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159:) showed initially little concern in the dynamics of soil. They saw it as medium whose chemical, physical and biological properties were useful for the services of agronomic productivity. On the other hand, pedologists and geologists did not initially focus on the agronomic applications of the soil characteristics (edaphic properties) but upon its relation to the nature and history of landscapes. Today, there is an integration of the two disciplinary approaches as part of landscape and environmental sciences.
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processes (the evolution and functioning of soils), like interpreting its environmental history and predicting consequences of changes in land use, while agronomists understand that the cultivated soil is a complex medium, often resulting from several thousands of years of evolution. They understand
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applies to soils, i.e., pedogenic processes active in soils today have been operating for long periods of time, back to the time of appearance of organisms on the land surface. These processes do, however, have varying degrees of expression and intensity over space and
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There are very few old soils (in a geological sense) because they can be destroyed or buried by geological events, or modified by shifts in climate by virtue of their vulnerable position at the surface of the earth. Little of the soil continuum dates back beyond the
367:) are an almost ubiquitous feature in terrestrial (land-based) environments throughout most of geologic time. Since they record evidence of ancient climate change, they present immense utility in understanding climate evolution throughout geologic history.
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Knowledge of soil genesis is imperative and basic to soil use and management. Human influence on, or adjustment to, the factors and processes of soil formation can be best controlled and planned using knowledge about soil
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which is traditionally more agronomically oriented and focuses on how soil properties influence plant communities (natural or cultivated). In studying the fundamental phenomenology of soils, e.g. soil formation (aka
80:, evolution, and the theoretical frameworks for modeling soil bodies, often in the context of the natural environment. Pedology is often seen as one of two main branches of soil inquiry, the other being
97:, soil maps, and theories for characterizing temporal and spatial interrelations among soils . There are a few noteworthy sub-disciplines of pedology; namely pedometrics and soil geomorphology.
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Soil classification systems cannot be based entirely on perceptions of genesis, however, because genetic processes are seldom observed and because pedogenic processes change over time.
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Contemporary soils carry imprints of pedogenic processes that were active in the past, although in many cases these imprints are difficult to observe or quantify. Thus, knowledge of
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and the geographic distributions of soils, and the placement of soil bodies into larger temporal and spatial contexts. In so doing, pedologists develop systems of
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Characteristics of soils and soil landscapes, e.g., the number, sizes, shapes and arrangements of soil bodies, each of which is characterized on the basis of
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focuses on the development of techniques for quantitative characterization of soils, especially for the purposes of mapping soil properties whereas soil
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clay accumulation in B horizons, are produced by certain combinations of pedogenic processes operative over varying periods of time.
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Distinctive bioclimatic regimes or combinations of pedogenic processes produce distinctive soils. Thus, distinctive, observable
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is important for the recognition and understanding of soil genesis and constitute a basis for predicting future soil changes.
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Buol, Stanley W., F,D. Hole and R.W. McCracken. 1997. Soil
Genesis and Classification, 4th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames
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that the current balance is fragile and that only a thorough knowledge of its history makes it possible to ensure its
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slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.
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Hole
Francis D., J.B. Campbell. 1985. Soil landscape analysis. Totowa Rowman & Allanheld, 214 p.
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547:(15). International Working Group on Pedometrics - Provisional Commission on Pedometrics of the
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Pedologists are now also interested in the practical applications of a good understanding of
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This article is about soil science. For the study of child behavior and development, see
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worldwide are, to a considerable extent, simply soil clays that have been formed in the
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Bockheim, J.G.; Gennadiyev, A.N.; Hammer, R.D.; Tandarich, J.P. (January 2005).
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studies the interrelationships between geomorphic processes and soil formation.
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Knowledge and understanding of the genesis of a soil is important in its
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at any particular site, as soil genetic factors and site factors, e.g.,
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A succession of different soils may have developed, eroded and/or
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316:(soil-forming) processes act to both create and destroy order (
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period and most soils and land surfaces are no older than the
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578:"Soil geomorphology — Present dilemmas and future challenges"
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structures and particles less than 2 μm in diameter).
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reflects the balance of these processes, present and past.
140:(micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues, the
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38:. For the medical specialty relating to the foot, see
89:), pedologists pay particular attention to observing
696:"Historical development of key concepts in pedology"
76:which focuses on understanding and characterizing
2301:
1869:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
582:Geomorphology: the Research Frontier and Beyond
42:. For the theory and practice of learning, see
1905:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
506:"Soil Preservation and the Future of Pedology"
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1117:
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408:and deposited in the ocean basins, to become
124:, the locus of numerous interactions between
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363:Epoch. However, preserved/lithified soils (
264:Five major, external factors of formation (
27:Study of soils in their natural environment
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1879:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
179:Important pedological concepts include:
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1985:Soil Science Society of America Journal
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14:
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1957:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
1418:Canadian system of soil classification
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57:at Seven Sisters Country Park, England
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1895:International Union of Soil Sciences
549:International Union of Soil Sciences
1922:Soil and Water Conservation Society
536:Heuvelink, Gerard (December 2003).
144:material of the original and added
24:
1402:Unified Soil Classification System
934:Soil retrogression and degradation
590:10.1016/b978-0-444-89971-2.50008-0
475:Agricultural sciences basic topics
388:Soils are natural clay factories (
291:, degree of internal homogeneity,
72:, "study") is a discipline within
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1407:AASHTO Soil Classification System
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1950:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
1890:Indian Institute of Soil Science
1874:Canadian Society of Soil Science
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1928:Soil Science Society of America
538:"The Definition of Pedometrics"
187:is more common than simplicity.
1933:World Congress of Soil Science
1917:Soil Science Society of Poland
1423:Australian Soil Classification
1414:(French classification system)
723:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.004
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190:Soils lie at the interface of
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944:Soil compaction (agriculture)
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619:Storia delle scienze agrarie
584:, Elsevier, pp. 61–84,
327:The geological Principle of
7:
1885:German Soil Science Society
1443:List of vineyard soil types
621:, 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89,
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174:
108:
10:
2336:
2064:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
1900:International Year of Soil
1428:Polish Soil Classification
867:Environmental soil science
116:is not only a support for
34:. For child medicine, see
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2022:Infiltration (hydrology)
1816:Geotechnical engineering
1438:List of U.S. state soils
2091:List of soil scientists
1433:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1412:Référentiel pédologique
1396:FAO soil classification
433:Friedrich Albert Fallou
1862:Societies, Initiatives
1084:Soil water (retention)
576:Gerrard, John (1993),
304:morphological features
58:
2081:Category soil science
1765:Soil salinity control
120:, but it is also the
68:, "soil"; and λόγος,
52:
1846:Agricultural science
1740:Soil guideline value
1564:Calcareous grassland
1141:World Reference Base
755:at Wikimedia Commons
438:Konstantin D. Glinka
155:Soil users (such as
64:(from Greek: πέδον,
2144:Atmospheric science
1942:Scientific journals
1133:Soil classification
1074:Soil organic matter
1035:Pore water pressure
715:2005Geode.124...23B
480:List of soil topics
428:Vasily V. Dokuchaev
417:Notable pedologists
95:soil classification
2315:Physical geography
2236:Quaternary science
2133:Physical geography
2037:Impervious surface
1317:USDA soil taxonomy
1143:for Soil Resources
1030:Pore space in soil
973:Soil acidification
929:Soil contamination
192:Earth's atmosphere
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2231:Landscape ecology
2175:Coastal geography
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1730:Soil conservation
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990:Soil biodiversity
837:Soil microbiology
751:Media related to
617:Saltini Antonio,
599:978-0-444-89971-2
504:Ronald Amundsen.
443:Eugene W. Hilgard
423:Olivier de Serres
329:Uniformitarianism
16:(Redirected from
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412:at a later date.
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53:Soil Profile on
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2007:Land conversion
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1710:Types of soil
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1389:Other systems
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1079:Soil moisture
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912:Pedodiversity
910:
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684:
683:0-86598-140-X
680:
674:
668:
667:0-8138-2873-2
664:
658:
652:
651:88-206-2415-X
648:
644:
643:88-206-2414-1
640:
636:
635:88-206-2413-3
632:
628:
627:88-206-2412-5
624:
620:
614:
601:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
558:on 2007-09-30
554:
550:
546:
539:
532:
518:on 2018-06-12
514:
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387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
350:
349:geomorphology
346:
345:sedimentation
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
289:soil horizons
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:geomorphology
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
181:
180:
172:
170:
165:
160:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
106:
104:
103:geomorphology
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2320:Soil science
2286:
2274:
2262:
2187:
2184:Soil science
2179:Oceanography
2153:Biogeography
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1831:Biogeography
1826:Hydrogeology
1801:Geochemistry
1723:Applications
1619:Martian soil
1047:Soil horizon
1020:Soil texture
995:Soil quality
951:Soil sealing
924:Soil erosion
852:Soil physics
847:Soil ecology
842:Soil zoology
832:Soil biology
821:
790:Soil science
726:. Retrieved
706:
702:
689:
673:
657:
618:
613:
603:, retrieved
581:
571:
560:. Retrieved
553:the original
544:
531:
520:. Retrieved
513:the original
499:
394:clay mineral
322:soil profile
247:paleoecology
185:soil genesis
178:
161:
154:
150:soil profile
112:
74:soil science
69:
65:
61:
60:
2162:Climatology
2148:Meteorology
2027:Groundwater
1841:Archaeology
1775:Agroecology
1745:Soil survey
1684:Terra rossa
1679:Terra preta
1659:Spodic soil
1579:Duplex soil
1559:Brown earth
1539:Alkali soil
1529:Rhizosphere
1524:Laimosphere
1398:(1974–1998)
1355:Inceptisols
1262:Plinthosols
1227:Kastanozems
1057:Soil carbon
980:Soil health
961:Alkali soil
890:Soil topics
815:Main fields
485:Pedogenesis
361:Pleistocene
212:climatology
208:meteorology
204:lithosphere
200:hydrosphere
169:sustainable
164:pedogenesis
157:agronomists
134:temperature
99:Pedometrics
87:pedogenesis
2304:Categories
2217:Glaciology
2197:Geobiology
2192:Edaphology
2017:Vegetation
1760:Soil value
1664:Stagnogley
1614:Lunar soil
1569:Dark earth
1554:Brickearth
1519:Pedosphere
1489:Soil crust
1297:Technosols
1282:Solonchaks
1202:Ferralsols
1167:Anthrosols
1042:Soil crust
1015:Soil color
1000:Soil value
902:Pedosphere
827:Edaphology
605:2020-09-23
562:2006-11-01
545:Pedometron
522:2006-06-08
491:References
453:Hans Jenny
402:pedosphere
341:vegetation
318:anisotropy
122:pedosphere
118:vegetation
82:edaphology
36:Pediatrics
18:Pedologist
2226:Limnology
2222:Hydrology
2046:Petrichor
1821:Hydrology
1806:Petrology
1750:Soil test
1649:Quicksand
1594:Fill dirt
1534:Bulk soil
1380:Vertisols
1370:Spodosols
1360:Mollisols
1350:Histosols
1335:Aridisols
1307:Vertisols
1302:Umbrisols
1292:Stagnosol
1257:Planosols
1252:Phaeozems
1232:Leptosols
1217:Gypsisols
1207:Fluvisols
1187:Chernozem
1182:Cambisols
1177:Calcisols
1172:Arenosols
1096:Soil type
985:Soil life
410:lithified
365:paleosols
351:, change.
337:regressed
314:Pedogenic
270:organisms
224:hydrology
196:biosphere
138:soil life
32:Paedology
2310:Pedology
2264:Category
2188:Pedology
2002:Land use
1995:See also
1851:Agrology
1634:Paleosol
1549:Blue goo
1504:Gypcrust
1375:Ultisols
1345:Gelisols
1340:Entisols
1330:Andisols
1325:Alfisols
1287:Solonetz
1277:Retisols
1272:Regosols
1247:Nitisols
1242:Luvisols
1237:Lixisols
1222:Histosol
1212:Gleysols
1197:Durisols
1192:Cryosols
1162:Andosols
1152:Acrisols
1062:Soil gas
822:Pedology
753:Pedology
703:Geoderma
469:See also
385:genesis.
357:Tertiary
308:illuvial
306:, e.g.,
175:Concepts
109:Overview
62:Pedology
44:Pedagogy
40:Podiatry
2288:Commons
2202:Geology
2079:
1881:(India)
1796:Geology
1584:Eluvium
1544:Bay mud
1509:Caliche
1499:Hardpan
1494:Claypan
1484:Subsoil
1479:Topsoil
1365:Oxisols
1267:Podzols
1157:Alisols
1145:(1998–)
968:Soil pH
801:History
728:2 March
711:Bibcode
376:mapping
266:climate
232:geology
220:biology
216:ecology
142:mineral
132:, air,
126:climate
2276:Portal
2068:
1694:Yedoma
1629:Muskeg
681:
665:
649:
641:
633:
625:
596:
406:eroded
398:Shales
297:aspect
274:relief
1674:Takir
1609:Loess
806:Index
699:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
541:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
509:(PDF)
332:time.
293:slope
171:use.
130:water
70:logos
66:pedon
55:Chalk
1924:(US)
1913:(UK)
1907:(US)
1639:Peat
1474:Loam
1469:Clay
1464:Silt
1459:Sand
897:Soil
730:2016
679:ISBN
663:ISBN
647:ISBN
639:ISBN
631:ISBN
623:ISBN
594:ISBN
404:and
390:clay
374:and
282:time
280:and
257:and
238:and
202:and
146:rock
114:Soil
1624:Mud
719:doi
707:124
586:doi
136:),
2306::
2224:/
2190:/
2186:/
2177:/
2168:/
2164:/
2155:/
2146:/
717:.
705:.
701:.
645:,
637:,
629:,
592:,
580:,
543:.
347:,
343:,
295:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
253:,
249:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
198:,
194:,
2125:e
2118:t
2111:v
2039:/
1125:e
1118:t
1111:v
782:e
775:t
768:v
732:.
721::
713::
588::
565:.
525:.
378:.
242:.
128:(
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
