294:
517:, etc. A common shape is flasks with very small necks and bodies flattened on one side and very rounded on the other. Shapes borrowed from Islamic metalwork with decoration largely inspired by Chinese porcelain are characteristic. With the closing of the Chinese market in 1659, Persian ceramic soared to new heights, to fulfill European needs. The appearance of false marks of Chinese workshops on the backs of some ceramics marked the taste that developed in Europe for far-eastern porcelain, satisfied in large part by Safavid production. This new destination led to wider use of Chinese and exotic iconography (elephants) and the introduction of new forms, sometimes astonishing (
442:
164:
of food, apparently thought to be as necessary for life in the after world as it is in this one. Ceramics of these shapes, which were painted, constitute a large proportion of the vessels from the cemetery. Others are course cooking-type jars and bowls with simple bands painted on them and were probably the grave goods of the sites of humbler citizens as well as adolescents and, perhaps, children. The pottery is carefully made by hand. Although a slow wheel may have been employed, the asymmetry of the vessels and the irregularity of the drawing of encircling lines and bands indicate that most of the work was done freehand.
20:
228:
416:
59:
428:
173:
1802:
36:
44:
1072:
350:, though it is not clear that there was a connection between this and the earlier Persian use of the technique. As in other periods and regions when overglaze enamels were used, the purpose of the technique was to expand the range of colours available to painters beyond the very limited group that could withstand the temperature required for the main firing of the body and glaze, which in the case of these wares was about 950 °C. The period also introduced
215:
and carved and painted stucco (Wilkinson, 26). The production of earthenware vessels, ceramics, and other forms of art were being exported around their neighboring villages. This kept their political power on the rise because they were able to dictate the areas where their art could be imported. Ceramics was one of the art that was imported and unique to the neighboring cities of
Nishapur. One of the most common group of ceramic was called
1336:
88:(7th millennium BCE). Agriculture gave rise to the baking of clay, and the making of utensils by the people of Iran. Through the centuries, Persian potters have responded to the demands and changes brought by political turmoil by adopting and refining newly introduced forms and blending them into their own culture. This innovative attitude has survived through time and influenced many other cultures around the world.
506:) and seems influenced by the Ottoman world, as is evidenced by feather-edged anthemions (honeysuckle ornaments) widely used in Turkey. New styles of figures appeared, influenced by the art of the book: young, elegant cupbearers, young women with curved silhouettes, or yet cypress trees entangling their branches, reminiscent of the paintings of
95:
In the prehistoric period, the production of vessels included the mixture of clay, small pieces of various plants and straws, and water. When these ingredients were mixed together, they formed a very hard paste which essentially became the paste used for the base for creating all vessels in Iran. The
214:
is a city located in North-east Iran, and was founded by the
Sasanian ruler Shapur I around 241–272 AD. This city fell under the rule of Islam around 651 and essentially became a city of flourishing arts and crafts. Some of the art produced was earthenware, glass, metalwork, coins, decorative walls,
91:
There were two types of earthenware that were prevalent in Iran around 4,000 BC: red and black ceramics that were simplistic in their decorative style. As the art expanded, earthenware incorporated geometric designs which resulted in a more developed decorative style. This increasingly complex style
501:
by its more numerous and subtle nuances. Often, quatrains by
Persian poets, sometimes related to the destination of the piece (allusion to wine for a goblet, for example) occur in the scroll patterns. A completely different type of design, much more rare, carries iconography very specific to Islam
163:
Susa I style was very much a product of the past and of influences from contemporary ceramic industries in the mountains of western Iran. The recurrence in close association of vessels of three types—a drinking goblet or beaker, a serving dish, and a small jar—implies the consumption of three types
147:
Shortly after Susa was first settled 6000 years ago, its inhabitants erected a temple on a monumental platform that rose over the flat surrounding landscape. The exceptional nature of the site is still recognizable today in the artistry of the ceramic vessels that were placed as offerings in a
365:
pieces are often dated to around or after 1200. It is assumed that the style and subjects in the painting of mina'i ware were drawn from contemporary
Persian manuscript painting and wall painting. It is known these existed, but no illustrated manuscripts or murals from the period before the Mongol
391:
in existence. It incorporates inscriptions used to identify the protagonist of the story. The landscapes and architectural elements used in the Freer
Gallery's Siege Scene plate makes the art unique. The overall story of the plate reveals the victory for the besiegers and defeat for the besieged.
156:. The vessels found are eloquent testimony to the artistic and technical achievements of their makers, and they hold clues about the organization of the society that commissioned them. Painted ceramic vessels from Susa in the earliest first style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian
369:
Most pieces are bowls, cups, and a range of pouring vessels: ewers, jars, and jugs, only a handful very large. There are some pieces considered to be begging bowls, or using the shape associated with that function. Tiles are rare, and were perhaps designed as centrepieces surrounded by other
489:
was revived, using a different technique from the earlier production, and typically making small pieces with a design in a dark copper colour over a dark blue background. Unlike other wares, these use traditional Middle
Eastern shapes and decoration rather than Chinese-inspired ones.
96:
creation of
Vessels differed in the shape because they were made by hand. Around the 4th millennium BCE, the quality of vessel production enhanced because the potter's wheel was introduced. This table was used to produce symmetrically shaped, and better quality vessels.
378:
in modern Turkey were probably made there by itinerant
Persian artists. Sherds of mina'i ware have been excavated from "most urban sites in Iran and Central Asia" occupied during the period, although most writers believe that nearly all production was in Kashan.
535:
Kalpuregan village in south east Iran maintains a traditional pottery tradition. Unusually, the potting is performed by women, though men dig, refine and fire the clay. The pottery wheel is not used. Painted decoration is abstract symbols and patterns.
386:
in
Washington DC. This image depicts a battle that occurred between the Turkish emirs in the Northwest regions of Iran. The front of the plate depicts a siege of the castle, and the back portrayed hunting. This plate is one of the largest
284:
starting in 1219. Kashan itself was not sacked or destroyed, but the Seljuk elite who were the customers for its wares were almost wholly destroyed. It took some decades before the new Mongol masters developed a taste for fine pottery.
322:
in 1219, after which production ceased. It has been described as "probably the most luxurious of all types of ceramic ware produced in the eastern
Islamic lands during the medieval period". The ceramic body of white-ish
277:; this was already imported into Persia, and represented the main competition for local fine wares. This "white ware" body was used for a variety of styles of decoration, all showing great advances in sophistication.
493:
In general, the designs tend to imitate those of Chinese porcelain, with the production of blue and white pieces with Chinese form and motifs, with motifs such as chi clouds, and dragons. The
99:
The Islamic prohibition on using vessels made of precious metal at the table meant that a new market for luxury ceramics opened up. This allowed the pre-Islamic elites of the earlier
219:. The buff ware are characterized by images with purple and black outline painted on to the vessel. The buff ware also included the mixture of yellow and green glazes.
148:
thousand or more graves near the base of the temple platform. Nearly two thousand pots were recovered from the cemetery and now, most of them now are located in the
354:
decoration to Persian pottery, around 1200, and later mina'i pieces often combine both underglaze and overglaze decoration; the former may also be described as
342:; after painting the wares were given a second firing at a lower temperature. "Mina'i", a term only used for these wares much later, means "enamelled" in the
473:, renovating a room at Ardabil to display pieces in niches. Many locations of workshops have been identified, although not with certainty, in particular:
465:
was collected by the elite, and was more highly valued than the local productions; Shah Abbas I donated much of the royal collection to the shrines at
361:
Most pieces are dated imprecisely as, for example, "late 12th or early 13th century", but the few inscribed dates begin in the 1170s and end in 1219.
1647:
300:
bowl with couple in a garden, around 1200. In this type of scene, the figures are rather larger than in other common subjects. Diameter 18.8 cm.
2489:
144:
of Susa corresponds to Uruk; Early, Middle and Late Susa II periods (3800–3100 BCE) correspond to Early, Middle, and Late Uruk periods.
396:
1533:
2473:
1781:
1364:
2526:
107:
and high-quality painted decoration. Overall, Persian pottery expanded in their use of tools and styles to improve art production.
2446:
1723:
1543:
2380:
1944:
1850:
1570:
755:
1111:
2453:
1235:
140:
with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture, is found at Susa. Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. As such, the
2494:
2374:
2354:
2343:
1503:
1418:
1027:
232:
2370:
1659:
2339:
603:
200:
script painted on a base of white slip. These vessels would typically be inscribed with benedictions or adages.
2308:
2047:
1517:
1481:
1467:
1442:
1404:
1387:
293:
2333:
2318:
1612:
1357:
1713:
2574:
2516:
2511:
2360:
2323:
1688:
1617:
441:
327:
or stonepaste is fully decorated with detailed paintings using several colours, usually including figures.
2484:
2396:
2328:
1642:
1538:
629:
2412:
2239:
993:
812:
527:
was an 18th-century type of delicate pierced ware, looking rather like glass, often with inscriptions.
1017:
925:
2422:
2350:
1637:
1627:
1563:
1106:
461:
is difficult because there are few pieces which are dated or which mention the place of production.
319:
281:
1663:
779:
245:, is often considered the finest period of Persian pottery, and was certainly the most innovative.
2564:
1350:
1101:
445:
Tile with young man. Earthenware, painted on slip and under transparent glaze. Northwestern Iran,
503:
153:
740:
366:
conquest have survived, leaving the painting on the pottery as the best evidence of that style.
1423:
Canby (2016), Canby, Sheila R., and others (Deniz Beyazit, Martina Rugiadi, A. C. S. Peacock),
1832:
1607:
1521:
1485:
564:, published a special book about this art entitled "Persian Pottery in the First Global Age".
2439:
1919:
1452:
346:. This technique much later became the standard method of decorating the best European and
249:
was the main, perhaps the only centre of production for the three main types of fine wares,
227:
19:
2569:
2402:
2366:
2212:
2052:
2027:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1622:
1602:
1587:
1556:
1191:
928:
In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (accessed February 5, 2012; subscription required).
553:
383:
92:
was accompanied by the creation of a wider variety of the kinds of pottery that were made.
382:
One of the most famous examples of the mina'i ware technique is the large bowl now at the
8:
2166:
2123:
2037:
1673:
1652:
1271:
1253:
1087:
415:
2479:
2141:
2131:
1975:
1929:
1632:
1266:
1196:
1165:
1142:
915:. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: ARS ORIENTALIS Volume. pp. 195, 196.
58:
2113:
2108:
2090:
1513:
1499:
1477:
1463:
1448:
1438:
1414:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1239:
1147:
1124:
1092:
1023:
462:
347:
331:
274:
269:(or "stonepaste") body developed in Persia under the Seljuks. This took a new white
2543:
160:
ceramic tradition that spread across the Near East during the fifth millennium B.C.
2390:
2386:
2226:
2098:
2065:
1985:
1776:
1160:
1129:
736:
557:
549:
427:
343:
172:
1397:
Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World
2417:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2103:
1906:
1823:
1428:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1300:
1226:
1216:
1082:
1063:
573:
193:
28:
2270:
2156:
2032:
1934:
1891:
1886:
1287:
1276:
1221:
968:
545:
311:
305:
297:
262:
238:
185:
100:
67:
1801:
687:
513:
Numerous types of pieces were produced: goblets, plates, long-necked bottles,
2558:
2283:
2171:
2042:
2022:
1924:
1211:
1201:
1055:
524:
335:
270:
242:
141:
137:
133:
85:
2531:
2406:
2176:
1879:
1869:
1861:
1698:
1178:
583:
498:
494:
478:
458:
446:
339:
157:
1544:
Persian Miniatures & Pottery; an Exhibition at Brooklyn Museum in 1935
2248:
2057:
1846:
1840:
1828:
1579:
1491:
1340:
1231:
1071:
578:
561:
507:
454:
189:
129:
43:
1766:
556:, and elsewhere. In 2013, the Royal Ontario Museum, in partnership with
2537:
1896:
1751:
1736:
780:"NISHAPUR vii. Excavations by the Metropolitan – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
486:
435:
404:
351:
254:
250:
104:
63:
47:
2521:
273:
very well, and allowed thinner walls with some of the translucency of
35:
2499:
2234:
1836:
258:
216:
201:
673:
The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre
658:
The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre
188:
saw the creation of epigraphic pottery. These pieces were typically
2504:
2278:
2161:
2151:
1914:
1771:
514:
474:
324:
266:
211:
205:
177:
712:
Volov, Lis (1966). "Plaited Kufic on Samanid Epigraphic Pottery".
2202:
2181:
1761:
1205:
470:
466:
420:
355:
62:
Bowl with a hunting scene from the tale of the 5th-century king
2254:
2186:
2136:
2006:
2001:
1980:
1965:
1756:
518:
482:
400:
362:
315:
246:
149:
81:
1548:
2244:
2207:
2146:
1960:
1874:
1731:
375:
197:
122:
24:
370:
materials, rather than placed in groups. Mina'i tiles found
1970:
1746:
1741:
125:
116:
51:
1539:
Fashion technique in Persian pottery - Metropolitan Museum
208:
were both centers of production for this kind of pottery.
945:
943:
1449:“CERAMICS xiv. The Islamic Period, 11th–15th centuries,”
310:
Innovations in Seljuk pottery include the production of
913:
EVENT AND MEMORY: The Freer Gallery's Siege Scene Plate
815:
dated 1242, but this is not mentioned by later writers.
231:
Double-shelled ewer made in early 13th-century Kashan,
1382:, 1995, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
940:
544:
There are large collections of Persian pottery at the
132:. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk,
403:) has signed 15 surviving pieces, in both mina'i and
688:"Bowl Inscribed with a Saying of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib"
280:This golden age largely came to an end with the
2556:
1508:Watson, Oliver, "Pottery under the Mongols" in
756:"NISHAPUR: POTTERY OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD"
407:, more than any other medieval Iranian potter.
2490:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
1474:Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia
1425:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
651:
649:
330:It is significant as the first pottery to use
1564:
1534:Important Pieces of Persian Pottery in London
1358:
1380:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800
825:
823:
821:
606:. California Academy of Sciences. 2010-02-02
521:, octagonal plates, animal-shaped objects).
485:(moulded monochromatic pieces) and Mashhad.
1460:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts
1409:Canby (2009), Canby, Sheila R. (ed), 2009,
730:
646:
2474:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
1571:
1557:
1365:
1351:
110:
994:"Indigenous pottery in Kalpuregan (Iran)"
818:
753:
741:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T062578
705:
314:(meaning "enamelled ware"), developed in
2527:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
1433:Piotrovsky M.B. and Rogers, J.M. (eds),
883:Canby (2016), 82–83, 315, note 12 on #20
731:Hillenbrand, Robert (2003). "Nishapur".
440:
426:
414:
292:
226:
171:
57:
42:
34:
18:
2447:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1435:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1378:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
1019:Persian Pottery in the First Global Age
937:Canby (2009), 101-104, 121-123, 137-159
453:The study and dating of ceramics under
167:
2557:
1496:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
1476:, Vol. 1, 2006, Taylor & Francis,
685:
80:is the pottery made by the artists of
1552:
910:
711:
624:
622:
620:
432:Plate decorated with two pomegranates
241:, produced when Iran was part of the
1427:, 2016, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
670:
655:
2454:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
1512:, 2012, BRILL, Ed. Linda Komaroff,
84:and its history goes back to early
13:
1494:and Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, 2001,
617:
397:Abū Zayd ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Zayd
14:
2586:
2355:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
1527:
1510:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
1472:Suleman, Fahmida, "Ceramics", in
604:"The History of Persian Ceramics"
410:
318:in the decades leading up to the
233:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
39:Pottery Vessel, 4th millennium BC
1800:
1411:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran
1334:
1070:
892:Canby (2016), 318, note 6 on #37
222:
103:to produce fancy glazes such as
1578:
1010:
991:
985:
961:
952:
931:
919:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
805:
796:
675:. New York: Abrams. p. 29.
660:. New York: Abrams. p. 26.
530:
1490:"Yale": Richard Ettinghausen,
1413:, 2009, British Museum Press,
958:Canby (2009), 162-163, 218-219
772:
747:
724:
679:
664:
596:
539:
288:
1:
1046:
811:Grube mentions a bowl in the
502:(Islamic zodiac, bud scales,
2512:Mathematics and architecture
257:painted ware and polychrome
7:
1022:. Brill/ROM. January 2014.
754:Wilkinson, Charles (1973).
735:. Oxford University Press.
567:
128:cultural sphere during the
121:Susa was firmly within the
27:Inscription, 10th century.
10:
2591:
901:Watson, 329; Yale, 177-178
813:Victoria and Albert Museum
497:is distinguished from the
303:
114:
2495:Influences on Western art
2463:
2431:
2307:
2269:
2225:
2195:
2122:
2089:
2080:
2015:
1994:
1953:
1905:
1860:
1816:
1809:
1798:
1722:
1595:
1586:
1498:, Yale University Press,
969:"Gombroon ware | pottery"
320:Mongol invasion of Persia
282:Mongol invasion of Persia
152:; one such vessel is the
1399:(Faber and Faber, 1985)
630:"Art of Pottery in Iran"
589:
399:(active c. 1186 – 1219,
973:Encyclopedia Britannica
874:Canby (2016), #s 19, 20
154:Bushel with ibex motifs
111:Early pottery from Susa
2485:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1458:Osborne, Harold (ed),
949:Blair & Bloom, 171
911:HOLOD, Renata (2012).
450:
438:
424:
301:
235:
181:
70:
55:
40:
32:
2440:Empire of the Sultans
1453:Encyclopaedia Iranica
784:www.iranicaonline.org
444:
430:
419:Persian Pottery from
418:
374:by archaeologists at
296:
230:
175:
61:
46:
38:
22:
2403:Arab World Institute
2213:Ottoman illumination
1112:World Heritage Sites
554:Royal Ontario Museum
168:Early Islamic period
2575:Persian handicrafts
865:Suleman, 144; Grube
692:Harvard Art Museums
671:Aruz, Joan (1992).
656:Aruz, Joan (1992).
334:, painted over the
192:vessels with black
2480:Aniconism in Islam
2418:Toronto (Aga Khan)
2375:Khalili Collection
2240:Geometric patterns
1648:Bahmani and Deccan
1393:Caiger-Smith, Alan
1240:Miniature painting
1232:Visual art history
802:Canby (2016), # 22
686:McWilliams, Mary.
634:www.iranreview.org
451:
439:
425:
302:
265:. All used a new
236:
182:
71:
56:
41:
33:
2552:
2551:
2221:
2220:
2076:
2075:
2048:Hardstone carving
1945:Chinese influence
1796:
1795:
1782:Stucco decoration
1520:, 9789004243408,
1484:, 9780415966917,
1447:Grube, Ernst J.,
1437:, 2004, Prestel,
1375:
1374:
760:www.metmuseum.org
463:Chinese porcelain
348:Chinese porcelain
332:overglaze enamels
275:Chinese porcelain
2582:
2391:Majorelle Garden
2087:
2086:
1920:Hispano-Moresque
1814:
1813:
1804:
1613:Anatolian Seljuk
1593:
1592:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1074:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
938:
935:
929:
923:
917:
916:
908:
902:
899:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
847:Caiger-Smith, 57
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
816:
809:
803:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
751:
745:
744:
733:Grove Art Online
728:
722:
721:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
683:
677:
676:
668:
662:
661:
653:
644:
643:
641:
640:
626:
615:
614:
612:
611:
600:
558:Brill Publishers
550:Hermitage Museum
434:, v. 1500,
344:Persian language
338:fixed by a main
176:Buff ware Bowl,
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2565:Iranian pottery
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2517:Moorish Revival
2465:
2459:
2427:
2344:Calligraphy Art
2310:
2303:
2265:
2217:
2191:
2118:
2082:
2072:
2038:Enamelled glass
2011:
1990:
1949:
1901:
1856:
1817:Regional styles
1805:
1792:
1718:
1689:Sudano-Sahelian
1596:Regional styles
1582:
1577:
1530:
1371:
1341:Iran portal
1335:
1333:
1328:
1324:Kurdish cuisine
1319:Caspian cuisine
1314:Balochi cuisine
1305:
1292:
1258:
1245:
1183:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1097:
1064:Culture of Iran
1049:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
990:
986:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
941:
936:
932:
924:
920:
909:
905:
900:
896:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
833:
828:
819:
810:
806:
801:
797:
788:
786:
778:
777:
773:
764:
762:
752:
748:
729:
725:
720:(1966): 107–33.
710:
706:
696:
694:
684:
680:
669:
665:
654:
647:
638:
636:
628:
627:
618:
609:
607:
602:
601:
597:
592:
574:Islamic pottery
570:
542:
533:
449:, 17th century.
423:, 17th century.
413:
308:
291:
225:
170:
119:
113:
101:Persian empires
78:Iranian pottery
74:Persian pottery
29:Brooklyn Museum
17:
16:Pottery of Iran
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2544:Topkapı Scroll
2541:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2378:
2367:British Museum
2363:
2358:
2351:Islamic Museum
2347:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2062:Stained glass
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Damascus steel
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1470:
1456:
1445:
1431:
1421:
1407:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1009:
992:Art, Far Way.
984:
960:
951:
939:
930:
918:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
817:
804:
795:
771:
746:
723:
714:Ars Orientalis
704:
678:
663:
645:
616:
594:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
581:
576:
569:
566:
546:British Museum
541:
538:
532:
529:
412:
411:Safavid period
409:
304:Main article:
290:
287:
239:Seljuk pottery
224:
221:
186:Samanid period
169:
166:
138:cylinder seals
115:Main article:
112:
109:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Ivory carving
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1504:9780300088694
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:, 1975, OUP,
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:9780714124520
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1031:
1029:9789004260924
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
999:
995:
988:
974:
970:
964:
955:
946:
944:
934:
927:
922:
914:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
824:
822:
814:
808:
799:
785:
781:
775:
761:
757:
750:
742:
738:
734:
727:
719:
715:
708:
693:
689:
682:
674:
667:
659:
652:
650:
635:
631:
625:
623:
621:
605:
599:
595:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
528:
526:
525:Gombroon ware
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
443:
437:
433:
429:
422:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
385:
384:Freer Gallery
380:
377:
373:
367:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:ceramic glaze
333:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
307:
299:
295:
286:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Seljuk Empire
240:
234:
229:
223:Seljuk period
220:
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
196:lettering in
195:
191:
187:
179:
174:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
145:
143:
142:periodization
139:
135:
134:proto-writing
131:
127:
124:
118:
108:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
87:
86:Neolithic Age
83:
82:Persia (Iran)
79:
75:
69:
65:
60:
54:, 9th century
53:
49:
45:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2536:
2532:Pseudo-Kufic
2472:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2361:Kuala Lumpur
2259:
1939:
1786:
1638:Indo-Islamic
1628:Great Seljuk
1588:Architecture
1522:google books
1509:
1495:
1486:google books
1473:
1459:
1434:
1429:google books
1424:
1410:
1396:
1379:
1281:
1192:Architecture
1033:. Retrieved
1018:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
987:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
954:
933:
921:
912:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
838:Suleman, 144
834:
807:
798:
787:. Retrieved
783:
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:
749:
732:
726:
717:
713:
707:
695:. Retrieved
691:
681:
672:
666:
657:
637:. Retrieved
633:
608:. Retrieved
598:
584:Kubachi ware
543:
534:
531:Contemporary
523:
512:
499:Chinese blue
495:Persian blue
492:
479:Kubachi ware
459:Shah Tahmasp
452:
447:Kubachi ware
431:
395:One potter,
394:
388:
381:
371:
368:
360:
340:glost firing
329:
309:
279:
237:
210:
183:
180:10th century
162:
146:
120:
98:
94:
90:
77:
73:
72:
66:and Azadeh,
2570:Persian art
2464:Principles,
2432:Exhibitions
2385:Marrakech (
2381:Los Angeles
2349:Jerusalem (
2311:collections
2262:Calligraphy
2142:Indo-Muslim
2124:Calligraphy
2058:Mosque lamp
2016:Other media
1935:Mina'i ware
1824:Bangladeshi
1580:Islamic art
1492:Oleg Grabar
1272:Calligraphy
1254:Handicrafts
998:Far Way Art
926:"Abu Zayd."
856:Watson, 326
579:Garrus ware
562:Netherlands
540:Collections
508:Reza Abbasi
455:Shah Ismail
312:mina'i ware
306:Mina'i ware
298:Mina'i ware
289:Mina'i ware
263:mina'i ware
190:earthenware
130:Uruk period
68:mina'i ware
2559:Categories
2538:Stilfragen
2466:influences
2338:Istanbul (
2271:The garden
2227:Decoration
2196:Other arts
2091:Miniatures
1976:Embroidery
1930:Lustreware
1789:Decoration
1752:Mashrabiya
1660:Indonesian
1518:9004243402
1482:0415966914
1468:0198661134
1443:3791330551
1405:0571135072
1388:0300064659
1267:Embroidery
1236:Modern art
1197:Literature
1166:Irreligion
1143:Philosophy
1047:References
1035:2014-07-09
1003:2018-04-18
978:2019-11-04
789:2019-11-05
765:2019-11-05
639:2019-11-05
610:2014-07-09
504:arabesques
487:Lusterware
436:the Louvre
405:lustreware
352:underglaze
255:underglaze
251:lustreware
105:lustreware
64:Bahram Gur
50:bowl from
48:Lustreware
23:Bowl with
2500:Grotesque
2413:Singapore
2397:Melbourne
2235:Arabesque
1664:Malaysian
1148:Astronomy
1125:Mythology
1107:Festivals
1093:Languages
829:Yale, 175
515:spittoons
259:overglaze
217:buff ware
202:Samarqand
2505:Moresque
2365:London (
2309:Museums,
2294:Paradise
2279:Charbagh
2260:See also
2162:Nastaliq
2152:Muhaqqaq
2083:the book
1995:Woodwork
1954:Textiles
1915:Fritware
1787:See also
1772:Muqarnas
1767:Mocárabe
1724:Elements
1161:Religion
1130:Folklore
1056:a series
1054:Part of
568:See also
475:Nishapur
325:fritware
267:fritware
261:painted
212:Nishapur
206:Nishapur
178:Nishapur
123:Sumerian
2522:Mudéjar
2423:Tripoli
2401:Paris (
2371:V&A
2299:Persian
2289:Ottoman
2203:Muraqqa
2182:Thuluth
2167:Persian
2114:Persian
2109:Ottoman
2081:Arts of
2066:Shabaka
1940:Persian
1907:Pottery
1892:Turkish
1887:Persian
1862:Carpets
1851:Ottoman
1847:Turkish
1841:Safavid
1829:Persian
1762:Minaret
1737:Banna'i
1709:Umayyad
1704:Timurid
1694:Swahili
1684:Ottoman
1679:Moorish
1669:Iranian
1643:Bengali
1623:Fatimid
1618:Chinese
1608:Ayyubid
1603:Abbasid
1301:Cuisine
1288:Jewelry
1282:Pottery
1227:Gardens
1217:Theater
1206:Dastgah
1102:Symbols
1083:History
560:in the
519:hookahs
471:Mashhad
467:Ardabil
421:Isfahan
372:in situ
356:inglaze
2407:Louvre
2387:Museum
2334:Ghazni
2319:Berlin
2284:Mughal
2255:Zellij
2187:Tughra
2137:Diwani
2132:Arabic
2104:Mughal
2099:Arabic
2007:Minbar
2002:Khatam
1986:Suzani
1981:Soumak
1966:Damask
1897:Prayer
1880:Motifs
1777:Sitara
1757:Mihrab
1714:Yemeni
1674:Mamluk
1653:Mughal
1516:
1502:
1480:
1466:
1455:, V/3,
1441:
1417:
1403:
1386:
1277:Carpet
1222:Cinema
1088:People
1058:on the
1026:
697:7 July
552:, the
548:, the
483:Kerman
401:Kashan
363:Gilded
316:Kashan
247:Kashan
150:Louvre
2324:Cairo
2249:tiles
2245:Girih
2208:Hilya
2177:Taliq
2157:Naskh
2147:Kufic
2043:Glass
2028:Brass
2023:Music
1961:Batik
1925:Iznik
1875:Kilim
1837:Qajar
1833:Early
1732:Ablaq
1699:Tatar
1633:Hausa
1212:Dance
1202:Music
590:Notes
376:Konya
271:glaze
198:Kufic
158:Ubaid
25:Kufic
2340:Arts
2329:Doha
2172:Sini
1971:Ikat
1810:Arts
1747:Jali
1742:Iwan
1514:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1179:Arts
1024:ISBN
699:2015
469:and
457:and
389:haft
204:and
194:slip
184:The
126:Uruk
117:Susa
52:Susa
1870:Gul
1451:,
737:doi
76:or
2561::
2405:,
2389:,
2373:,
2369:,
2353:,
2342:,
1839:,
1835:,
1662:/
1395:,
1238:,
996:.
971:.
942:^
820:^
782:.
758:.
716:.
690:.
648:^
632:.
619:^
510:.
481:,
477:,
358:.
253:,
136:,
2409:)
2393:)
2377:)
2357:)
2346:)
2251:)
2247:(
1853:)
1849:(
1843:)
1831:(
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1284:,
1242:)
1234:(
1208:)
1204:(
1038:.
1006:.
981:.
792:.
768:.
743:.
739::
718:6
701:.
642:.
613:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
