246:
282:. Despite this, azonal processes and landforms might still take on particular characteristics when developing under the influence of particular climates. When identified, morphoclimatic zones do usually lack sharp boundaries and tend to grade from one type to another resulting in that only the core of the zone has all expected attributes. Influential morphoclimatic zoning schemes are those of
17:
753:
studies". Another critical view is that of Eiju Yatsu who noted that climatic geomorphology relied much on "good observations which are hard to demonstrate and to learn. Description, mapping, and photos are the means of documentation. These are not easy to reproduce by others in other areas. Thus there is a strong subjective component."
744:. The criticism by Stoddart proved "devastating" contributing to a decline in the popularity of climatic geomorphology in the late 20th century. Stoddart criticized climatic geomorphology for applying supposedly "trivial" methodologies in establishing landform differences between morphoclimatic zones, being linked to
752:
is more rapid in tropical climates than in cold climates proved to not be straightforwardly true. Writing in 1974 Michael Thomas noted works on geomorphology in the tropics were often qualitative and in some cases even "impressionistic", but that there was "a small but growing number of quantitative
302:
in relation to climate, arguing the valley-cutting is dominant in subpolar regions while planation is so in the tropics. As such this scheme is concerned not only with processes but also with end-products of geomorphic activity. The scheme of
Tricart and Cailleux emphasizes the relationship between
662:
in the late 19th century
European explorers and scientists traveled across the globe bringing descriptions of landscapes and landforms. As geographical knowledge increased over time these observations were systematized in a search for regional patterns. Climate emerged thus as prime factor for
164:. Albeit the definition of what a periglacial zone is not clear-cut a conservative estimate is that a quarter of Earth's land surface has periglacial conditions. Beyond this quarter an additional quarter or fifth or Earth's land surface had periglacial conditions at some time during the
330:
and a few coastal morphoclimatic zones are justified. These zones amounts to about half of Earth's land surface, the remaining half cannot be explained in simple terms by climate-landform interactions. The limitations of morphoclimatic zoning were already discussed by
201:". Tropical geomorphology do mainly differ from other areas in the intensities and rates at which surface processes operate, and not by the type of processes. The tropics are characterized by particular climates, that may be dry or humid. Relative to
192:
If the tropics is defined as the area between 35° N and 35° S, then about 60% of Earth's surface lies within this zone. During most of the 20th century tropical geomorphology was neglected due to a bias towards
46:. Since landscape features in one region might have evolved under climates different from those of the present, studying climatically disparate regions might help understand present-day landscapes. For example,
748:
and by allegedly neglecting the fact that physical laws governing processes are the same across the globe. In addition some conceptions of climatic geomorphology, like that which holds that
213:
all of which are climatic features relevant for surface processes. Another characteristic, that is not related to present-day climate per se, is that a large portion of the tropics have a
272:; that is, zones where landforms are associated to present or past climates. However, only some processes and landforms can be associated with particular climates, meaning that they are
90:
Desert geomorphology or the geomorphology of arid and semi-arid lands shares many landforms and processes with more humid regions. One distinctive feature is the sparse or lacking
885:(2006). "BĂŒdel, J. 1982: Climatic geomorphology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Translation of Klima-geomorphologie, Berlin-Stuttgart: GebrĂŒder Borntraeger, 1977.)".
733:
In 1968 came the first
English translation of the "continental system" of climatic geomorphology. The following year climatic geomorphology was criticized in a 1969
756:
Despite having diminished in importance, climatic geomorphology continues to exist as a field of study producing relevant research. More recently, concerns over
726:
and Penck, who coined the term "climatic geomorphology". In the
English-speaking world the tendency was not explicit until L.C. Peltier's 1950 publication on a
629:
221:. Julius BĂŒdel, Pierre Birot and Jean Tricart have suggested that tropical rivers are dominated by fine-grained suspended load derived from advanced
1042:
38:
is the study of the role of climate in shaping landforms and the earth-surface processes. An approach used in climatic geomorphology is to study
703:
157:
1260:
42:
to infer ancient climates. Being often concerned about past climates climatic geomorphology considered sometimes to be an aspect of
690:
that was by the mid-20th century considered both un-innovative and dubious. Early climatic geomorphology developed primarily in
339:
as having more direct impact than climate in many parts of the World. According to M.A. Summerfield large-scale zoning of the
1350:
1323:
1304:
1054:
859:
225:, and this would make them less erosive than rivers elsewhere. Some landforms previously thought as typically tropical like
102:. Early work on desert geomorphology was done by Western explorers of the colonies of their respective countries in Africa (
679:, the leading geomorphologist of his time, recognized the role of climate by complementing his "normal" temperate climate
730:
cycle of erosion. This was however an isolated work whose theme was not followed up by other
English-language authors.
663:
explaining landform distribution at a grand scale. The rise of climatic geomorphology was foreshadowed by the work of
365:, that might not occurring at all in large swathes of the zone. Referring to the 1977 scheme of BĂŒdel MigoĆ states:
1268:
1221:
738:
361:
has questioned the validity of certain morphoclimatic zonation schemes since they are named after processes, like
1369:
1219:
Bremer, Hanna (1983). "Albrecht Penck (1858-1945) and
Walther Penck (1888-1923), two german geomorphologists".
1082:
887:
672:
160:. Periglacial geomorphology is concerned with non-glacial cold-climate landforms in areas with and without
741:
370:
1137:
989:
348:
31:
in the
Pacific Ocean are landforms associated to tropical climate. No atoll exists outside the tropics.
1384:
1296:
107:
1077:
683:
with arid and glacial ones. Nevertheless, interest in climatic geomorphology was also a reaction
268:
Climatic geomorphologists have devised various schemes that divide Earth's surface into various
1379:
1342:
169:
115:
1334:
1288:
1155:
Flemal, Ronald C. (1971). "The Attack on the
Davisian System Of Geomorphology: A Synopsis".
303:
geomorphology, climate and vegetation. An early attempt at morphoclimatic zoning is that of
82:
The various subbranches of climatic geomorphology focus on specific climatic environments.
1374:
1164:
699:
676:
269:
173:
71:
8:
1289:
749:
222:
1168:
710:. The foundation of climatic geomorphology in Germany lies according to Hanna Bremer in
1099:
904:
715:
691:
625:
332:
234:
210:
206:
153:
103:
99:
43:
851:
723:
664:
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1319:
1300:
1264:
1103:
1050:
908:
855:
824:
641:
362:
295:
245:
214:
194:
95:
291:
1172:
1091:
896:
847:
745:
722:'s preference of field observations over theory. Likely it was BĂŒdel, a student of
687:
680:
668:
592:
459:
439:
39:
777:
659:
645:
479:
435:
344:
257:
135:
707:
694:, chiefly France and Germany. The discipline emerged in the 1940s with works of
389:
in the same zone, labelled as the âperitropical zone of excessive planationâ?
283:
134:. Since the 1970s desert geomorphology in Earth has served to find analogues to
47:
1095:
757:
734:
727:
719:
711:
605:
352:
327:
304:
299:
202:
147:
127:
123:
67:
1176:
900:
882:
358:
1363:
506:
382:
312:
276:
processes and landforms not associated with particular climates are labelled
111:
1116:
Summerfield, M.A. (ed.). (2000), Geomorphology and global tectonics, Wiley.
588:
530:
374:
287:
181:
637:
613:
534:
378:
308:
177:
165:
51:
789:
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323:
253:
161:
91:
59:
595:
547:
475:
418:
230:
226:
198:
74:
of landforms formed at different times and under different climates.
152:
As a discipline periglacial geomorphology is close but different to
336:
218:
55:
842:
Gutiérrez, Mateo, ed. (2005). "Chapter 1 Climatic geomorphology".
624:
Winter cold arid zone of surface transformation, largely through
617:
580:
559:
526:
515:
498:
487:
340:
249:
119:
28:
591:
and traditionally continued development, largely through fluvio-
355:
and valleys relate to the history of uplift and not to climate.
94:
cover, which influences fluvial and slope processes, related to
609:
572:
551:
386:
319:
278:
576:
502:
446:
131:
63:
24:
20:
16:
1080:; Lageat, Y. (1994). "Climatic geomorphology: a critique".
307:
in 1910, who divided Earth in three zones depending on the
261:
1140:(2004). "Climatic geomorphology". In Goudie, A.S. (ed.).
168:. In periglacial geomorphology noted researchers include
988:
Thomas, Michael F. (2004). "Tropical geomorphology". In
343:
of Earth's surface is better explained on the basis of
264:. Deserts constitute undisputed morphoclimatic zones.
205:
the tropics contain areas of high temperatures, high
122:) or in the deserts of foreign countries such as the
1295:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp.
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
335:
in 1926 who considered vegetation and the extent of
822:
1063:
1361:
1214:
1212:
965:
963:
951:
823:Gutiérrez, Mateo; Gutiérrez, Francisco (2013).
318:A 1994 review argues that only the concepts of
114:), in frontier regions of their own countries (
394:Morphogenetic zones according to BĂŒdel (1977)
1209:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1076:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
960:
760:have led to a renewed interest in the field.
197:, and when dealt with it was highlighted as "
1205:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 222.
1201:Young, Anthony (1969). Clayton, K.M. (ed.).
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1047:The Encyclopedia of the Solid Earth Sciences
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
514:Subtropic zone of mixed relief development,
486:Subtropic zone of mixed relief development,
410:Glacial zone (and immediately adjacent area)
347:than on climate. An example of this are the
141:
1318:. Cambridge University Press. p. 454.
942:
877:
875:
873:
871:
1119:
1049:. Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 112â114.
972:
466:Ectropic zone of retarded valley cutting
217:which was inherited from the continent of
66:to understand the origin of the relief of
1183:
1027:
841:
653:
429:Subpolar zone of excessive valley cutting
187:
868:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
566:Inter-tropical zone of partial planation
541:Peritropical zone of excessive planation
244:
15:
1341:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1244:. The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 136.
844:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
240:
85:
1362:
1333:Gupta, Avijit (2011). "Introduction".
1313:
1286:
1239:
1218:
1154:
1148:
1136:
987:
1332:
1254:
1200:
1040:
881:
805:
1248:
13:
375:coastal ranges of southeast Brazil
77:
14:
1396:
831:. Vol. 13. pp. 115â131.
369:Is it really helpful to have the
294:(1965). BĂŒdel's schemes stresses
1316:Arid and Semi-Arid Geomorphology
1233:
1157:Journal of Geological Education
1110:
1018:
1009:
1000:
783:
770:
1222:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Geomorphologie
1083:Progress in Physical Geography
933:
924:
915:
888:Progress in Physical Geography
846:. Vol. 8. pp. 3â32.
835:
792:occur only in tropical waters.
776:See for example the extensive
1:
1142:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
994:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
852:10.1016/S0928-2025(05)80051-3
799:
371:Volcanic Cordillera of Mexico
449:valley cutting zone, in the
7:
1291:The Periglacial Environment
1045:. In Kearey, Philip (ed.).
10:
1401:
1314:Goudie, Andrew S. (2013).
1096:10.1177/030913339401800302
286:(1948, 1963, 1977) and of
145:
1257:Fantasia in Geomorphology
1177:10.5408/0022-1368-XIX.1.3
901:10.1191/0309133306pp473xx
829:Treatise on Geomorphology
401:
142:Periglacial geomorphology
1287:French, Hugh M. (2007).
1240:Thomas, Michael (1974).
1043:"Climatic geomorphology"
1024:French 2007, pp. 248â268
825:"Climatic Geomorphology"
763:
385:and the mountains of
108:German South West Africa
70:, which he argued was a
957:French 2007, pp. 11â13
739:process geomorphologist
381:, the escarpments of
1370:Climatic geomorphology
1337:Tropical Geomorphology
1242:Tropical Geomorphology
1006:Gupta 2011, "Foreword"
746:Davisian geomorphology
688:Davisian geomorphology
654:Historical development
391:
349:Scandinavian Mountains
265:
188:Tropical geomorphology
170:Johan Gunnar Andersson
62:processes in tropical
36:Climatic geomorphology
32:
996:. pp. 1063â1069.
367:
248:
146:Further information:
19:
1255:Yatsu, Eiju (2002).
1041:Sarre, R.D. (1993).
1015:Gupta 2011, pp. xiii
930:Goudie 2013, pp. 2â4
700:Emmanuel de Martonne
677:William Morris Davis
589:surface preservation
270:morphoclimatic zones
241:Morphoclimatic zones
229:are more related to
207:rainfall intensities
86:Desert geomorphology
1169:1971JGeoE..19....3F
1144:. pp. 162â164.
969:Gupta 2011, pp. 3â4
750:chemical weathering
395:
223:chemical weathering
948:French 2007, p. 8
716:Siegfried Passarge
692:continental Europe
658:During the age of
618:Australian Outback
587:Warm arid zone of
393:
337:weathered material
333:Siegfried Passarge
266:
211:evapotranspiration
195:temperate climates
154:Quaternary science
136:Martian landscapes
120:Australian Outback
104:French West Africa
44:historical geology
33:
1352:978-0-521-87990-3
1325:978-1-107-00554-9
1306:978-0-470-86588-0
1056:978-0-632-03699-8
939:Goudie 2013, p. 7
921:Goudie 2013, p. 1
861:978-0-444-51794-4
651:
650:
1392:
1385:Paleoclimatology
1356:
1340:
1329:
1310:
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879:
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839:
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832:
820:
793:
787:
781:
774:
681:cycle of erosion
673:Andreas Schimper
669:Vasily Dokuchaev
474:Most of Europe,
460:Russian Far East
440:Taymyr Peninsula
396:
392:
40:relict landforms
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
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1391:
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1389:
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840:
836:
821:
806:
802:
797:
796:
788:
784:
778:African Surface
775:
771:
766:
665:Wladimir Köppen
660:New Imperialism
656:
601:
522:
494:
480:Eurasian Steppe
470:
436:Canadian Arctic
414:
345:plate tectonics
258:Kerman Province
243:
203:temperate zones
190:
174:Walery ĆoziĆski
150:
144:
88:
80:
78:Sub-disciplines
12:
11:
5:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1330:
1324:
1311:
1305:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:. p. 24.
1247:
1232:
1208:
1182:
1147:
1118:
1109:
1090:(3): 319â334.
1062:
1055:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
971:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
867:
860:
834:
803:
801:
798:
795:
794:
782:
768:
767:
765:
762:
758:global warming
735:review article
720:Alfred Hettner
712:Albrecht Penck
655:
652:
649:
648:
635:
632:
621:
620:
603:
598:
584:
583:
570:
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442:
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430:
426:
425:
416:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
383:Western Ghats
305:Albrecht Penck
300:valley-cutting
292:André Cailleux
242:
239:
237:than climate.
235:rock structure
189:
186:
148:Periglaciation
143:
140:
128:Russian Empire
124:Ottoman Empire
87:
84:
79:
76:
68:Central Europe
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1380:Geomorphology
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1270:4-88156-084-0
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1078:Twidale, C.R.
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895:(1): 99â103.
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742:D.R. Stoddart
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507:Central Chile
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353:plateau areas
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313:precipitation
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116:American West
113:
112:Western Egypt
109:
105:
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100:salt activity
97:
93:
83:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:processes in
53:
50:studied both
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
18:
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1315:
1290:
1281:Bibliography
1256:
1250:
1241:
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1220:
1202:
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1156:
1150:
1141:
1138:Goudie, A.S.
1112:
1087:
1081:
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1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
990:Goudie, A.S.
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
892:
886:
883:MigoĆ, Piotr
843:
837:
828:
785:
772:
755:
732:
708:Julius BĂŒdel
704:Pierre Birot
684:
657:
531:Eastern Cape
377:, plains of
368:
357:
317:
288:Jean Tricart
284:Julius BĂŒdel
277:
273:
267:
191:
182:Jean Tricart
151:
89:
81:
52:cold-climate
48:Julius BĂŒdel
35:
34:
1375:Climatology
1163:(1): 3â13.
790:Coral reefs
728:periglacial
569:20° Nâ10° S
544:30° Nâ30° S
535:South Korea
379:East Africa
359:Piotr MigoĆ
328:periglacial
309:evaporation
178:Anders Rapp
166:Pleistocene
158:geocryology
1364:Categories
800:References
696:Carl Troll
642:Taklamakan
596:sandplains
556:Mozambique
451:permafrost
423:Antarctica
254:Lut Desert
227:bornhardts
215:low relief
162:permafrost
92:vegetation
72:palimpsest
60:weathering
1259:. Tokyo:
1229:(2): 129.
1104:129518705
909:129512489
626:pediments
548:Venezuela
516:monsoonal
476:Patagonia
419:Greenland
363:planation
315:ratios.
296:planation
231:lithology
209:and high
724:BrĂŒckner
646:Maranjab
634:50â30° N
600:35â10° N
523:20â40° S
521:45â25° N
495:30â35° S
493:40â30° N
471:35â55° S
469:60â35° N
456:70â50° N
432:80â60° N
415:60â90° S
413:90â65° N
405:Example
402:Latitude
250:Yardangs
219:Gondwana
56:Svalbard
1261:Sozosha
1165:Bibcode
992:(ed.).
685:against
606:Atacama
602:5â30° S
593:aeolian
581:Sumatra
560:Vietnam
527:Uruguay
499:Morocco
488:etesian
324:glacial
29:Tokelau
1349:
1322:
1303:
1267:
1203:Slopes
1102:
1053:
907:
858:
630:glacis
610:Sahara
573:Panama
552:Angola
518:region
490:region
453:region
387:Taiwan
351:whose
341:relief
320:desert
279:azonal
274:zonal;
199:exotic
126:, the
21:Atolls
1100:S2CID
905:S2CID
764:Notes
577:Gabon
503:Syria
447:Taiga
132:China
64:India
25:Atafu
23:like
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1051:ISBN
856:ISBN
718:and
706:and
671:and
638:Gobi
628:and
614:Thar
399:Zone
298:and
290:and
262:Iran
233:and
180:and
156:and
130:and
98:and
96:wind
58:and
1343:394
1297:458
1173:doi
1092:doi
897:doi
848:doi
737:by
252:in
27:in
1366::
1345:.
1299:.
1227:27
1225:.
1211:^
1185:^
1171:.
1161:19
1159:.
1121:^
1098:.
1088:18
1086:.
1065:^
1029:^
974:^
962:^
903:.
893:30
891:.
870:^
854:.
827:.
807:^
714:,
702:,
698:,
675:.
667:,
644:,
640:,
616:,
612:,
608:,
579:,
575:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
533:,
529:,
509:.
505:,
501:,
478:,
438:,
421:,
373:,
326:,
322:,
260:,
256:,
184:.
176:,
172:,
138:.
118:,
110:,
106:,
1355:.
1328:.
1309:.
1273:.
1179:.
1175::
1167::
1106:.
1094::
1059:.
911:.
899::
864:.
850::
780:.
311:-
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