Permesta - Knowledge

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difficult in addition to commanding their respective troops. Commanders in various sectors were becoming more difficult to control by their superiors and there were also clashes between units of the troops. Disagreements were also seen up to the top between Kawilarang and Sumual. Unfortunately, Warouw, who usually mediated between Kawilarang and Sumual, was captured by troops led by Jan Timbuleng in April 1960. Timbuleng had led a group that carried out a rebellion in South Minahasa even before the start of Permesta. Timbuleng surrendered in March 1957 and was subsequently merged into Permesta. After it was discovered that Warouw was held hostage by Timbuleng, Timbuleng himself was detained by Sumual. To anticipate this, Timbuleng ordered his men to execute Warouw if he was caught. The execution took place sometime in October 1960. The killing of Warouw was a black chapter in the Permesta struggle that caused mutual suspicion among fellow troops and the deterioration of cohesiveness within the Permesta camp.

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who supported the formation of Permesta, disagreements began to arise between those from South Sulawesi and those from North Sulawesi. Due to the loss of support from South Sulawesi officers, including Andi Pangerang, Sumual moved Permesta's headquarters to North Sulawesi at Kinilow near Tomohon. Differences of opinion on how the Permesta movement should continue could also be divided between those who were willing to go to war in order to achieve the goals of Permesta and those who did not want go to war. The division in this respect was in the same lines as where the officers came from, namely whether they were from North Sulawesi or South Sulawesi. In the 1970s, Sumual met Jusuf and on that occasion, Jusuf told Sumual, "Ven, I was just for Permesta, but you were for Permesta and war".

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would happen to the troops after an agreement is made, and what would be done about the situation of communism in Indonesia. The negotiations took time, because everything had to be agreed upon by both parties. It was equally important that every negotiation decision made was conveyed to the commanders on the field. From the central government side, several actions were taken to demonstrate their seriousness in the ongoing negotiations. At the start of negotiations in March 1960, a presidential decree was announced regarding the division of the province of Sulawesi into two new provinces, one of which was the province of North and Central Sulawesi with the capital in Manado. Then at the end of 1960, Nasution gave a speech that was broadcast by

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out, the planes flew to several airfields around Ambon in the late afternoon to avoid the AUREV attacks that were usually carried out earlier in the day. At 4:00 am on 15 May 1958, the planes set out for their target. Some went to Mapanget, while the others went to Kalawiran. In Mapanget, they carried out an attack in which the B-25s bombed the runway and P-51s fired on parked AUREV aircraft. A rocket hit a PBY Catalina on the ground and it immediately caught on fire. After the attack, the remaining AUREV planes that were still functioning at Mapanget were only one B-26 bomber and one P-51 fighter. Meanwhile the attack on the Kalawiran airfield destroyed the two C-45 transport planes originating from Taiwan.

2896: 130: 2567:. He did not see the pursuit of a P-51 fighter piloted by Capt. Ignatius Dewanto. Dewanto shot at Pope's B-26 as Pope was preparing his plane for a bombing run. The shots damaged the plane's starboard wing. Meanwhile, shots from the ships hit the bottom of the plane. The plane then started to catch fire and Pope yelled at Rantung to jump out. When Pope jumped out his leg hit the tail of the plane. Pope and Rantung descended by parachute and landed on the edge of Hatata Island located west of Ambon. They were located by local residents who were accompanied by several marines from RI 2420:) in Makassar. They reached their destination at 5:30 am and bombed and fired on the runway for 15 minutes. Then on 16 April 1958, the C-45 aircraft purchased from Taiwan departed from Kalawiran airfield, an airfield constructed by the Dutch that was located near Langowan. The destination of the C-45 aircraft was the airfield in Balikpapan. Apart from the bombing of the runway, an AURI transport plane was also destroyed. On 20 April 1958, B-26 bombers from Mapanget attacked Palu. The next day, the bombers accompanied by two P-51 fighter planes attacked the air base located on 1905: 1866: 1717: 2530: 197: 2773:, which had a port. Bitung was captured two days later. At the same time, RPKAD troops attacked Mapanget airfield to neutralize its air defenses. Permesta troops managed to hold back the RPKAD, but casualties fell on both sides. There were members of the RPKAD who defected to Permesta before the fighting started, hence many in both sides knew each other. Kawilarang himself personally knew one of the RPKAD soldiers, a sergeant major, who died during the attack. They had been on the same patrols in Java while searching for Muslim extremists. 1920: 2799:

He contacted the TNI troops in Tondano who were preparing to attack Tomohon and stated that he and the 1,500 soldiers in his sector were willing to surrender. A few days later Langowan and Kalawiran were occupied on 20 August 1958. The marines who participated in the capture Langowan were part of Operation Mega that began on 19 August 1958. Then a month later, Operation Nuri was carried out between 19 and 25 September 1958 with the aim of controlling the area between Langowan, Amurang, and also Motoling.

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Permesta Charter. The end of the charter stated that "first of all by convincing all leaders and layers of society, that we are not breaking away from the Republic of Indonesia, and are merely fighting for the betterment of the fate of the Indonesian people and the settlement of remaining issues of the National revolution." The charter was signed by the attendees. After the charter was read, Governor Pangerang asked everyone to remain calm and carry out their respective duties and responsibilities.

1510:) was inaugurated by Nasution in Makassar on 1 June 1957. Nasution appointed Lt. Col. Andi Mattalatta as commander of KDM-SST and Maj. Haeruddin Tasning as Chief of Staff. Then on 26 June 1957, Pieters was appointed commander of the Maluku and West Irian Regional Military Command, and on 5 July 1957, Minggu was appointed commander of the Nusa Tenggara Regional Military Command. Somba was appointed commander of the North and Central Sulawesi Regional Military Command (KDM-SUT) on 28 September 1957. 2803:

guerrilla attacks. Several larger battles also took place. For example, between 17 and 19 February 1959, a large-scale attack was carried out by Permesta troops called Operation Jakarta Special. The attacks were carried out simultaneously in Amurang, Kawangkoan, Langowan, and Tondano. These attacks almost repelled the TNI in several places, but also claimed the lives of around 100 Permesta soldiers. Although unsuccessful, the attacks proved that Permesta's forces were still determined to resist.

1890: 1466:. In July 1957, the four Minahasans left for North Sulawesi with the intention of meeting with Sumual, Somba, and other Permesta officials. At that time, Permesta's headquarters had moved to North Sulawesi. After meeting with Sumual on 23 July 1957, the delegation announced an agreement that included the recognition of new autonomous provinces in eastern Indonesia, one of which was the province of North Sulawesi. The two sides also agreed to establish a university in North Sulawesi. 2119: 2108: 1935: 1853: 2084: 2858:, he was met by Samuel Hein "Tjame" Ticoalu. Tumbelaka asked Tjame to enter the Permesta area and bring a message to Somba which partly read "to find a good solution to the ongoing problem". Tjame managed to meet with Somba and give the message from Tumbelaka. At that time Kawilarang was also there with Somba. They both sent a message to Warouw about what Tumbelaka had to say. At that time, Warouw himself was trying to meet Sumual to discuss his meeting with Wenas. 2614:

Pieters to recapture Jailolo, while Operation Mena II was led by Holnhulz to recapture Morotai. On 27 May 1958 in a press conference held in Jakarta, Pieters stated that around 400 Permesta soldiers had been surrounded in Jailolo and had received an ultimatum to surrender. Pieters was in Jakarta at the time to transport Allen Pope who was caught in Ambon. Meanwhile, Holnhulz retook Morotai on 20 May 1958. Holnhulz was part of the Amphibious Task Force 21 (ATG-21 or

2134: 2091: 2074: 2057: 2040: 2006: 1995: 1984: 1973: 1954: 1842: 85: 1187: 1813: 148: 2101: 2067: 2050: 1642:. On 16 February 1958, a rally took place at the Sario field in Manado. In the end, Somba chose what the people attending the rally called for and what his staff urged him to do, which was to cut ties with the government in Jakarta. Somba was dishonorably discharged by the army after his statement. Sumual and Lahade were also dishonorably discharged on 1 March 1958. Warouw also joined Permesta and he was dishonorably discharged on 6 May 1958. 2904:

Langowan, a military ceremony was held to mark the return of the Manguni Brigade and other Permesta groups under the leadership of Saerang. The ceremony was attended by the commander of Kodam XIII/Merdeka Col. Sunandar Priyosudarmo and the deputy chief of staff of the Army, Maj. Gen. Ahmad Yani. Other troops who surrendered that day included the PWP and soldiers from five guerrilla bases in the Kakas and Langowan areas.

1376:, also visited Jakarta for the same purpose and met with sympathetic officers in the military. On 1 March 1957, Sumual together with Burhanuddin and Rondonuwu returned to Makassar, because their efforts were unsuccessful. The civil and military leadership in Makassar met a few days before on 25 February 1957 to plan the declaration of Permesta in the event that there was no concrete response from the central government. 2028: 2017: 1827: 1278:) from the Indonesian central government on the PRRI in Sumatra, the conflict swung to the east where the Permesta rebels were based. Manado was captured at the end of June 1958. However, the Permesta rebels continued their resistance, fighting a guerrilla campaign against the TNI until the last remnants surrendered and were given amnesty in 1961. The conflict killed 4,000 government soldiers and 2,000 Permesta rebels. 2908:

Sulawesi Drs. Moerhadi Danuwilogo also attended the ceremony. As for the Permesta leaders, apart from Somba, there were also Lendy Tumbelaka, Wim Tenges, and Mantiri. In the ceremony, Priyosudarmo and Somba inspected both TNI and Permesta troops. Priyosudarmo and Somba had known each other before, because they had taken courses at the Army Staff and Command School (SSKAD) (now

1559:, replacing the leadership of the army as the first step towards its stability, decentralization in the state government system that includes granting broad autonomy for the regions, and the prohibition of communism. On 9 January 1958, Sumual returned to West Sumatra near the Dareh River and met with Husein again. He also met with other movement leaders in Sumatra: 2674:

Minahasa in North Sulawesi and was forced to travel back to Minahasa through areas already controlled by the TNI. This trip took two months and many of his troops fell victim to both disease and enemy attacks. Unfortunately, Gerungan and 200 soldiers under him chose to head south. This would prove to be fatal for Gerungan as he joined the rebellion instigated by

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Pangerang (military governor of South and Southeast Sulawesi) started siding with the central government. However, Lahade, Lintang, and several other civilian leaders still sided with Permesta. After escaping outside the city of Makassar, on 27 May 1958, Lahade and Lintang were arrested. They were held in Makassar until September 1957, then taken to

2837:). Wenas called on both sides to lay down arms and find a way for peace in his sermons, letters, and radio broadcasts. In October 1959, he met with Kawilarang to discuss possible peace with the central government. He also met Warouw in Remboken. In addition, he wrote a letter to President Sukarno containing proposals for achieving peace. 2787:

24 June 1958, Warouw ordered the evacuation of the city of Manado and the Permesta headquarters was moved to Tomohon. Two days later, TNI troops were able to enter Manado without resistance, because Permesta troops had evacuated the city. With the fall of Manado, the Permesta leadership changed their strategy to guerrilla resistance.

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indirect communications and both agreed to maintain the security in the city of Makassar. In a meeting of all army and territorial commanders at army headquarters on 15 March 1957 that was attended by Sumual and Sudirman, the military governors who had been appointed the day after the proclamation were temporarily accepted.

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on 15 March 1960. This meeting was followed by meetings attended by other Permesta leaders besides Somba, such as Mantiri and Lendy Tumbelaka (Tumbelaka's cousin). These meetings lasted until the end of 1960. Important discussion topics conveyed from the Permesta camp included regional autonomy, what

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in East Java with Somba and Warouw. During his meeting with Tumbelaka, Surachman expressed his concern over the growing influence of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in East Java and that the war against Permesta had drained the TNI, which was advantageous for the PKI. After several meetings with

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A few days before Pope was shot down and the CIA withdrew its assets from Mapanget, an AURI operation called Operation Nunusaku was carried out to destroy AUREV aircraft. Five P-51 fighter planes, four B-25 bombers, and one PBY Catalina were assembled for this operation. Before the attack was carried

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On the same day that Permesta was proclaimed, Nasution sent radiograms to Sumual and also to Col. Sudirman who at that time was the commander of Ko-DPSST. He instructed them not to take any action that could endanger the security of the army and the people in Makassar. Sumual and Sudirman already had

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The TNI had occupied towns and areas surrounding major transportation roads, while the remaining areas including the mountains were still controlled by Permesta. This situation remained for almost a year starting in September 1958. The resistance by the Permesta troops that followed were small scale

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Although the defense of Permesta was overcome by TNI troops at the time of landing, the resistance on the road to Manado was fiercer. Permesta troops fought with heavy machine guns and field guns firing 60 mm mortars. This resistance slowed down the movement of the TNI to reach Manado. The same

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Operation Sapta Marga was also part of Operation Merdeka. Operation Sapta Marga itself consisted of four separate operations aimed at recapturing areas in North and Central Sulawesi. Operation Sapta Marga I was led by Lt. Col. Sumarsono to retake Central Sulawesi. Operation Sapta Marga II was led by

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The attack on Morotai was actually the first stage of a planned assault that Sumual called Operation Jakarta. Operation Jakarta I was to seize the air base at Morotai. Then Operation Jakarta II was to reclaim the area around Palu, with Operation Jakarta III targeting Balikpapan and the southern part

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The first group of Permesta troops who responded to the call to stop the resistance was not the troops under Somba's leadership, but the troops under the leadership of Laurens Saerang, who at that time was the head of the Minahasa region and the leader of the Manguni Brigade. On 15 February 1961 in

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It was almost a month before TNI troops were able to seize Tondano, which was the second largest city in Minahasa, on 21 July 1958. Then it took another month before Tomohon could be captured on 16 August 1958. The struggle for Tomohon was assisted by a local Permesta commander, Maj. Eddy Mongdong.

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north of Manado on 21 and 24 June 1958 to support the existing TNI troops. This situation also forced the TNI leadership to focus all troops on capturing Manado instead of the original plan in which some troops would immediately move to Tondano and Tomohon. After eight days of fierce resistance, on

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Sumual had correctly anticipated that the landing would take place at Kema and led the defense there himself. However, he was injured when a mortar exploded nearby forcing him to retreat to Manado. The defense at Kema was quickly overcome by the landing TNI troops. In addition to heading to Manado,

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was also sunk in which 18 crew members died and 28 were seriously injured. At the time of the attack, the warship had just left Balikpapan for East Java to join the fleet that was preparing to attack the Permesta stronghold in North Sulawesi. The Indonesian government alleged that on 15 May 1958, a

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separately and brief them on the purpose of Permesta. According to the delegation's report, Sukarno seemed relieved after hearing assurances that Permesta did not intend to split from the Republic of Indonesia. Meanwhile, Hatta was impressed by the contents of the Permesta charter after reading it.

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On 9 June 1958, AURI planes returned to attack Mapanget airfield. The P-51 fighter planes came from Morotai (which had fallen back into the hands of the TNI). However, this attack did not produce results like the previous attack. This time the defense at Mapanget with anti-aircraft guns was better

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On 18 May 1958, Pope and radio operator Harry Rantung departed on a B-26 bomber to Ambon to bomb its airfield. After bombing the runway, because there was still one more bomb left, Pope tried to find the ALRI fleet that had come to re-occupy the Halmahera islands. After the fleet was located, Pope

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In Manado, Somba had to respond to the news about the formation of the PRRI. As the commander of KDM-SUT, he had to choose whether to cut ties with the government in Jakarta and side with PRRI. Some of his staff including Maj. Jan Willem "Dee" Gerungan, Abe Mantiri, and Capt. Lendy Tumbelaka urged

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in Java and the formation of the KDM-SST led by officers from South Sulawesi, the wishes of Jusuf who was from South Sulawesi were fulfilled. However, the reorganization of the military structure resulted in Sumual no longer having any position in Makassar. On 4 June 1957, at a meeting of officers

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The granting of amnesty and abolition to those involved in Permesta was officially granted with the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 322 of 1961 concerning "Granting Amnesty and Abolition to Followers of the 'Permesta' Movement Under the Leadership of Kawilarang, Laurens Saerang, and Somba who

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A ceremony was also held on 14 April 1961 near Tomohon, which was attended by the secretary general of the Ministry of Defense Maj. Gen. Hidayat Martaatmaja from the TNI and Kawilarang from Permesta. Also attending the ceremony were Yani and the US Embassy military attaché Col. George Benson. The

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as Prime Minister, Simbolan as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Djojohadikusumo as Minister of Transportation and Shipping. From Permesta, Warouw was appointed Minister of Development, Lahade was appointed Minister of Information, and Mochtar Lintang was appointed Minister of Religion. Meanwhile,

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It was only on 4 April 1961 that the troops under Somba surrendered. Somba's surrender was marked by the signing of a statement between Somba and the commander of Kodam XIII/Merdeka in the village of Malenos (near Amurang). In addition to Priyosudarmo, the head of the police of North and Central

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At 3:00 am on 2 March 1957 at the governor's residence in Makassar and in front of about 50 attendees, Sumual proclaimed a state of war for the entire TT-VII region, which encompassed the entire territory of eastern Indonesia. After the proclamation, Lahade read the Universal Struggle Charter or

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Operation Sapta Marga II succeeded in recapturing Gorontalo in mid-May 1958 with the help of Nani Wartabone after the area was previously captured by Permesta troops from Wartabone on 17 March 1958. On 19 February 1958, Somba had divided KDM-SUT into two regiments. Sector I/Black Snake covering

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Two days later, CIA personnel in Mapanget received orders from the Philippines to leave Manado. It was not known if Pope was dead or had been captured. The official statement about Pope by the Indonesian government was only released on 27 May 1958. Before Pope's disappearance, the United States

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Operation Mena was part of a joint operation called Operation Merdeka that was ordered by the central government to crush the Permesta rebellion. Operation Mena itself, which consisted of Operation Mena I and Operation Mena II, aimed to secure the Halmahera Islands. Operation Mena I was led by

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who had just arrived in Manado from the Philippines. A P-51 fighter also participated in the attack. After arriving in Morotai the night before, at 6:00 am the next day, the troops led by Sumual began their attack. The air base was guarded by only a few AURI soldiers and police who immediately

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Sumual and some remaining troops only surrendered later in the year on 20 October 1961. He decided to surrender after hearing that the President of the United Republic of Indonesia (RPI) had announced the end of hostilities with the Republic of Indonesia. RPI was formed to combine the various

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Although resistance continued, it could not be denied that the situation in the Permesta camp was getting worse. Because they had to carry out guerrillas, Sumual, Kawilarang, Warouw, and Somba were all based in different locations. Communication and coordination among them became increasingly

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that led by Maj. Dolf Runturambi and Sector II/Anoa covering Central Sulawesi led by Gerungan. Somba himself and three battalions left for Central Sulawesi in April 1958 to try to reclaim the Palu and Donggala areas. However, with the fall of Gorontalo, Somba became separated from his base in

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and Minister of Home Affairs R. Sunarjo. Pangerang urged the central government to strive to provide greater autonomy for the local regions in eastern Indonesia. In addition to greater autonomy at the regional level, a greater share of government revenue should be given to the regions for the

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In Makassar, the response to the formation of the PRRI was not the same as in Manado. The signatories of the Permesta Charter who were from South Sulawesi gradually stopped supporting the movement. Signatories such as Jusuf (commander of RI-Hasanuddin), Mattalatta (commander of KDM-SST), and

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to similarly support greater regional autonomy and revenue sharing that would be used for local regional development. In addition, they also requested that the Ko-DPSST, which was under the direct auspices of army headquarters rather than under the Army and Territorium VII (TT-VII or

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and a statement from the Permesta camp declaring they were ready to return, where they would agree to honor a ceasefire, participate in technical meetings on organizing Permesta troops after the ceasefire and in a troop inspection ceremony to be conducted by the Minister of Defense.

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Operation Sapta Marga IV is often called Operation Merdeka itself, because it was the largest operation that focused on the main base of Permesta in North Sulawesi. On 1 June 1958, a fleet departed Java for North Sulawesi. This fleet consisted of 17 navy ships and 10 ships from the

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On 26 April 1958, Sumual led troops transported by several ships from Manado to Morotai with the aim of seizing the air base there. Sumual had instructed the AUREV to attack Morotai by air before Sumual and his troops arrived. The attack was carried out by a B-26 bomber piloted by

2753:). Previously on 8 June 1958, Manado was bombarded by ALRI warships. Meanwhile the AURI attacked Mapanget airfield as well as Tomohon and Tondano on 11 and 13 June 1958. Then on 16 June 1958, a larger landing force consisting of one marine and two infantry battalions was made at 1371:

At the end of February 1957, Andi Burhanuddin and Henk Rondonuwu left for Jakarta representing the Sulawesi provincial government as a last effort to urge the central government on the matters discussed in the previous meetings. Apart from them, the commander of TT-VII, Lt. Col.

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in 1991 that attended by the US Ambassador to Indonesia, Sumual commented that the United States helped Permesta to secure its own interests. When later it stopped supporting Permesta and in turn helped the generals in Jakarta, that was also to secure its own interests.

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and yet the country's economic resources mostly came from other islands in Indonesia. In effect this conflict was less about any thoughts of secession from the Indonesian state and more about a fair division of economic and political power in Indonesia.

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peak ceremony on 12 May 1961 near Tomohon was carried out as the last step in the form of an inspection of Permesta troops by Nasution as Minister of Defense and Chief of Staff of the Army. Nasution took the opportunity to meet Kawilarang at that time.

2738:. Six minesweepers were also part of the fleet. In terms of troops, the number of troops involved in this operation was 16 battalions. These battalions came from, among others, TT-II/Siliwangi, TT-IV/Diponegoro, TT-V/Brawijaya, and TT-XIV/Hasanuddin. 2264:(AURI) targeted the radio station in the city. The bombing in Manado hastened the decisions of two Minahasan officers who were initially not enthusiastic about joining Permesta. They were Warouw who had joined Sumual to meet Sukarno in Tokyo and Col. 1489:) was held as a follow-up to the initial conference. Unfortunately, these conferences that initially provided the possibility of solving the identified problems were, in the end, unable to produce something that all parties could agree on. 2840:

In October 1959, Tumbelaka contacted Col. Surachman who was then the commander of TT-V/Brawijaya to discuss the situation in North Sulawesi. Tumbelaka himself had served as a senior officer at TT-V/Brawijaya and also participated in the

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other Brawijaya staff, they agreed to send Tumbelaka to Manado to try to establish contact with Somba. Although Warouw had a higher position in Permesta, it was Somba who led the most experienced troops who had defected from the TNI.

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Nasution agreed to the formation of the regional military commands as suggested by Lahade and Jusuf. These regional commands were established based on the areas of the four military governors formed after Permesta was proclaimed. The

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On 8 May 1958, Somba began Operation Jakarta II by recapturing Parigi near Palu with the assistance of the AUREV. Previously on 18 April 1958, the TNI troops had captured Parigi as well as Donggala and Palu in Operation Insjaf.

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Fulfilled the Government's Call to Return into the Arms of Motherland". This presidential decree was issued on 22 June 1961. Sumual was one of those who received amnesty, but he remained imprisoned and was only released after

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On 17 December 1960, a meeting between Tumbelaka, Mantiri, and Arie Supit agreed on concrete steps to end the rebellion. The measures would include a plea from the Minister of Defense for the Permesta troops to return to the

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government had started to consider a change in policy towards the situation in Indonesia. They concluded that there were still high-ranking military officers in the TNI who opposed the communist movement, such as Lt. Gen.

1473:) to ease tensions in the regions. The conference was held between 10 and 14 September 1957 and discussed problems within the government, the economy, the military, and also the Sukarno-Hatta relationship (or 1303:

The PRRI rebellion in the west and Permesta rebellion in the east arose for a combination of reasons. Foremost was that certain ethnic groups in Sulawesi and central Sumatra felt that government policies from

1477:). To continue the efforts of the conference, a seven-member committee was formed. On 27 September 1957, Sukarno visited North Sulawesi for two days and made speeches about the unity of the nation in Manado, 2551:. The AUREV had absolute control over the air in eastern Indonesia. Apart from the main airfield in Mapanget, Permesta controlled the airfields in Jailolo, Kalawiran, Morotai, Tasuka (a seaplane base on 1388:

The following day, the composition of the military government was announced in which Sumual served as military administrator with Lahade as chief of staff. There was also a Central Advisory Council (or

1601:). In this charter, the central government was given five days to carry out the demands stated in the charter, which required Djuanda to return his mandate to Sukarno and "national figures" Hatta and 1393:) consisting of 101 members and four military governors under Sumual. The four military governors were Andi Pangerang for South and Southeast Sulawesi, Maj. Daniel Julius (D. J.) Somba for North and 1594:

to meet Sukarno who was in Japan at the time. The purpose of the meeting with Sukarno on 5 February 1958 was none other than to urge Sukarno to take action against the current crisis in Indonesia.

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Sumual was appointed Commander of the PRRI Army. Sumual acknowledged the appointment of members from Permesta in the PRRI Cabinet, but he did not give direct approval prior to the announcement.

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sent directly from Sulawesi to abroad, took place several times in Singapore and Manila. After hearing about the AURI attack on Manado, Sumual rushed back to Manado with Pantouw on a chartered

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On the same day, Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo handed back his mandate to Sukarno, who then declared the country in a state of martial law at Nasution's suggestion. Sukarno then appointed

2380:. Taiwan then sent a ship containing weapons the amount of which could be used by soldiers in several battalions and anti-aircraft guns. In addition, the agreement with Taiwan included two 2291:

The bombing also resulted in the people of North Sulawesi being more enthusiastic to the Permesta cause. Two days after the bombing, KDM-SUT announced and instructed former soldiers of the

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began developing covert support networks to the PRRI and Permesta rebels. Meetings between the CIA and Sumual as well as Nun Pantouw, who was assigned by Sumual to manage the bartering of

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occupation, they could train younger inexperienced enlistees who joined Permesta. The training was held in Langowan near Tondano for three months, which resulted in the formation of seven

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transport planes accompanied by three chartered pilots. In all, foreign personnel consisted of an international cast of CIA agents and mercenaries from Taiwan, the Philippines,

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The effort to reconcile the Permesta camp with the central government was carried out almost simultaneously by two people: Albertus Zacharias Roentoerambi (A. Z. R.) Wenas and

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Emboldened by the CIA aid, the AUREV began a series of airstrikes against cities in Sulawesi and Maluku. The cities bombed by CIA-piloted insurgent planes included Ambon,

2757:, which is about 30 kilometers southeast of Manado. The landings were supported by ALRI warships that were part of the Amphibious Task Force 25 (ATG-25) led by Lt. Col. 1409:. At the time, Somba was the commander of the 24th Infantry Regiment (RI-24) based in Manado, Pieters was the commander of the 25th Infantry Regiment (RI-25) based in 2749:) carried out landings and reconnaissance 12 kilometers north of Manado. Ironically, the idea for the formation of the RPKAD came from Kawilarang (and fellow officer 1620:). The full name of the Council of Struggle was the General Struggle Council of the Indonesian People Who Desire for the Independence of the State and the Nation (or 1485:. His speech was well received by the public, but they also carried banners supporting Sumual and Permesta. In November 1957, a National Development Conference (or 1312:

ethnic group, who were the most numerous and influential in the newly created unitary state of Indonesia. Indonesia's political arena was centered on the island of

2505:. The final objective of the operation was to attack Jakarta. Sumual assessed that the success of this military operation would convince the military officers of 2497:

surrendered without a fight. Sumual left a company in Morotai and proceeded to Halmahera. They met no resistance and managed to occupy Jailolo and its air base.

897: 2237: 2216: 2184: 2095: 1958: 1675: 1263: 89: 37: 2909: 877: 2678:. In 1965, Gerungan was arrested, tried, and executed. Meanwhile, Operation Sapta Marga III successfully secured Sangihe and Talaud on 21 May 1958. 2299:) to report and join Permesta. It is estimated that around 2000 of them self-reported. Even though they were old because KNIL was formed during the 1308:

were stagnating their local economies, which in turn limited any opportunities for regional development. Also, there was some animosity towards the

2021: 2032: 857: 2357:.50 caliber machine guns. Afterwards, arms shipments carried out by sea included small arms, hand grenades, ammunition, and multi-crew weapons. 2665:

islands north of Manado. Operation Sapta Marga IV was led by Lt. Col. Rukmito Hendraningrat to reclaim Permesta's main base in North Sulawesi.

2376:, but in the case of Taiwan, Permesta had to pay for the weapons. The first shipment by a PBY Catalina was in the form of 100 rifles and three 1215: 2920:

rebellions throughout Indonesia. The participation of Permesta in the RPI was supported by Sumual, but was opposed by Kawilarang and Warouw.

2353:. He said the cargo that had been loaded at the rear of the plane could be considered as "American goodwill". This goodwill consisted of six 1696: 2513:

and TT-V/Brawijaya in East Java who were sympathetic to the Permesta cause to support it, because one of Permesta's aims was to restore the

946: 5263: 2360:

Greater CIA support was seen with the dispatch aircraft that made up the Permesta air force called the Revolutionary Air Force (AUREV or

1555:. These three officers signed the Palembang Agreement Charter containing demands to the central government, including restoration of the 2790: 1711: 1330:

In early 1957, both civil and military leaders from Makassar visited Jakarta. In January 1957, Lt. Col. Muhammad Saleh Lahade and Maj.

2657:

who had sided with the central government. Operation Sapta Marga III was led by Lt. Col. Ernst Julius (E. J.) Mangenda to retake the

2345:. Sumual realized that the CIA were willing to provide assistance after he was greeted in front of the chartered plane by Brig. Gen. 5217: 2830: 2626:, and five minesweepers. The marines landed and attacked in the early hours of the morning, followed by Fast Action Troops (PGT or 2307:

from the number of youth who were trained. In addition, a female unit was formed and was named the Permesta Women's Troops (PWP or

2256:

The central government carried out a bombing raid of Manado six days after Somba's statement. At 8:15 am on 22 February 1958, two

2417: 2640: 2364:) based in Manado, an air force formed by Permesta in order to seize and control Indonesian airspace. The aircraft sent were 15 1706: 3574: 1417:. Panggerang was formally appointed as military governor on 8 March, while Somba was formally appointed in Manado on 11 March. 5266:[Lt. Col. DJ Somba Announces that Permesta has cut ties with Jakarta] (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 13 September 2013 4803: 4751: 4737: 3682: 3655: 3628: 3584: 1335: 991: 2605: 1701: 1132: 3576:

Gerakan Pemuda Sulawesi Tengah (GPST di POSO 1957-1963: Perjuangan anti Permesta dan pembentukakn Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah

2741:

The attack on North Sulawesi began on 13 June 1958, where two platoons of the Indonesian Army Commando Regiment (RPKAD or

2372:. In addition to the aircraft, the CIA sent pilots, mechanics, aircraft weaponry, and spare parts. Weapons also came from 2413: 1092: 5313: 2758: 2292: 1208: 1154: 4815:

Gusti Fikri Noor (November 2015). "Leo Wattimena, Penerbang 'Ugal-Ugalan'" [Leo Wattimena, a Reckless Pilot].

1691: 4968: 4782: 2329:

became increasingly concerned that Indonesia was becoming vulnerable to communism due to the rising influence of the

1112: 3804: 3672: 3645: 3618: 5323: 1275: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1102: 2272:

Kawilarang was an experienced officer in the Indonesian Army who previously commanded three military territories:

1831: 2842: 2782:

thing happened with the RPKAD troops and infantry moving to Manado from the north. Additional troops landed at

1164: 956: 204: 1590:. He previously served as commander of TT-VII before Sumual was appointed to the position. They then left for 1355:

implementation of local development projects. Meanwhile, Lahede and Jusuf tried to urge the leadership of the

1274:

that declared a revolutionary government two days earlier. Following successful attacks by government forces (

5084: 4898:[The History of an Airbase: Sam Ratulangi Airbase.] (in Indonesian). Indonesian Air Force. 2010-01-26 4766:[Captured American Pilot Transferred to Jakarta] (in Dutch). Arnhem: Arnhemsche Courant. 28 May 1958. 2436:. Over the next several days, airstrikes were again carried out on these sites with the addition of Ternate. 1792: 1430:

On 14 March 1957, a delegation headed by Henk Rondonuwu went to Jakarta with the intention to meet President

1347: 1201: 1169: 1159: 1142: 1107: 1031: 1001: 936: 766: 469: 292: 176: 4926:

Cross Border Triangles and Deterritorialising Identities. Assessing the Diaspora Triangle: Migrant-Host-Home

2579:, and hence support for the Indonesian government could still be justified. At a seminar on Permesta at the 1342:. At that time, Lahade was Chief of Staff of the South and Southeast Sulawesi Security Command (Ko-DPSST or 2534: 2257: 1346:), while M. Jusuf was the commander of the Hasanuddin Infantry Regiment (RI-Hasanuddin). Then in February, 785: 478: 4982:

Operation Haik: The Eisenhower Administration and the Central Intelligence Agency in Indonesia, 1957–1959

2369: 2334: 2320: 1910: 1869: 1683: 1011: 5220:[Herman Nicolas 'Ventje' Sumual: The Man Behind Permesta] (in Indonesian). TEMPO. 10 March 2008 2330: 2265: 2044: 966: 54: 4991: 4928:. SEARC Working Papers Series. Vol. 19. Hong Kong: South East Asia Research Series Publications. 2895: 2871: 2670: 2342: 1463: 1117: 5253: 1450:, the region in North Sulawesi where Sumual came from. The four officials were Minister of Industry 4763: 2867: 2687: 2138: 1625: 1451: 1097: 518: 2443:(near Palu) and Balikpapan were again attacked. In Donggala, the foreign flagged commercial ships 4994:[Profile and History of Struggle] (in Indonesian). Komando Daerah Militer XIV/Hasanuddin. 4796:

A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014

2701: 2694: 2686:

and Djawatan Pelajaran (DJAPEL). The warships that participated in this fleet were the destroyer

2580: 2304: 1560: 264: 5240: 1455: 4937:

Jalesveva Jayamahe: Lukisan Selayang Pandang tentang Keadaan A.L.R.I. Kita dalam Usia 15 Tahun

1616:

announced the formation of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI or

4956: 2425: 2273: 1282: 1021: 748: 213: 1740:

Col. Sunandar Prijosudarmo salutes Permesta soldiers in a military ceremony on 4 April 1961

1622:

Dewan Perjuangan Umum Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia yang Mengingini Kemerdekaan Negara dan Bangsa

5199: 2875: 2708: 2675: 2409: 2377: 2365: 2261: 1988: 1716: 1503: 1440: 1406: 1339: 1049: 812: 775: 728: 658: 628: 598: 568: 185: 2861:

The first meeting between Tumbelaka and Somba took place in the village of Matungkas near

1865: 1597:

On 10 February 1958, Husein announced the Charter of the Struggle to Save the Country (or

8: 4935: 2542: 2529: 2506: 2493: 2476: 2381: 2281: 2112: 867: 832: 698: 618: 488: 4942:

Jalesveva Jayamahe: A Glimpse on the State of Our Indonesian Navy in the First 15 Years

4852:

Hellstrom, Leif (July–August 1999). "Air War in Paradise: the CIA and Indonesia 1958".

4845:. Ithaca: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. 2855: 2556: 1446:

Juanda formed a team to approach Sumual consisting of four high-ranking officials from

1402: 1351: 1072: 1057: 718: 688: 608: 528: 361: 163: 196: 5318: 4964: 4799: 4778: 4747: 4744:

Sukarno, Military, PKI: The Triangle of Power before Political Temptations, 1961-1965

3678: 3651: 3624: 3580: 2458: 1602: 1514: 1364:) headquartered in Makassar, to be replaced with a Regional Military Command (KDM or 907: 887: 668: 558: 548: 508: 243: 1608:

With the expiration of the deadline, on 15 February 1958, a Council of Struggle (or

4961:

Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia

4872: 2451: 2440: 2269: 2123: 1679: 1568: 1394: 1191: 1067: 822: 648: 638: 331: 5155:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 6. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 2100: 2066: 2049: 1531:

In the same month when the National Conference was held, Sumual met with Lt. Col.

5018:

From Crisis to Footnote: The Ambiguous Permesta Revolt in Post-Colonial Indonesia

2826: 2658: 2472: 2465: 1564: 1459: 1356: 1309: 1062: 803: 678: 578: 538: 371: 42: 4864: 2547:

During April and early May 1958, AUREV attacks continued including on Ambon and

1632: 1469:

One more thing that was agreed upon was to hold a National Conference (MUNAS or

5123:

Leadership and Social Mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa 1677–1983

2662: 2654: 2444: 2421: 2010: 1781: 1435: 1398: 1331: 1256: 1248: 738: 708: 588: 411: 341: 2483:

marketplace was bombed in Ambon city that killed a large number of civilians.

1413:, and Minggu was the commander of the 26th Infantry Regiment (RI-26) based in 5307: 2754: 2750: 2326: 2083: 2061: 1940: 1858: 1552: 1410: 1373: 391: 135: 58: 4865:"The Fate of Federalism: North Sulawesi from Persatuan Minahasa to Permesta" 4739:

Sukarno, Tentara, PKI: Segitiga Kekuasaan Sebelum Prahara Politik, 1961-1965

3674:

Sukarno, tentara, PKI: Segitiga kekuasaan sebelum prahara politik, 1961-1965

3647:

Sukarno, tentara, PKI: Segitiga kekuasaan sebelum prahara politik, 1961-1965

3620:

Sukarno, tentara, PKI: Segitiga kekuasaan sebelum prahara politik, 1961-1965

5087:[The History of President Sukarno's Amnesty to the PRRI/Permesta]. 2854:

On 5 January 1960, Tumbelaka left for Manado. After meeting officials from

2552: 2510: 2346: 1544: 1532: 381: 311: 274: 5162:"Rebel Military Leaders Dismissed". South China Sunday Post. 2 March 1958. 4877: 2354: 2350: 2300: 2179:

Total: 3,702 killed, 5,228 wounded, 1,242 missing (include casualties in

2078: 1895: 1583: 498: 421: 223: 62: 4895: 2870:

in Manado about the importance of the Indonesian state returning to the

2653:

including Tolotio airfield and to provide support for guerrillas led by

1235:

that was declared on 2 March 1957 by civil and military leaders in East

2597:

prepared. Two AURI P-51s were shot down in which one pilot was killed.

2576: 2502: 2397: 1999: 1777: 1513:

With the merger of Ko-DPSST where most of the battalions came from the

441: 2862: 2650: 2433: 2133: 2090: 2073: 2056: 2039: 2005: 1994: 1983: 1972: 1953: 1878: 1841: 1818: 1655: 1579: 1575: 1536: 1236: 1232: 451: 401: 351: 254: 153: 117: 84: 1458:, former Minister of Information and Indonesian Ambassador to China 2746: 2349:

who was the coordinating director of national intelligence for the

1773: 1647: 1447: 1244: 1240: 233: 1605:

to form a National Cabinet that was "clean of anti-God elements".

4948:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jawatan Penerangan Angkatan Laut. 1960. 2930: 2627: 2559:). However, Permesta's successes began to cease in mid-May 1958. 2548: 2429: 2405: 2285: 1977: 1747: 1638:

Somba to side with PRRI. Sumual at that time was still abroad in

1587: 1482: 1478: 1431: 1305: 1271: 321: 105: 5264:"Letkol Dj Somba Umumkan Permesta Putus Hubungan dengan Jakarta" 5044:

A Short History of the Armed Struggle of the Nation of Indonesia

4764:"Gevangen Genomen Amerikaanse Piloot naar Djakarta Overgebracht" 5076:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. 4775:

Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958

2770: 2385: 2373: 1925: 1651: 1639: 1613: 1252: 431: 99: 5140:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 2683: 2338: 2277: 1633:

Differences in responses in South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi

1591: 1526: 301: 2173:

956 member of the people's defense organization (OPR) killed

2783: 2537:

B-26 Invader, similar to the aircraft piloted by Allen Pope

2401: 1414: 1313: 5218:"Herman Nicolas 'Ventje' Sumual: Lelaki di Balik Permesta" 5177:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utamanya. 4913:"Indonesian Army Territorial Commanders 1950–March 1983". 1251:

gradually dissipated, forcing the headquarters to move to

5046:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Staf Angkatan Bersenjata. 1543:, which was fighting for the same purpose as Permesta in 5040:

Sedjarah Singkat Perdjuangan Bersenjata Bangsa Indonesia

4746:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 1586:

who at that time was the Indonesian military attaché in

1574:

After the meeting near the Derah River, Sumual left for

1243:, which at that time was the capital of the province of 5085:"Sejarah Amnesti Presiden Sukarno kepada PRRI/Permesta" 3573:

Sadi, Haliadi; Mahid, Syakir; Ibrahim, M. Anas (2007).

2890: 1624:). The cabinet formed for this new government included 1425: 4896:"Sejarah Lanud: Sekilas Pangkalan Udara Sam Ratulangi" 2428:). In addition, the second target was the air base at 1743:

Langowan airfield occupied by the Indonesian marines

1504:

South and Southeast Sulawesi Regional Military Command

5235:"Indonesia: Brink of Revolt". TIME. 17 February 1958. 5114:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta. 1264:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

1262:

On 17 February 1958, Permesta joined forces with the

45:

military operations against Permesta and PRRI in 1958

5106:

Ricklefs, Merle Calvin; Nugraha, Moh. Sidik (2008).

1508:

Komando Daerah Militer Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara

1492: 16:

Rebel movement in Indonesia active from 1957 to 1961

5296:

The Tragedy of the Patriot and Rebel Kahar Muzakkar

4834:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. 5192:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Sejarah TNI. 5009:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Widyatama. 3805:"Dog Fight P-51 Mustang AURI Dengan Pesawat Musuh" 2794:Indonesian marines occupying the Langowan airfield 1734:Indonesian Navy in swamps chasing PERMESTA troops 5020:(PhD). Madison: University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1350:Andi Pangerang Pettarani met with Prime Minister 1325: 5305: 5298:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit NARASI. 3572: 2682:government-controlled national shipping company 5070:Laksamana Sudomo, Mengatasi Gelombang Kehidupan 4819:(in Indonesian). Tangerang: Trend Media Global. 2517:Sukarno-Hatta as President and Vice President. 1931: 5292:Tragedi Patriot dan Pemberontak Kahar Muzakkar 5171:Permesta dalam Romantika, Kemelut, dan Misteri 5031:. Göteborg: ACTA Universitatis Gothoburgensis. 2776: 2714:. In addition, there were troop transports RI 1539:. At the time, Husein was the chairman of the 1239:. Initially the center of the movement was in 5061:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Agung. 2829:. Wenas at that time was the chairman of the 2632:) that parachuted in from a transport plane. 2268:who at that time was the military attaché in 1886: 1209: 5074:Admiral Sudomo, Overcoming the Waves of Life 5029:Minahasa Civilization: A Tradition of Change 2618:) that consisted of two troop transports RI 2563:focused his attack on the transport ship RI 2524: 2288:, and also TT-VII before Warouw and Sumual. 1599:Piagam Perjuangan untuk Menyelamatkan Negara 1344:Komando Pengamanan Sulawesi Selatan Tenggara 1320: 4963:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2416:). Its destination was Mandai airport (now 5190:The History of Crushing the PRRI Rebellion 4606: 4604: 4555: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4523: 4351: 4349: 1731:Indonesian Navy Commando Corps in Amurang 1618:Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia 1527:The relationship between Permesta and PRRI 1268:Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia 1216: 1202: 4876: 4773:Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1999). 4378: 4376: 4285: 4283: 4246: 4244: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3751: 3749: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3232: 3230: 1737:Indonesian marines moving toward Amurang 1521: 5059:Arnold Mononutu: A Portrait of a Patriot 4300: 4298: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4188: 4186: 4126: 4124: 4111: 4109: 3887: 3885: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3133: 3131: 3094: 3092: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2894: 2831:Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa 2789: 2644:Indonesian marines moving toward Amurang 2639: 2635: 2604: 2528: 2408:. At 3:00 am on 13 April 1958, an AUREV 2251: 1916: 1901: 1420: 1379: 5175:Permesta in Romance, Chaos, and Mystery 5134:Tokoh-tokoh Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia 5055:Arnold Mononutu: Potret Seorang Patriot 4601: 4550: 4535: 4520: 4407:Jawatan Penerangan Angkatan Laut (1960) 4346: 4251:Jawatan Penerangan Angkatan Laut (1960) 4166:Jawatan Penerangan Angkatan Laut (1960) 2418:Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport 2391: 1247:. However, support for the movement in 5306: 4373: 4280: 4241: 3945: 3746: 3593: 3525:South China Sunday Post (2 March 1958) 3227: 2923: 2314: 1462:, and Indonesian Ambassador to Canada 5281:A. H. Nasution and Indonesia's Elites 5186:Sejarah Penumpasan Pemberontakan PRRI 5112:Modern History of Indonesia 1200–2008 4295: 4222: 4183: 4121: 4106: 3882: 3715: 3670: 3643: 3616: 3128: 3089: 3032: 2979: 2587: 2245:31,468 killed (per government source) 1336:Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army 5183: 4984:(MA). Athens: University of Georgia. 4777:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4216: 4204: 2891:Return to the arms of the motherland 2820: 2806: 2609:Indonesian marines on Morotai Island 2412:departed from Mapanget airport (now 1426:Response from the central government 1295:meaning Universal Struggle Charter. 5138:Ethnic Chinese Figures in Indonesia 2743:Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat 2414:Sam Ratulangi International Airport 2297:Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger 1547:. Meanwhile, Barlian initiated the 1332:Andi Muhammad Jusuf Amir (M. Jusuf) 13: 5108:Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200–2008 3566: 2669:Sangihe and Talaud, Minahasa, and 2486: 2293:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 2266:Alexander Evert (A. E.) Kawilarang 1764:22 February 1958 – 20 October 1961 14: 5335: 4992:"Profil dan Sejarah / Perjuangan" 4832:The Bioigraphy of Mohammad Natsir 2600: 2464:were sunk and in Balikpapan, the 1661: 1658:where they were held until 1962. 1515:Army and Territorirum V/Brawijaya 1493:Response from the army leadership 1464:Lambertus Nicodemus (L. N.) Palar 5262: 5027:Lundstrom-Burghoorn, W. (1981). 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4361: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4268: 4155:Arnhemsche Courant (28 May 1958) 4089:Gusti Fikri Noor (November 2015) 3500: 2827:Frits Johannes (F. J.) Tumbelaka 2132: 2117: 2106: 2099: 2089: 2082: 2072: 2065: 2055: 2048: 2038: 2026: 2015: 2004: 1993: 1982: 1971: 1952: 1933: 1918: 1903: 1888: 1864: 1851: 1840: 1825: 1811: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1582:. In Hong Kong, Sumual met Col. 1452:Freddy Jaques (F. J.) Inkiriwang 1185: 195: 146: 128: 83: 36: 5216: 5198: 5131: 5083:Raditya, Iswara (8 July 2019). 4980:Kennedy, Douglas Blake (1996). 4863:Henley, David (November 2007). 4762: 4728: 4328: 4256: 4210: 4198: 4171: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4136: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3734: 3703: 3691: 3664: 3637: 3610: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3116: 3104: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2849: 2835:Gereja Masehi Injii di Minahasa 1487:Musyawarah Nasional Pembangunan 5161: 5037: 5026: 5000: 4990: 4912: 4851: 4192: 4130: 3992: 3604: 3524: 3512: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3020: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2769:TNI troops also moved towards 1456:Gustaaf Adolf (G. A.) Maengkom 1397:, Lt. Col. Herman Pieters for 1326:Efforts before the declaration 898:French and British interregnum 1: 5120: 5105: 5068:Pour, Julius; Sudomo (1997). 5007:General Learning Encyclopedia 5003:Ensiklopedia Pelajar dan Umum 4923: 3173: 3071: 3047: 3014: 2972: 2815: 2649:Maj. Agus Prasmono to retake 1298: 5146: 5082: 5052: 4979: 4706: 3828: 3605:Hellstrom (July–August 1999) 3272: 3248: 786:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 7: 5290:Usman, Syafaruddin (2010). 5278: 5153:Indonesian Nasional History 5121:Schouten, M. J. C. (1998). 4894: 4862: 4841:Harvey, Barbara S. (1977). 4840: 4825: 4798:. Washington DC: CQ Press. 4772: 4718: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4610: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4544: 4529: 4514: 4502: 4466: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4382: 4355: 4340: 4316: 4289: 4235: 4177: 4115: 4100: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4017:Indonesian Air Force (2010) 4016: 4004: 3968: 3956: 3939: 3915: 3891: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3740: 3728: 3709: 3697: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3476: 3464: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3368: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3260: 3236: 3221: 3209: 3185: 3174:Ricklefs dan Nugraha (2008) 3161: 3149: 3137: 3122: 3098: 3026: 2899:Surrendered Permesta troops 2777:Fierce fighting in Minahasa 2471:was sunk. In addition, the 2439:On 28 April 1958, ports in 2362:Angkatan Udara Revolusioner 2321:CIA activities in Indonesia 1684:CIA activities in Indonesia 1443:as the new prime minister. 1362:Tentara dan Territorium VII 293:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms 10: 5340: 5289: 5283:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 5149:Sejarah Nasional Indonesia 5016:Liwe, Amelia Joan (2010). 4954: 4917:(35): 109–124. April 1983. 4843:Permesta: Half a Rebellion 4814: 4793: 4735: 4622: 4431:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4356:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4341:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4304: 4290:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4262: 4178:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4116:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4101:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4088: 4065:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4053:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4041:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4029:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 4005:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3969:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3957:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3940:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3927: 3916:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3892:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3877:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3853:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3841:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3792:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3780:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3768:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3741:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3698:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3677:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 3650:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 3623:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 3465:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3429:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3369:Conboy dan Morrison (1999) 3110: 3003:Lundstrom-Burghoorn (1981) 2990: 2571:led by Lt. Col. Huhnholz. 2540: 2331:Indonesian Communist Party 2318: 1405:, and Lt. Col. Minggu for 967:United States of Indonesia 804:Chinese Kongsi federations 55:Alexander Evert Kawilarang 5314:Rebel groups in Indonesia 5234: 5200:"Revolt in the Provinces" 5168: 5067: 5038:Mokoginta, A. J. (1964). 5015: 5001:Komandoko, Gamal (2010). 4934: 4694: 4595: 4490: 4478: 4454: 4406: 4394: 4367: 4274: 4250: 4165: 4142: 3980: 3903: 3865:TNI Angkatan Udara (2010) 3488: 3452: 3380: 3197: 3083: 3059: 2525:The capture of Allen Pope 2388:, and the United States. 2343:Consolidated PBY Catalina 2225: 2144: 1964: 1803: 1756: 1689: 1673: 1668: 1578:and then continued on to 1475:dwi-tunggal Sukarno-Hatta 1321:Beginning of the movement 1281:The name "Permesta" is a 1118:Javanese historical texts 159: 141: 123: 113: 95: 78: 68: 50: 35: 29:Piagam Perjuangan Semesta 27: 26: 21: 5184:Sutrisminingsih (2012). 5132:Setyautama, Sam (2008). 4828:Biografi Mohammad Natsir 3579:(in Indonesian). Ombak. 2966:air and material support 2936: 2868:Radio Republik Indonesia 2139:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 1725:Clockwise from top left: 1678:and Permesta rebellion, 1626:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 1535:and Lt. Col. Barlian in 1391:Dewan Pertimbangan Pusat 1231:was a rebel movement in 878:Dutch East India Company 519:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 5324:Separatism in Indonesia 5248:Cite magazine requires 5202:. TEMPO. 14 August 2007 5169:Sulu, Phill M. (2011). 5147:Soejono, R. P. (1981). 4826:Hakiem, Lukman (2019). 4794:Dixon, Jeffrey (2015). 4736:Anwar, Rosihan (2006). 3671:Anwar, Rosihan (2006). 3644:Anwar, Rosihan (2006). 3617:Anwar, Rosihan (2006). 2581:University of Indonesia 2333:. In January 1958, the 2309:Pasukan Wanita Permesta 2232:(include casualties in 2230:2,472 civilians missing 2228:3,834 civilians wounded 2215:(include casualties of 2213:39,000 weapons captured 1561:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5279:Turner, Barry (2017). 5125:. Leiden: KITLV Press. 4957:Kahin, George McTurnan 4503:Henley (November 2007) 4305:Kahin dan Kahin (1997) 4263:Kahin dan Kahin (1997) 4217:Sutrisminingsih (2012) 4205:Sutrisminingsih (2012) 4143:Pour dan Sudomo (1997) 3928:Kahin dan Kahin (1997) 3904:Pour dan Sudomo (1997) 3513:Indonesia (April 1983) 2900: 2884:arms of the motherland 2795: 2761:, the commander of RI 2645: 2616:Gugus Tugas Amphibi 21 2610: 2538: 2226:5,592 civilians killed 1965:Commanders and leaders 1746:Indonesian marines on 1551:with the same goal in 1522:Heading for a conflict 1454:, Minister of Justice 1366:Komando Daerah Militer 929:Emergence of Indonesia 4924:Jacobson, M. (2002). 4878:10.4000/moussons.1827 3843:, pp. 39, 40, dan 58. 2898: 2793: 2643: 2636:Operation Sapta Marga 2608: 2532: 2426:Leo Wattimena Airport 2378:M20 recoilless rifles 2370:P-51 Mustang fighters 2252:The bombing of Manado 2145:Casualties and losses 1793:Indonesian government 1421:Response from Jakarta 1380:Permesta proclamation 1283:syllabic abbreviation 984:Republic of Indonesia 850:European colonization 749:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 5053:Nalenan, R. (1981). 4193:KODAM XIV/Hasanuddin 2912:) at the same time. 2843:war for independence 2676:Abdul Kahar Muzakkar 2555:), and Tolotio (now 2392:Attacks by the AUREV 2366:B-26 Invader bombers 2262:Indonesian Air Force 2159:2,499 soldier killed 2045:Alexander Kawilarang 1650:in Bali and then to 1441:Djuanda Kartawidjaja 1340:Abdul Haris Nasution 1192:Indonesia portal 813:Heshun Confederation 729:Yogyakarta Sultanate 659:Kalinyamat Sultanate 629:Sultanate of Jailolo 599:Sultanate of Ternate 312:Tarumanagara Kingdom 103:(until 24 June 1958) 2924:End of the movement 2629:Pasukan Gerak Cepat 2543:Allen Lawrence Pope 2315:Foreign involvement 2113:Allen Lawrence Pope 2096:Daniel Julius Somba 1471:Musyawarah Nasional 957:National Revolution 947:Japanese occupation 833:Santiaogou Republic 699:Palembang Sultanate 619:Sultanate of Tidore 489:Peureulak Sultanate 422:Dharmasraya Kingdom 114:Active regions 109:(from 24 June 1958) 4955:Kahin, Audrey R.; 3501:Tribun News (2013) 2933:became president. 2901: 2796: 2722:, and warships RI 2693:and the corvettes 2646: 2611: 2588:Operation Nunusaku 2557:Jalaluddin Airport 2539: 2274:TT-I/Bukit Barisan 2196:Government source: 2154:Government source: 1669:Permesta rebellion 1352:Ali Sastroamidjojo 1285:of the Indonesian 1036:1998–present 937:National Awakening 767:Christian kingdoms 733:1755–present 723:1745–present 719:Surakarta Sunanate 689:Kingdom of Kaimana 643:1526–present 609:Sultanate of Bacan 529:Pagaruyung Kingdom 470:Islamic sultanates 362:Shailendra Dynasty 164:Permesta Rebellion 70:Dates of operation 4805:978-0-8728-9775-5 4753:978-979-461-613-0 4329:Setyautama (2008) 3684:978-979-461-613-0 3657:978-979-461-613-0 3630:978-979-461-613-0 3586:978-979-3472-70-6 2872:1945 Constitution 2821:Efforts for peace 2807:Rifts in Permesta 2730:, and tankers RI 2671:Bolaang-Mongondow 2325:During 1957, the 2260:bombers from the 2249: 2248: 2210:123,917 surrender 2166:247 police killed 1799: 1798: 1603:Hamengkubuwono IX 1348:Sulawesi Governor 1226: 1225: 1040: 1039: 992:Liberal democracy 975: 974: 920: 919: 908:Dutch East Indies 841: 840: 794: 793: 776:Larantuka Kingdom 757: 756: 669:Mataram Sultanate 569:Cirebon Sultanate 549:Malacca Sultanate 509:Ternate Sultanate 460: 459: 442:Singhasari Empire 436:1000s–1300s 402:Kahuripan Kingdom 283: 282: 169: 168: 118:Eastern Indonesia 5331: 5299: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5257: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5193: 5178: 5163: 5156: 5141: 5126: 5115: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5077: 5062: 5047: 5032: 5021: 5010: 4995: 4985: 4974: 4949: 4947: 4929: 4918: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4857: 4846: 4835: 4820: 4809: 4788: 4767: 4757: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4287: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4131:Komandoko (2010) 4128: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993:Mokoginta (1964) 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2507:TT-IV/Diponegoro 2475:(ALRI) corvette 2434:Halmahera Island 2282:TT-III/Siliwangi 2270:Washington, D.C. 2137: 2136: 2124:William H. Beale 2122: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2009: 2008: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1975: 1957: 1956: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1868: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1758: 1757: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1680:Cold War in Asia 1666: 1665: 1610:Dewan Perjuangan 1569:Maludin Simbolon 1395:Central Sulawesi 1218: 1211: 1204: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1002:Guided Democracy 988: 987: 933: 932: 854: 853: 823:Lanfang Republic 809: 808: 772: 771: 693:1600s–1926 683:1528s–1877 649:Banjar Sultanate 639:Banten Sultanate 623:1500s–1967 539:Brunei Sultanate 475: 474: 452:Majapahit Empire 352:Srivijaya Empire 332:Kalingga Kingdom 298: 297: 265:Toba catastrophe 248:94,000–12,000 BP 219: 218: 199: 189: 171: 170: 160:Battles and wars 152: 150: 149: 134: 132: 131: 88: 87: 71: 40: 31: 19: 18: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5269: 5267: 5250:|magazine= 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5223: 5221: 5205: 5203: 5094: 5092: 5091:(in Indonesian) 4971: 4945: 4901: 4899: 4883: 4881: 4806: 4785: 4754: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4598:, pp. 248, 249. 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4343:, pp. 160, 162. 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031:, pp. 148, 149. 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007:, pp. 127, 128. 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918:, pp. 125, 126. 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3894:, pp. 113, 114. 3890: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113:, pp. 150, 156. 3109: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3072:Jacobson (2002) 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3015:Schouten (1998) 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2893: 2856:TT-XIII/Merdeka 2852: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2779: 2638: 2603: 2590: 2545: 2527: 2489: 2487:Operasi Jakarta 2473:Indonesian Navy 2394: 2323: 2317: 2254: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2214: 2194: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2088: 2087: 2071: 2070: 2054: 2053: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1932: 1919: 1917: 1904: 1902: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1872: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1826: 1824: 1812: 1810: 1784: 1752: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1664: 1635: 1565:Mohammad Natsir 1541:Banteng Council 1529: 1524: 1495: 1460:Arnold Mononutu 1428: 1423: 1382: 1357:Indonesian Army 1328: 1323: 1301: 1222: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1026:1967–1998 1016:1966–1967 1006:1959–1966 996:1950–1959 985: 977: 976: 971:1949–1950 961:1945–1949 951:1942–1945 941:1908–1942 930: 922: 921: 916: 915:1945–1949 914: 913:1800–1942 902:1806–1816 892:1685–1824 882:1602–1799 872:1521–1677 862:1512–1850 851: 843: 842: 837:1777–1853 827:1777–1884 817:1776–1854 806: 796: 795: 769: 759: 758: 753:1824–1911 743:1814–1946 713:1725–1946 703:1659–1823 679:Johor Sultanate 673:1586–1755 663:1527–1599 653:1526–1863 633:1496–1903 613:1515–1946 603:1486–1914 593:1496–1903 583:1475–1554 579:Demak Sultanate 573:1445–1677 563:1405–1851 553:1400–1511 543:1368–1888 533:1347–1833 523:1267–1521 513:1257–1914 503:1225–1613 479:Spread of Islam 472: 462: 461: 456:1293–1527 446:1222–1292 426:1183–1347 416:1045–1221 406:1019–1045 372:Mataram Kingdom 295: 285: 284: 216: 187: 180: 147: 145: 129: 127: 108: 104: 102: 82: 69: 61: 57: 46: 43:Indonesian Navy 17: 12: 11: 5: 5337: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5301: 5300: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5259: 5258: 5231: 5230: 5213: 5212: 5195: 5194: 5180: 5179: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5143: 5142: 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2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:B-25 Mitchell 2244: 2243:Total killed: 2239: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204:4,360 wounded 2203: 2201:22,174 killed 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2165: 2161:4,098 wounded 2158: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128:Supported by: 2125: 2114: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2062:Ventje Sumual 2058: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2033:Herman Parimo 2023: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989:A.H. Nasution 1985: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1948:Supported by: 1942: 1941:United States 1930: 1927: 1915: 1912: 1900: 1897: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859:United States 1848: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:South Sumatra 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:Nusa Tenggara 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1374:Ventje Sumual 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 990: 989: 981: 980: 970: 968: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 954: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 938: 935: 934: 926: 925: 911: 909: 906: 905: 901: 899: 896: 895: 891: 889: 886: 885: 881: 879: 876: 875: 871: 869: 866: 865: 861: 859: 856: 855: 847: 846: 836: 834: 831: 830: 826: 824: 821: 820: 816: 814: 811: 810: 805: 800: 799: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 774: 773: 768: 763: 762: 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 740: 737: 736: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 716: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 642: 640: 637: 636: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 610: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 576: 572: 570: 567: 566: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 550: 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 520: 517: 516: 512: 510: 507: 506: 502: 500: 497: 496: 492: 490: 487: 486: 482: 480: 477: 476: 471: 466: 465: 455: 453: 450: 449: 445: 443: 440: 439: 435: 433: 430: 429: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 393: 392:Sunda Kingdom 390: 389: 385: 383: 380: 379: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 363: 360: 359: 355: 353: 350: 349: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 333: 330: 329: 325: 323: 320: 319: 315: 313: 310: 309: 305: 303: 302:Kutai Kingdom 300: 299: 294: 289: 288: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 266: 263: 262: 259: 257: 256: 252: 251: 247: 245: 242: 241: 237: 235: 232: 231: 228: 226: 225: 221: 220: 215: 210: 209: 206: 203: 202: 198: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 178: 173: 172: 165: 162: 158: 155: 144: 140: 137: 136:United States 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 107: 101: 98: 94: 91: 86: 81: 77: 73: 67: 64: 60: 59:Ventje Sumual 56: 53: 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 25: 20: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5222:. Retrieved 5204:. Retrieved 5189: 5185: 5174: 5170: 5152: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5122: 5111: 5107: 5093:. Retrieved 5088: 5073: 5069: 5058: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5028: 5017: 5006: 5002: 4981: 4960: 4941: 4936: 4925: 4914: 4900:. Retrieved 4882:. Retrieved 4868: 4853: 4842: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4795: 4774: 4743: 4738: 4729:Bibliography 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4623:Anwar (2006) 4618: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4363: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4270: 4258: 4212: 4200: 4173: 4161: 4150: 4138: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3736: 3705: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3646: 3639: 3619: 3612: 3607:, pp. 24–38. 3575: 3568: 3556: 3551:, pp. 96–98. 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3357:TEMPO (2007) 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3164:, pp. 45–47. 3157: 3145: 3125:, pp. 41–42. 3118: 3111:Usman (2010) 3106: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3048:TEMPO (2008) 3022: 3010: 2998: 2991:Dixon (2015) 2962: 2953: 2944: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2883: 2880: 2860: 2853: 2850:Negotiations 2839: 2834: 2824: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2780: 2767: 2762: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2667: 2647: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2595: 2591: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2553:Lake Tondano 2546: 2519: 2514: 2511:Central Java 2499: 2490: 2478: 2468:San Flaviano 2467: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2438: 2400:, Makassar, 2395: 2361: 2359: 2347:Pelagio Cruz 2324: 2308: 2296: 2290: 2255: 2242: 2233: 2195: 2192: 2180: 2153: 2150: 2127: 1947: 1846: 1838: 1809: 1804:Belligerents 1724: 1674:Part of the 1644: 1636: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1573: 1556: 1548: 1545:West Sumatra 1540: 1533:Ahmad Husein 1530: 1512: 1507: 1506:(KDM-SST or 1500: 1496: 1486: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1445: 1429: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1343: 1329: 1302: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1267: 1261: 1228: 1227: 1174: 1133:Christianity 382:Bali Kingdom 275:Buni culture 253: 238:1,000,000 BP 222: 96:Headquarters 28: 4695:Sulu (2011) 4596:Sulu (2011) 4491:Sulu (2011) 4479:Sulu (2011) 4455:Sulu (2011) 4395:Sulu (2011) 4368:Sulu (2011) 4275:Sulu (2011) 3981:Sulu (2011) 3489:Sulu (2011) 3453:Sulu (2011) 3381:Time (1958) 3198:Liwe (2002) 3084:Liwe (2002) 3060:Liwe (2002) 2763:Gadjah Mada 2690:Gadjah Mada 2515:dwi-tunggal 2447:Flying Lark 2410:B-26 bomber 2355:M2 Browning 2351:Philippines 2177:434 missing 2175:611 wounded 2170:320 missing 2168:519 wounded 2163:488 missing 2079:Joop Warouw 1896:Philippines 1879:Mercenaries 1584:Joop Warouw 1567:, and Col. 1557:dwi-tunggal 1270:) based in 1098:Archaeology 1093:Agriculture 499:Aru Kingdom 224:Paleolithic 186:History of 63:Joop Warouw 5308:Categories 3074:, pp. 2–3. 2973:References 2948:until 1960 2816:Resolution 2577:Ahmad Yani 2503:Kalimantan 2494:Allen Pope 2398:Balikpapan 2382:Beech C-45 2319:See also: 2240:rebellion) 2193:2,000 dead 2187:rebellion) 2151:4,000 dead 2000:Omar Dhani 1780:, and the 1778:Kalimantan 1682:, and the 1403:West Irian 1299:Background 1290:juangan Se 1155:Mass media 1032:Reform era 1012:Transition 858:Portuguese 244:Flores Man 214:Prehistory 79:Allegiance 5095:29 August 4959:(1997) . 4915:Indonesia 4721:, p. 160. 4697:, p. 347. 4685:, p. 128. 4673:, p. 148. 4661:, p. 149. 4649:, p. 147. 4637:, p. 146. 4625:, p. 139. 4613:, p. 142. 4586:, p. 141. 4574:, p. 144. 4562:, p. 140. 4547:, p. 136. 4532:, p. 135. 4517:, p. 134. 4493:, p. 233. 4481:, p. 228. 4457:, p. 181. 4445:, p. 121. 4433:, p. 169. 4421:, p. 118. 4409:, p. 147. 4385:, p. 117. 4370:, p. 185. 4358:, p. 162. 4331:, p. 186. 4319:, p. 115. 4307:, p. 184. 4292:, p. 160. 4277:, p. 120. 4265:, p. 293. 4238:, p. 110. 4180:, p. 157. 4118:, p. 159. 4079:, p. 109. 4067:, p. 158. 4055:, p. 155. 4043:, p. 152. 3995:, p. 138. 3983:, p. 385. 3971:, p. 116. 3959:, p. 131. 3942:, p. 126. 3930:, p. 290. 3879:, p. 112. 3758:, p. 105. 3731:, p. 104. 3712:, p. 102. 3563:, p. 113. 3539:, p. 124. 3515:, p. 118. 3467:, p. 245. 3455:, p. 407. 3407:, p. 458. 3395:, p. 456. 3347:, p. 449. 3275:, p. 285. 3251:, p. 232. 3176:, p. 531. 3140:, p. 177. 3017:, p. 215. 2993:, p. 514. 2876:Pancasila 2863:Airmadidi 2833:(GMIM or 2720:Baumasepe 2711:Pattiunus 2704:Pattimura 2697:Hasanudin 2651:Gorontalo 2624:Baumasepe 2479:Hang Tuah 2368:and some 2305:companies 2295:(KNIL or 1819:Indonesia 1656:East Java 1580:Hong Kong 1576:Singapore 1537:Palembang 1334:met with 1266:(PRRI or 1237:Indonesia 1233:Indonesia 1113:Education 1022:New Order 790:1670–1950 780:1515–1904 366:600s–900s 356:600s–1025 346:600s–1347 336:500s–600s 326:400s-500s 316:400s–500s 269:75,000 BP 255:Neolithic 188:Indonesia 154:Indonesia 142:Opponents 74:1957–1961 5319:Cold War 5089:tirto.id 4869:Moussons 4253:, p. 36. 4219:, p. 47. 4207:, p. 46. 4168:, p. 35. 4133:, p. 62. 4091:, p. 31. 3906:, p. 64. 3831:, p. 74. 3794:, p. 58. 3770:, p. 16. 3743:, p. 44. 3700:, p. 38. 3491:, p. 30. 3479:, p. 95. 3443:, p. 94. 3431:, p. 37. 3419:, p. 84. 3371:, p. 36. 3335:, p. 66. 3323:, p. 61. 3311:, p. 60. 3299:, p. 50. 3287:, p. 77. 3263:, p. 76. 3239:, p. 55. 3212:, p. 49. 3200:, p. 99. 3188:, p. 47. 3152:, p. 42. 3101:, p. 44. 3086:, p. 18. 3062:, p. 89. 3005:, p. 43. 2759:John Lie 2747:Kopassus 2441:Donggala 2234:Permesta 2181:Permesta 1847:Permesta 1774:Sulawesi 1769:Location 1648:Denpasar 1448:Minahasa 1310:Javanese 1245:Sulawesi 1241:Makassar 1229:Permesta 1160:Military 1138:Hinduism 1128:Buddhism 1123:Religion 1103:Currency 1086:By topic 306:350–1605 234:Java Man 205:Timeline 177:a series 175:Part of 22:Permesta 4884:11 June 4397:, p. 4. 3527:, p. 6. 3029:, p. 3. 2957:in 1958 2931:Suharto 2910:SESKOAD 2745:) (now 2734:and RI 2728:Biscaya 2726:and RI 2718:and RI 2659:Sangihe 2622:and RI 2549:Kendari 2461:Armonia 2430:Jailolo 2406:Ternate 2286:Bandung 2219:member) 1978:Sukarno 1795:victory 1588:Beijing 1483:Tondano 1479:Tomohon 1432:Sukarno 1306:Jakarta 1272:Sumatra 1148:Judaism 1108:Economy 1073:Bandung 1058:Jakarta 1050:Regions 888:British 868:Spanish 322:Kantoli 279:400 BCE 106:Tomohon 51:Leaders 5270:6 June 5224:18 May 5206:6 June 4967: 4944:] 4902:8 June 4817:AVIASI 4802: 4781: 4750: 3681: 3654: 3627: 3583: 2771:Bitung 2732:Pladju 2724:Baruna 2716:Sawega 2707:, and 2663:Talaud 2620:Sawega 2569:Sewaga 2565:Sewaga 2457:, and 2454:Aquila 2404:, and 2386:Poland 2374:Taiwan 2098: 2081: 2064: 2047: 1938: 1926:Taiwan 1923: 1911:Poland 1908: 1893: 1856: 1816: 1789:Result 1652:Madiun 1640:Manila 1614:Padang 1481:, and 1399:Maluku 1253:Manado 179:on the 151: 133: 124:Allies 100:Manado 5294:[ 5188:[ 5173:[ 5151:[ 5136:[ 5110:[ 5072:[ 5057:[ 5042:[ 5005:[ 4946:(PDF) 4940:[ 4856:(82). 4830:[ 4742:[ 3814:3 May 2937:Notes 2736:Tjepu 2684:PELNI 2535:USAAF 2424:(now 2339:copra 2301:Dutch 2278:Medan 1881:from: 1612:) in 1592:Tokyo 1411:Ambon 1338:Gen. 1292:mesta 1170:Women 1165:Sport 1143:Islam 1068:Bogor 5272:2020 5254:help 5226:2021 5208:2020 5097:2020 4965:ISBN 4904:2020 4886:2020 4800:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4748:ISBN 3816:2022 3679:ISBN 3652:ISBN 3625:ISBN 3581:ISBN 2874:and 2784:Wori 2755:Kema 2661:and 2402:Palu 2238:PRRI 2236:and 2217:PRRI 2185:PRRI 2183:and 1959:PRRI 1832:GPST 1761:Date 1676:PRRI 1434:and 1415:Bali 1401:and 1314:Java 1063:Bali 90:PRRI 4873:doi 2709:RI 2702:RI 2695:RI 2688:RI 2533:An 2509:in 2501:of 2477:RI 2466:SS 2459:SS 2452:SS 2445:SS 2432:on 2335:CIA 2311:). 2284:in 2276:in 1870:CIA 1654:in 1368:). 1288:Per 1276:TNI 1255:in 5310:: 5245:: 5243:}} 5239:{{ 4867:. 4603:^ 4552:^ 4537:^ 4522:^ 4375:^ 4348:^ 4297:^ 4282:^ 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Index