66:
161:, Pedro de Negro successfully broke through. The chronicle relates that the Spanish and English cavalrymen rode into Haddington carrying bags of gunpowder. Rather than return to Linton through enemy lines, they slaughtered their own horses outside the town gates. The rotting horses in the summer heat deterred French attacks. After the French and Scottish had withdrawn, Pedro de Negro buried them in three pits.
296:" on 14 July 1551. In his will, he names his friend Captain Christopher Diaz his sole executor; he leaves his entire property to his (unnamed) son when he comes of age, apart from a bequest to a putative daughter in Italy: "And yf by fortune that a daughter that I have in Ittaly to be approved to be my daughter then I will she have Fiftie ducats".
227:
near Dundee. In July
Luttrell complained that the Spanish soldiers had not yet received pay or clothing. A note made in January 1550 records that a soldier called Hans de Froement borrowed £6 from a Juan de Cosio to give to Pedro Negro. He hoped that Luttrell would ensure Juan de Cosio was repaid.
283:
after it was recaptured from the
English. She wrote in favour of the Spanish cavalrymen (who owed money to her villagers) to Mary of Guise in March 1549, that they behaved "like noble men, and also the Mour, he is as sharp a man as rides, beseeching your grace to be a good princess unto him". The
133:'s command to reinforce the garrison. On 29 June 1548 Pedro Negro and the Spanish troops tried unsuccessfully to cross enemy lines into the town. In July, French troops prepared ladders for an assault on the town. The English army outside the town made plans to get supplies to the defenders.
267:
In
September 1549 Pedro was blamed for the capture by the Scots of Captain Julián Romero by other Spanish soldiers and Captain Gamboa. The controversy was mentioned by the courtier Richard Scudamore. A feud amongst the Spanish soldiers led to Gamboa's murder in London.
62:. Both sides made use of foreign military expertise. By April 1547, Pedro de Negro received a pension and annuity from the English exchequer of £100 yearly.W. C. Richardson, The Report of the royal commission of 1552 (Morgantown, 1974), p. 30.</ref>
144:
to relieve the siege. Some of the force would ride back to the
English camp, while others would join the garrison in Haddington, after being "well-instructed how to work for their defence within". The Scottish leader,
207:
reported that the delivery of the bags of gunpowder and the efforts of "Pietro Negro" and "Captain
Windent" were the talk of the court in London. However, some doubt remains about the date of their exploit,
172:" of 400 arquebusiers who each carried 20 pounds of powder through the Scottish lines into the town. The Scottish records suggest that the siege was not abandoned at this time. Robert Hamilton, the son of
216:, the Captain of Haddington, dated 3 August, discusses a plan with horsemen carrying powder as a future event, and Wilsford says the town could not support their horses.
97:. Two other Spanish captains were knighted, Christpher Diaz and Alonso de Ville. Another source lists Pedro Negro and Alonso de Villeseige among knights made by the
140:
described a plan, that 150 of Pedro de Gamboa's mounted arquebusiers, commanded by Pedro de Negro, and other soldiers would ride through French lines from
299:
His surname "Negro" has been interpreted to mean he was of
African descent. It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family called "Negro" from
788:
126:
98:
121:
as a foothold in
Scotland. Haddington is near to the coast and could be supplied by sea and land. French and Scottish forces
82:
389:
137:
212:
wrote on 30 July that
Baynbridge was preparing a second convoy of men and powder, while a coded note from
173:
78:
783:
526:
181:
377:
The Battle of Pinkie, 1547: The Last Battle
Between the Independent Kingdoms of Scotland and England
241:
118:
260:
mentions the defeat and capture of
Spanish soldiers led by "Julius Romanus", Julián Romero, near
220:
58:. Some of the leather horse armour used by the English cavalry was made by an Italian specialist
228:
Broughty surrendered and Luttrell was captured by the English soon after, on 12 February 1550.
157:
east of the Abbey of St Mary at Haddington. According to a Spanish chronicle now known as the
27:
109:(6s-8d) as a reward. English sources sometimes name him as "Petro Negro" or "Peter Negroo".
778:
257:
154:
55:
51:
31:
8:
276:
122:
510:
313:
209:
141:
102:
758:
Gustav Ungerer, 'The Presence of Africans in Elizabethan England', Susan P. Cerasano,
293:
59:
284:"Mour" or "Moor" seems to have been an African officer amongst the Spanish cavalry.
346:
86:
237:
442:
224:
130:
94:
70:
249:
213:
185:
586:
Correspondance Politique de Odet de Selve, Ambassadeur de France en Angleterre
219:
In February or March 1549 Pedro Negro and his band of Spanish soldiers joined
772:
626:
610:
204:
177:
165:
65:
150:
146:
47:
747:
Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible
734:
Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible
682:
Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible
335:
Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible
280:
253:
106:
261:
69:
Pedro de Negro and his Spanish soldiers joined the English garrison at
193:
667:
Susan Brigden, 'Letters of Richard Scudamore to Sir Philip Hoby',
697:
Miranda Kaufmann, 'Sir Pedro Negro: what colour was his skin?',
501:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 140 no. 284: TNA SP 50/4 f.532v.
244:
in Northumberland in May 1549 and "Pero Negro" was close by at
43:
300:
245:
90:
46:
during the war between England and Scotland now known as the
184:
was defeated by the French on 16 July, a loss described by
688:(SHS: Edinburgh, 1927), p. 297 (spelling modernised here).
601:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 153, no. 303, 157 no. 310.
572:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 148, no. 293: David Laing,
231:
153:
to assemble and block the approach to Haddington on the
129:
chose Pedro de Negro, and 100 Spanish soldiers from
117:An English army occupied and fortified the town of
475:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 132–3 nos. 267–9.
26:(died 1551) was a Spanish soldier who fought for
770:
349:, "Sir Pedro Negro: what colour was his skin?",
176:, hauled the cannon called "thrawyn-mouth" from
42:Pedro de Negro commanded calvalrymen armed with
723:The National Archives' reference PROB 11/34/263
488:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 139, nos. 281–3.
303:, many of whom settled in Spain and Portugal.
50:. The war began in 1544, sparked by plans for
588:(Paris, 1888), pp. 408 no. 433, 418 no. 449.
364:Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Edward VI
462:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 131, no. 265.
433:, vol. 1 (London, 1857), pp. cccvii, cccxvi.
686:Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine
631:Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine
615:Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine
375:David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes,
180:to batter the town. A cavalry force led by
105:. On New Year's Day, Edward VI gave him a
760:Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England
656:Historical Memoirs of Mary Queen of Scots
544:Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve
533:(George Bell: London, 1889), pp. 203–206.
420:, vol. 1 (London, 1857), pp. cccvii, 220.
418:Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth
271:
684:(Ashgate, 2008), p. 299: Annie Cameron,
203:At the end of July, the French diplomat
64:
37:
771:
701:, 253, no. 2 (June 2008), pp. 142–146.
353:, 253, no. 2 (June 2008), pp. 142–146.
232:Pedro and the taking of Captain Julian
125:. In June 1548, the English commander
112:
449:(Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 84.
292:Pedro Negro died in London from the "
81:, Pedro de Negro was knighted by the
576:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1846), p. 219.
559:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 216.
517:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 217.
136:On 7 July 1548, an English soldier
13:
789:Spanish people of the Rough Wooing
14:
800:
164:Somerset told a French diplomat
752:
739:
726:
717:
704:
691:
674:
671:(London, 1990), pp. 89, 112–13.
661:
658:(Abbotsford Club, 1836), p. 25.
648:
645:, vol. 1 (London, 1911), p. 37.
636:
633:(Edinburgh: SHS, 1927), p. 322.
620:
617:(SHS: Edinburgh, 1927), p. 309.
604:
591:
579:
562:
549:
536:
520:
504:
491:
478:
465:
452:
447:An Historical Atlas of Scotland
599:Calendar State Papers Scotland
570:Calendar State Papers Scotland
499:Calendar State Papers Scotland
486:Calendar State Papers Scotland
473:Calendar State Papers Scotland
460:Calendar State Papers Scotland
436:
423:
410:
397:
382:
369:
356:
340:
327:
256:. A chronicle of the reign of
1:
762:, 21 (2008), pp. 45–6, fn. 1.
431:Literary Remains of Edward VI
366:(London, 1992), p. 13 no. 38.
320:
531:Chronicle of King Henry VIII
277:Marion Haliburton, Lady Home
7:
714:(London, 1848), pp. 8, 320.
337:(Ashgate, 2008), pp. 40-44.
306:
149:, ordered the gentlemen of
10:
805:
749:(Ashgate, 2008), pp. 41–2.
542:Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis,
403:Albert Frederick Pollard,
174:Robert Hamilton of Briggis
557:Accounts of the Treasurer
515:Accounts of the Treasurer
393:, 2 (London, 1906), p. 62
287:
119:Haddington, East Lothian
93:on 28 September 1547 at
34:in France and Scotland.
736:(Ashgate, 2008), p. 43.
407:(London, 1903), p. 150.
264:in the spring of 1549.
192:(London, 1575), and by
168:about the exploit, or "
159:Chronicle of Henry VIII
546:(Paris, 1888), p. 408.
391:The Knights of England
272:Lady Home and the Moor
74:
712:Diary of Henry Machyn
669:Camden Miscellany XXX
379:(Oxbow, 2023), p. 47.
123:surrounded Haddington
68:
38:Career and knighthood
28:Henry VIII of England
710:John Gough Nichols,
555:James Balfour Paul,
429:John Gough Nichols,
416:John Gough Nichols,
258:Mary, Queen of Scots
52:Mary, Queen of Scots
32:Edward VI of England
113:Siege of Haddington
89:and the capture of
574:Works of John Knox
511:James Balfour Paul
445:, 'Rough Wooing',
314:Becoming Elizabeth
103:Berwick-upon-Tweed
75:
20:Sir Pedro de Negro
699:Notes and Queries
527:Martin Sharp Hume
351:Notes and Queries
294:sweating sickness
240:was stationed at
60:Niccolo da Modena
796:
784:Spanish soldiers
763:
756:
750:
743:
737:
730:
724:
721:
715:
708:
702:
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689:
678:
672:
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659:
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608:
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427:
421:
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408:
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395:
386:
380:
373:
367:
362:C. S. Knighton,
360:
354:
347:Miranda Kaufmann
344:
338:
331:
87:battle of Pinkie
83:Duke of Somerset
804:
803:
799:
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
769:
768:
767:
766:
757:
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731:
727:
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541:
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457:
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443:Marcus Merriman
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398:
387:
383:
374:
370:
361:
357:
345:
341:
332:
328:
323:
309:
290:
274:
234:
225:Broughty Castle
138:Thomas Holcroft
131:Pedro de Gamboa
115:
99:Earl of Warwick
95:Roxburgh Castle
71:Broughty Castle
40:
24:Sir Pedro Negro
17:
16:Spanish soldier
12:
11:
5:
802:
792:
791:
786:
781:
765:
764:
751:
745:Imtiaz Habib,
738:
732:Imtiaz Habib,
725:
716:
703:
690:
680:Imtiaz Habib,
673:
660:
654:John Maxwell,
647:
635:
619:
603:
590:
578:
561:
548:
535:
519:
503:
490:
477:
464:
451:
435:
422:
409:
396:
381:
368:
355:
339:
333:Imtiaz Habib,
325:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
308:
305:
289:
286:
273:
270:
233:
230:
214:James Wilsford
190:Flower of Fame
186:Ulpian Fulwell
170:belle hystoyre
127:Grey of Wilton
114:
111:
85:following the
79:William Patten
39:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
801:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
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761:
755:
748:
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707:
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694:
687:
683:
677:
670:
664:
657:
651:
644:
639:
632:
628:
627:Annie Cameron
623:
616:
612:
611:Annie Cameron
607:
600:
597:Joseph Bain,
594:
587:
582:
575:
571:
568:Joseph Bain,
565:
558:
552:
545:
539:
532:
528:
523:
516:
512:
507:
500:
497:Joseph Bain,
494:
487:
484:Joseph Bain,
481:
474:
471:Joseph Bain,
468:
461:
458:Joseph Bain,
455:
448:
444:
439:
432:
426:
419:
413:
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394:
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297:
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285:
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278:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Julián Romero
229:
226:
222:
221:John Luttrell
217:
215:
211:
210:Thomas Fisher
206:
205:Odet de Selve
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Thomas Palmer
179:
178:Dunbar Castle
175:
171:
167:
166:Odet de Selve
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
142:Linton bridge
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:According to
72:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
759:
754:
746:
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581:
573:
569:
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543:
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530:
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514:
506:
498:
493:
485:
480:
472:
467:
459:
454:
446:
438:
430:
425:
417:
412:
405:Tudor Tracts
404:
399:
390:
388:W. A. Shaw,
384:
376:
371:
363:
358:
350:
342:
334:
329:
312:
298:
291:
279:returned to
275:
266:
235:
218:
202:
197:
189:
169:
163:
158:
147:Regent Arran
135:
116:
76:
48:Rough Wooing
41:
23:
19:
18:
779:1551 deaths
643:HMC Rutland
281:Hume Castle
254:Lindisfarne
773:Categories
321:References
262:Coldingham
155:River Tyne
194:John Knox
107:half mark
56:Edward VI
54:to marry
307:See also
242:Cheswick
236:Captain
250:Fenwick
198:History
196:in his
188:in his
151:Lothian
73:in 1549
44:muskets
288:London
301:Genoa
252:near
246:Kyloe
91:Leith
248:and
30:and
223:at
101:at
22:or
775::
629:,
613:,
529:,
513:,
200:.
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