimated 24 million US homes (27% of households) had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal

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By 1987, the PC market was growing so quickly that the formerly business-only computer had become the largest and fastest-growing, and most important platform for computer game companies. DOS computers dominated the home, supplanting Commodore and Apple. More than a third of games sold in North

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PC components are generally sold individually for profit (even if one buys a pre-built machine), whereas the hardware of closed platforms is mass-produced as a single unit and often sold at a smaller profit, or even a loss (with the intention of making profit instead in online service fees and

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as "mods". A healthy mod community greatly increases a game's longevity and the most popular mods have driven purchases of their parent game to record heights. It is common for professional developers to release the tools they use to create their games (and sometimes even

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however, or even outright redistribute it, and their ability to extend the lifespan of a game can work against its developers' plans for regular sequels. As game technology has become more complex, it has also become harder to distribute development tools to the public.

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PC games are sold predominantly through the Internet, with buyers downloading their new purchase directly to their computer. This approach allows smaller independent developers to compete with large publisher-backed games and avoids the speed and capacity limits of the

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called Nintendo "the last hurrah of the 8-bit world". Experts were unsure whether it affected 16-bit computer games, but Hawkins, in 1990, nonetheless had to deny rumors that Electronic Arts would withdraw from computers and only produce console games. By 1993,

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access rights on distributor-owned computers. Games confer with these computers over the Internet before launching. This raises the prospect of purchases being lost if the distributor goes out of business or chooses to lock the buyer's account, and prevents

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in September 2006. Industry groups have responded by noting the responsibility of parents in governing their children's activities, while attempts in the United States to control the sale of objectionable games have generally been found unconstitutional.

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design to run with sub-optimum PC hardware in order to reach a larger PC market, or add a range graphical and other settings to adjust for playability on individual machines, requiring increased development, test, and customer support resources.

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than the dial-up services of the time. These advantages allowed more players to join any given computer game, but have persisted today because of the higher latency of most Internet connections and the costs associated with broadband Internet.

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of Electronic Arts reported that customers used computers for games more than one fifth of the time whether purchased for work or a hobby, with many who purchased computers for other reasons finding PC games "a pretty satisfying experience".

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in 1984 reported that "in offices all over America (more than anyone realizes) executives and managers are playing games on their computers", but software companies found selling games for the PC difficult; an observer said that year that

4874: 1952:, and the platform's hardware and software are constantly evolving. These factors make PC the centre of both hardware and software innovation. By comparison, closed platforms tend to remain much the same throughout their lifespan. 593:

being most interested in developing a game for the platform and 66% of developers currently developing a game for PC. In 2018, the global PC games market was valued at about $ 27.7 billion. According to research data provided by

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reported that DOS accounted for 82% of computer-game sales in 1991, compared to Macintosh's 8% and Amiga's 5%. In response to a reader's challenge to find a DOS game that played better than the Amiga version the magazine cited

2576:, broadband Internet connections are generally considered necessary in order to reduce the latency or "lag" between players. Such connections require a broadband-compatible modem connected to the personal computer through a 1499:

reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce.

1250:". While some games were advertised with VGA support at the start of the year, they usually supported EGA graphics through VGA cards. By the end of 1989, however, most publishers moved to at supporting at least 320x200 602:

worldwide, up from 1.5 billion PC gaming users in the previous year. Newzoo reported that the PC gaming sector was the third-largest category across all platforms as of 2016, with the console sector second-largest, and

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makes them far more difficult to emulate, even for the original manufacturers. The most technically advanced consoles that can currently be successfully emulated for commercial games on PC are the PlayStation 2 using

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for user input, but there are exceptions. During the 1990s, before the keyboard and mouse combination had become the method of choice for PC gaming input peripherals, there were other types of peripherals such as the

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online store, was released in 2011 in order to compete with Steam and other digital distribution platforms on the PC. The period between 2004 and now saw the rise of many digital distribution services on PC, such as

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is another cultural aspect of gaming to draw criticism as it can have a negative influence on health and on social relations. The problem of addiction and its health risks seems to have grown with the rise of

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provided technical assistance to its writers to help install games for review, and published sample configuration files. The magazine advised non-technical gamers to purchase commercial memory managers like

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will sell as much as a cartridge title would out in the open market. But even a hit title in the floppy disk market is a quarter million copies. (Cartridge game) Street Fighter II sold nine million copies

1340:, were below 10% and declining. Although both Apple and IBM tried to avoid customers associating their products with "game machines", the latter acknowledged that VGA, audio, and joystick options for its 2648:

is in development. Most emulation software mimics a particular hardware architecture, often to an extremely high degree of accuracy. This is particularly the case with classic home computers such as the

2588:. Online games require a virtual environment, generally called a "game server". These virtual servers inter-connect gamers, allowing real time, and often fast-paced action. To meet this subsequent need, 944:

As the American video game market became flooded with poor-quality cartridge games created by numerous companies attempting to enter the market, and overproduction of high-profile releases such as the

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sector biggest. 2.2 billion video gamers generate US$ 101.1 billion in revenue, excluding hardware costs. "Digital game revenues will account for $ 94.4 billion or 87% of the global gaming market. The

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in 1961, is often credited as being the second ever computer game. The game consisted of two player-controlled spaceships maneuvering around a central star, each attempting to destroy the other.

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Valve does not release any sales figures on its Steam service, instead it only provides the data to companies with games on Steam, which they cannot release without permission due to signing a

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alone accounts for half of APAC's revenues (at $ 24.4 billion), cementing its place as the largest video game market in the world, ahead of the US's anticipated market size of $ 23.5 billion.

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Other projects aim to bring compatibility of older games and its features back to modern platforms such as WineVDM (for running 16-bit games on 64-bit Windows), nGlide (for enabling

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matured and knocked proprietary interfaces out of the market, these platforms gained greater acceptance in the market, particularly with their demonstrated benefits in games such as

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survey in April 1993 similarly found that 91% of readers primarily used IBM PCs and compatibles for gaming, compared to 6% for Amiga, 3% for Macintosh, and 1% for Atari ST, while a

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in 1992, which helped to popularize the genre, kick-starting a genre that would become one of the highest-selling in modern times. The game was originally distributed through the

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operating system in 2010 and was released on Linux in 2012. By 2011, it controlled 70% of the market for downloadable PC games, with a userbase of about 40 million accounts.

1186:, caused prices to decline; by the end of 1986, the equivalent to a $ 1600 real IBM PC with 256K RAM and two disk drives cost as little as $ 600, lower than the price of the 3807: 2385:, which combined a trackball for looking / aiming, and a joystick for movement. Other common gaming peripherals are a headset for faster communication in online games, 2461:, a low-level API for certain models of AMD graphics cards, allowing for greater performance compared to software-level APIs such as DirectX, as well as simplifying 4653: 2615:, a DOS emulator which allows playing games developed originally for this operating system and thus not compatible with a modern-day OS. Console emulators such as 2829: 1863: 759:, but by this time, graphics were beginning to become an important factor in games. Later games combined textual commands with basic graphics, as seen in the SSI 2553:

adoption among consumers. Affordable high-bandwidth Internet connections allow large numbers of players to play together, and thus have found particular use in

2707:. Alongside the social and health problems associated with computer game addiction have grown similar worries about the effect of computer games on education. 1434:

study found that 74% of personal computers were IBMs or compatible, 10% Macintosh, 7% Apple II, and 8% other. 51% of IBM or compatible had 386 or faster CPUs.

2372: 5428: 4913: 1744:. Issues such as difficulty in ensuring consistent experiences for all players, and the uncertain benefit of first generation PhysX cards in games such as 1049: 4770: 1047:

experience with their unrealistic graphics and electronic sound, early PC games included extras such as the peril-sensitive sunglasses that shipped with

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much more heavily. As publicly released development tools are rare, console mods usually refer to hardware alterations designed to remove restrictions.

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The uncoordinated nature of the PC game market makes precisely assessing its size difficult. PC remains the most important gaming platform with 60% of

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and provide audio enhancement that is generally not available with integrated alternatives, at the cost of marginally lower overall performance. The

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It is difficult, and in most situations ultimately impossible, to control the way in which PC hardware and software is used. This leads to far more

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platform for Windows computers in 2003 as a means to distribute Valve-developed video games such as Half-Life 2. It would later see release on the

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computers to produce complex sounds using FM synthesis, where they had previously been limited to simple tones and beeps. However, the rise of the

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In the late 80s and throughout the entire 1990s decade, DOS was one of the most popular gaming platforms in regions where it was officially sold.

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technology resulted in increasing levels of realism in computer games. During this time, the improvements introduced with products such as ATI's

1874: 5423: 2554: 1392:, allowing players to try a limited part of the game for free but requiring payment to play the rest, and represented one of the first uses of 4365: 2607:

Emulation software, used to run software without the original hardware, are popular for their ability to play legacy video games without the

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for the new peripherals further depleted scarce RAM. By 1993, PC games required much more memory than other software, often consuming all of

280: 1063:. These extras gradually became less common, but many games were still sold in the traditional oversized boxes that used to hold the extra " 755:

by Will Crowther in 1976, and expanded by Don Woods in 1977. By the 1980s, personal computers had become powerful enough to run games like

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reiterated in 1994, "we have to advise readers who want a machine that will play most of the games to purchase high-end MS-DOS machines".

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posted record losses over subsequent years. Conversely, the home computer market boomed, as sales of low-cost color computers such as the

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But the reality is, today's business is cartridge business. The difference in volume is about four to one per title. With exceptions—a

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conference that the market for console games ($ 5.9 billion in revenue) was 12 times that of the computer-game market ($ 430 million).

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that year stated that the computer's speed and sophistication made it "an excellent gaming device", and IBM and others sold games like

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were successful in the European market, where the NES was not as successful despite its monopoly in Japan and North America. The only

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reported that Steam sales constituted 50–70% of the $ 4 billion market for downloaded PC games and that Steam offered game producers

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on the PC was a breakthrough in 3D graphics, and was soon ported to various game consoles in a general shift toward greater realism.

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satirizes this by depicting two beautiful women exhaust the hero in bed, by requesting that he again explain the difference between

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wrote in 1993 that "publishers may be losing their focus". While many companies used the additional storage to release poor-quality

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family of operating systems. Whereas earlier games written for DOS would include code to communicate directly with hardware, today

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owner estimated in 1983 that a quarter of corporate executives with computers "have a game hidden somewhere in their drawers", and

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and sufficient networking cables to connect every computer on the network. Additionally, each computer must have its own copy (or

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region was estimated to generate $ 46.6 billion in 2016, or 47% of total global video game revenues (note, not only "PC" games).

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warned that it was "a data-intensive technology, not a process-intensive one", tempting developers to emphasize the quantity of

382: 5209: 4737: 5330: 3172: 2478: 2281:(GPU), which accelerates the process of drawing complex scenes in realtime. GPUs may be an integrated part of the computer's 1759:

Similarly, many game publishers began to experiment with new forms of marketing. Chief among these alternative strategies is

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have now come to expect on the PC platform. A lot of these things are now features that Microsoft is planning to charge for.

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concluding that video game violence increases children's aggression, a concern that prompted a further investigation by the

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Many companies sold "multimedia upgrade kits" that bundled CD drives, sound cards, and software during the mid-1990s, but

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America were for the PC, twice as many as those for the Apple II and even outselling those for the Commodore 64. With the

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Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time

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By 1988, the enormous popularity of the Nintendo Entertainment System had greatly affected the computer-game industry. A

2798: 5205: 4744: 3780: 3381: 3192: 2688: 2137:, estimated that, as of 2009, Steam had a 70% share of the digital distribution market for video games. In early 2011, 2119: 1994: 1210:, an inexpensive clone had better graphics and more memory for games than the Commodore or Apple, and the Tandy 1000's 742:, in which the player communicated with the computer by entering commands through a keyboard. An early text-adventure, 712: 5290: 2919:"New Gaming Boom: Newzoo Ups Its 2017 Global Games Market Estimate to $ 116.0Bn Growing to $ 143.5Bn in 2020 | Newzoo" 1792:

PCs may possess varying processing resources of video gaming systems. Game developers may integrate options to adjust

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took advantage of the idea, with mixed results rising from concerns for the amount of content provided for the price.

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had sold hundreds of thousands of copies because customers with corporate PCs could claim that it was a "simulation".

5413: 3738: 2982: 2025:) in order to encourage modding, but if a game is popular enough mods generally arise even without official support. 1936:

if need be. Conversely, newer games can often be run on older systems by reducing the games' fidelity, scale or both.

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sales. A hit PC game typically sold about 250,000 disks at the time, while a hit console game typically sold about

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standard for sound cards, although its popularity dwindled as PC audio became a commodity on modern motherboards.

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which was sold to the public. First sold in 1977, Microchess eventually sold over 50,000 copies on cassette tape.

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The openness of the PC platform allows players to edit or modify their games and distribute the results over the

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files for memory management cumbersome and confusing, and each game needed a different configuration. (The game

5151: 2410: 1767:, in which game content is provided in smaller quantities but for a proportionally lower price. Titles such as 1501: 1364: 1034: 312: 4151: 4132: 4106: 4087: 4057: 4039: 4018: 3974: 3927: 3900: 3874: 3693: 3640: 5465: 3754: 3666: 3614: 3553: 3526: 3443: 1638: 1067:". Today, such extras are usually found only in Special Edition versions of games, such as Battlechests from 982: 809: 3292: 3061: 3029: 2850: 2473:

consoles, which are both built upon AMD hardware. It is not unusual for a game company to use a third-party

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PC processor ran much faster, allowing it to perform many more calculations per second. The 1993 release of

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is an API that is widely used by today's computer games to communicate with sound and graphics hardware.

1793: 1559: 1412: 1044: 4421: 2535:) of the game in order to play. Optionally, any LAN may include an external connection to the Internet. 1520:—often with what the magazine mocked as "amateur acting" in the added audio and video—new games such as 1214:, and built-in joystick ports made it the best platform for IBM PC-compatible games before the VGA era. 981:

The North American console market experienced a resurgence in the United States with the release of the

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and played, encouraging readers to submit their own software to competitions. Players could modify the

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were poor, however, and most customers bought the powerful but expensive computer for business. One

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began manufacturing FM synth boards for computers in the early-mid-1980s, and by 1985, the NEC and

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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port. It is also possible to use multiple GPUs in a single computer, using technologies such as

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executive claimed that "Nintendo's success has destroyed the software entertainment market". A

985:(NES). In Europe, computer gaming continued to boom for many years after. Computers such as the 5271: 2577: 2504: 2263: 1465: 1336:

was 65% of the computer-game market, with the Amiga at 10%; all other computers, including the

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are also available to provide improved audio in computer games. These cards provide improved

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Modern computer games place great demand on the computer's hardware, often requiring a fast

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in computer games has become a matter of debate since announcement and 2005 release of the

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operating system, by then the market leader, made many older DOS-based games unplayable on

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card, released in 1989, which featured much higher sound quality due to the inclusion of a

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Further improvements to game artwork and audio were made possible with the introduction of

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The defining characteristic of the PC platform is the absence of centralized control, an

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simplified device driver and memory management. The success of 3D console titles such as

1534: 1232: 1222: 1132:, which IBM described as bringing "players into a fantasy world of caves and treasures". 1128: 739: 574:, and PC games have been a major influencing factor for the development and marketing of 519:. Personal computers as well as general computer software are considered synonymous with 389: 332: 236: 133: 5249: 4295: 4198: 3803: 2742: 2724: 2608: 2585: 2550: 2532: 2528: 2508: 2433:

provide an interface between the game and the OS, simplifying game design. Microsoft's

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and more to run. Today, the vast majority of computer games are designed to run on the

2271: 2270:. These processors allow the computer to simultaneously process multiple tasks, called 2262:

to improve the performance of their processors, but had begun to move steadily towards

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became popular in Japan. The Amiga, X68000 and FM Towns were capable of producing near

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Online multiplayer games have achieved popularity largely as a result of increasing

1017:(1982). A key difference between Western and Japanese computers at the time was the 566:

become the most popular operating system for PC games in the 2000s. Games utilizing

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are relatively commonplace, although the complexity of modern consoles such as the

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Unlike the generally accepted push for improved graphical performance, the use of

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API for graphics rendering that is also used. The version of the graphics card's

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By the late 1970s to early 1980s, games were developed and distributed through

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Although it is possible to participate in online computer games using dial-up

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on PCs, and soon resulted in attempts to produce affordable products with the

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graphics and sound quality when they first released in the mid-to-late 1980s.

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was one of the first game playing machines developed. It was built in 1950 by

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One does not need to ask for permission to release or update a PC game or to

1801: 1782: 1530: 1505: 1484: 1439: 1307: 1304: 1119: 998: 834: 788: 703:, debuted in 1952. Another pioneer computer game was developed in 1961, when 678: 575: 524: 480: 479:

Mainframe and minicomputer games are a precursor to personal computer games.

140: 3790: 3667:"The Shadow of Your Style / New Directions at the Consumer Electronics Show" 3257:"Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier Retro Japanese Computers" 3196: 2905:"The Global Games Market 2017 — Per Region & Segment — Newzoo" 1021:, with Japanese systems using a higher resolution of 640x400 to accommodate 673:

Although personal computers only became popular with the development of the

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has been popularly used since the 1990s referring specifically to games on "

5398: 5393: 5367: 4714: 4613: 4584: 4444:"DICE on cutting Battlefield 3 console content: 'We're not evil or stupid'" 4321: 2732: 2650: 2482: 2458: 2144: 2099: 2056: 1841: 1643: 1606: 1553: 1481: 1354: 1323: 1280: 1227: 1153: 966: 752: 686: 608: 511:. They are enjoying a resurgence in popularity since the mid-2000s through 492: 399: 187: 150: 128: 84: 5315: 4943:"Digital charts won't pick up Steam | Games industry news | MCV" 5372: 4767:"Download distribution opening new doors for independent game developers" 3272: 2684: 2661: 2628: 2589: 2581: 2544: 2474: 2294: 2282: 2180: 2022: 1825: 1719:. PC gaming currently tends strongly toward improvements in 3D graphics. 1716: 1704: 1589: 1477: 1345: 1195: 1014: 1010: 986: 916: 912: 907: 895: 696: 663: 604: 504: 500: 488: 377: 229: 204: 182: 123: 5129: 1322:

computer included built-in PCM sound, in addition to a CD-ROM drive and

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fees. Games and services are cheaper at every level, and many are free.

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and allowed more detailed graphics. Japanese computers were also using

945: 829: 708: 453: 155: 111: 63: 1299:'s Music Synthesizer Card, soon appeared in 1987. These cards allowed 578:. Emulators are able to play games developed for other platforms. The 5027: 4807: 4344: 4249: 4217: 3130: 2654: 2611:

for which they were designed. The operating system emulators include

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devices, to an extent) are owned and administered by a single group.

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Modding has a different connotation on consoles which are typically

1588:'s "infamous late and unlamented Voodoo Memory Manager", which used 4908: 2616: 2602: 2470: 2450: 2386: 2379: 2365: 2130: 2095: 2087: 2070: 2017: 1933: 1689: 1655: 1647: 1452: 1341: 1319: 1272:

displays allowed the industry to include increasingly high-quality

1099: 1083: 1002: 884: 793: 760: 666:. It measured more than four meters tall, and was displayed at the 595: 563: 20: 5228:"Senate bill mandates CDC investigation into video game violence" 5055: 4738:"2012 Essential facts About the computer and Video game industry" 3158: 2948: 2665: 2462: 2434: 2398: 2103: 1821: 1663: 1480:

games had a sales volume equivalent to about one-quarter that of

1191: 1064: 901: 873: 852: 43: 30: 4552:"Valve and Blizzard Defend PC Platform, Diss Console Flexiblity" 2683:

influence of objectionable content on the social development of

2527:

LAN gaming typically requires two or more personal computers, a

1840:

games on PC great speed and accuracy. Users may use third-party

1495:

CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%.

4830: 2704: 2612: 2438: 2341: 2298: 2139: 1727: 1708: 1693: 1667: 1618: 1581: 1269: 1095: 847:

at the time, early home computer game companies capitalized on

749: 599: 465: 5204: 1932:

PC games decades old can be played on modern systems, through

1426:

merely reflects the realities of the market". A self-reported

1318:, led AdLib to file for bankruptcy by 1992. Also in 1989, the 4107:"Memory Management and System Configuration for MS-DOS Games" 3607:"Electronic Arts Reaffirms Commitment to Disk-Based Software" 2645: 2633: 2573: 2348: 2344: 1832:

are also available. The mouse in particular lends players of

1730: 1715:

have allowed developers to increase the complexity of modern

1622:

PC Game logo found on most contemporary box arts and trailers

1296: 1079: 962: 927: 824: 804: 722: 700: 650: 612: 473: 5130:"X-Fi and the Elite Pro: SoundBlaster's Return to Greatness" 640: 3641:"The Software Publishing Association Spring Symposium 1993" 3369: 2637: 2620: 2091: 1864:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1577: 1522: 1460: 1448: 1288: 1218: 476:

hardware) which has dominated the computer industry since.

1246:

reported that "the industry is moving toward heavy use of

527: – smartphones and tablets, such as those running on 4614:"Alien Swarm Game & Source SDK Release Coming Monday" 2705:

massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs)

2454: 2430: 1611: 1333: 1006: 532: 5051:"Steam Experiences Another Year of Sales Growth in 2011" 5023:"Stardock Reveals Impulse, Steam Market Share Estimates" 2944:"What was the first video game, who invented it and why" 1756:, prompted arguments over the value of such technology. 1526:

included many more assets for a richer game experience.

538: – are also PCs in the general sense as opposed to 3473:"The MS-DOS Invasion / IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home" 2887:"Number of PC gaming users worldwide from 2008 to 2024" 2147:

of 70% of purchase price, compared with 30% at retail.

1916:

Prices are kept down by competition and the absence of

546:. Historically, it also included games on systems from 5220: 4600:"DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales" 4318:"AGEIA PhysX PPU Videos – Ghost Recon and Cell Factor" 3822:"Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers" 3126:"Atari acts in an attempt to scuttle software pirates" 5152:"AMD's Mantle API Gives Devs Direct Hardware Control" 5122: 4393:"Console Battlefield 3 is 720p, 30fps. DICE explains" 2714: 1242:

However, computer games did not disappear. By 1989,

1113: 973:

benefited from increasing interest in the platform.

919:

attempted to take legal action against unauthorized

4819: 4817: 4529:"Is PC Gaming Really More Expensive Than Consoles?" 4269:"Brief Glimpse into the Future of 3D Game Graphics" 2771:

Computer game may also be a synonym for video game.

5102: 5100: 4591: 4204: 4019:"Software Publishing Association Unveils New Data" 3527:"Titans of the Computer Gaming World / MicroProse" 3079: 3077: 2828: 1094:became popular in North America, while the PC-98, 731:The first generation of computer games were often 4296:"Tim Sweeney ponders the future of physics cards" 4149: 3925: 3638: 3159:Charles W. L. Hill & Gareth R. Jones (2007), 2289:, connected to the motherboard through either an 1508:like art and music over the quality of gameplay; 1455:console systems kept their CPU speed at 3–7 19:"PC games" redirects here. For the magazine, see 5457: 4814: 4702: 4358: 4309: 4262: 4260: 4081: 4079: 3717: 3470: 3365: 3363: 2664:to other video cards), IPXWrapper (for enabling 2515:became available, due to their typically higher 2449:installed can often affect game performance and 2171:An exploded view of a modern personal computer: 2043: 976: 778: 598:in 2020 there were an estimated 1.75 billion PC 5097: 5075: 4928:"Valve: no Steam data for digital sales charts" 4336: 3634: 3632: 3524: 3339: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3074: 2555:massively multiplayer online role-playing games 1699:The faster graphics accelerators and improving 1422:, and added that "The heavy MS-DOS emphasis in 1178:from American and Asian companies, such as the 933: 905:was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, while 629: 5250:"Judge rules against Louisiana video game law" 4606: 4287: 3967: 3919: 3840: 3578: 3464: 3333: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3083: 3022: 1812:games. The most common forms of input are the 1291:computers had built-in FM sound. The first PC 5331: 5264: 5176: 4796: 4257: 4125: 4104: 4098: 4076: 3893: 3691: 3572: 3545: 3497: 3390: 3360: 3223:"IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War" 3193:"Player 3 Stage 6: The Great Videogame Crash" 3053: 3030:"Computer Gaming World's RobotWar Tournament" 2851:"The Most Important Gaming Platforms in 2019" 2823: 2821: 2819: 2277:Similarly, 3D games often rely on a powerful 821:game code that could be typed into a computer 421: 16:Electronic game played on a personal computer 4786:"Is Blu-ray really a good medium for games?" 4345:"PhysX Performance Update: City of Villains" 4143: 4050: 4034: 4032: 3946: 3629: 3551: 3518: 3491: 3452:(panel discussion). October 1984. p. 30 3409: 3254: 3161:Strategic management: an integrated approach 3123: 3112: 2997: 2970: 2493: 1747:Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 1610:Logo used by majority of PC games sold in a 969:rose to record highs and developers such as 5345: 5242: 4462: 3554:"Titans of the Computer Gaming World / SSI" 3415: 3241: 3220: 3134:, vol. 3, no. 28, pp. 28–9, 3094:, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 41–2, 2133:, the previous owner of competing platform 2059:which most other gaming platforms rely on. 1776: 997:to have any success in Europe would be the 5338: 5324: 5108:"Platform Trends: Mobile Graphics Heat Up" 4730: 4213:"Getting Older Games to Run on Windows XP" 3685: 3581:"Just Kids' Play or Computer in Disguise?" 2974:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution 2816: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2580:(generally integrated onto the computer's 428: 414: 4777: 4710:"Judge deems PS2 mod chips illegal in UK" 4576: 4522: 4520: 4029: 4011: 3867: 3747: 3659: 3599: 3436: 2991: 2431:application programming interfaces (APIs) 1956:There are also disadvantages, including: 1893:Learn how and when to remove this message 1595: 1584:and criticized nonstandard software like 4895: 4853:"40 Million Active Gamers on Steam Mark" 4624: 4482: 4456: 4405: 4366:"Half Life 2: Episode One for PC Review" 3813: 3613:. March 1990. p. 14. Archived from 3376:. CRC Press. pp. 85, 89–92, 96–97. 3307: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2964: 2477:, or third-party libraries for a game's 2166: 1763:, an adaptation of the older concept of 1617: 1605: 1382:in 1989. Id Software went on to develop 782: 639: 29: 5048: 4967: 4940: 4783: 4679: 4660: 4543: 4266: 4152:"The Sub-Standard In Computer software" 4085: 3819: 3396: 3280: 3059: 2785: 2355:Virtually all personal computers use a 2150: 1396:graphics in a popular game, along with 5458: 4901: 4758: 4646: 4517: 4488: 4411: 4384: 4315: 4293: 4210: 4191: 3370:Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2014). 2796: 827:source code of even commercial games. 5319: 5020: 5014: 4685: 4666: 4597: 4582: 4549: 4436: 4342: 4058:"Forging Ahead or Fit to be Smashed?" 3500:"MS-DOS Takes Charge of Fun Software" 3180: 3084:Earl g. Graves, Ltd (December 1982), 2936: 1785:; all other gaming platforms (except 1537:, while device drivers could go into 1258:, driven partially by the success of 1174:described as a "wave" of inexpensive 1005:and the computer market dominated by 883:, while the top-selling game for the 807:groups and gaming magazines, such as 5083:"Xbox 360 designed to be unhackable" 4764: 4686:Kalms, Mikael (September 20, 2010). 4669:"Mods And Ends: Grand Theft Auto IV" 4526: 4390: 4267:Necasek, Michal (October 30, 2006). 3820:Cifaldi, Frank (February 21, 2006). 3313: 2563:and persistent online games such as 1905:The advantages of openness include: 1846: 1518:"enhanced" versions of existing ones 1050:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 5166:"Steam: Game and Player Statistics" 4875:"PDF E3 2011 Investor Presentation" 4150:Wilson, Johnny L. (December 1993). 3926:McDonald, T. Liam (November 1992). 2636:, and the Nintendo Wii U using the 2050:Digital distribution of video games 1662:. As 3D graphics libraries such as 1626:By 1996, the growing popularity of 728:used for statistical calculations. 483:games became popular following the 13: 5206:American Psychological Association 5049:Periera, Chris (January 6, 2012). 4972:. Penny-arcade.com. Archived from 4823: 4745:Entertainment Software Association 4412:Warner, Mark (November 23, 2011). 4245:"Run Older Programs on Windows XP" 3981:. January 1994. pp. 120, 122. 3711: 3471:Halfhill, Tom R. (December 1986). 3444:"The CGW Computer Game Conference" 3286: 3124:John Markoff (November 30, 1981), 2797:Stuart, Keith (January 27, 2010). 2689:American Psychological Association 2488: 2001:than closed platforms suffer from. 1516:collections of older software, or 14: 5487: 5272:"Detox For Video Game Addiction?" 5021:Graft, Kris (November 19, 2009). 4784:Kuchera, Ben (January 17, 2007). 4343:Smith, Ryan (September 7, 2006). 4211:Durham, Joel Jr. (May 14, 2006). 3901:"What You've Been Playing Lately" 3846: 3525:Brooks, M. Evan (November 1987). 3340:Williams, Gregg (December 1981). 3086:"Cash In On the Video Game Craze" 2687:, with organizations such as the 1114:Growth of IBM PC compatible games 961:as established companies such as 4583:Ghazi, Koroush (December 2010). 4527:Lane, Rick (December 13, 2011). 4187:. February 1997. pp. 54–63. 2717: 2005: 1851: 1676:. However, major changes to the 1644:hardware accelerated 3D graphics 1344:computer were popular. In 1991, 689:had previously already existed. 54: 5198: 5158: 5144: 5042: 4988: 4961: 4941:Parfitt, Ben (April 21, 2011). 4934: 4920: 4867: 4845: 4769:. Statesman.com. Archived from 4667:Smith, Adam (October 7, 2011). 4598:Usher, William (July 1, 2012). 4414:"Tweaking Skyrim Image Quality" 4294:Reimer, Jeremy (May 14, 2006). 4237: 4170: 4040:"Invasion Of The Data Stashers" 3985: 3797: 3773: 3692:Sipe, Russell (November 1992). 3639:Wilson, Johnny L. (June 1993). 3214: 3195:. April 7, 1999. Archived from 3152: 3062:"Tanktics: Review and Analysis" 2593:hosted in North America alone. 2538: 2028:Mods can compete with official 1432:Software Publishers Association 1237:Software Publishers Association 833:was one of the first games for 4998:. Ve3d.ign.com. Archived from 4855:. Gaming Bolt. January 6, 2012 4765:Garr, Brian (April 17, 2011). 4632:"Quake 3 Source Code Released" 4550:Bertz, Matt (March 13, 2010). 4201:, Gamespot.com, June 10, 1998. 3397:Solomon, Abby (October 1983). 3221:Travis Fahs (April 21, 2009). 2911: 2897: 2879: 2861: 2843: 2765: 2671: 1262:such as the highly successful 1086:became popular in Europe, the 819:. These publications provided 582:originated from computer game 487:. In the 1990s, PC games lost 1: 4968:Kuchera, Ben (July 2, 2012). 4826:"The Master of Online Mayhem" 4046:. April 1994. pp. 20–42. 3416:Mace, Scott (April 2, 1984). 3060:Proctor, Bob (January 1982). 2778: 2584:), optionally separated by a 2511:(LANs) before cost-effective 2044:Digital distribution services 1170:From mid-1985, however, what 983:Nintendo Entertainment System 977:Growth of home computer games 779:Early personal computer games 4902:Senior, Tom (July 6, 2011). 4747:. March 2012. Archived from 4656:. PCGamesN. October 8, 2012. 4463:Joe Fielder (May 12, 2000). 4316:Shrout, Ryan (May 2, 2006). 3881:. December 1992. p. 122 3579:Ferrell, Keith (July 1989). 3004:Digital Humanities Quarterly 2596: 2409:Computer games also rely on 2330:line was for many years the 1736:, ostensibly competing with 1390:shareware distribution model 1268:series, and high resolution 934:Industry crash and aftermath 668:Canadian National Exhibition 630:Mainframes and minicomputers 570:generally require a form of 7: 4391:Ivan, Tom (June 20, 2011). 4368:. June 2006. Archived from 4139:. January 1994. p. 34. 4105:Weksler, Mike (June 1993). 4086:Weksler, Mike (June 1994). 3928:"Links 386 Pro from Access" 3761:. December 1990. p. 26 3552:Proctor, Bob (March 1988). 3498:Keiser, Gregg (June 1988). 3399:"Games Businesspeople Play" 2710: 2693:Centers for Disease Control 2590:Game Server Providers (GSP) 2404: 2249: 1808:amount is also possible in 1560:Les Manley in: Lost in L.A. 1437:By 1992, DOS games such as 707:students Martin Graetz and 10: 5492: 3729:(1st ed.). New York: 3342:"New Games New Directions" 3316:"IBM PC Announcement 1981" 3041:. October 1982. p. 17 2977:. Anchor Press/Doubleday. 2675: 2600: 2542: 2497: 2160: 2154: 2047: 2009: 1599: 1545:. Players found modifying 1141:Microsoft Flight Simulator 937: 633: 622: 618: 281:Longest-running franchises 18: 5386: 5355: 5351: 4585:"PC Game Piracy Examined" 3977:. Letters from Paradise. 3907:. April 1993. p. 176 2513:broadband Internet access 2494:Local area network gaming 2401:for console-style games. 1025:, which in turn affected 291:Games considered the best 4688:"So how about modtools?" 4495:Next Generation Magazine 4449:Computer and Video Games 4398:Computer and Video Games 4064:. April 1993. p. 24 2758: 2678:Video game controversies 2338:Physics processing units 2279:graphics processing unit 2127:non-disclosure agreement 1777:Platform characteristics 1770:Half-Life 2: Episode One 1447:graphics. While leading 1316:digital signal processor 1212:enhanced graphics, sound 940:Video game crash of 1983 748:, was developed for the 572:graphics processing unit 517:online service providers 485:video game crash of 1983 286:Most-played mobile games 5346:Video games by platform 4497:podcast. Archived from 4158:(editorial). p. 10 4025:. May 1994. p. 12. 3320:Dan Bricklin's Web Site 2507:was largely limited to 2303:Scalable Link Interface 2256:central processing unit 2084:Amazon Digital Services 2077:, a new version of the 1981:developer kit profits). 1975:Increased hardware cost 1368:, which featured fully 849:successful arcade games 556:Commodore International 5476:Video game terminology 5170:store.steampowered.com 4698:on September 23, 2010. 3673:. July 1989. p. 4 2578:network interface card 2397:for driving games and 2246: 2120:are a matter of debate 1950:modify an existing one 1873:by rewriting it in an 1642:increased interest in 1623: 1615: 1596:Contemporary PC gaming 1194:from other computers. 1057:novella included with 1040:from the early 1980s. 800: 654: 625:History of video games 442:personal computer game 48: 5154:. September 26, 2013. 4539:on December 13, 2011. 4424:on September 17, 2019 4372:on September 24, 2009 4324:on September 29, 2010 4156:Computer Gaming World 4137:Computer Gaming World 4111:Computer Gaming World 4092:Computer Gaming World 4062:Computer Gaming World 4044:Computer Gaming World 4023:Computer Gaming World 3979:Computer Gaming World 3932:Computer Gaming World 3905:Computer Gaming World 3879:Computer Gaming World 3759:Computer Gaming World 3697:Computer Gaming World 3694:"3900 Games Later..." 3671:Computer Gaming World 3645:Computer Gaming World 3611:Computer Gaming World 3558:Computer Gaming World 3531:Computer Gaming World 3449:Computer Gaming World 3259:. Hardcore Gaming 101 3067:Computer Gaming World 3038:Computer Gaming World 2998:Jerz, Dennis (2007). 2971:Levy, Steven (1984). 2415:operating system (OS) 2170: 2129:with Valve. However, 2118:(the ethics of which 1927:Increased flexibility 1911:Reduced software cost 1621: 1609: 1573:Computer Gaming World 1510:Computer Gaming World 1497:Computer Gaming World 1471:Computer Gaming World 1428:Computer Gaming World 1407:Computer Gaming World 1370:3D polygonal graphics 1244:Computer Gaming World 1124:IBM Personal Computer 911:was licensed for the 869:Atari 8-bit computers 816:Computer Gaming World 786: 681:, computer gaming on 643: 636:Early mainframe games 33: 5466:Video game platforms 5387:Related technologies 4916:on January 14, 2013. 4673:Rock, Paper, Shotgun 4489:Sweeny, Tim (2007). 3418:"Games with windows" 2893:. November 24, 2022. 2839:. November 17, 2012. 2700:Video game addiction 2413:software such as an 2340:(PPUs), such as the 2151:PC gaming technology 2030:downloadable content 1962:Increased complexity 1943:Increased innovation 1834:first-person shooter 1742:Havok physics engine 1350:first-person shooter 1274:graphical interfaces 1184:Leading Edge Model D 649:, developed for the 513:digital distribution 163:Virtual reality game 4754:on January 2, 2013. 4275:on October 11, 2011 3849:"Masters of "Doom"" 3793:on January 1, 2014. 3295:on October 12, 2007 2875:. November 7, 2019. 2830:"Japan fights back" 2566:World War II Online 2509:local area networks 2373:First-Person Gaming 1543:DOS memory managers 1535:conventional memory 1233:ASCII Entertainment 1129:Microsoft Adventure 845:video game consoles 740:interactive fiction 711:, with MIT student 695:, an adaptation of 134:Social-network game 117:Electronic handheld 5471:Personal computing 5356:Hardware platforms 5216:on August 3, 2008. 4773:on April 21, 2011. 4587:. TweakGuides.com. 4491:"Next-Gen podcast" 4088:"CDs On A ROMpage" 3975:"Sound Philosophy" 3855:on August 13, 2007 3255:John Szczepaniak. 3199:on January 5, 2013 2743:Video game console 2725:Video games portal 2505:Multiplayer gaming 2247: 2221:Optical disc drive 2012:Mod (video gaming) 1934:emulation software 1875:encyclopedic style 1862:is written like a 1838:real-time strategy 1830:motion controllers 1688:(without using an 1624: 1616: 1405:In December 1992, 1348:produced an early 1106:-quality hardware 1092:IBM PC compatibles 1019:display resolution 899:. That same year, 861:arcade video games 810:Creative Computing 801: 726:mainframe computer 655: 444:, also known as a 308:Negative reception 269:Best-selling games 49: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5409:Geolocation-based 5378:Personal computer 5184:"Xbox 360 Review" 4930:. April 21, 2011. 4810:. August 1, 2008. 4564:on April 25, 2013 4225:on April 20, 2007 4094:. pp. 36–40. 3954:"Console history" 3725:(November 1998). 3174:978-0-618-89469-7 3070:. pp. 17–20. 2857:. March 18, 2019. 2668:based LAN play). 2427:Microsoft Windows 2391:flight simulators 2352:to use the card. 2226:Secondary storage 2157:Personal computer 1903: 1902: 1895: 1796:, framerate, and 1794:screen resolution 1678:Microsoft Windows 1628:Microsoft Windows 1602:Games for Windows 1399:Ultima Underworld 1301:IBM PC compatible 1276:in new releases. 1226:the console, and 1126:(PC) in 1981 was 1027:video game design 865:top-selling games 851:at the time with 842:second-generation 560:Microsoft Windows 552:Atari Corporation 521:IBM PC compatible 470:Microsoft Windows 458:personal computer 438: 437: 80:Arcade video game 5483: 5353: 5352: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5230:. September 2006 5224: 5218: 5217: 5212:. Archived from 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5059:. Archived from 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4976:on March 6, 2013 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4912:. Archived from 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4824:Chiang, Oliver. 4821: 4812: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4694:. Archived from 4683: 4677: 4676: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4620:. July 16, 2010. 4610: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4560:. Archived from 4547: 4541: 4540: 4535:. Archived from 4524: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4452:. July 26, 2011. 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4420:. Archived from 4409: 4403: 4402: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4320:. Archived from 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4271:. Archived from 4264: 4255: 4254: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221:. Archived from 4208: 4202: 4199:Review of Unreal 4197:Shamma, Tahsin. 4195: 4189: 4188: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851:. Archived from 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3828:on June 27, 2022 3824:. Archived from 3817: 3811: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3789:. Archived from 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3617:on April 5, 2016 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291:. Archived from 3284: 3278: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3165:Cengage Learning 3156: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3121: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3091:Black Enterprise 3081: 3072: 3071: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2772: 2769: 2753:List of PC games 2727: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2465:to and from the 2453:. In late 2013, 1988:Reduced security 1898: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1820:combination and 1753:City of Villains 1713:GeForce 6 series 1660:Rendition Vérité 1556: 1550: 1490: 1379:Day of the Viper 1165:Flight Simulator 915:. In late 1981, 796:), a text-based 766:Pool of Radiance 659:Bertie the Brain 497:fifth generation 430: 423: 416: 296:Game of the Year 262:highest-grossing 195:Action-adventure 100:Handheld console 58: 51: 50: 39:video game clone 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5445: 5441:Virtual reality 5382: 5347: 5344: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5186:. November 2005 5182: 5181: 5177: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5110:. December 2005 5106: 5105: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5063:on May 26, 2012 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 5002:on May 30, 2013 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4882:Electronic Arts 4877: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4822: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4782: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4692:Electronic Arts 4684: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4602:. Cinema Blend. 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4548: 4544: 4525: 4518: 4504: 4502: 4501:on May 14, 2013 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4461: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4265: 4258: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4183:. No. 26. 4180:Next Generation 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4133:"Load For Bear" 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4084: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3847:James, Wagner. 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733:. p. 551. 3719:Jennings, Peter 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3414: 3410: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3348:. pp. 6–10 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3314:Bricklin, Dan. 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3287:Varney, Allen. 3285: 3281: 3270: 3269:Reprinted from 3262: 3260: 3253: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3219: 3215: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3082: 3075: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2827: 2826: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2738:Gaming computer 2723: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2680: 2674: 2644:emulator named 2605: 2599: 2547: 2541: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2489:Types of gaming 2407: 2395:steering wheels 2252: 2245: 2206:Expansion cards 2196:Primary storage 2165: 2163:Gaming computer 2159: 2153: 2079:Electronic Arts 2052: 2046: 2014: 2008: 1995:software piracy 1918:platform-holder 1899: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1871:help improve it 1868: 1856: 1852: 1779: 1765:expansion packs 1761:episodic gaming 1724:physics engines 1652:Matrox Mystique 1604: 1598: 1569:expanded memory 1552: 1546: 1488: 1394:texture mapping 1338:Apple Macintosh 1260:adventure games 1116: 1055:science fiction 1043:To enhance the 979: 971:Electronic Arts 948:adaptations of 942: 936: 863:. By 1982, the 781: 775:, for example. 772:The Bard's Tale 638: 632: 627: 621: 523:systems; while 460:(PC). The term 448:or abbreviated 434: 405: 404: 340: 328: 318: 317: 313:Cancelled games 252: 242: 241: 178: 168: 167: 107:Electronic game 75: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5436:Social network 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5289: 5263: 5241: 5219: 5197: 5175: 5157: 5143: 5121: 5096: 5085:. October 2005 5074: 5041: 5013: 4987: 4960: 4933: 4919: 4894: 4866: 4844: 4813: 4795: 4776: 4757: 4729: 4701: 4678: 4659: 4645: 4623: 4605: 4590: 4575: 4542: 4516: 4481: 4465:"StarCraft 64" 4455: 4435: 4404: 4383: 4357: 4335: 4308: 4286: 4256: 4236: 4203: 4190: 4177:"PC Goes 3D". 4169: 4142: 4124: 4097: 4075: 4049: 4028: 4010: 3984: 3966: 3945: 3918: 3892: 3866: 3839: 3812: 3796: 3781:"Star Cruiser" 3772: 3746: 3739: 3723:Brewster, Todd 3710: 3684: 3658: 3628: 3598: 3571: 3544: 3517: 3490: 3463: 3435: 3408: 3389: 3383:978-1135006518 3382: 3359: 3332: 3306: 3279: 3240: 3213: 3179: 3173: 3163:(8 ed.), 3151: 3111: 3073: 3052: 3021: 2990: 2983: 2963: 2952:. May 15, 2018 2935: 2910: 2896: 2878: 2860: 2842: 2815: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2748:PC Master Race 2745: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2712: 2709: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2601:Main article: 2598: 2595: 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2443:cross-platform 2419:device drivers 2406: 2403: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2210:graphics cards 2203: 2193: 2190:Microprocessor 2183: 2178: 2172: 2155:Main article: 2152: 2149: 2048:Main article: 2045: 2042: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1859: 1857: 1850: 1778: 1775: 1633:Super Mario 64 1597: 1594: 1586:Origin Systems 1531:device drivers 1506:digital assets 1502:Chris Crawford 1413:Wing Commander 1385:Wolfenstein 3D 1360:Arsys Software 1256:computer mouse 1235:reported at a 1115: 1112: 978: 975: 935: 932: 890:Space Invaders 871:were ports of 835:microcomputers 798:adventure game 780: 777: 763:games such as 675:microprocessor 631: 628: 623:Main article: 620: 617: 576:graphics cards 548:Apple Computer 544:arcade machine 525:mobile devices 436: 435: 433: 432: 425: 418: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 386: 385: 380: 370: 369: 368: 358: 357: 356: 351: 346: 335: 329: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 305: 304: 303: 298: 288: 283: 278: 277: 276: 266: 265: 264: 253: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 233: 232: 227: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 191: 190: 179: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 159: 158: 153: 143: 138: 137: 136: 131: 121: 120: 119: 114: 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 82: 76: 71: 70: 67: 66: 60: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5488: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5300:. dystalk.com 5299: 5293: 5282:September 12, 5277: 5273: 5267: 5252:. August 2006 5251: 5245: 5234:September 19, 5229: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5190:September 12, 5185: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5132:. August 2005 5131: 5125: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5089:September 22, 5084: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4854: 4848: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4722:September 22, 4717: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4649: 4634:. August 2005 4633: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4557:Game Informer 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4350:September 13, 4346: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4297: 4290: 4279:September 23, 4274: 4270: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4229:September 22, 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4185:Imagine Media 4182: 4181: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3959:September 23, 3955: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3859:September 23, 3854: 3850: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3810:), 4Gamer.net 3809: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3740:0-385-48327-9 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3698: 3695: 3688: 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2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642:PlayStation 3 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:PlayStation 4 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328:Sound Blaster 2326: 2325:Creative Labs 2322: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2145:gross margins 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:released the 2064: 2060: 2058: 2057:optical discs 2051: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2006:Modifications 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1860:This section 1858: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:draw distance 1799: 1798:anti-aliasing 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783:open platform 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684:, and later, 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1485:ROM cartridge 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1440:Links 386 Pro 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372:in 1988, and 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Sound Blaster 1306: 1305:Creative Labs 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:IBM PC clones 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150:speaker sound 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1120:launch titles 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:Japanese text 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Retrieved 5292: 5280:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5256:September 2, 5254:. Retrieved 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5222: 5214:the original 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5178: 5169: 5160: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5087:. Retrieved 5077: 5065:. Retrieved 5061:the original 5054: 5044: 5034:November 21, 5032:. Retrieved 5026: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 5000:the original 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4974:the original 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4946: 4936: 4922: 4914:the original 4907: 4897: 4885:. Retrieved 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4847: 4837:February 14, 4835:. Retrieved 4829: 4798: 4790:Ars Technica 4789: 4779: 4771:the original 4760: 4749:the original 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4715:The Register 4713: 4704: 4696:the original 4681: 4662: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4626: 4608: 4593: 4578: 4568:February 23, 4566:. Retrieved 4562:the original 4555: 4545: 4537:the original 4532: 4510: 4505:February 23, 4503:. Retrieved 4499:the original 4484: 4472:. 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