2541:
2130:
964:
2266:
1801:
1868:
1096:
666:
57:
719:
1628:
1523:
813:
861:
687:, and uplands of the Howgill Fells, Orton Fells, Border Moors and Cheviot Hills. The West Pennine Moors, Rossendale Valley and Forest of Bowland are western spurs, the former two are in the South Pennines. The Howgill Fells and Orton Fells are sometimes considered to be part of the Pennines, both inside the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The Pennines are fringed by extensive
851:
and steep-sided wooded valleys linking the upland and lowland landscapes. The landscape is higher and more mountainous in the
Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines. The Yorkshire Dales are characterised by valleys, moorlands and fells while the North Pennines consist of plateaus, moorlands, fells, edges
2485:
can identify their species. The first trees to settle were willow, birch and juniper, followed later by alder and pine. By 6500 BC temperatures were warmer and woodlands covered 90% of the dales with mostly pine, elm, lime and oak. On the limestone soils the oak was slower to colonize and pine and
3109:
said, was "hidden and enclosed among steep Hilles to Latium in Italie, which Varro supposeth to have been called because it lyeth close under the
Apennine and the Alps". He went on to describe how "the North part ... riseth up and swelleth somewhat mountainous, with moores and hilles, but of no
2169:
tunnels, which are only slightly longer. The first two tunnels were replaced by
Woodhead 3, which was longer at 3 miles 66 yards (4860m). It was bored for the overhead electrification of the route and completed in 1953. The tunnel was opened by the transport minister
1164:
Water has carved out limestone landscapes in the North
Pennines, Yorkshire Dales and Peak District, with gorges and caves present in the Yorkshire Dales and Peak District. In some areas, precipitation has contributed to poor soils, resulting in part in
472:
in the 1740s and accepted as genuine until the 1840s. In 2004, George
Redmonds reassessed this, finding that numerous respected writers passed over the origin of the mountains' name in silence even in works dedicated to the topological etymology of
1851:, tourism accounts for £350 million of expenditure every year while employment is mostly dominated by farming, accommodation and food sectors. There are also significant challenges for managing tourism, farming and other developments within the
1160:
Precipitation is important for the area's biodiversity and human population. Many towns and cities are located along rivers flowing from the range and in northwest
England the lack of natural aquifers is compensated for by reservoirs.
776:
Although the
Pennines cover the area between the Peak District and the Tyne Gap, the Pennine Way affects perceptions of the southern and northern extents of the defined area. The southern end of the Pennines is said to be in the
2494:
find an increase in grassland species. On poorly drained impermeable areas of millstone grit, shale or clays the topsoil gets waterlogged in winter and spring. Here tree suppression combined with the heavier rainfall results in
2161:. At the time of its completion in 1845, Woodhead 1 was one of the world's longest railway tunnels at a length of 3 miles 13 yards (4,840 m); it was the first of several trans-Pennine tunnels including the
838:
with limestone gorges. The South
Pennines is an area of hills and moorlands with narrow valleys between the Peak District and Yorkshire Dales. Bowland is dominated by a central upland landform of deeply incised gritstone
1695:
in the west. The
Vikings influenced place names, culture and genetics. When England was unified the Pennines were incorporated. The mix of Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and Viking heritage resembled much of the rest of
4163:
1828:(12%) also being important while 12% are employed in agriculture. Limestone is the most important mineral quarried, mainly for roads and cement, while other extracted materials include shale for cement and
2185:
acquired the
Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847 and built a single-line tunnel parallel to the canal tunnel at Standedge with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). Today rail services along the
481:. He found that the derivation from Bertram was widely believed and considered uncomfortable. In fact, Redmonds found repeated comparisons with the Italian Apennines going back at least as early as
1150:
More snow falls on the Pennines than on surrounding lowland areas due to the elevation and distance from the coast; unlike lowland areas of England, the Pennines can have quite severe winters.
761:
which separates the Yorkshire Dales from the South Pennines to the south and the Forest of Bowland to the southwest. The main range then continues northwards across the Yorkshire Dales to the
2312:
AONB just north of the Yorkshire Dales rivals the national park in size and includes some of the Pennines' highest peaks and its most isolated and sparsely populated areas. Other AONBs are
789:, the start of the Pennine Way, but the main range continues south across the Peak District to the Weaver Hills, with its foothills merging into the Trent Valley. This encompasses eastern
2486:
birch predominated. Around 3000 BC a noticeable decline in tree pollen indicates that neolithic farmers were clearing woodland to increase grazing for domestic livestock, and studies at
1840:
are predominantly industrial, with the main industries including textiles, quarrying and mining, while other economic activities within the South Pennines include tourism and farming.
2241:, a long-distance route for cyclists, horse riders and walkers, runs west–east alongside rivers and canals, along disused railway tracks and through historic towns and cities from
527:
3977:
3465:
3742:
741:, separating the range from the Midland Plains to the south. The Pennines continue northwards across the Peak District and adjoin the South Pennines approximately around the
3110:
bignesse, which beginning here runs like as Apennine doth in Italie, through the middest of England ... even as far as Scotland, although oftentimes they change their name."
1083:. The Trent drains the east and west sides of the southern Pennines, also reaching the North Sea through the Humber Estuary. The Trent and Ouse meet and enter the Humber at
1716:
The Pennine region is sparsely populated by English standards. Larger population centres are in the foothills and lowlands fringing the southern Pennine range, such as
2560:, but the area hosts some specialised species. Deer are found throughout the Pennines and some species of animals that are rare elsewhere in England can be found here.
1119:) like the rest of England, but the uplands have more precipitation, stronger winds and colder weather than the surrounding areas. Some of the higher elevations have a
485:, many of whose placenames and ideas Bertram incorporated into his work. Bertram was responsible (at most) with popularizing the name against other contenders such as
830:
indented by more fertile river valleys, although the landscape varies in different areas. The Peak District consists of hills, plateaus and valleys, divided into the
2375:
remained in most areas of the Pennines longer than it did in the surrounding areas of England. Eventually, the Celtic tongue of the Pennines was replaced by early
545:
themselves—whose name first referred to their northern extremity and then later spread southward—is also disputed but is usually taken to derive from some form of
1211:
4197:
4035:
3153:
3284:
2673:
2564:, which were common in Britain during the Ice Age and retreated to the cooler, more tundra-like uplands once the climate warmed up, were introduced to the
2150:
4347:
4325:
3081:
Route VII: "... This province is divided into two equal parts by a chain of mountains called the Pennine Alps, which rising on the confines of the
4475:
2293:(AONBs). Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are afforded much the same protection as national parks. The national parks within the Pennines are the
4135:
3589:
1564:, limestone exposure has caused the formation of large cave systems and watercourses. In the Dales the caves or potholes are known as "pots" in the
1680:
the Pennines were controlled by Celtic and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It is believed that the north Pennines were under the control of the kingdom of
1153:
The northwest is amongst the wettest regions of England and much of the rain falls on the Pennines. The eastern side is drier than the west—the
1665:, made up of small tribes who inhabited the area and cooperated on defence and external affairs. They evolved an early form of kingdom. During
3790:
2422:
customs and folklore. Many customs and stories have their origin in Christianised pagan traditions. In the Peak District, a notable custom is
2234:
and other settlements, some a distance from their stations. The line has survived, despite difficult times and is operated by Northern Rail.
2171:
1669:, the Brigantes were dominated by the Romans who exploited the Pennines for their natural resources including the wild animals found there.
2952:
1875:
Gaps that allow west–east communication across the Pennines include the Tyne Gap between the Pennines and the Cheviots, through which the
1700:
and its culture developed alongside its lowland neighbours in northwest and northeast England. The Pennines were not a distinct political
99:
1169:
landscapes that characterize much of the range. In other areas where the soil has not been degraded, it has resulted in lush vegetation.
4437:
4465:
2540:
3985:
3493:
4480:
3922:
2395:
3733:
3441:
4303:
3190:
4495:
4470:
3764:
2930:
1075:
flows around the southern end of the Pennines and northwards on the eastern side taking water from tributaries, principally the
3540:
439:("head"). It did not become a common name until the 18th century and almost certainly derives from modern comparisons with the
4369:
923:
1,572 ft (479 m). Terrain is lower towards the south and the only peaks which exceed 2,000 ft (610 m) are
4239:
3242:
3006:
2587:
is still found in northern parts of the Pennines. Other birds whose English breeding strongholds are in the Pennines include
2199:
1560:. The limestone is exposed at the surface in the North Pennines, Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District. In the Dales and the
3643:
3870:
2286:
365:
4061:
3313:
2838:
4460:
3621:
2875:
2290:
2195:
4287:
4207:
2908:
2885:
2848:
2211:
2129:
931:
2,077 ft (633 m) in the Peak District. Other principal peaks in the South Pennines and Peak District include
516:
373:
4400:
4267:
4039:
3932:
3829:
3323:
3267:
2805:
2795:
2723:
357:
are also sometimes considered to be Pennine spurs. The Pennines are an important water catchment area, with numerous
1784:
are also in the surrounding foothills and lowlands. The Pennines contain the highest village in the United Kingdom,
4500:
4485:
2344:
developed. Little evidence of Cumbric remains, so it is difficult to ascertain whether or not it was distinct from
2182:
1588:, the largest cave entrance in the country. Erosion of the limestone has led to geological formations, such as the
963:
952:
757:, and include the Rossendale Valley and West Pennine Moors in the west. The range continues further north into the
3164:
1108:
450:
Following an 1853 article by Arthur Hussey, it has become a common belief that the name derives from a passage in
4490:
2026:
1607:
is a belt of exposed gritstone. Here the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit form high hills occupied by
1205:
2677:
4173:
1002:
742:
1852:
1749:
1704:, but were divided between neighbouring counties in northeast and northwest England; a major part was in the
1120:
696:
385:
381:
17:
3955:
2701:
The Backbone of England. A photographic and descriptive guide to the Pennine range from Derbyshire to Durham
809:, are not part of the Pennines but, perhaps because the Pennine Way crosses them, they are treated as such.
4283:
3794:
3071:, Anonymously translated & annotated by Henry Hatcher, London: J. White & Co., p. 51
2446:. In the Pennine millstone grit areas above an altitude of 900 feet (270 m) the topsoil is so acidic,
2399:
2302:
2191:
1565:
1180:. Zone 8 is common throughout most of the UK, and zone 7 is the UK's coldest hardiness zone. The Pennines,
1053:
377:
92:
3222:. Translated by Nesbitt, H. A. London; New York: Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co. p. 23.
1824:, tourism is the major local employment for park residents (24%), with manufacturing industries (19%) and
4141:
3596:
2619:, though many of these are at the southern limit of their distributions and are more common in Scotland.
1076:
900:
797:, and southern Derbyshire. Conversely, the Border Moors and Cheviot Hills, separated by the Tyne Gap and
3671:
3667:
3219:
Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia)
2438:
and subarctic landscapes and climates. The flora found there can be found in other areas of moorland in
4012:
2528:
have been designated as nature reserves or Important Plant Areas by the botanical conservation charity
2080:
1677:
1655:
1057:
932:
452:
3353:
2718:. Handbooks on the Geology of Great Britain (3rd ed.). London: HMSO (published 1954). p. 1.
4505:
2102:
2060:
1080:
632:
299:
1867:
1676:
expansion westwards, although it appears the Anglo-Saxons travelled through the valleys. During the
3706:
2633:
1741:
1721:
1705:
1534:
The Pennines have been carved from a series of geological structures whose overall form is a broad
879:
in eastern Cumbria, at 2,930 feet (893 m) and other principal peaks in the North Pennines are
4113:
2503:"In digging it away they frequently find vast fir trees, perfectly sound, and some oaks ..."
2487:
2223:
2072:
1998:
1725:
560:
401:
3416:
3366:
2964:
2960:
2588:
2576:
2265:
2254:
2231:
2083:. Fortnightly during the summer season, one can pass through the tunnel on a public narrowboat.
3034:
1847:
is mostly rural, the main economic activities in the area include farming and tourism. In the
4431:
4091:
3566:
3064:
2996:
2742:
2653:
2508:
2499:
up to 7 ft (2 m) thick. The erosion of peat still exposes stumps of ancient trees.
2052:
2045:
1800:
1585:
1061:
778:
770:
506:
1619:, heather and coarse grasses; the higher ground is uncultivable and barely fit for pasture.
3497:
2758:
2638:
2628:
2219:
2207:
1785:
920:
1538:
whose axis extends in a north–south direction. The North Pennines are coincident with the
8:
3046:
2238:
1912:
1888:
1832:
for building stone. The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled
1017:
982:
692:
603:
origin, not commonly used in standard English, are part of everyday speech: for example,
580:
564:
408:
2762:
1859:
include tourism, farming, timber and small-scale quarrying, due to the rural landscape.
2774:
2345:
1982:
1825:
1688:
1589:
1181:
688:
440:
369:
338:
326:
271:
167:
31:
3863:
765:
where it adjoins the North Pennines. The range continues into its northern end at the
4455:
4396:
4263:
4235:
4203:
4169:
3928:
3825:
3768:
3319:
3263:
3238:
3217:
3002:
2881:
2844:
2801:
2719:
2337:
2317:
2227:
2187:
2162:
2076:
1884:
1844:
1692:
1136:
806:
723:
708:
511:
389:
342:
334:
322:
3544:
3348:
2390:. The fusion of Norse influences into Old English was important in the formation of
733:
in the Peak District. The southern foothills of the range merge into the valley and
3845:
3519:
3020:
2778:
2766:
2553:
2467:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2341:
2333:
2154:
1904:
1880:
1697:
1185:
1095:
568:
465:
426:
251:
247:
205:
3541:"The Landscape of The Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)"
3060:
2608:
2596:
2439:
2298:
2215:
2175:
2146:
2138:
2014:
1932:
1848:
1112:
971:
944:
916:
912:
637:
623:
469:
283:
159:
151:
2001:
reaches 764 feet (233 m) following valley floors. In the Peak District the
306:, which lie beyond the Tyne Gap, are included in some definitions of the range.
61:
Northern England and adjoining areas, showing the general extent of the Pennines
4069:
3821:
3388:
3106:
2750:
2648:
2643:
2557:
2525:
2391:
2309:
2095:
2087:
1978:
1856:
1837:
1777:
1557:
1527:
1200:
1173:
1144:
1128:
1065:
904:
880:
734:
700:
673:
600:
482:
457:
430:
287:
279:
267:
263:
190:
155:
139:
1871:
The Pennines are traversed by several passes, mostly aligned with major rivers
4449:
2604:
2569:
2423:
2294:
2166:
1974:
1963:
1900:
1896:
1833:
1821:
1789:
1666:
1647:
1550:
1543:
1227:
1213:
1087:. Maximum discharge through the Humber can reach 1,500 m/s (53,000 cu ft/s).
948:
911:
2,274 ft (693 m). Principal peaks in the Forest of Bowland include
888:
820:
794:
684:
669:
611:
605:
546:
520:
393:
346:
303:
291:
259:
179:
147:
114:
101:
3614:
2592:
2584:
2364:
2352:
2158:
2134:
2064:
2041:
2006:
1928:
1733:
1729:
1577:
1539:
1045:
998:
994:
986:
978:
924:
896:
891:
2,451 ft (747 m). Principal peaks in the Yorkshire Dales include
816:
754:
750:
730:
704:
588:
498:
486:
376:). Running north to south, and including the Cheviots, the range is within
318:
35:
3411:
3409:
1756:
but most of the northern Pennine range is thinly populated. The cities of
1580:
in the Peak District, the deepest shaft known in Britain, is connected to
875:, with most of the mountainous terrain in the north. The highest point is
559:
Various towns and geographical features within the Pennines have names of
3086:
3038:
2561:
2496:
2463:
2415:
2360:
2321:
2250:
2030:
2010:
1947:
1673:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1157:
shields northeast England from rainfall that would otherwise fall there.
1154:
1084:
1072:
1033:
967:
940:
936:
908:
884:
848:
738:
576:
572:
412:
350:
295:
2379:
as Anglo-Saxons and Vikings settled the area and assimilated the Celts.
2348:. The extent of the region in which Cumbric was spoken is also unknown.
435:
4419:
3924:
Local Heritage, Global Context: Cultural Perspectives on Sense of Place
3406:
3090:
2612:
2580:
2545:
2521:
2482:
2383:
2313:
2203:
2068:
2022:
2018:
1924:
1809:
1769:
1639:
1573:
1561:
1508:
1049:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1006:
990:
876:
864:
835:
826:
Most of the Pennine landscape is characterised by upland areas of high
782:
766:
478:
474:
330:
314:
275:
255:
175:
163:
75:
2426:, which has its origin in pagan traditions that became Christianised.
4424:
3970:
3896:
3443:
Geography: Or, First Division of "The English Encyclopædia", Volume 3
2770:
2737:
2735:
2565:
2529:
2478:
2455:
2387:
2242:
2122:
2034:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1955:
1951:
1936:
1908:
1829:
1781:
1773:
1753:
1662:
1643:
1632:
1604:
1599:
Between the northern and southern areas of exposed limestone between
1553:
1535:
1189:
1100:
1037:
1029:
1010:
892:
831:
798:
762:
753:. The South Pennines are separated from the Forest of Bowland by the
746:
665:
542:
489:'s "English Andes". His own form of the name was the "Pennine Alps" (
358:
4430:
3285:"Yorkshire Dales expand into Lancashire in national parks land grab"
1788:, at 1,519 feet (463 m), near the southern end of the range in
1546:. In the south the Peak District is essentially a flat-topped dome.
254:
of England" because of its length and position, the range runs from
56:
3684:
3001:, London: Hambledon & London (published 2004), pp. 65–68,
2459:
2435:
2091:
1970:
1959:
1920:
1916:
1892:
1876:
1757:
1745:
1717:
1608:
1166:
928:
827:
802:
790:
769:, separating it from the Border Moors and Cheviot Hills across the
758:
712:
680:
628:
596:
592:
538:
310:
243:
171:
3674:, Marginal Upland Grazing Sutton Moor, Domesday Reloaded, BBC 1986
3069:
The Description of Britain, Translated from Richard of Cirencester
2732:
1836:
and there are approximately 2,700 farms in the National Park. The
1627:
729:
The main range of the Pennines start from its southern end at the
718:
4393:
The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1998–1991
4036:"Standedge Tunnel & Visitor Centre: Opening times and prices"
3102:
2475:
2451:
2246:
2110:
2106:
1994:
1939:
1895:, its summit at 1,450 feet (440 m), follows the course of a
1817:
1612:
1600:
627:(valley). Northumbrian/borders terms are used in South Tynedale,
584:
425:
Various etymologies have proposed treating "Pennine" as a native
397:
354:
143:
39:
2995:
Redmonds, George (15 March 2007), "A Major Place-Name Ignored",
2575:
Large areas of heather moorland in the Pennines are managed for
2044:, the highest motorway in England at 1,221 feet (372 m) on
1522:
3089:], extend towards the north in a continued series of fifty
2600:
2491:
2471:
2443:
2419:
2356:
1813:
1737:
1701:
1681:
1651:
812:
82:
2869:
2867:
2481:
retreated c. 11,500 BC trees returned and archaeological
3082:
2616:
2411:
2118:
2114:
1943:
1765:
1761:
786:
531:
444:
1661:
The uplands were controlled by the tribal federation of the
860:
3197:. Oxford; Medford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library
3135:
3119:
2864:
2105:, the longest and most northerly, crosses the Pennines via
1985:
reaching 1,282 feet (391 m) between Littleborough and
1616:
1248:; elevation: 847 m (2,779 ft); 1991–2020 normals
1177:
872:
871:
Rising less than 3,000 feet (900 m), the Pennines are
844:
840:
617:
534:
502:
396:. The only significant unprotected gap is the area between
220:
214:
2757:(4023) (1960 ed.). London and Glasgow: Collins: 809.
4262:(new ed.). Ilkley, Yorkshire: Great Northern Books.
3948:
2222:
through remote, scenic regions of the Pennines from near
3871:"£1.2m fund available to South Pennines farm businesses"
3543:. Lancashire County Council. 6 June 2007. Archived from
981:
in northern England, dividing east and west. The rivers
852:
and valleys, with most of the higher peaks in the west.
2447:
1568:. They include some of the largest caves in England at
1172:
For the purpose of growing plants, the Pennines are in
2548:
is an economically important activity in the Pennines.
2532:, and are nationally important for their wildflowers.
1923:
links Lancashire and Yorkshire via the valleys of the
2800:. Alan G. Ogilvie. 2 January 2014. pp. 270–271.
1808:
The main economic activities in the Pennines include
226:
223:
217:
3734:"The UK's highest mountain? It's not what you think"
2285:
Considerable areas of the Pennines are protected as
2249:(207 miles/333 km). It crosses the north–south
211:
3793:. Peak District National Park. 2003. Archived from
3307:
3305:
3035:"A Renewed Examination of 'Richard of Cirencester'"
2332:The language used in pre-Roman and Roman times was
2151:
Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway
977:For much of their length the Pennines are the main
208:
4340:
3732:
313:, a wide pass formed by the valleys of the rivers
278:in the north, the range extends south through the
3783:
3757:
2355:times the area was settled by Anglian peoples of
1942:near its 1,729-foot (527 m) summit, between
4447:
3302:
2703:. Guildford and Esher: Billing and Sons Limited.
2552:Fauna in the Pennines is similar to the rest of
1687:During Norse times the Pennines were settled by
1542:and the Yorkshire Dales are coincident with the
1016:On the eastern side of the Pennines, the rivers
526:. The St. Bernard Pass was the pass used in the
4318:
2790:
2788:
1631:A prehistoric settlement on Harkerside Moor in
515:whose name has been variously derived from the
4229:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3838:
3622:"Great Dun Fell 2 Climatic Averages 1981–2010"
2713:
2394:and hence Modern English, and many individual
2386:Scandinavian settlers brought their language,
2178:& Partners. The line was closed in 1981.
1572:, more than 350 ft (107 m) deep and
679:The northern Pennine range is bordered by the
4260:The Yorkshire Dales, A landscape Through Time
3496:. Peak District National Park. Archived from
3344:
3342:
2998:Names and History: People, Places, and Things
2410:The folklore and customs are mostly based on
380:, the North Pennines National Landscape, the
4199:Ritual Journeys With Great British Goddesses
3636:
3161:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names
2785:
2741:
2442:and some species are also found in areas of
2051:Three trans-Pennine canals built during the
834:with moorlands and gritstone edges, and the
4253:
4251:
4000:
3595:. University of East Anglia. Archived from
3590:"The Humber Catchment and its Coastal Area"
3367:"NCA Profile: 36 Southern Pennines (NE323)"
3260:The Yorkshire Dales. Landscape with Figures
3189:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2745:(1946). "Britain's Structure and Scenery".
2434:Flora in the higher Pennines is adapted to
2260:
2137:train about to enter the western portal of
491:
4384:
4296:
4289:A Six Months' Tour of the North of England
4140:, transpenninetrail.org.uk, archived from
4114:"Timetables – The Settle Carlisle Railway"
3339:
3188:
3085:and Carnabii, near the River Trivona [
2513:A Six Months' Tour of the North of England
1111:, the Pennines generally have a temperate
361:in the head streams of the river valleys.
4476:Mountains and hills of Greater Manchester
3920:
3791:"Peak District National Park: Study Area"
3417:"NCA Profile: 10. North Pennines (NE428)"
3232:
3151:
2873:
2398:remain in use in local dialects, such as
587:. More commonly, local names result from
4248:
4106:
3163:. Aberystwyth University. Archived from
2994:
2979:
2539:
2264:
2128:
2075:, it passes under the range through the
1866:
1799:
1626:
1521:
1192:are the only areas of the UK in zone 7.
1094:
962:
859:
811:
717:
664:
4390:
4223:
4038:. Canal and River Trust. Archived from
3235:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
3059:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2698:
2520:Limestone areas of the Pennines in the
2405:
2174:on 3 June 1954. It was designed by Sir
1966:which reaches 1,100 feet (340 m).
843:covered with tracts of heather-covered
505:. Those mountains (the area around the
14:
4448:
4230:Kelsall, Dennis; Kelsall, Jan (2008).
3446:. Charles Knight. 1867. pp. 69–70
3215:
3053:
3032:
1855:. The main economic activities in the
4282:
4276:
4257:
4161:
3815:
3809:
3767:. Peak District. 2009. Archived from
3730:
3663:
3661:
3644:"Great Dun Fell 2 1991–2020 averages"
3311:
3262:. London: Century Publishing Co Ltd.
3182:
2909:"Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty"
2836:
2316:east of the Yorkshire Dales, and the
1642:settlements, and evidence remains of
541:in 390 BC. The etymology of the
325:off the main Pennine range east into
309:The range is divided into two by the
4362:
4234:. Milnthorpe: Cicerone. p. 26.
4202:. Trafford Publishing. p. 148.
4054:
3745:from the original on 12 January 2022
3587:
3282:
3257:
2821:
2714:Edwards, W.; Trotter, F. M. (1975).
2674:"What are the landforms of England?"
27:Range of uplands in Northern England
4232:The Yorkshire Dales: South and West
4195:
4116:. The Settle–Carlisle Railway. 1010
2840:Great Mountain Days in the Pennines
2291:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
1549:Each of the structures consists of
867:, the highest point of the Pennines
509:) derive their name from the Latin
415:, runs along most of the Pennines.
374:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
24:
4348:"Moor House to Upper Teesdale IPA"
4137:Welcome to the Trans Pennine Trail
3658:
3152:Falileyev, Alexander, ed. (2007).
2040:The Pennines are traversed by the
1672:The Pennines were an obstacle for
364:Most of the range is protected by
25:
4517:
4466:Mountains and hills of Derbyshire
4413:
2676:. Project Britain. Archived from
2276:
2270:
1931:. Other high-level roads include
1576:, 365 ft (111 m) deep.
4481:Mountains and hills of Yorkshire
3818:Geography An Integrated Approach
3731:Smith, Oliver (9 October 2017).
3049:& Son, pp. 270–273
2183:London and North Western Railway
2141:, shortly before closure in 1981
2094:, connecting the market town of
1993:along the Calder Valley between
1064:, and reach the sea through the
919:1,710 ft (521 m), and
887:2,585 ft (788 m), and
204:
55:
4420:The Pennine Edge Forest Network
4326:"Yorkshire Dales Limestone IPA"
4189:
4155:
4128:
4084:
4028:
3958:. Yorkshire Dales National Park
3914:
3889:
3724:
3699:
3677:
3581:
3569:. Yorkshire Dales National Park
3559:
3533:
3512:
3486:
3466:"City Centre Conservation Area"
3458:
3434:
3381:
3359:
3312:Banks, Francis Richard (1963).
3276:
3251:
3226:
3209:
3145:
3129:
3113:
3096:
3075:
3026:
3014:
2945:
2716:The Pennines and Adjacent Areas
2324:, west of the Yorkshire Dales.
2027:Holme Moss transmitting station
2009:in Greater Manchester with the
951:1,319 ft (402 m) and
927:2,087 ft (636 m) and
907:2,324 ft (708 m) and
443:, which run down the middle of
4496:Mountains and hills of England
4471:Mountains and hills of Cumbria
2923:
2901:
2880:. Cambridge University Press.
2707:
2692:
2666:
2450:2 to 4, that it can grow only
2025:, whose highest point is near
294:to end near the valley of the
13:
1:
4391:Gibbons; et al. (1993).
2659:
2462:, and coarse grasses such as
2305:(9) sometimes also included.
2299:Yorkshire Dales National Park
2071:in the west. When it reaches
1804:Tunsted Quarry, Peak District
1711:
1009:) flow westwards towards the
697:West Lancashire Coastal Plain
599:, and Cumbria, many words of
411:, the 268-mile (429 km)
386:Nidderdale National Landscape
382:Yorkshire Dales National Park
250:. Commonly described as the "
2877:A Nature Conservation Review
2583:. The related and declining
2402:, and in local place names.
2303:Northumberland National Park
2214:. Between 1869 and 1876 the
1862:
955:1,496 ft (456 m).
947:1,778 ft (542 m),
943:1,827 ft (557 m),
939:1,834 ft (559 m),
935:1,909 ft (582 m),
915:1,841 ft (561 m),
903:2,328 ft (710 m),
899:2,372 ft (723 m),
895:2,415 ft (736 m),
883:2,782 ft (848 m),
855:
660:
392:National Landscape, and the
378:Northumberland National Park
7:
4165:A Social History of English
3393:The Yorkshire Dales Website
3283:Pidd, Helen (August 2016).
3045:, vol. XXXIX, London:
2622:
2327:
2295:Peak District National Park
2253:(268 miles/431 km) at
1437:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1297:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1176:7 and 8, as defined by the
958:
595:settlements. In Yorkshire,
497:), which today is used for
394:Peak District National Park
10:
4522:
4461:Mountain ranges of England
4292:. W. Strahan. p. 270.
3685:"A landscape through time"
3520:"About the South Pennines"
2953:"Trail stats, Pennine Way"
1795:
1656:Long Meg and Her Daughters
1646:settlement including many
1622:
1517:
1506:
1198:
1090:
1028:all drain directly to the
483:William Camden (1551–1623)
453:The Description of Britain
29:
4168:. Routledge. p. 15.
2874:Ratcliffe, Derek (2011).
2103:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
2090:crosses the Pennines via
2061:Huddersfield Narrow Canal
1436:
1366:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
185:
135:
130:
91:
81:
71:
66:
54:
49:
3921:Szymanski, Rosy (2016).
3237:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
3043:The Gentleman's Magazine
2957:National Trails Homepage
2634:Geology of Great Britain
2535:
2429:
2261:National Parks and AONBs
2005:Woodhead road links the
1706:West Riding of Yorkshire
1121:subpolar oceanic climate
30:Not to be confused with
4501:Physiographic provinces
4486:Hills of Northumberland
4438:Encyclopædia Britannica
4370:"Important Plant Areas"
4258:White, Robert (2005) .
4094:. settle-carlisle.co.uk
3354:Encyclopædia Britannica
3033:Hussey, Arthur (1853),
2699:Poucher, W. A. (1946).
2153:in 1845, engineered by
1638:The Pennines contained
993:and tributaries of the
793:, northern and eastern
609:(narrow steep valley),
420:
4491:Hills of Staffordshire
4441:(11th ed.). 1911.
4395:. T & A D Poyser.
4014:Transpennine Crossings
3978:"Economy and business"
3233:Matasović, R. (2009).
3142:, Book XXXI, §38.
2961:The Countryside Agency
2549:
2524:, Yorkshire Dales and
2518:
2396:words of Norse descent
2282:
2255:Crowden-in-Longdendale
2232:Appleby-in-Westmorland
2142:
1919:in County Durham. The
1872:
1805:
1635:
1531:
1127:), which may border a
1104:
974:
868:
823:
801:, along which run the
726:
676:
492:
461:
447:in a similar fashion.
409:long-distance footpath
4432:"Pennine Chain"
3765:"A place called home"
3588:Cave, Rachel (2002).
2837:Marsh, Terry (2013).
2654:Yorkshire Three Peaks
2572:in the 19th century.
2543:
2501:
2268:
2149:was completed by the
2132:
2053:Industrial Revolution
1870:
1803:
1630:
1586:Castleton, Derbyshire
1526:Limestone scenery at
1525:
1208:: 03227; coordinates
1109:Köppen classification
1098:
966:
863:
815:
771:Anglo-Scottish border
721:
668:
264:north of the Midlands
234:), also known as the
4162:Leith, Dick (2005).
4062:"The Woodhead Route"
3500:on 14 September 2017
3258:Gunn, Peter (1984).
2639:Geology of Yorkshire
2629:Geography of England
2406:Folklore and customs
2220:Settle-Carlisle Line
2208:TransPennine Express
1228:54.68401°N 2.45132°W
921:Hawthornthwaite Fell
556:("mountain, head").
321:. There are several
115:54.70278°N 2.48722°W
4196:Fox, Susie (2012).
4066:Railways of Britain
4042:on 7 September 2013
3982:North Pennines AONB
3216:Deecke, W. (1904).
3154:"Summus P(o)eninus"
3126:, Book V, §35.
3023:, cited by Redmonds
2763:1946Natur.158..809T
2281:in Northern England
2239:Trans Pennine Trail
2145:The first of three
1889:Newcastle upon Tyne
1881:Tyne Valley railway
1590:limestone pavements
1367:Daily mean °C (°F)
1223: /
615:(brook or stream),
519:, a local god, and
501:of the continental
370:national landscapes
111: /
4144:on 19 October 2013
3988:on 7 November 2017
3816:Waugh, D. (2000).
3602:on 2 February 2014
3547:on 7 February 2009
3473:Derby City Council
3195:A Latin Dictionary
2550:
2363:, rather than the
2283:
2143:
2048:near Junction 23.
2021:is crossed by the
1983:Greater Manchester
1969:Further south the
1873:
1806:
1636:
1532:
1233:54.68401; -2.45132
1182:Scottish Highlands
1105:
1060:all flow into the
975:
869:
824:
727:
677:
563:origin, including
528:invasions of Italy
466:historical forgery
441:Apennine Mountains
339:West Pennine Moors
327:Greater Manchester
272:North East England
246:mainly located in
168:Greater Manchester
120:54.70278; -2.48722
67:Highest point
32:Apennine Mountains
4425:Pennine Prospects
4241:978-1-85284-485-1
3901:Forest of Bowland
3877:. 20 January 2017
3850:Pennine Prospects
3687:. Out of Oblivion
3369:. Natural England
3244:978-90-04-17336-1
3008:978-1-85285-426-3
2967:on 13 August 2007
2933:. Natural England
2911:. Natural England
2468:purple moor grass
2400:that of Yorkshire
2338:Early Middle Ages
2287:UK national parks
2188:Huddersfield line
2121:in the east with
2067:in the east with
2055:cross the range:
1845:Forest of Bowland
1693:Norwegian Vikings
1566:Yorkshire dialect
1514:
1513:
1203:, North Pennines
1199:Climate data for
1137:subarctic climate
1107:According to the
1103:, Yorkshire Dales
724:Forest of Bowland
709:Humberhead Levels
499:a western section
462:De Situ Britanniæ
407:Britain's oldest
390:Forest of Bowland
333:, comprising the
242:, are a range of
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
4513:
4506:Northern England
4442:
4434:
4407:
4406:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4068:. Archived from
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4009:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:. Archived from
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3846:"South Pennines"
3842:
3836:
3835:
3820:(3rd ed.).
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3707:"North Pennines"
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3315:English Villages
3309:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3065:"Chapter XXXIII"
3061:Bertram, Charles
3057:
3051:
3050:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2992:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2963:. Archived from
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2931:"National Parks"
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2834:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2771:10.1038/158809a0
2743:Dudley Stamp, L.
2739:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:on 1 August 2016
2670:
2516:
2369:Southern England
2342:Cumbric language
2334:Common Brittonic
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2206:are operated by
2172:Alan Lennox-Boyd
2155:Charles Vignoles
2147:Woodhead Tunnels
2098:with Manchester.
2077:Standedge Tunnel
1911:Gap between the
1698:northern England
1691:in the east and
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:Great Dun Fell 2
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1196:
1195:
1186:Southern Uplands
1143:) in areas like
507:St. Bernard Pass
495:
433:name related to
335:Rossendale Fells
248:Northern England
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
87:893 m (2,930 ft)
59:
47:
46:
21:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4446:
4445:
4429:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4072:on 2 March 2008
4060:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4010:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3797:on 20 June 2005
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3666:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3421:Natural England
3415:
3414:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3318:. p. 175.
3310:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:on 31 July 2009
3167:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3140:History of Rome
3134:
3130:
3124:History of Rome
3118:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3080:
3076:
3058:
3054:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2993:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2835:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2625:
2609:short-eared owl
2577:driven shooting
2538:
2517:
2507:
2440:Northern Europe
2432:
2408:
2330:
2277:
2271:
2269:National parks
2263:
2216:Midland Railway
2176:William Halcrow
2015:South Yorkshire
1933:Buttertubs Pass
1915:in Cumbria and
1865:
1849:Yorkshire Dales
1798:
1714:
1625:
1530:, Peak District
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1174:hardiness zones
1113:oceanic climate
1099:A snow-covered
1093:
997:(including the
972:Yorkshire Dales
961:
945:Black Chew Head
917:Fair Snape Fell
858:
722:Scenery in the
663:
470:Charles Bertram
464:), an infamous
423:
284:Yorkshire Dales
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152:North Yorkshire
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3808:
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3771:on 19 May 2009
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2088:Rochdale Canal
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1979:West Yorkshire
1973:traverses the
1864:
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1857:North Pennines
1838:South Pennines
1816:, finance and
1797:
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1778:Stoke-on-Trent
1713:
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1066:Humber Estuary
1062:Yorkshire Ouse
960:
957:
905:Wild Boar Fell
881:Great Dun Fell
857:
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807:Hadrian's Wall
713:Midland Plains
701:Cheshire Plain
691:including the
674:South Pennines
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366:national parks
288:South Pennines
280:North Pennines
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2373:Celtic speech
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2343:
2339:
2336:. During the
2335:
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2318:Bowland Fells
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2301:(7) with the
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1972:
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1965:
1964:Garsdale Head
1962:to Hawes via
1961:
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1935:, named from
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1850:
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1841:
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1835:
1834:mineral water
1831:
1827:
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1822:Peak District
1819:
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1810:sheep farming
1802:
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949:Rombalds Moor
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488:
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468:concocted by
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343:Bowland Fells
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304:Cheviot Hills
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240:Pennine Hills
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19:
18:Pennine Dales
4436:
4392:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4298:
4288:
4278:
4259:
4231:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4198:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4164:
4157:
4146:, retrieved
4142:the original
4136:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4086:
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4070:the original
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4040:the original
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3986:the original
3981:
3972:
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3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3923:
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3900:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3874:
3865:
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3849:
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3799:. Retrieved
3795:the original
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:the original
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3738:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3679:
3648:. Retrieved
3646:. Met Office
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3624:. Met Office
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3597:the original
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3442:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3420:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3329:. Retrieved
3314:
3292:. Retrieved
3289:The Guardian
3288:
3278:
3259:
3253:
3234:
3228:
3218:
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3199:. Retrieved
3194:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3160:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3098:
3077:
3068:
3055:
3047:J.B. Nichols
3042:
3039:Cave, Edward
3028:
3016:
2997:
2969:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2876:
2854:. Retrieved
2843:. Cicerone.
2839:
2811:. Retrieved
2796:
2754:
2746:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2668:
2585:black grouse
2574:
2568:area of the
2562:Arctic hares
2551:
2544:Shooting of
2519:
2512:
2509:Arthur Young
2502:
2488:Linton Mires
2433:
2409:
2381:
2365:Saxon people
2350:
2331:
2320:, including
2307:
2297:(1) and the
2284:
2236:
2202:stations in
2192:Huddersfield
2180:
2159:Joseph Locke
2144:
2135:British Rail
2125:in the west.
2065:Huddersfield
2050:
2042:M62 motorway
2039:
2007:M67 motorway
1989:, while the
1968:
1907:through the
1874:
1842:
1807:
1734:Macclesfield
1730:Huddersfield
1722:Chesterfield
1715:
1689:Viking Danes
1686:
1671:
1660:
1637:
1598:
1548:
1540:Alston Block
1533:
1171:
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1159:
1152:
1149:
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1132:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1070:
1015:
976:
925:Kinder Scout
913:Ward's Stone
897:Ingleborough
870:
825:
817:Stanage Edge
775:
751:Holme Valley
731:Weaver Hills
728:
705:Vale of York
678:
654:
650:
646:
642:
636:
622:
621:(hill), and
616:
610:
604:
558:
553:
549:
523:
512:Alpes Pœninæ
510:
490:
487:Daniel Defoe
451:
449:
434:
424:
417:
406:
363:
308:
300:Border Moors
239:
235:
199:
197:
44:
36:Pennine Alps
4372:. Plantflie
4350:. Plantlife
4328:. Plantlife
4306:. Plantlife
4304:"Deep Dale"
3711:My Pennines
3628:22 December
3567:"Landscape"
3494:"Landscape"
3450:10 December
3191:"Apenninus"
2497:blanket bog
2492:Eshton Tarn
2464:cottongrass
2416:Anglo-Saxon
2382:During the
2361:Northumbria
2353:Anglo-Saxon
2322:Pendle Hill
2251:Pennine Way
2117:connecting
2109:, Burnley,
2031:Longdendale
2011:M1 motorway
1948:Wensleydale
1913:Eden Valley
1674:Anglo-Saxon
1667:Roman times
1594:Malham Cove
1582:Peak Cavern
1570:Gaping Gill
1528:Thor's Cave
1231: /
1155:rain shadow
1085:Trent Falls
1073:River Trent
968:Ribblesdale
953:Winter Hill
941:Pendle Hill
937:Shining Tor
909:Pen-y-ghent
885:Mickle Fell
849:blanket bog
743:Tame Valley
739:River Trent
693:Eden Valley
653:(hill) and
589:Anglo-Saxon
577:Pendle Hill
573:Pen-y-ghent
413:Pennine Way
351:Orton Fells
296:River Trent
274:. From the
118: /
93:Coordinates
4450:Categories
4215:9 November
4181:9 November
4175:113471145X
4076:27 January
3962:5 November
3881:5 November
3855:5 November
3801:5 November
3775:5 November
3606:12 October
3551:7 December
3294:20 January
3201:23 October
3093: ..."
2937:2 December
2915:23 October
2893:20 January
2856:31 October
2813:31 October
2660:References
2613:ring ouzel
2581:red grouse
2546:red grouse
2522:White Peak
2483:palynology
2472:heath rush
2384:Viking Age
2314:Nidderdale
2275:and AONBs
2218:built the
2204:Manchester
2200:Piccadilly
2139:Woodhead 3
2069:Manchester
2046:Windy Hill
2023:A6024 road
2019:Holme Moss
1899:road from
1770:Manchester
1712:Demography
1654:, such as
1640:Bronze Age
1574:Rowten Pot
1562:White Peak
1509:Met Office
1237: (
1215:54°41′02″N
933:Black Hill
877:Cross Fell
865:Cross Fell
847:moorland,
836:White Peak
783:Derbyshire
649:(valley),
645:(ravine),
641:(stream),
635:, such as
606:gill/ghyll
581:River Eden
565:Pennington
479:Lancashire
475:Derbyshire
372:(formerly
359:reservoirs
331:Lancashire
256:Derbyshire
176:Derbyshire
164:Lancashire
103:54°42′10″N
76:Cross Fell
4148:14 August
4098:15 August
4092:"History"
4046:15 August
4021:14 August
3956:"Economy"
3940:3 January
3906:3 January
3897:"Farming"
3478:19 August
3063:(1809) ,
2566:Dark Peak
2530:Plantlife
2474:. As the
2388:Old Norse
2346:Old Welsh
2243:Southport
2163:Standedge
2123:Liverpool
2063:connects
2035:Holmfirth
1991:A646 road
1987:Ripponden
1956:A684 road
1952:Swaledale
1937:limestone
1909:Stainmore
1863:Transport
1830:gritstone
1826:quarrying
1820:. In the
1814:quarrying
1782:Wakefield
1774:Sheffield
1754:Stockport
1750:Middleton
1678:Dark Ages
1663:Brigantes
1644:Neolithic
1633:Swaledale
1605:Dark Peak
1554:limestone
1536:anticline
1218:2°27′05″W
1190:Snowdonia
1101:Whernside
1030:North Sea
1011:Irish Sea
979:watershed
901:High Seat
893:Whernside
856:Elevation
832:Dark Peak
799:Whin Sill
779:High Peak
747:Standedge
681:foothills
661:Geography
633:Allendale
543:Apennines
427:Brittonic
189:England,
131:Geography
106:2°29′14″W
83:Elevation
4456:Pennines
4376:1 August
4354:1 August
4332:1 August
4310:1 August
4286:(1770).
4120:1 August
3992:1 August
3743:Archived
3716:15 April
3691:5 August
3650:10 March
3349:Pennines
2971:3 August
2753:Series.
2623:See also
2579:of wild
2506:—
2460:sphagnum
2436:moorland
2328:Language
2230:passing
2228:Carlisle
2212:Northern
2196:Victoria
2190:between
2092:Rochdale
2029:between
1977:between
1971:A58 road
1960:Sedbergh
1954:and the
1940:potholes
1921:Aire Gap
1917:Teesdale
1893:A66 road
1885:Carlisle
1877:A69 road
1758:Bradford
1746:Rochdale
1718:Barnsley
1609:moorland
1603:and the
1507:Source:
1167:moorland
959:Drainage
929:Bleaklow
828:moorland
791:Cheshire
767:Tyne Gap
759:Aire Gap
711:and the
689:lowlands
629:Weardale
597:Teesdale
539:Lingones
429:/Modern
311:Aire Gap
276:Tyne Gap
252:backbone
200:Pennines
172:Cheshire
136:Location
50:Pennines
3749:3 April
3573:22 July
3525:22 July
3504:22 July
3351:at the
3331:3 April
3103:Skipton
3041:(ed.),
3021:Gelling
2779:4074834
2759:Bibcode
2684:25 July
2554:England
2476:Ice age
2456:heather
2452:bracken
2377:English
2351:During
2278:
2272:
2247:Hornsea
2111:Chorley
2107:Skipton
2073:Marsden
1999:Halifax
1995:Burnley
1905:Penrith
1818:tourism
1796:Economy
1726:Halifax
1623:History
1613:bracken
1601:Skipton
1518:Geology
1502:(35.4)
1497:(28.2)
1492:(32.4)
1487:(37.0)
1482:(42.1)
1477:(45.3)
1472:(45.5)
1467:(41.9)
1462:(36.9)
1457:(32.0)
1452:(29.1)
1447:(27.3)
1442:(27.7)
1432:(39.6)
1427:(32.0)
1422:(35.8)
1417:(40.6)
1412:(46.0)
1407:(49.6)
1402:(50.0)
1397:(46.8)
1392:(42.1)
1387:(36.9)
1382:(33.1)
1377:(31.1)
1372:(31.3)
1362:(43.9)
1357:(35.8)
1352:(39.2)
1347:(44.2)
1342:(50.2)
1337:(54.1)
1332:(54.5)
1327:(51.8)
1322:(47.5)
1317:(41.7)
1312:(37.0)
1307:(34.9)
1302:(34.9)
1091:Climate
1081:Derwent
819:in the
737:of the
683:of the
585:Cumbria
569:Penrith
530:by the
524:peninus
402:Marsden
398:Skipton
355:Cumbria
262:in the
244:uplands
186:Country
144:Cumbria
40:Pieniny
4399:
4266:
4238:
4206:
4172:
3931:
3828:
3672:page 5
3668:page 4
3426:5 July
3322:
3266:
3241:
3107:Camden
3005:
2884:
2847:
2804:
2777:
2747:Nature
2722:
2605:merlin
2601:dunlin
2597:curlew
2515:(1770)
2444:tundra
2420:Viking
2412:Celtic
2357:Mercia
2340:, the
2224:Settle
2167:Totley
2081:Diggle
1929:Ribble
1891:. The
1752:, and
1738:Oldham
1702:polity
1682:Rheged
1652:henges
1253:Month
1206:WMO ID
1135:) and
1129:tundra
1054:Calder
1046:Wharfe
1032:. The
1024:, and
999:Irwell
995:Mersey
987:Ribble
643:cleugh
631:, and
583:, and
579:, the
561:Celtic
547:Celtic
532:Gallic
521:Celtic
388:, the
345:. The
341:, and
319:Ribble
298:. The
290:, and
3600:(PDF)
3593:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3398:8 May
3373:8 May
3174:2 May
3168:(PDF)
3157:(PDF)
3091:miles
3087:Trent
3083:Iceni
3037:, in
2775:S2CID
2617:twite
2593:snipe
2558:Wales
2536:Fauna
2430:Flora
2119:Leeds
2115:Wigan
1958:from
1944:Hawes
1897:Roman
1883:link
1786:Flash
1766:Leeds
1762:Derby
1578:Titan
1292:Year
1034:Swale
873:fells
841:fells
787:Edale
735:basin
601:Norse
593:Norse
458:Latin
445:Italy
431:Welsh
323:spurs
38:, or
4397:ISBN
4378:2020
4356:2020
4334:2020
4312:2020
4264:ISBN
4236:ISBN
4217:2017
4204:ISBN
4183:2017
4170:ISBN
4150:2013
4122:2020
4100:2013
4078:2008
4048:2013
4023:2013
3994:2020
3964:2017
3942:2018
3929:ISBN
3908:2018
3883:2017
3857:2017
3826:ISBN
3803:2017
3777:2017
3751:2024
3718:2016
3693:2011
3670:and
3652:2023
3630:2012
3608:2013
3575:2016
3553:2007
3527:2016
3506:2016
3480:2018
3452:2019
3428:2022
3400:2022
3375:2022
3333:2024
3320:ISBN
3296:2019
3264:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3203:2013
3176:2009
3136:Livy
3120:Livy
3003:ISBN
2973:2007
2939:2007
2917:2013
2895:2019
2882:ISBN
2858:2017
2845:ISBN
2815:2017
2802:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2686:2016
2615:and
2556:and
2490:and
2470:and
2418:and
2359:and
2308:The
2289:and
2237:The
2210:and
2198:and
2194:and
2181:The
2165:and
2157:and
2113:and
2101:The
2086:The
2059:The
2033:and
2017:and
2003:A628
1997:and
1981:and
1950:and
1927:and
1925:Aire
1887:and
1879:and
1780:and
1742:Bury
1650:and
1617:peat
1495:−2.1
1450:−1.6
1445:−2.6
1440:−2.4
1400:10.0
1375:−0.5
1370:−0.4
1340:10.1
1335:12.3
1330:12.5
1325:11.0
1289:Dec
1286:Nov
1283:Oct
1280:Sep
1277:Aug
1274:Jul
1271:Jun
1268:May
1265:Apr
1262:Mar
1259:Feb
1256:Jan
1188:and
1178:USDA
1079:and
1077:Dove
1071:The
1056:and
1050:Aire
1042:Nidd
1026:Tees
1022:Wear
1018:Tyne
1007:Goyt
1005:and
1003:Tame
991:Dane
983:Eden
845:peat
805:and
749:and
655:linn
647:hope
638:burn
624:dale
618:fell
612:beck
591:and
537:and
535:Boii
503:Alps
477:and
436:pen-
421:Name
400:and
368:and
349:and
329:and
317:and
315:Aire
302:and
258:and
198:The
72:Peak
2767:doi
2755:158
2367:of
2245:to
2226:to
2079:to
2013:in
1946:in
1903:to
1592:at
1584:in
1500:1.9
1490:0.2
1485:2.8
1480:5.6
1475:7.4
1470:7.5
1465:5.5
1460:2.7
1455:0.0
1430:4.2
1425:0.0
1420:2.1
1415:4.8
1410:7.8
1405:9.8
1395:8.2
1390:5.6
1385:2.7
1380:0.6
1360:6.6
1355:2.1
1350:4.0
1345:6.8
1320:8.6
1315:5.4
1310:2.8
1305:1.6
1300:1.6
1141:Dfc
1125:Cfc
1117:Cfb
1058:Don
1038:Ure
803:A69
785:at
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651:law
554:ben
552:or
550:pen
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270:in
266:to
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