1021:
1007:
1173:
199:
788:, which enjoyed a considerable trust due to its stability. Nevertheless, the National Socialist government deliberately overissued both currencies to finance infrastructure investments by the state, and expanded government employment and expenditure on items such as armaments. By 1935, laws limiting increases of prices, wages, and rents were needed to suppress inflation. Enormous extra taxes, charged on real estate owners (
43:
814:
was used to justify general price controls and rationing. Thus inflation was officially hidden, and was expressed as ever-growing aggregate savings of the population, which could only spend its earnings on limited rations of goods at artificially low prices. However, inflation could clearly be seen
969:, first as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, at a conversion rate of 1.95583 marks per euro. Thereafter, the mark-denominated notes and coins represented the euro at that conversion rate, and remained legal tender until 1 January 2002, when they were replaced by euro notes and coins.
660:
between 1999 and 2002. Coins denominated in gold marks were first issued in 1871, and gradually replaced the old coins. The mark banco was converted into the new gold mark at par. The Bank of
Hamburg was incorporated as the Hamburg subsidiary into the newly founded
615:
or by way of credit against collateral. No coins or banknotes were issued, but accounts were opened showing a credit balance. The account holders could use their credit balances by remittances to other accounts or by drawing
850:
military marks were issued for purchases by the occupying forces in
Germany, and for soldiers' wages. In June 1948, military marks were demonetised as part of the West German and East German currency reforms.
175:. It was a measure of weight mainly for gold and silver, commonly used throughout Europe and often equivalent to 8 troy ounces (250 g). Considerable variations, however, occurred throughout the
819:. During the war, the German economy was supported by war booty taken from occupied countries, continuing to some extent until 1944. By the end of the war, the oversupply of banknotes and coins (
636:(officially known just as the "mark") as its currency in 1873. The name was taken from the mark banco. Initially, the coins and banknotes of the various predecessor currencies, such as the
906:
705:), to finance the war effort. In 1918, the pre-war sound money policy was not re-established, and the continuing loose money policy resulted in inflation, and in 1923, in
596:
991:
is a currency that officially replaced the German mark as de facto currency of the ruptured economy and hyper-inflation of local divided currencies after the
995:, pegged to the German mark 1:1 at the time, and further pegged to Euro at the rate at which German mark was replaced, i.e. 1 EUR = 1.95583 BAM.
608:
1193:
297:) Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Anklam, among others, who joined the Wends Coinage Union (
656:, continued to circulate, and were treated as fixed multiples of the new unit of account, similarly to the introduction period of the
1253:
465:
183:
1188:
706:
206:
1402:
1076:
494:
1397:
551:: 233.856 g, 8.2490 oz) was used to define the value of the official gold and silver currencies of the
1392:
1320:
1223:
435:
308:
1502: the
Courant Mark, a uniform coinage in North German Hanseatic cities, part of the Wends Coinage Union (
695:) when providing credit to borrowers. The gold mark became a weak currency, colloquially referred to as the
741:
stopped providing unrestricted credit against worthless financial bills, and pegged its new currency, the
1151:
1115:
1039:
588:
coins were minted with 48 schillings representing one
Reichsthaler; i.e. 16 schillings equaled one mark.
574:) as well as in much of trade in the Baltic region, the customary unit of account was the mark valued at
17:
1134:
712:
In late 1923 when the paper mark had become virtually worthless, it was replaced by a new currency, the
559:
silver coin. In 1566, a
Reichsthaler was introduced of which 9 were to be minted from a Cologne mark of
624:, and were accepted as payment. They could also be redeemed. This currency proved to be very stable.
136:
1387:
732:
as credit to borrowers, but requiring collateral in the form of first-class claims to real estate.
889:
1350:
442:
70:
988:
490:
140:
1098:
543:
denoted a mass unit of approximately 234 g (8.3 oz). The mark used in the market of
621:
243:
954:
912:("German bank of issue and giro centre") of the Soviet occupation zone (which later formed
512:
was a silver coin, issued first in 1570 and afterwards in 1663. It was originally worth 13
8:
855:
653:
210:
1295:
1216:
1026:
939:
132:
973:
715:
696:
617:
600:
552:
370:
358:
346:
1335:
1330:
1280:
1201:
1044:
984:
923:
633:
428:
392:
339:
292:
260:
48:
604:
498:
486:
417:
the
Swedish mark, minted 1532–1776 but used as counting unit from medieval time;
1300:
1290:
773:. The currencies continued to exist in parallel, and were both abbreviated RM.
502:
421:
782:
by 1934, but the
National Socialist government decided to continue to use the
1381:
1285:
1275:
1209:
1184:
1179:
882:
800:
456:
327:
827:
in 1945) became obvious, openly showing up in inflated black market prices.
1340:
1325:
1012:
913:
896:
816:
811:
793:
684:
556:
548:
501:(1066), it was worth 160 pence (13 shillings and 4 pence), two-thirds of a
1366:
1122:. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Brown, Longmans and Roberts. p. 459.
1034:
992:
560:
449:
399:
256:
176:
124:
1197:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 728.
493:. According to 19th century sources, it was initially equivalent to 100
1315:
1310:
1305:
875:
744:
683:
stopped demanding first-class collateral (e.g. good bills of exchange,
664:
592:
509:
480:
411:
319:
189:
123:
was a currency or unit of account in many states. It is named for the
1345:
859:
385:
268:
264:
571:
277:
1232:
977:
1178:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
810:
in 1938), could not stabilise the economy for long. The start of
1270:
1153:
Encyclopædia metropolitana; or, Universal dictionary of knowledge
895:
in the western zones of occupation in
Germany, which then formed
669:(established 1876), issuing banknotes denominated in gold marks.
647:
620:
against them. These bills circulated and could be transferred by
612:
567:
544:
639:
632:
Following German unification in 1871, the country adopted the
584:
of a
Reichsthaler. Marks were rarely minted, though. Instead,
485:
In
England the "mark" never appeared as a coin but was only a
599:
was founded in 1619. It was modeled after the example of the
285:
182:
As of 2022 the only circulating currency named "mark" is the
953:(1968–1990). It was replaced by the (West) German mark when
834:), decreeing that these were to be accepted at par with the
381:
1944–1948: the military mark of the Allied occupying forces;
42:
966:
830:
From 1944 the Allies printed occupation marks (also called
657:
489:. It was apparently introduced in the 10th century by the
402:, also called Deutsche Mark or D-Mark, and abbreviated DM;
1063:
726:). The new currency was issued by the newly established
595:
of the currency by the influx of adulterated coins, the
407:
or to one of the other following historical currencies:
233:
to one of the following historical German currencies:
976:, but all euro coins are legal tender throughout the
1231:
1002:
1379:
854:In June 1947 the French occupying force in the
611:. It was credited in exchange for the sale of
1217:
1149:
1136:The Gold, Silver, and Copper Coins of England
947:
936:
928:
917:
904:
887:
869:
863:
841:
835:
798:
783:
777:
768:
762:
756:
750:
742:
736:
727:
721:
713:
700:
689:
678:
662:
645:
637:
538:
372:
360:
348:
325:
317:
310:
299:
275:
250:
237:
874:. In November 1947, it was replaced by the
776:The original intention was to withdraw the
290:
169:
161:
153:
145:
1256:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
1224:
1210:
960:
190:List of currencies named "mark" or similar
1132:
1183:
603:. Both these banks established a stable
1254:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
1113:
1096:
472:
466:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
414:, an early-modern Scottish silver coin;
184:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
14:
1380:
607:. The Hamburg unit of account was the
1205:
792:in 1936), and on the occasion of the
335:1619–1873: the mark banco of Hamburg;
965:The German mark was replaced by the
342:, the currency of the German Empire;
193:
24:
761:rationed its lending, so that the
27:Currency, coin, or unit of account
25:
1414:
1120:A Dictionary of Political Economy
922:(colloquially referred to as the
916:) followed suit, issuing its own
1171:
1019:
1005:
907:Deutsche Emissions- und Girobank
767:remained at par with the stable
566:In northern Germany (especially
197:
41:
1114:Macleod, Henry Dunning (1863).
1097:MacLeod, Henry Dunning (1863).
672:
627:
1321:German South West African Mark
1143:
1133:Humphreys, Henry Noel (1849).
1126:
1107:
1090:
1069:
1057:
436:German South West African Mark
131:comes from a merging of three
13:
1:
1164:
259:and used by the North German
862:, which was at par with the
815:in the rising prices on the
532:
283:, a uniform coinage for the
236:Since the 11th century: the
7:
1040:Coins of the pound sterling
998:
934:), later officially called
883:Deutsche Mark (German mark)
10:
1419:
1081:Gloss. med. et infim. Lat.
1066:, DRAFT REVISION June 2002
527:
478:
1359:
1263:
1246:
1139:. H. G. Bohn. p. 33.
591:In an attempt to prevent
316:), and forerunner of the
109:
104:
83:
76:
69:
61:
56:
40:
35:
1403:Denominations (currency)
1050:
520:, later increased to 14
1351:South West African mark
1194:Encyclopædia Britannica
961:Replacement by the euro
720:(worth 1 trillion
464:or, since 1998, to the
443:South West African mark
1398:Currencies of Scotland
1150:Encyclopaedia (1845).
989:Bosnia and Herzegovina
972:Germany mints its own
948:
937:
929:
918:
905:
888:
885:was introduced by the
870:
864:
842:
836:
806:), on Jewish Germans (
799:
784:
778:
769:
763:
757:
751:
743:
737:
728:
722:
714:
701:
690:
679:
663:
646:
638:
539:
373:
361:
349:
326:
318:
311:
300:
291:
276:
251:
238:
170:
162:
154:
146:
1393:Currencies of Germany
955:Germany was reunified
945:(1964–1967) and then
890:Bank deutscher Länder
479:Further information:
312:Wendischer Münzverein
301:Wendischer Münzverein
267:and various towns in
244:Electorate of Cologne
1116:"Coinage of Britain"
902:On 23 June 1948 the
881:On 21 June 1948 the
473:England and Scotland
211:adding missing items
940:Deutschen Notenbank
125:mark unit of weight
32:
1100:Coinage of Britain
1027:Numismatics portal
846:. Banknotes worth
209:; you can help by
30:
1375:
1374:
1360:As a denomination
1316:German Rentenmark
1311:German Reichsmark
1306:German Papiermark
974:German euro coins
856:Saar Protectorate
796:November Pogrom (
618:bills of exchange
601:Bank of Amsterdam
553:Holy Roman Empire
508:In Scotland, the
229:"Mark" can refer
227:
226:
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
1410:
1336:New Guinean mark
1331:Lodz Ghetto mark
1281:East German mark
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1087:for a full list.
1073:
1067:
1061:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
985:convertible mark
951:
943:
932:
924:East German mark
921:
910:
893:
873:
867:
849:
845:
839:
826:
822:
809:
804:
791:
787:
781:
772:
766:
760:
754:
749:, to the stable
748:
740:
731:
725:
719:
704:
693:
682:
668:
651:
643:
634:German gold mark
605:money of account
583:
582:
578:
542:
497:, but after the
429:New Guinean mark
393:East German mark
376:
364:
352:
340:German gold mark
331:
323:
314:
303:
296:
293:Germania Slavica
282:
254:
241:
222:
219:
201:
200:
194:
173:
165:
157:
149:
95:
94:
93:
89:
49:German gold mark
45:
33:
29:
21:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1388:Mark (currency)
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1355:
1259:
1242:
1230:
1187:, ed. (1911). "
1172:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
963:
858:introduced the
847:
824:
820:
807:
789:
675:
630:
580:
576:
575:
535:
530:
499:Norman Conquest
487:unit of account
483:
475:
455:1918–1927: the
448:1917–1924: the
441:1916–1918: the
434:1884–1915: the
427:1884–1911: the
420:1860–2002: the
398:1948–2002: the
391:1948–1990: the
369:1924–1948: the
357:1923–1948: the
345:1914–1923: the
338:1873–1914: the
223:
217:
214:
198:
192:
139:in 9th-century
91:
87:
86:
84:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:German ostmark
1298:
1293:
1291:Finnish markka
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1185:Chisholm, Hugh
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:. p. 767.
1142:
1125:
1106:
1103:. p. 459.
1089:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1016:
1000:
997:
983:The remaining
962:
959:
832:military marks
707:hyperinflation
674:
671:
629:
626:
597:Hamburger Bank
555:including the
534:
531:
529:
526:
503:pound sterling
474:
471:
470:
469:
462:
461:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
422:Finnish markka
418:
415:
405:
404:
403:
396:
389:
382:
379:
367:
355:
343:
336:
333:
306:
272:
252:Sundische Mark
247:
242:, used in the
225:
224:
204:
202:
191:
188:
141:post-classical
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
96:
81:
80:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:Estonian mark
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Deutsche Mark
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:public domain
1169:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
970:
968:
958:
956:
952:
950:
944:
942:
941:
933:
931:
925:
920:
919:Deutsche Mark
915:
911:
909:
908:
900:
898:
894:
892:
891:
884:
879:
877:
872:
866:
861:
857:
852:
844:
838:
833:
828:
818:
813:
805:
803:
802:
801:Kristallnacht
795:
786:
780:
774:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
746:
739:
733:
730:
724:
718:
717:
710:
708:
703:
698:
694:
692:
686:
685:covered bonds
681:
670:
667:
666:
659:
655:
650:
649:
642:
641:
635:
625:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
482:
477:
467:
463:
458:
457:Estonian mark
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
375:
368:
365:
363:
356:
353:
351:
344:
341:
337:
334:
330:
329:
328:Deutsche Mark
322:
321:
315:
313:
307:
304:
302:
295:
294:
288:
287:
281:
279:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
248:
245:
240:
235:
234:
232:
231:
230:
221:
212:
208:
205:This list is
203:
196:
195:
187:
185:
180:
178:
174:
172:
166:
164:
158:
156:
150:
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
108:
103:
100:
97:
82:
79:
75:
72:
71:Denominations
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
44:
39:
34:
19:
1341:Polish marka
1326:Hamburg mark
1237:
1236:
1192:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1013:Money portal
982:
971:
964:
949:Mark der DDR
946:
935:
927:
914:East Germany
903:
901:
897:West Germany
886:
880:
853:
831:
829:
817:black market
812:World War II
797:
794:anti-Semitic
775:
735:In 1924 the
734:
711:
688:
677:In 1914 the
676:
673:20th century
631:
628:19th century
590:
585:
565:
557:Reichsthaler
549:Cologne mark
537:Originally,
536:
521:
517:
513:
507:
484:
476:
309:
298:
284:
228:
215:
181:
168:
160:
152:
144:
128:
120:
118:
105:Demographics
98:
1296:German mark
1247:Circulating
1035:Mark (unit)
993:Bosnian war
848:15 to 18 bn
691:Pfandbriefe
622:endorsement
561:fine silver
450:Polish mark
400:German mark
239:Kölner Mark
218:August 2015
177:Middle Ages
127:. The word
18:Mark (coin)
1382:Categories
1367:Merk Scots
1241:or similar
1233:Currencies
1165:References
876:Saar franc
871:Reichsmark
865:Rentenmark
843:Reichsmark
837:Rentenmark
785:Rentenmark
779:Rentenmark
770:Rentenmark
764:Reichsmark
758:Reichsbank
752:Rentenmark
745:Reichsmark
738:Reichsbank
729:Rentenbank
723:Papiermark
716:Rentenmark
702:Papiermark
697:paper mark
680:Reichsbank
665:Reichsbank
652:, and the
609:mark banco
593:debasement
510:merk Scots
481:Merk Scots
412:merk Scots
384:1947: the
374:Reichsmark
362:Rentenmark
350:Papiermark
320:Reichsmark
274:1502: the
249:1319: the
207:incomplete
1346:Saar mark
957:in 1990.
938:Mark der
860:Saar mark
823:in 1933,
821:RM 3.9 bn
586:schilling
533:Early use
386:Saar mark
269:Pomerania
265:Stralsund
261:Hanseatic
143:Latin as
137:Latinised
1077:du Cange
1045:Markland
999:See also
978:Eurozone
868:and the
840:and the
825:RM 60 bn
687:such as
324:and the
278:Lübische
263:city of
133:Germanic
1271:AM-Mark
1264:Defunct
1182::
1083:, s.v.
930:Ostmark
808:RM 1 bn
790:RM 1 bn
654:guilder
648:kreuzer
613:bullion
579:⁄
568:Hamburg
545:Cologne
528:Germany
371:German
359:German
347:German
135:words,
113:Various
110:User(s)
99:subunit
90:⁄
85:
77:Subunit
47:1
1235:named
1176:
755:. The
644:, the
640:thaler
572:Lübeck
257:minted
171:marcus
155:marcha
62:Plural
51:, 1875
1085:Marca
1051:Notes
495:pence
491:Danes
286:Wends
163:marha
147:marca
65:Marks
1238:mark
1189:Mark
1075:See
967:euro
658:euro
570:and
540:Mark
410:the
280:Mark
129:mark
121:mark
119:The
57:Unit
36:Mark
31:Mark
1191:".
1064:OED
987:of
926:or
563:.
213:.
167:or
92:100
1384::
1118:.
1079:,
980:.
899:.
878:.
709:.
524:.
522:s.
518:d.
516:6
514:s.
505:.
305:);
255:,
186:.
179:.
159:,
151:,
1225:e
1218:t
1211:v
699:(
581:3
577:1
547:(
468:.
459:;
452:;
445:;
438:;
431:;
424:;
395:;
388:;
378:;
366:;
354:;
332:;
289:(
271:;
246:;
220:)
216:(
88:1
20:)
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