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285:â Away from the moderating influence of the ocean, seasonal temperature variation is more extreme and freeze-thaw goes deeper. In the centres of Canada and Siberia, the permafrost typical of periglaciation goes deeper and extends further towards the Equator. Similarly, solifluction associated with freeze-thaw extends into somewhat lower latitudes than on western coasts.
54:. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
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for example. Conversely, warm surface currents from tropical seas increases mean temperatures. The cold conditions are then found only in more northerly places. This is apparent in western North
America which is affected by the North Pacific current. In the same way but more markedly, the Gulf Stream
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are periglaciated. In 1935, Melik discovered that frost weathering had been a very successful geomorphic process in non-glaciated regions of the
Slovenian Alps throughout the Pleistocene. The word "periglacial" was not well-known at the time so he merely emphasized enhanced transit of scree down the
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The definition of what a periglacial zone is not clear-cut but a conservative estimate is that a quarter of Earth's land surface has periglacial conditions. Beyond this quarter an additional quarter or fifth of Earth's land surface had periglacial conditions at some time during the
263:. Since there is more land at these latitudes in the north, most of this effect is seen in the northern hemisphere. However, in lower latitudes, the direct effect of the Sun's radiation is greater so the freeze-thaw effect is seen but permafrost is much less widespread.
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slopes in relation to mass movement processes. In 1963, Melik introduced the term "periglacial" in the second version of the general section of his
Slovenia book, where he also provided a more thorough description of the dominant geomorphic processes on the slopes.
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that followed the congress participants were able to observe the phenomena reported by ĆoziĆski, directly. ĆoziĆski published his contribution to the congress in 1912. From 1950 to 1970, periglacial geomorphology developed chiefly as a subdiscipline of
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introduced the concept of periglacial climate in 1944 there have been various attempts to classify the diversity of periglacial climates. Hugh M. French's classification recognizes six climate types existing in the present:
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Ocean currents â Cold surface currents from polar regions, reduce mean average temperatures in places where they exert their effect so that ice caps and periglacial conditions will show nearer to the
Equator as in
585:, which leads to flooding downstream, owing to obstructing river ice in the still-frozen, downstream parts of the rivers. When these ice dams melt or break open, the release of impounded water causes erosion.
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or
Felsenmeer â Blockfields are areas covered by large angular blocks, traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action. A good example of a blockfield can be found in the
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Altitude â Air temperature drops by approximately 1 °C for every 100 m rise above sea level. This means that on mountain ranges, modern periglacial conditions are found nearer the
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Coombe and head deposits â Coombe deposits are chalk deposits found below chalk escarpments in
Southern England. Head deposits are more common below outcrops of granite on
707:
Zhang, Ting; Li, Dongfeng; East, Amy E.; Walling, Desmond E.; Lane, Stuart; Overeem, Irina; Beylich, Achim A.; Koppes, MichĂšle; Lu, Xixi (1 November 2022).
136:. In addition Alpine areas in the non-arctic northern hemisphere might also be subject to periglaciation. A major outlier in the northern hemisphere is the
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419:â Patterned ground occurs where stones form circles, polygons and stripes. Local topography affects which of these are expressed. A process called
436:, Wales. Blockfields are common in the unglaciated parts of the Appalachian Mountains in the northeastern United States, such as at the
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Solifluction lobes â Solifluction lobes are formed when waterlogged soil slips down a slope due to gravity, forming U-shaped lobes.
120:. In the northern hemisphere larger swathes of northern Asia and northern North America are periglaciated. In Europe parts of
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Periglaciation results in a variety of ground conditions but especially those involving irregular, mixed deposits created by
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Latitude â temperatures tend to be higher towards the equator. Periglacial environments tend to be found in higher
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Boelhouwers, J.; Holness, S.; Sumner, P. (2003). "The maritime
Subantarctic: a distinct periglacial environment".
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862:. The History of the Study of Landforms: Or the Development of Geomorphology. Vol. 4. pp. 647â49.
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Many areas of periglaciation have relatively low precipitationâotherwise, they would be glaciatedâand low
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that stands out by its size and low-latitude location. In the southern hemisphere parts of the
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Brunsden, D. (2001). "A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology".
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resulting from earlier thawing of snow pack in the upper, more southerly reaches of their
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668:"Criteria to Distinguish Between Periglacial, Proglacial and Paraglacial Environments"
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which makes their average river discharge rates low. However, rivers flowing into the
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Quaternary and Recent
Processes and Forms (1890â1965) and the Mid-Century Revolutions
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Natural processes associated with freezing and thawing in regions close to glaciers
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Periglaciation became a distinct subject within the study of geology after
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405:. Periglacial environments trend towards stable geomorphologies.
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709:"Warming-driven erosion and sediment transport in cold regions"
42:(adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of
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SeppÀlÀ, Matti (1979). "Recent palsa studies in
Finland".
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adjacent to northern Canada and
Siberia are prone to
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that was current in Europe at the time. The journal
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caused significant discussion. In the field trip to
765:French, H. M. (1979). "Periglacial geomorphology".
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645:. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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183:Climate of dry unglaciated areas of Antarctica
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23:Example of a periglacial landscape with both
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1046:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
537:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
74:, his introduction of his work at the 1910
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593:Notable periglacial scientists include:
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557:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:Learn how and when to remove this message
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
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180:Climates of low annual temperature range
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713:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
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931:
748:"Periglacial Processes and Landforms"
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535:adding citations to reliable sources
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322:adding citations to reliable sources
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224:adding citations to reliable sources
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13:
752:Fundamentals of Physical Geography
423:is responsible for these features.
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1397:Montane grasslands and shrublands
934:"Periglacialne oblike na Pohorju"
848:"Periglacial Processes and Forms"
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76:International Geological Congress
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309:needs additional citations for
35:, Northwest Territories, Canada
1461:Category:Periglacial landforms
940:(in Slovenian) (27): 247â263.
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767:Progress in Physical Geography
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643:Geology; A Self-teaching Guide
105:Periglacial zones and climates
1:
1204:Solifluction lobes and sheets
1000:10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00134-X
919:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00247-7
822:"Stulecie pojĂȘcia peryglacja"
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1289:Syngenetic permafrost growth
1026:Acta Universitatis Ouluensis
820:Mroczek, PrzemysĆaw (2010).
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1044:The Periglacial Environment
932:Natek, Karel (2007-12-01).
854:; Brunsden, D.; Cox, N.J.;
290:Landforms of periglaciation
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442:Hickory Run Boulder Field
270:than they are lower down.
97:, established in 1954 by
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1042:French, Hugh M. (2007).
846:French, Hugh M. (2008).
672:Quaestiones Geographicae
457:Other landforms include:
352:Not to be confused with
144:, the ice-free areas of
1092:Periglacial environment
1013:Orbituary Link Washburn
968:French 2007, pp. 32â34
947:10.4312/dela.27.247-263
887:French 2007, pp. 11â13
641:Murck, Barbara (2001).
598:Albert Lincoln Washburn
434:Snowdonia National Park
279:affects Western Europe.
1502:Mountain geomorphology
1249:Fluvio-thermal erosion
666:Slaymaker, O. (2011).
589:Periglacial scientists
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111:Climatic geomorphology
94:Biuletyn Peryglacjalny
89:climatic geomorphology
68:Johan Gunnar Andersson
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1492:Periglacial landforms
1411:Massenerhebung effect
1116:Cryoplanation terrace
1028:. Ser. A (82): 81â87.
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150:sub-Antarctic islands
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829:PrzeglÄ
d Geologiczny
810:French 2007, pp. 3â4
746:Pidwirny, M (2006).
531:improve this section
318:improve this article
220:improve this section
168:Continental climates
165:High Arctic climates
1294:Zero-curtain effect
992:2001Caten..42...99B
911:2003Geomo..52...39B
779:1979PrPG....3..264F
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1161:Rock glacier
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529:Please help
517:
488:Stone stripe
483:Rock glacier
456:
455:
450:Pennsylvania
395:gelifluction
391:solifluction
384:
380:Pennsylvania
364:
336:
330:October 2016
327:
316:Please help
311:verification
308:
242:
236:October 2016
233:
218:Please help
206:
155:
122:Fennoscandia
114:
92:
61:
39:
38:
1254:Frost heave
1239:Cryosuction
1176:Thermokarst
1171:Glaciokarst
493:Thermokarst
430:Blockfields
399:frost creep
369:Mount Kenya
354:paraglacial
128:, northern
118:Pleistocene
72:Alfred Jahn
33:Tuktoyaktuk
1497:Permafrost
1487:Glaciology
1481:Categories
1335:Permafrost
1214:Stone ring
1194:Frost boil
1166:Strandflat
1106:Blockfield
629:References
623:Carl Troll
387:ice wedges
365:blockfield
158:Carl Troll
146:Antarctica
109:See also:
52:permafrost
48:geomorphic
1320:Ice wedge
1227:Processes
1111:Bratschen
1099:Landforms
956:1854-1089
795:220928112
608:Jan Dylik
518:does not
463:Bratschen
403:rockfalls
261:latitudes
207:does not
99:Jan Dylik
80:Stockholm
1448:Subpolar
1364:ecotones
1315:Gelisols
1279:Nivation
1199:Polygons
1131:Lithalsa
858:(eds.).
411:Dartmoor
276:Labrador
148:and the
134:Svalbard
84:Svalbard
78:held in
1431:Climate
988:Bibcode
907:Bibcode
775:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
680:Bibcode
579:erosion
539:removed
524:sources
268:Equator
228:removed
213:sources
126:Iceland
58:History
44:glacial
1438:Alpine
1387:Golets
1360:Biomes
1350:Yedoma
1050:
980:CATENA
954:
866:
793:
649:
156:Since
25:pingos
1443:Polar
1417:Taiga
1345:Talik
1325:Loess
1151:Pingo
1141:Palsa
1126:Kurum
825:(PDF)
791:S2CID
478:Pingo
468:Palsa
142:Andes
31:near
1362:and
1330:Peat
1136:Paha
1048:ISBN
952:ISSN
938:Dela
864:ISBN
647:ISBN
522:any
520:cite
401:and
211:any
209:cite
132:and
27:and
996:doi
942:doi
915:doi
783:doi
729:doi
688:doi
533:by
440:or
320:by
222:by
1483::
994:.
984:42
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950:.
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913:.
903:52
901:.
878:^
833:58
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686:.
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448:,
444:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
363:A
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1409:(
1084:e
1077:t
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