Peat - Knowledge

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resources. These ecosystems are characterized by the unique ability to accumulate and store dead organic matter from Sphagnum and many other non-moss species, as peat, under conditions of almost permanent water saturation. Peatlands are adapted to the extreme conditions of high water and low oxygen content, of toxic elements and low availability of plant nutrients. Their water chemistry varies from alkaline to acidic. Peatlands occur on all continents, from the tropical to boreal and Arctic zones from sea level to high alpine conditions.

5818: 5671: 5717: 5630: 5618: 1163: 5729: 887: 5780: 5705: 5606: 1437: 1331: 49: 9117: 8187: 1257: 788:-affected, and this area represents around a tenth of the total permafrost area, and also a tenth (185 ± 66 Gt) of all permafrost carbon, equivalent to around half of the carbon stored in the atmosphere. Dry peat is a good insulator (with a thermal conductivity of around 0.25 WmK) and therefore plays an important role in protecting permafrost from thaw. The insulating effect of dry peat also makes it integral to unique permafrost landforms such as 1868: 9165: 5753: 1503: 5806: 5794: 548: 485: 1368: 5830: 9153: 9141: 6753: 69: 5741: 455: 5854: 5770: 5693: 745: 9129: 8197: 5594: 5842: 5642: 85: 274: 1888: 357: 1793:

exporters of peat (including peat litter), whether or not agglomerated, were Canada ($ 580,591.39K, 1,643,950,000 kg), European Union ($ 445,304.42K, 2,362,280,000 kg), Latvia ($ 275,459.14K, 2,184,860,000 kg), Netherlands ($ 235,250.84K, 1,312,850,000 kg), Germany ($ 223,414.66K, 1,721,170,000 kg).

426:). Indonesia has more tropical peatlands and mangrove forests than any other nation on earth, but Indonesia is losing wetlands by 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) per year. A catalog of the peat research collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth provides references to research on worldwide peat and peatlands. 808:, 0.7 million km of peatland permafrost could thaw, and with warming of +1.5 to 6 °C a cumulative 0.7 to 3 PgC of methane could be released as a result of permafrost peatland thaw by 2100. The forcing from these potential emissions would be approximately equivalent to 1% of projected anthropogenic emissions. 253:, due to its extraction rate in industrialized countries far exceeding its slow regrowth rate of 1 mm (0.04 in) per year, and as it is also reported that peat regrowth takes place only in 30–40% of peatlands. Centuries of burning and draining of peat by humans has released a significant amount of CO 1779:

Wales has over 70,000 hectares of peatlands. Most of it is blanket peat bog in the highlands, but there are a few hundred hectares of peatland in lowland areas. Some peatland areas in Wales are in poor condition. In 2020, the Welsh Government established a five-year peatland restoration initiative,

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In 2020, the Netherlands imported 2,156 million kg of peat (5.39 million m3 (400 kg/m3 dry peat) ): 44.5% from Germany (2020), 9.5% from Estonia (2018), 9.2% from Latvia (2020), 7.2% from Ireland (2018), 8.0% from Sweden (2019), 6.5% from Lithuania (2020), 5.1% from Belgium (2019) and 1.7% from

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to prevent that significant groundwater storages and carbon sinks areas are altered and compromised by human activities. At the same time, restoration of drained peatlands through rewetting is urged by national and international policies to exploit the peat-rich soil properties in mitigating climate

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Often, restoration is done by blocking drainage channels in the peatland, and allowing natural vegetation to recover. Rehabilitation projects undertaken in North America and Europe usually focus on the rewetting of peatlands and revegetation of native species. This acts to mitigate carbon release in

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The International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) in 2006 urged the local and national governments of Finland to protect and conserve the remaining pristine peatland ecosystems. This includes the cessation of drainage and peat extraction in intact mire sites and the abandoning of current and planned

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In a peat profile there is a fossilized record of changes over time in the vegetation, pollen, spores, animals (from microscopic to the giant elk), and archaeological remains that have been deposited in place, as well as pollen, spores and particles brought in by wind and weather. These remains are

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the most widespread of all wetland types in the world, representing 50 to 70% of global wetlands. They cover over 4 million square kilometres or 3% of the land and freshwater surface of the planet. In these ecosystems are found one third of the world's soil carbon and 10% of global freshwater

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was largely covered with peat. Drainage, causing compaction and oxidation and excavation have reduced peatlands (>40 cm (16 in) peat) to about 2,733 km (1,055 sq mi) or 10% of the land area, mostly used as meadows. Drainage and excavation have lowered the surface of the

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There are 294 million acres of peatland in Canada, with approximately 43,500 acres in production and another 34,500 acres involved in past production. The current and past acreage in production amounts to 0.03 percent of Canada's peatland. Canada is the top exporter of peat by value. In 2021, top

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A more recent estimate from an improved global peatland map, PEATMAP, based on a meta-analysis of geospatial information at global, regional and national levels puts global coverage slightly higher than earlier peatland inventories at 4.23 million square kilometres (1.63 million square

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annually than is released in peat energy production in Finland. The average regrowth rate of a single peat bog, however, is indeed slow, from 1,000 up to 5,000 years. Furthermore, it is a common practice to forest used peat bogs instead of giving them a chance to renew. This leads to lower

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Since the Netherlands did not have many trees to use as firewood or charcoal, one use the Dutch made of the available peat was to fire kilns to make pottery. During World War II, the Dutch Resistance came up with an unusual use for peat. Since peat was so available in the fields, resistance

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Peat "hags" are a form of erosion that occurs at the sides of gullies that cut into the peat or, sometimes in isolation. Hags may result when flowing water cuts downwards into the peat and when fire or overgrazing exposes the peat surface. Once the peat is exposed in these ways, it is prone to

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Large areas of organic wetland (peat) soils are currently drained for agriculture, forestry, and peat extraction (i.e. through canals). This process is taking place all over the world. This not only destroys the habitat of many species but also heavily fuels climate change. As a result of peat

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released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes (0.89 and 2.83 billion short tons; 0.80 and 2.53 billion long tons) of carbon; equivalent to 13–40 percent of the amount released by global fossil fuel burning, and greater than the carbon uptake of the world's biosphere. These fires may be

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Fraser, L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p. and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488

637:. Such health treatments have an enduring tradition in European countries, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria. Some of these old spas date back to the 18th century and are still active today. The most common types of peat application in balneotherapy are peat 736:, had been discovered in 1938 in the same bog about 60 m (200 ft) from the Tollund Man. She is believed to have lived during the late 3rd century BC and was a ritual sacrifice. In the Bronze and Iron Ages, people used peat bogs for rituals to nature gods and spirits. 470:, peat was traditionally stacked to dry in rural areas and used for cooking and domestic heating. This tradition can be traced back to the Roman period. For industrial uses, companies may use pressure to extract water from the peat, which is soft and easily compressed. 918:

Despite the damage that the burning of raw peat can cause, bogs are naturally subject to wildfires and depend on the wildfires to keep woody competition from lowering the water table and shading out many bog plants. Several families of plants including the carnivorous

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In Sweden, farmers use dried peat to absorb excrement from cattle that are wintered indoors. The most essential property of peat is retaining moisture in container soil when it is dry while preventing the excess water from killing roots when it is wet. Peat can store

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mires have a rich bird life and are an EU-red listed habitat, and in Canada riparian peat banks are used as maternity sites for polar bears. Natural peatlands also have many species of wild orchids and carnivorous plants. For more on biological communities, see

186:. Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years, peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains, such as pollen. This allows the reconstruction of past environments and the study of land-use changes. 3308:

Hugelius, Gustaf; Loisel, Julie; Chadburn, Sarah; Jackson, Robert B.; Jones, Miriam; MacDonald, Glen; Marushchak, Maija; Olefeldt, David; Packalen, Maara; Siewert, Matthias B.; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt; Voigt, Carolina; Yu, Zicheng (2020-08-25).

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cycle of mercury, for example. Over the years, different dating models and technologies for measuring date sediments and peat profiles accumulated over the last 100–150 years, have been used, including the widely used vertical distribution of 210Pb, the

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Peat deposits are found in many places around the world, including northern Europe and North America. The North American peat deposits are principally found in Canada and the Northern United States. Some of the world's largest peatlands include the

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highlights peatlands as key ecosystems to be conserved and protected. The convention requires governments at all levels to present action plans for the conservation and management of wetland environments. Wetlands are also protected under the 1971

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studies "of peat can be used to reveal what plant communities were present (locally and regionally), what period each community occupied, how environmental conditions changed, and how the environment affected the ecosystem in that time and place."

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Bogs in Latvia are considered important habitats due to their ecological values, and up to 128 thousand hectares, or 40% of the areas in the territory, are protected by environmental laws. The most famous national parks and reserves are the

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in certain parts of the world, but this is being banned in some places. By volume, there are about 4 trillion cubic metres of peat in the world. Over time, the formation of peat is often the first step in the geological formation of

1578:, peat is the second most mined natural resource. The peat production sector has a yearly revenue of around €100 million and it is mostly export-oriented. Peat is extracted from around 14 thousand hectares (35,000 acres). 148:

conditions, where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere, slowing the rate of decomposition. Peat properties such as organic matter content and saturated hydraulic conductivity can exhibit high

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The recent burning of peat bogs in Indonesia, with their large and deep growths containing more than 50 billion tonnes (55 billion short tons; 49 billion long tons) of carbon, has contributed to increases in world

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Vitt, D.H., L.A. Halsey and B.J. Nicholson. 2005. The Mackenzie River basin. pp. 166–202 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 488

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further erosion by wind, water, and livestock. The result is overhanging vegetation and peat. Hags are too steep and unstable for vegetation to establish itself, so they continue to erode unless restorative action is taken.

544:. In the UK, 43% of the population receives drinking water sourced from peatlands, with the number climbing to 68% in Ireland. Catchments containing peatlands are the main source of water for large cities, including Dublin. 2600: 1350:, a process where the land is cleared of forest and subsequently drained. Peat cores are then extracted under dry weather conditions and stored on stacks to let the residual moisture evaporate. Today, clear-cutting for 308:. Peat usually accumulates slowly at the rate of about a millimetre per year. The estimated carbon content is 415 gigatonnes (457 billion short tons) (northern peatlands), 50 Gt (55 billion short tons) ( 731:

in Denmark. Having been discovered in 1950 after being mistaken for a recent murder victim, he was exhumed for scientific purposes and dated to have lived during the 4th century BC. Before that, another bog body, the

617:; it also contains substances that are beneficial for plants and fishes' reproductive health. Peat can prevent algae growth and kill microorganisms. Peat often stains the water yellow or brown due to the leaching of 1668:. Government policy incentivised commercial removal to peat for agricultural use. This caused much destruction of the area during the 1980s. The removal of the peat resulted in later flooding further downstream at 297:, which preserve organic material. Sphagnum also have special water-retaining cells, known as hyaline cells, which can release water ensuring the bogland remains constantly wet which helps promote peat production. 1098:

launched the Wetlands Ecosystem and Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Rehabilitation Project. This project was targeted to last for 5 years, and brings together the efforts of various non-government organisations.

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Valley. There is less peat in the Southern Hemisphere, in part because there is less land. The world's largest tropical peatland is located in Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo). In addition, the vast

5230: 5182: 2019: 2821: 3216: 2654: 1346:, peat-rich lands have historically been exploited to produce energy, agricultural land and horticultural substrates. The most common method to extract peat during the 19th and 20th centuries was 1748:. The drying process takes about 30 hours. This gives the whiskies a distinctive smoky flavour, often called "peatiness". The peatiness, or degree of peat flavour, of a whisky is calculated in 289:, sedges, and shrubs. As it accumulates, the peat holds water. This slowly creates wetter conditions that allow the area of wetland to expand. Peatland features can include ponds, ridges, and 2499:

Zicheng Yu, Julie Loisel, Daniel P. Brosseau, David W. Beilman, Stephanie J. Hunt. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 37, L13402

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Peat material is either fibric, hemic, or sapric. Fibric peats are the least decomposed and consist of intact fibre. Hemic peats are partially decomposed and sapric are the most decomposed.

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emissions from drained peatlands have increased from 1,058 Mton in 1990 to 1,298 Mton in 2008 (a 20% increase). This increase has particularly taken place in developing countries, of which

1531:. Harvesting of peat could continue in suitable locations as the lower peat layers below current sea level became exposed. This peat was deposited before the rise of the sea level in the 230:

production is greater than the rate of decomposition", but it takes "thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m , which is the average depth of the

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groundwater extraction that may affect these sites. A proposal for a Finnish peatland management strategy was presented to the government in 2011, after a lengthy consultation phase.

1994:, managed by Wetlands International in co-operation with the IUCN – Netherlands Committee, Alterra, the International Mire Conservation Group and the International Peatland Society." 915:. These smouldering fires can burn undetected for very long periods of time (months, years, and even centuries) propagating in a creeping fashion through the underground peat layer. 2410: 1391:

was responsible for managing peat extraction. It processed the extracted peat into milled peat, which was used in power stations, and sold processed peat fuel in the form of peat

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emissions from the worldwide 500,000 km of degraded peatland may exceed 2.0 Gtons (including emissions from peat fires), which is almost 6% of all global carbon emissions.

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moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most common components in peat, although many other plants can contribute. The biological features of sphagnum mosses act to create a

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In North America, peat fires can occur during severe droughts throughout their occurrence, from boreal forests in Canada to swamps and fens in the subtropical southern Florida

3153:"Lindow man, tollund man and other peat-bog bodies: The preservative and antimicrobial action of Sphagnan, a reactive glycuronoglycan with tanning and sequestering properties" 1314:(at 56.1). According to one study, increasing the average amount of wood in the fuel mixture from the current 2.6% to 12.5% would take the emissions down to 93 g CO 1106:. This publication aims to develop mechanisms that can balance the conflicting demands on the global peatland heritage to ensure its wise use to meet the needs of humankind. 2748: 845: 3082:"The isotopic evolution of atmospheric Pb in central Ontario since AD 1800, and its impacts on the soils, waters, and sediments of a forested watershed, Kawagama Lake" 1406:

In January 2021, Bord na Móna announced that it had ceased all peat harvesting and cutting operations and would be moving its business to a climate solutions company.

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drainage, the organic carbon – which built over thousands of years and is normally underwater – is suddenly exposed to the air. It decomposes and turns into

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Peat forms when plant material does not fully decay in acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of wetland vegetation: principally bog plants including

5621: 1599:'s most famous and diverse peatlands in the eastern Indian territory of Sikkim, which includes 682 species representing five kingdoms, 196 families, and 453 genera. 2441: 1006:, which is equal to Sweden's total annual emissions. The peat fires are linked to climate change, as they are much more likely to occur nowadays due to this effect. 5732: 5708: 5146: 4279: 2066: 2036: 2774: 3828: 1763:

Because they are easily compressed under minimal weight, peat deposits pose significant difficulties for building structures, roads, and railways. When the

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In November 2002, the International Peatland (formerly Peat) Society (IPS) and the International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) published guidelines on the

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miles) approximately 2.84% of the world land area. In Europe, peatlands extend to about 515,000 km (199,000 sq mi). About 60% of the world's

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Christensen, Torben R.; Johansson, Torbjörn; Åkerman, H. Jonas; Mastepanov, Mihail; Malmer, Nils; Friborg, Thomas; Crill, Patrick; Svensson, Bo H. (2004).

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and many species of orchid are now threatened and in some cases endangered from the combined forces of human drainage, negligence, and absence of fire.

696:(Hg) accumulation rates in bogs with historical natural archives records in peat bogs and lake sediments to estimate the potential human impacts on the 5756: 5542: 5360: 587:

serve as a natural means of flood mitigation, with any overflow being absorbed by the peat, provided forests are still present to prevent peat fires.

5809: 4718: 1535:. As a result, approximately 26% of the area and 21% of the population of the Netherlands are presently below sea level. The deepest point is in the 646: 1692:, there is small-scale domestic turf cutting in rural areas, but areas of bogs have been diminished because of changes in agriculture. In response, 335:

Engineers may describe a soil as peat which has a relatively high percentage of organic material. This soil is problematic because it exhibits poor

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One characteristic of peat is the bioaccumulation of metals concentrated in the peat. Accumulated mercury is of significant environmental concern.

5479: 5427: 246:, which exceeds the carbon stored in all other vegetation types, including the world's forests, although it covers just 3% of the land's surface. 5293: 1009: 2248: 1196:

More than two thirds of the licensed areas for peat extraction are state-owned; 55% belong to the state whilst 23% belong to the municipalities

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Johansson, Torbjörn; Malmer, Nils; Crill, Patrick M.; Friborg, Thomas; Åkerman, Jonas H.; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Christensen, Torben R. (2006).

2904:"Effect of Peat Intervention on Pain and Gait in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study" 856:-eq./yr, the EU is after Indonesia (500 Mton) and before Russia (161 Mton), the world's second-largest emitter of drainage-related peatland CO 1649:

border and contains many rare plant and animal species due to the acidic environment created by the peat. Only lightly hand-dug, it is now a

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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, UK. Cambridge. 497 p. Chapter 7.

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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapter 1.

1756:. Normal Highland whiskies have a peat level of up to 30 ppm, and the whiskies on Islay usually have up to 50 ppm. In rare types like the 1612:

England has around 1 million acres of peatland. Peatlands in England store 584m tonnes of carbon in total but emit around 11m tonnes of CO

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Kim, Myeongkyu; Lee, Kyu Hoon; Han, Seung Hoon; Lee, Sung Jae; Kim, Choong-Gon; Choi, Jae Ho; Hwang, Sun Hee; Park, Si-Bog (2020-01-20).

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due to the loss of water retaining peatlands. Recently regeneration of peatland has occurred as part of the Thorne Moors project, and at

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with 1.42 million tons. Nevertheless, although first in the world by volume, in monetary terms, Latvian comes second in the world behind

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the short term before the new growth of vegetation provides a new source of organic litter to fuel the peat formation in the long term.

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Latvia has been the biggest exporter of peat in the world by volume, providing more than 19.9% of the world's volume, followed only by

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in western Scotland, its builders had to float the tracks on a multi-thousand-ton mattress of tree roots, brushwood, earth, and ash.

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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 497 pp. 323–25

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properties of the acidic water, as well as by the antibiotic properties of the organic component sphagnan. A famous example is the

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Peat has a high carbon content and can burn under low moisture conditions. Once ignited by the presence of a heat source (e.g., a

6552: 1631:, there were several commercial distillation plants formed and run by the British Patent Naphtha Company in 1844. These produced 1103: 462:

Peat can be used as fuel once dried. Traditionally, peat is cut by hand and left to dry in the sun. In many countries, including

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being put in place, peat fires in the Arctic emitted 50 megatonnes (55 million short tons; 49 million long tons) of CO

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O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (25 February 2020). "Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland".

4163: 2465: 1620: 976:. Once a fire has burnt through the area, hollows in the peat are burnt out, and hummocks are desiccated but can contribute to 5209: 2724: 1987: 5255: 4714:"The case of conflicting Finnish peatland management – Skewed representation of nature, participation and policy instruments" 4097: 2847: 4150: 8952: 1491:, especially in 1965. In 1929, over 40% of the Soviet Union's electric energy came from peat, which dropped to 1% by 1980. 1441: 1354:

peat (of which Sweden is an important producer in Europe) is limited to some areas of Sweden and strictly regulated by the

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catfish, peat is reported to have many other beneficial functions in freshwater aquaria. It softens water by acting as an

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properties – it cannot be easily compacted to serve as a stable foundation to support loads, such as roads or buildings.

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Turetsky, Merritt R.; Benscoter, Brian; Page, Susan; Rein, Guillermo; van der Werf, Guido R.; Watts, Adam (2014-12-23).

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Bäckstrand, K.; Crill, P. M.; Jackowicz-Korczyñski, M.; Mastepanov, M.; Christensen, T. R.; Bastviken, D. (2010-01-11).

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The distinctive ecological conditions of peat wetlands provide a habitat for distinctive fauna and flora. For example,

293:. The characteristics of some bog plants actively promote bog formation. For example, sphagnum mosses actively secrete 2073: 1494:

In the 1960s, larger sections of swamps and bogs in Western Russia were drained for agricultural and mining purposes.

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may burn for great lengths of time, or smoulder underground and reignite after winter if an oxygen source is present.

5962: 5560: 5528: 4678:"VTT 2004: Wood in peat fuel – impact on the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions according to IPCC guidelines" 2030: 1949: 524:-based peat-free potting soil mixes are on the rise, particularly in the UK, peat is still used as raw material for 2863: 1520: 140:

aiding peat formation, a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation'. Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as

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responsible for the acceleration in the increase in carbon dioxide levels since 1998. More than 100 peat fires in

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In a widely cited article, Joosten and Clarke (2002) described peatlands or mires (which they say are the same) as

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favours bog and peat bog formation. Thus, peat is available in considerable quantities. It is burned to produce

9156: 9039: 8310: 7614: 6685: 3877: 2891:. (trans. for Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York: 2000). Munich, Germany: Gräfe & Unzer GmbH. 387: 4189:

Fenton, Nicole; Lecomte, Nicolas; Légaré, Sonia & Bergeron, Yves (2005). "Paludification in black spruce (

2197: 2118:"Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in relation to microtopography in a non-tidal rewetted coastal mire" 9132: 8849: 8416: 6210: 6091: 5633: 4636: 2279: 1395:, which is used for domestic heating. These are oblong bars of densely compressed, dried, and shredded peat. 1104:"Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands – Backgrounds and Principles including a framework for decision-making" 516:

with a high ion-exchange capacity due to its oxidized lignin. Peat is discouraged as a soil amendment by the

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Walker, M.D. 2019. Sphagnum; the biology of a habitat manipulator. Sicklebrook publishing, Sheffield, U.K.

226:) naturally released from the peat, maintaining an equilibrium. In natural peatlands, the "annual rate of 8824: 8779: 6523: 5474: 1429: 1114: 1068: 969:

have continued to burn since 1997; each year, these peat fires ignite new forest fires above the ground.

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In 2022, selling peat for burning was prohibited, but some people are still allowed to cut and burn it.

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basin. In addition to being soft and therefore suitable for demersal (bottom-dwelling) species such as

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PEATMAP is a GIS shapefile dataset that shows a distribution of peatlands that covers the entire world

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Modelling Past Mercury Deposition from Peat Bogs – The Influence of Peat Structure and 210Pb Mobility

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every year due to degradation and draining. In 2021 only 124 people owned 60% of England's peatland.

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Prins, Marcel & Steenhuis, Peter Henk, "Hidden," Arthur A. Levine Books, New York, 2011, p. 205.

4540: 3772: 3600:"Decadal vegetation changes in a northern peatland, greenhouse gas fluxes and net radiative forcing" 2020:

Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands: Background and Principles including a Framework for Decision-Making

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covers 3.7 million square kilometres (1.4 million square miles) and is the most efficient

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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.

6894: 6807: 6802: 6502: 6492: 6364: 6354: 6184: 5922: 5720: 5551: 1757: 1677: 1540: 9216: 9168: 8789: 8698: 7721: 7269: 7054: 6342: 6317: 6257: 5937: 5878: 5178: 3047: 1781: 1134: 1075: 801: 3081: 1209: 1201: 172:, also deposit peat. Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants, including 9221: 9211: 9034: 8927: 8615: 8595: 8426: 8411: 8378: 8147: 7604: 7029: 6837: 6605: 6416: 6230: 6066: 6041: 5892: 5871: 5763: 1716: 1566:

fighters sometimes stacked peat into human-sized piles and used the piles for target practice.

1280: 988: 881: 633:(the use of bathing to treat disease). Many traditional spa treatments include peat as part of 1627:

began during the Roman times and has been carried out since the Levels were first drained. On

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The mountains of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau contain pockets of high-altitude wetlands.

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Altland, James (March 2024). "Peat industry confusion: The blurring of two separate issues".

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at www.yppartnership.org.uk, website of the Yorkshire Peat Partnership. Accessed 9 July 2016.

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Tarnocai, C.; Canadell, J. G.; Schuur, E. a. G.; Kuhry, P.; Mazhitova, G.; Zimov, S. (2009).

1421: 1261: 150: 31: 4972:"Milieurekeningen 2008" (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Accessed 4 February 2010. 4130: 2116:

Ahmad, Sate; Liu, Haojie; Beyer, Florian; Kløve, Bjorn; Lennartz, Bernd (25 February 2020).

1306:, the carbon dioxide emissions of peat are higher than those of coal (at 94.6 g CO 9201: 9013: 8967: 8854: 8391: 8386: 8285: 7828: 7686: 7676: 7661: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7219: 6889: 6864: 6645: 6497: 6454: 6347: 6272: 5655: 5079: 4727: 4688: 4202: 3919: 3787: 3727: 3672: 3611: 3505: 3392: 3322: 3228: 3133: 3096: 2789: 2572: 2442:"The History of Domestic Peat Fuel Exploitation in Relation to Carbon & Climate Change" 2067:

Tree plantations within the context of ecological restoration of peatlands: practical guide

1931: 1749: 1575: 336: 61: 4416: 4399: 4111: 4001: 3770: 2224:"Peat compost to be banned – luckily, green alternatives are just as good for your garden" 1193:

due its climate has several peat bogs, which account for 9.9% of the country's territory.

661:

described the concept of peat archives, a phrase coined by influential peatland scientist

8: 8872: 8728: 8718: 8585: 8514: 8494: 7471: 7441: 7431: 6967: 6827: 6727: 6421: 6411: 5967: 5952: 5912: 5885: 5660: 5650: 5496: 5267: 4877: 4373: 2677:"An Author Catalog of the Peat Research Collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth" 1838: 1721: 1642: 1380: 1375:

in the Irish Midlands: The 'turf' in the foreground is machine-produced for domestic use.

1347: 792:

and permafrost peat plateaus. Peatland permafrost thaw tends to result in an increase in

378: 374: 305: 304:

formed 12,000 years ago in high latitudes after the glaciers retreated at the end of the

258: 5083: 4731: 4206: 4061: 3923: 3791: 3731: 3676: 3615: 3509: 3396: 3326: 3232: 3137: 3100: 2793: 2576: 2313: 1470:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1239:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1113:, summarising the currently available knowledge on the topic. In 2010, IPS presented a " 1050:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9206: 8912: 8897: 8693: 8570: 8421: 8358: 8265: 7768: 7420: 7039: 6982: 6952: 6942: 6899: 6678: 6372: 6081: 5864: 5783: 5428:"Peat; (including peat litter), whether or not agglomerated exports by country in 2021" 5095: 4772: 3961: 3753: 3635: 3574: 3468: 3432: 3353: 3310: 3244: 2938: 2903: 2813: 2170: 2072:(Report). Laval, Québec, Canada: Peatland Ecology Research Group (PERG). Archived from 1764: 1546: 942: 551: 4511: 4439: 3981:"Meadowview Biological Research Station – Preserving and Restoring Pitcher Plant Bogs" 3517: 3152: 2558:"PEATMAP: Refining estimates of global peatland distribution based on a meta-analysis" 2117: 9236: 9077: 8937: 8932: 8534: 8509: 8479: 7803: 7691: 7671: 7415: 7360: 7044: 6972: 6919: 6772: 6469: 6215: 6106: 6076: 5927: 5251: 5099: 4955: 4916: 4902:. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany. 780 p. Chapter "Netherlands". 4745: 4421: 4353: 4262:"Thanks to climate change, parts of the Arctic are on fire. Scientists are concerned" 4167: 4093: 3965: 3953: 3945: 3896:, The Global Peat CO2 Picture, Wetlands International and Greifswald University, 2010 3803: 3757: 3745: 3690: 3627: 3623: 3566: 3521: 3472: 3460: 3452: 3410: 3358: 3340: 3172: 3168: 2996: 2943: 2925: 2843: 2817: 2805: 2174: 2026: 1803: 1087: 938: 793: 724: 693: 568: 403: 231: 227: 169: 3931: 3639: 3248: 2631:"CongoPeat - Past, Present & Future of the Peatlands of the Central Congo Basin" 2535:

PEATMAP: Refining estimates of global peatland distribution based on a meta-analysis

1984: 987:

of up to 40 °C (104 °F) ignited large deposits of peat in Central Russia,

900: 748:

Increase, and change relative to previous year, of the atmospheric concentration of

8774: 8469: 8162: 8152: 8137: 7763: 7584: 7400: 7370: 7350: 7306: 7184: 7034: 6787: 6519: 6406: 6297: 6262: 6237: 6096: 5917: 5206: 5126: 5087: 4945: 4735: 4469:"The natural world can help save us from climate catastrophe | George Monbiot" 4411: 4343: 4335: 4228: 4210: 3935: 3927: 3795: 3735: 3680: 3619: 3558: 3513: 3444: 3400: 3348: 3330: 3281: 3236: 3164: 3104: 2933: 2915: 2797: 2580: 2538: 2162: 2136: 2132: 1689: 1417: 841: 600: 501: 407: 395: 250: 5744: 4740: 4713: 1205: 1174:

with 13% in 2022. In 2020, Latvia exported 1.97 million tons of peat, followed by

160:, are the primary source of peat; although less common, other wetlands, including 8877: 8769: 8738: 8723: 8519: 8401: 8346: 8280: 8260: 8102: 8023: 7788: 7700: 7540: 7382: 7301: 6732: 6635: 6459: 6377: 6312: 6307: 6205: 6071: 5942: 5797: 5213: 4664: 4382: 4214: 4137: 4118: 4087: 2604: 2584: 2466:"How scientists are restoring boreal peatlands to help keep carbon in the ground" 1991: 1872: 1624: 1189:

Latvia's peat deposits have been estimated to equal 1.7 billion tons. Latvia, as

926: 877: 757: 528:

in some other European countries, Canada, as well as parts of the United States.

513: 419: 382: 77: 5131: 5114: 4913:

Sea of Land, The polder as an experimental atlas of Dutch landscape architecture

4323: 3773:"Spatial Characteristics of Net Methylmercury Production Hot Spots in Peatlands" 3660: 3311:"Large stocks of peatland carbon and nitrogen are vulnerable to permafrost thaw" 3130:

Modeling the downward transport of 210Pb in mires and repercussions on the deriv

2509: 1386: 479: 8957: 8907: 8809: 8733: 8658: 8610: 8580: 8499: 8431: 8167: 8133: 8006: 7965: 7733: 7636: 7461: 7405: 7365: 7355: 7345: 7259: 7146: 7121: 6914: 6842: 6817: 6582: 6474: 6391: 6195: 5957: 5947: 5833: 5172:"Somerset Peat Paper – Issues consultation for the Minerals Core Strategy" 5091: 4982: 2557: 1916: 1697: 1536: 950: 873: 821: 805: 797: 761: 749: 697: 537: 497: 219: 107: 7335: 7318: 6512: 5487: 4653: 3240: 3108: 2801: 2775:"Hotspots of peatland-derived potable water use identified by global analysis" 1922: 1399:

is a manufactured product for use in garden cultivation. Turf (dried out peat

999: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9097: 8947: 8814: 8688: 8663: 8648: 8605: 8544: 8142: 7923: 7898: 7843: 7599: 7568: 7395: 7390: 7291: 7234: 7082: 6671: 6610: 6449: 6327: 6322: 6277: 6046: 5491: 4425: 4357: 4193:) forests of eastern Canada: Potential factors and management implications". 3949: 3749: 3694: 3658: 3631: 3570: 3525: 3456: 3414: 3344: 3176: 2995:. Biology of Habitats (2 ed.). University of Oxford Press. p. 400. 2929: 2809: 2381:"Climate change and deforestation threaten world's largest tropical peatland" 1843: 1737: 1725: 1701: 1693: 630: 309: 278: 100: 5817: 5670: 5147:"Just 124 people own most of England's deep peat – its largest carbon store" 3771:

Mitchell, Carla P. J.; Branfireun, Brian A. & Kolka, Randall K. (2008).

3716:"Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: Effects on vegetation and methane emissions" 3448: 3335: 1555:

Denmark (2019); 1,35 million kg was exported. Most is used in gardening and

9003: 8988: 8887: 8678: 8643: 8529: 8504: 8489: 8464: 8459: 8436: 8363: 8290: 8270: 8244: 8172: 8157: 7996: 7918: 7808: 7753: 7748: 7716: 7706: 7651: 7626: 7609: 7515: 7410: 7059: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6595: 6282: 6225: 6056: 5773: 5716: 5629: 5520: 4959: 4749: 4348: 4280:"'Unprecedented': more than 100 Arctic wildfires burn in worst ever season" 3957: 3807: 3464: 3362: 2947: 2920: 1833: 1768: 1696:

has seen the establishment of tentative steps towards conservation such as

1592: 1559: 1515:

peatlands. In the west of the country dikes and mills were built, creating

1488: 1372: 1351: 1342:

is covered by peatlands. Whilst nowadays the main use of such soils is for

733: 685: 662: 614: 604: 525: 190: 5682: 5617: 5510: 5115:"Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas" 4597: 3020:(2 ed.), Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press, pp. 323–325 2676: 1286:

Also, agricultural and forestry-drained peat bogs actively release more CO

1186:. As an example, Latvia's income from exports was 237 million US dollars. 1162: 886: 9008: 8683: 8668: 8575: 8549: 8539: 8474: 8454: 8396: 8341: 8295: 8252: 8107: 8048: 7938: 7933: 7908: 7891: 7881: 7872: 7738: 7589: 7484: 7224: 6992: 6987: 6929: 6879: 6854: 6640: 6337: 6220: 6159: 5728: 3740: 3715: 3685: 3405: 3381:"Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region" 3380: 2411:"Aspects of treating peat as renewable or non-renewable natural resource" 1528: 1511: 1436: 1311: 933: 728: 489: 430: 399: 243: 211: 195: 89: 5779: 5704: 5605: 3906:

Lin, Shaorun; Cheung, Yau Kuen; Xiao, Yang; Huang, Xinyan (2020-07-20).

3431:

Zimov, Sergey A.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Chapin, F. Stuart (2006-06-16).

1334:

Peat layer showing the typical dark colour of rich organic matter soils.

8917: 8703: 8673: 8653: 8590: 8560: 8524: 8368: 8275: 8018: 8013: 7970: 7953: 7943: 7913: 7903: 7853: 7743: 7631: 7520: 7340: 7286: 7249: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7163: 7139: 6737: 6464: 6444: 6332: 6144: 6139: 6061: 6051: 5932: 5677: 5597: 5058:"Ministeerium: seisvad turbamaardlad on mõistlik taas kasutusele võtta" 3940: 1673: 1556: 1524: 973: 962: 921: 898:

Peat can be a major fire hazard and is not extinguished by light rain.

785: 564: 415: 324: 290: 235: 103: 8043: 3799: 3578: 3546: 1256: 8942: 8922: 8902: 8892: 8882: 8764: 8708: 8638: 8633: 8484: 8097: 7948: 7818: 7793: 7681: 7666: 7646: 7505: 7436: 7426: 7323: 7313: 7244: 7229: 7194: 7064: 7049: 6997: 6947: 6937: 6620: 6600: 6486: 6302: 6287: 5903: 5845: 5645: 4339: 3713: 3197: 2840:

Assessment on peatlands, biodiversity and climate change: main report

1983:

Supported by the "Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) under the

1903: 1823: 1661: 1396: 1392: 1330: 891: 833: 609: 541: 411: 391: 242:

emissions). Globally, peat stores up to 550 Gt of carbon, 42% of all

207: 179: 48: 5034: 4950: 4933: 3661:"Annual carbon gas budget for a subarctic peatland, Northern Sweden" 3285: 1502: 953:

levels. Peat deposits in Southeast Asia could be destroyed by 2040.

8998: 8993: 8834: 8406: 8305: 7838: 7711: 7696: 7594: 7550: 7535: 7525: 7510: 7500: 7254: 7179: 7014: 6962: 6869: 6847: 6812: 6792: 6767: 6742: 6650: 6537: 6267: 6242: 6169: 6086: 5752: 3562: 3269: 2166: 1808: 1729: 1628: 1532: 1343: 1013:

Peat hags at the start of Allt Lagan a' Bhainne tributary on Eilrig

908: 837: 720: 714: 642: 638: 596: 584: 572: 547: 509: 484: 467: 434: 286: 174: 141: 132: 123: 111: 38: 6752: 5805: 5793: 5385:"Natural Resources Wales / The National Peatland Action Programme" 3893: 1367: 8080: 8075: 8065: 8038: 7958: 7858: 7823: 7813: 7798: 7555: 7466: 7330: 7209: 6874: 6722: 6590: 6562: 6247: 6174: 6164: 6154: 6149: 5857: 5829: 1848: 1632: 1283:. Peat provides around 4% of Finland's annual energy production. 1276: 1269: 1190: 1175: 966: 912: 770: 463: 438: 423: 398:) is an extensive peat-dominated landscape. Peat can be found in 366: 332:, and other grasses. It is denser than many other types of peat. 203: 165: 145: 137: 73: 68: 5740: 2773:

Xu, Jiren; Morris, Paul J.; Liu, Junguo; Holden, Joseph (2018).

2556:

Xu, Jiren; Morris, Paul J.; Liu, Junguo; Holden, Joseph (2018).

2542: 2533:

Xu, Jiren; Morris, Paul J.; Liu, Junguo; Holden, Joseph (2017).

2198:"A growing concern: peat is bad for the planet – and for plants" 995:. The situation remained critical until the end of August 2010. 744: 454: 8213: 8123: 8085: 8070: 8033: 7991: 7986: 7886: 7641: 7545: 7214: 7174: 6859: 6777: 6572: 6567: 6557: 6547: 6479: 6252: 6200: 6010: 5853: 5769: 5692: 3980: 1814:

Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks

1753: 1745: 1596: 1516: 1445: 1425: 1339: 1183: 1179: 1171: 789: 634: 618: 312:) and 15 Gt (17 billion short tons) (South America). 294: 215: 183: 127: 5593: 5505: 3215:

Luoto, Miska; Heikkinen, Risto K.; Carter, Timothy R. (2004).

8565: 8053: 7928: 7848: 7833: 7780: 7530: 7489: 7281: 7159: 7134: 6712: 6025: 4849:"A burning issue for Ireland as the sale of peat is outlawed" 4823:"Bord na Móna confirms it has ended peat harvesting for good" 3307: 1897: 1818: 1741: 1669: 1646: 1318:/MJ. That said, little effort is being made to achieve this. 1303: 1121: 844:

are the fastest-growing top emitters. This estimate excludes

765: 493: 273: 84: 5841: 5641: 5361:"Welsh Peatland Sustainable Management Scheme (SMS) Project" 4898:

Joosten, Hans; Tanneberger, Franziska; Moen, Asbjørn. 2017.

3492:

Kujala, Kauko; Seppälä, Matti; Holappa, Teuvo (2008-05-01).

2065:

Hugron, Sandrine; Bussières, Julie; Rochefort, Line (2013).

1506:

Peat covered area (brown) 2,500 years ago in the Netherlands

8028: 7273: 6957: 6909: 6797: 6694: 6020: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5980: 5515: 5482: 4324:"Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss" 4188: 3597: 3378: 3217:"Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences" 3055:, Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, 1909: 1487:

The use of peat for energy production was prominent in the

1265: 1143: 992: 705:(ICP-SMS), and more recently the initial penetration (IP). 521: 199: 119: 5001:

Goederensoorten naar land; minerale brandstoffen en chemie

4038:"Vast Peat Fires Threaten Health and Boost Global Warming" 2697:"World Energy Resources: Peat – World Energy Council 2013" 356: 7868: 7573: 7129: 6904: 5500: 5456: 5268:"Giving peat a(nother) chance | Yorkshire Wildlife Trust" 4488:"UNEP supports project to restore peatlands in Indonesia" 4321: 4166:. U.S. Geological Survey. 15 January 2013. Archived from 3426: 3424: 2630: 1971: 1400: 778: 774: 684:, first published in 1980, Birks and Birks described how 301: 161: 157: 115: 42: 2064: 1635:

on a commercial scale from the high-quality local peat.

848:(conservative estimates amount to at least 4,000 Mton/CO 6663: 3268:

Richardson, Evan; Stirling, Ian; Hik, David S. (2005).

1148:

Peat extraction is forbidden in Chile since April 2024.

1117:", which can be applied worldwide for decision-making. 828:), which is released into the atmosphere. The global CO 5466: 5461: 4712:

Salomaa, Anne; Paloniemi, Riikka; Ekroos, Eri (2018).

4711: 4512:"Ley 21660 sobre protección ambiental de las turberas" 4440:"Ley 21660 Sobre protección ambiental de las turberas" 4400:"Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience" 4089:

Wildland fires and the environment: a global synthesis

3421: 3031:

Birks, Harry John Betteley; Birks, Hilary H. (2004) .

1371:

Industrial-milled peat production in a section of the

937:(bladderworts) and non-carnivorous plants such as the 739: 4562:"Latvia is the largest exporter of peat in the world" 3267: 2908:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2222:

Bek, David; Turner, Margi Lennartsson (19 May 2021).

1152: 540:, providing nearly 4% of all potable water stored in 7020:

Health and environmental impact of the coal industry

5063: 5005:

tr. "Goods by country; mineral fuels and chemistry")

4637:"Statistics Finland – Energy supply and consumption" 4229:"Fog from peat fires blankets Moscow amid heat wave" 3491: 3214: 3039: 2725:"Culture & history | IUCN UK Peatland Programme" 2607:

Full Report, IUCN UK Peatland Programme October 2011

2246: 2013: 2011: 7010:

Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia

2615: 2613: 4002:"New lily species found in eastern N.C. Sandhills" 3905: 2396: 2394: 2314:"Warming world 'devastating' for frozen peatlands" 2153:Gorham, E (1957). "The development of peatlands". 2115: 1656:The industrial extraction of peat occurred at the 429:About 7% of all peatlands have been exploited for 5106: 4983:"Common substances, materials, foods and gravels" 4719:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 4556: 4554: 4504: 3551:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 3494:"Physical properties of peat and palsa formation" 3430: 3303: 3301: 2772: 2555: 2532: 2148: 2146: 2008: 1146:is supporting peatland restoration in Indonesia. 1083:United Nations Convention of Biological Diversity 784:Around half of the area of northern peatlands is 9183: 5516:PeatDataHub - combining global peatland datasets 4915:. 344 pp, Uitgeverij Architectura & Natura. 4874:"Russia institutes peat fire prevention program" 4871: 4613: 4611: 2610: 1653:and is being restored to its natural condition. 991:and covering the capital of Moscow with a toxic 719:Naturally mummified human bodies, often called " 437:. Under certain conditions, peat will turn into 4393: 4391: 4131:Indonesian Wildfires Accelerated Global Warming 3978: 3315:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2991:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, John K. (18 July 2013) . 2864:"Article 4: Ecosystem Biodiversity In Malaysia" 2391: 2307: 2305: 2303: 1519:so that dwelling and economic activities could 512:although it is not fertile itself – it is 45:, the top layer of soil from which grass grows. 7112: 4551: 4247:"Russia begins to localize fires, others rage" 4085: 3298: 3079: 3045: 2143: 852:-eq./yr for south-east Asia). With 174 Mton/CO 8229: 7098: 6679: 5536: 4820: 4608: 3374: 3372: 2986: 2984: 2017: 238:(Gt) of carbon (about 46 times 2019 global CO 8963:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 5550: 5488:Massive peat burn is speeding climate change 4388: 4151:Massive peat burn is speeding climate change 3018:Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation 2901: 2300: 1974:for more information on this aspect of peat. 1115:Strategy for Responsible Peatland Management 703:inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 599:. It is seen most commonly in soft water or 563:Peat wetlands also used to have a degree of 536:Peatland can also be an essential source of 27:Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation 5250:Walker, M. D. Sphagnum. Sicklebrook Press. 5227:"Mawndiroedd Fenn's, Whixall a Bettisfield" 5181:. September 2009. p. 7. Archived from 5112: 5069: 4931: 4847:Dublin, Barry Hartigan in (7 August 2022). 4485: 3880:, Wetlands International | Peatlands and CO 3786:(4). American Chemical Society: 1010–1016. 3198:"NOVA | The Perfect Corpse | PBS" 2990: 2842:. Kuala Lumpur: Global Environment Centre. 1384: 1275:The climate, geography, and environment of 800:uptake, meaning that it contributes to the 8795:International Association of Fire Fighters 8236: 8222: 7105: 7091: 6686: 6672: 5543: 5529: 4580:"What is peat and what is a peat deposit?" 4404:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3369: 3046:Biester, Harald; Bindler, Richard (2009), 3030: 3024: 3009: 2981: 2963:Peat Balneology, Medicine and Therapeutics 2886: 2598:IUCN UK Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands 2060: 2058: 2056: 860:(excl. extracted peat and fires). Total CO 5130: 4949: 4934:"Few fishy facts found in climate report" 4911:Reh, W., Steenbergen, C., Aten, D. 2007. 4865: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4739: 4415: 4398:Page, S.E.; Baird, A.J. (November 2016). 4397: 4347: 3939: 3908:"Can rain suppress smoldering peat fire?" 3739: 3684: 3433:"Permafrost and the Global Carbon Budget" 3404: 3352: 3334: 2937: 2919: 2221: 1950:Learn how and when to remove this message 1109:In June 2008, the IPS published the book 983:In the summer of 2010, an unusually high 760:nest in North American peatlands, whilst 342: 315: 41:, a plant from which peat often forms or 4647: 4432: 2977:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2591: 1715: 1545: 1510:2,500 years ago, the area now named the 1501: 1435: 1416: 1403:) is also commonly used in rural areas. 1366: 1329: 1255: 1161: 1135:Peatland § Management and rehabilitation 1076:Peatland § Management and rehabilitation 1008: 885: 743: 546: 483: 453: 355: 272: 83: 67: 55: 47: 5407: 4821:O'Doherty, Caroline (14 January 2021). 3544: 3150: 2311: 2053: 110:. It is unique to natural areas called 14: 9184: 5506:Meadowview Biological Research Station 4846: 4756: 4369: 4367: 3151:Painter, Terence J. (1 January 1991). 3035:. Blackburn Press. pp. 289 pages. 2972: 2152: 1639:Fenn's, Whixall and Bettisfield Mosses 692:Scientists continue to compare modern 670:collectively termed the peat archives. 202:, particularly low-grade coal such as 8217: 7086: 6978:mining disasters in the United States 6667: 5524: 5462:International Mire Conservation Group 5319:"Peat and Its Significance in Whisky" 4417:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520 3817:from the original on 31 October 2008. 3015: 2674: 2018:Joosten, Hans; Clarke, Donal (2002). 1527:probably in 1533 and the last one in 1017: 595:Peat is sometimes used in freshwater 590: 520:, England, since 2003. While bark or 9128: 8953:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 8196: 3780:Environmental Science and Technology 2837: 1921:, as they are easily broken. Please 1881: 1645:peat bog that straddles the England– 1550:The Netherlands compared to sealevel 1450: 1295:storage than the original peat bog. 1219: 1096:United Nations Development Programme 1030: 764:nest in the West Siberian peatland. 603:systems such as those mimicking the 583:Many peat swamps along the coast of 441:coal over geologic periods of time. 5467:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 4667:. Imcg.net. accessed on 2011-05-09. 4364: 4296: 3498:Cold Regions Science and Technology 2285:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2280:"Is coal still being formed today?" 1829:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 1706:Area of Special Scientific Interest 1683: 740:Environmental and ecological issues 578: 234:peatlands", which store around 415 24: 8601:Self-contained breathing apparatus 8301:Firefighter assist and search team 7005:Environmental issues in Appalachia 4541:"What will be the future of peat?" 3829:"Peatland drainage through canals" 2675:Sandy, John H. (31 October 2022). 1859:Category:Peat-fired power stations 1854:Unified Soil Classification System 1153:Characteristics and uses by nation 958:peat and forest fires in Indonesia 575:used to create swords and armour. 218:, because peatland plants capture 189:Peat is used by gardeners and for 25: 9248: 5561:Offshore geotechnical engineering 5450: 5072:Wetlands Ecology & Management 4486:Environment, U. N. (2020-08-10). 4259: 4249:. Associated Press. 30 July 2010. 4062:"Asian peat fires add to warming" 3518:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.08.002 3080:Shotyk, W.; Krachler, M. (2010). 2249:"Survey of Energy Resources 2007" 1602: 531: 328:peat are composed of reed grass, 9163: 9151: 9139: 9127: 9116: 9115: 8326:Fire department ranks by country 8243: 8195: 8186: 8185: 6751: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5778: 5768: 5751: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5669: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5432:WITS – World Integrated Solution 5420: 5401: 5377: 5353: 5332: 5311: 5286: 5260: 5244: 5219: 5200: 5164: 5139: 5060:ERR, 25 April 2020 (in Estonian) 5051: 5027: 5018: 5009: 4993: 4975: 4966: 4925: 4905: 4892: 4840: 4520:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional 4448:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional 4153:, New Scientist, 6 November 2004 3912:Science of the Total Environment 3624:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01267.x 3118:from the original on 2023-02-06. 2827:from the original on 2019-04-27. 1886: 1866: 1455: 1224: 1133:This section is an excerpt from 1120:Peat extraction is forbidden in 1074:This section is an excerpt from 1035: 911:penetrating the subsurface), it 814: 652: 624: 99:is an accumulation of partially 9164: 8800:International Firefighters' Day 8760:Candidate Physical Ability Test 5511:Peat and Peatlands Bibliography 5119:Global Ecology and Conservation 4814: 4789: 4705: 4670: 4629: 4590: 4572: 4533: 4479: 4461: 4315: 4299:"Why the Arctic is smouldering" 4290: 4272: 4253: 4239: 4221: 4182: 4156: 4143: 4123: 4079: 4054: 4035: 4029: 4015: 3994: 3972: 3932:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138468 3899: 3887: 3871: 3846: 3821: 3764: 3707: 3652: 3591: 3538: 3485: 3261: 3208: 3190: 3144: 3122: 3089:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3073: 3062:from the original on 2015-09-16 2966: 2954: 2895: 2880: 2856: 2831: 2766: 2751:. RBG Kew. 2011. Archived from 2741: 2717: 2689: 2668: 2647: 2623: 2549: 2526: 2502: 2493: 2483: 2458: 2434: 2403: 2373: 2355: 2330: 2272: 2240: 2215: 1977: 1744:, use peat fires to dry malted 1740:distilleries, such as those on 1383:, a state-owned company called 890:Smoke and ozone pollution from 444: 8311:Special operations firefighter 5457:International Peatland Society 3854:"Peatlands and climate change" 2961:International Peatland Society 2889:Natural Aquarium Handbook, The 2363:"Peatlands and climate change" 2338:"Peatlands and climate change" 2190: 2181: 2137:10.19189/MaP.2019.GDC.StA.1779 2109: 2100: 2091: 1964: 1497: 1127: 1000:forest fire prevention methods 956:It is estimated that in 1997, 571:, being the primary source of 473: 257:into the atmosphere, and much 62:district of Oldenburg, Germany 60:Peat stacks in Südmoslesfehn ( 13: 1: 9232:Soil-based building materials 8850:Wildfire emergency management 8417:Hazardous materials apparatus 6211:Mechanically stabilized earth 4900:Mires and peatlands of Europe 4797:"Därför är våtmarker viktiga" 4741:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.048 4195:Forest Ecology and Management 2975:The archives of the peat bogs 2446:UKEconet-Wildtrack Publishing 2247:World Energy Council (2007). 2001: 1935:), or an abbreviated title. 1782:Natural Resources Wales (NRW) 1780:which will be implemented by 1539:, 6.76 m (22.2 ft) 1026: 867: 708: 558: 5963:Hydraulic conductivity tests 4932:Schiermeier, Quirin (2010). 4658:emission factor of peat fuel 4215:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.017 3720:Geophysical Research Letters 3385:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3169:10.1016/0144-8617(91)90028-B 2585:10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.010 2312:McGrath, Matt (2020-08-10). 1111:Peatlands and Climate Change 657:Authors Rydin and Jeglum in 554:shovelling peat in the 1950s 268: 7: 8825:World Police and Fire Games 8780:Fire protection engineering 6524:Stress distribution in soil 5475:Royal Horticultural Society 5410:GPN Greenhouse Product News 5132:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 3274:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2155:Quarterly Review of Biology 1796: 1711: 1264:, a peat-fired facility in 1069:Global Peatlands Initiative 998:In June 2019, despite some 989:burning thousands of houses 390:in South America (Southern 10: 9253: 9227:Non-timber forest products 9073:Glossary of wildfire terms 8805:List of firefighting films 8253:Personnel and organization 7114:Non-timber forest products 7025:Health effects of coal ash 6833:power in the United States 5674:Pore pressure measurement 5092:10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7 4140:, Environment News Service 3221:Environmental Conservation 2973:Godwin, Sir Harry (1981). 2749:"Peat-free compost at Kew" 1985:Global Peatland Initiative 1765:West Highland railway line 1607: 1569: 1442:Bor Peat Briquette Factory 1362: 1356:Swedish Environmental Code 1215: 1132: 1073: 1066: 871: 802:permafrost carbon feedback 712: 518:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 477: 251:renewable source of energy 36: 29: 9111: 9090: 9065: 9022: 8981: 8863: 8842: 8833: 8785:Geography of firefighting 8752: 8624: 8445: 8377: 8334: 8316:Volunteer fire department 8251: 8181: 8116: 7979: 7867: 7779: 7564: 7480: 7381: 7268: 7155: 7120: 7073: 6928: 6760: 6749: 6701: 6581: 6536: 6435: 6427:Preconsolidation pressure 6399: 6390: 6363: 6183: 6132: 6119: 6034: 5988: 5979: 5902: 5822:Standard penetration test 5580: 5567: 5558: 3878:Content from Wetlands.org 3241:10.1017/S0376892904001018 3109:10.1016/j.gca.2010.01.009 2887:Scheurmann, Ines (1985). 2802:10.1038/s41893-018-0064-6 2025:(Report). Totnes, Devon. 1787: 1586: 1464:This section needs to be 1412: 1338:About 15% of the land in 1325: 1233:This section needs to be 1157: 1044:This section needs to be 846:emissions from peat fires 9103:Template:Fire protection 8820:World Firefighters Games 8714:Gaseous fire suppression 6895:Greenhouse gas emissions 6693: 5923:California bearing ratio 5721:Rotary-pressure sounding 5552:Geotechnical engineering 3132:. EGU General Assembly. 3033:Quaternary Palaeoecology 2993:The Biology of Peatlands 1877: 1774: 1678:Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 1641:is an element of a post- 1581: 796:and a small increase in 682:Quaternary Palaeoecology 480:Potting soil § Peat 156:Peatlands, particularly 37:Not to be confused with 8790:History of firefighting 7055:Problems in coal mining 6343:Geosynthetic clay liner 6318:Expanded clay aggregate 5938:Proctor compaction test 5879:Crosshole sonic logging 5865:Nuclear densometer test 5622:Geo-electrical sounding 5426: 5340:"Octomore 5 Years 03.1" 5179:Somerset County Council 5113:O'Neill, A. R. (2019). 4999:CBS (opendata.cbs.nl), 4801:www.naturvardsverket.se 4086:Joel S. Levine (1999). 3545:Seppälä, Matti (1986). 3449:10.1126/science.1128908 3336:10.1073/pnas.1916387117 2729:IUCN Peatland Programme 2537:. University of Leeds. 1925:by replacing them with 1917:Knowledge's style guide 1767:was constructed across 1651:national nature reserve 1541:below average sea level 629:Peat is widely used in 449: 8928:Firefighting apparatus 8616:Thermal imaging camera 8596:Secure information box 8412:Firefighting apparatus 8128:(Iberian agroforestry) 7366:Pacific mountain onion 7030:History of coal mining 6606:Earthquake engineering 6417:Lateral earth pressure 6042:Hydraulic conductivity 5893:Wave equation analysis 5872:Exploration geophysics 5764:Deformation monitoring 5733:Rotary weight sounding 5472:Gardening without peat 5389:naturalresources.wales 4872:Serghey Stelmakovich. 3547:"The Origin of Palsas" 2706:. World Energy Council 1733: 1551: 1507: 1448: 1433: 1385: 1376: 1335: 1272: 1167: 1014: 895: 882:Arctic methane release 753: 678: 555: 504: 459: 361: 354: 343:Peatlands distribution 316:Types of peat material 282: 93: 81: 65: 53: 8973:Wildland water tender 8555:Hydraulic rescue tool 8321:Women in firefighting 8148:Indian forest produce 7619:Hydnocarpus wightiana 6885:Fossil fuel phase-out 6783:Black coal equivalent 5784:Settlement recordings 5709:Rock control drilling 5610:Cone penetration test 5298:NI Environment Agency 5294:"Peatlands Park ASSI" 3979:Michael Kevin Smith. 3604:Global Change Biology 3157:Carbohydrate Polymers 2782:Nature Sustainability 1719: 1549: 1523:below sea level, the 1505: 1439: 1432:capacity in the world 1422:Shatura Power Station 1420: 1370: 1333: 1298:At 106 g CO 1262:Toppila Power Station 1259: 1165: 1012: 889: 747: 667: 550: 487: 457: 375:West Siberian Lowland 359: 349: 276: 151:spatial heterogeneity 87: 71: 59: 51: 32:Peat (disambiguation) 9014:Wildland fire module 8968:Wildland fire engine 8855:Wildfire suppression 8392:Fire command vehicle 8387:Airport crash tender 8286:Retained firefighter 7391:Bare-toothed russula 6890:Great Smog of London 6823:pollution mitigation 6646:Agricultural science 6348:Cellular confinement 4623:www.latvijaskudra.lv 4602:videscentrs.lvgmc.lv 4584:www.latvijaskudra.lv 4164:"Florida Everglades" 3741:10.1029/2003GL018680 3686:10.5194/bg-7-95-2010 3406:10.1029/2008GB003327 3016:Keddy, P.A. (2010), 2921:10.1155/2020/8093526 2470:World Economic Forum 1923:improve this article 1664:near the village of 1576:oil shale in Estonia 1281:heat and electricity 1210:Teiči Nature Reserve 1202:Ķemeri National Park 1166:Ķemeri bog at sunset 330:Phragmites australis 263:limit climate change 259:peatland restoration 30:For other uses, see 8873:Aerial firefighting 8729:Stop, drop and roll 8719:Multiple-alarm fire 8586:Portable water tank 8495:Fire proximity suit 8002:musical instruments 7260:Woodland strawberry 6808:fired power station 6803:combustion products 6728:Sub-bituminous coal 6705:(lowest to highest) 6702:Coal types by grade 6538:Numerical analysis 6422:Overburden pressure 6412:Pore water pressure 6192:Shoring structures 6067:Reynolds' dilatancy 5968:Water content tests 5953:Triaxial shear test 5913:Soil classification 5886:Pile integrity test 5084:2020WetEM..28..375O 4732:2018JEnvM.223..694S 4207:2005ForEM.213..151F 4092:. UNEP/Earthprint. 4042:Scientific American 4025:www.dmr.state.ms.us 3924:2020ScTEn.72738468L 3792:2008EnST...42.1010M 3732:2004GeoRL..31.4501C 3677:2010BGeo....7...95B 3616:2006GCBio..12.2352J 3510:2008CRST...52..408K 3443:(5780): 1612–1613. 3397:2009GBioC..23.2023T 3327:2020PNAS..11720438H 3321:(34): 20438–20446. 3233:2004EnvCo..31...30L 3138:2013EGUGA..1511054O 3101:2010GeCoA..74.1963S 2794:2018NatSu...1..246X 2577:2018Caten.160..134X 2510:"5. CLASSIFICATION" 2387:. January 25, 2018. 2369:. November 6, 2017. 1895:Constructs such as 1873:Wetlands portal 1839:Peat Cutting Monday 1381:Republic of Ireland 925:(trumpet pitcher), 659:Biology of Habitats 388:Magellanic Moorland 379:Hudson Bay Lowlands 88:Peat extraction in 8913:Fire retardant gel 8898:Fire lookout tower 8571:New York roof hook 8422:Light and air unit 8359:Fire lookout tower 8266:Chief fire officer 6943:Black lung disease 6920:Toxic heavy metals 6900:Metallurgical coal 6513:Slab stabilisation 6493:Stability analysis 5497:Peatlands articles 5216:, Dartmoor history 5212:2012-04-05 at the 4663:2010-07-07 at the 4566:investinlatvia.org 4381:2016-07-12 at the 4136:2019-09-08 at the 4117:2005-09-02 at the 2838:UNEP, ed. (2008). 2704:Volcano Wood Fuels 2603:2014-03-07 at the 2288:. 18 February 2013 2079:on 16 October 2017 1990:2008-11-20 at the 1734: 1621:extraction of peat 1552: 1508: 1449: 1434: 1377: 1336: 1273: 1168: 1124:since April 2024. 1094:In June 2002, the 1018:Erosion: Peat hags 1015: 896: 804:. Under 2 °C 754: 591:Freshwater aquaria 567:importance in the 556: 552:Falkland Islanders 505: 460: 369:are made of peat. 362: 310:tropical peatlands 283: 261:is needed to help 170:peat swamp forests 94: 82: 72:Peat gatherers at 66: 54: 9179: 9178: 9086: 9085: 9078:List of wildfires 8938:Helicopter bucket 8933:Firefighting foam 8535:Hard suction hose 8480:Fire extinguisher 8470:Fire brigade keys 8211: 8210: 7080: 7079: 6838:preparation plant 6773:Asian brown cloud 6706: 6661: 6660: 6532: 6531: 6508:Sliding criterion 6470:Response spectrum 6386: 6385: 6216:Pressure grouting 6115: 6114: 5975: 5974: 5928:Direct shear test 5634:Permeability test 5480:Peat-free gardens 5256:978-0-359-41313-3 4987:www.aqua-calc.com 4328:Nature Geoscience 4099:978-92-807-1742-6 3800:10.1021/es0704986 3610:(12): 2352–2369. 2849:978-983-43751-0-2 1960: 1959: 1952: 1804:Acid sulfate soil 1485: 1484: 1254: 1253: 1088:Ramsar Convention 1065: 1064: 931:(Venus flytrap), 794:methane emissions 569:Early Middle Ages 300:Most modern peat 16:(Redirected from 9244: 9167: 9166: 9155: 9154: 9143: 9142: 9131: 9130: 9119: 9118: 8840: 8839: 8775:Fire photography 8557:("Jaws of life") 8515:Fireman's switch 8238: 8231: 8224: 8215: 8214: 8199: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8163:Resin extraction 8153:Mushroom hunting 8129: 7875: / etc. 7729: 7622: 7457:Saffron milk cap 7447:Parasol mushroom 7287:Fiddlehead ferns 7107: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7035:Hydrogen sulfide 6755: 6704: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6520:Bearing capacity 6407:Effective stress 6397: 6396: 6298:Land reclamation 6238:Land development 6133:Natural features 6130: 6129: 6097:Specific storage 5986: 5985: 5918:Atterberg limits 5856: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5782: 5772: 5757:Screw plate test 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5673: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5578: 5577: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5274:. 5 January 2021 5264: 5258: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5229:. Archived from 5223: 5217: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5188:on 10 March 2012 5187: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4929: 4923: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4880:on June 18, 2010 4876:. Archived from 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4769: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4687:. Archived from 4682: 4674: 4668: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4619:"Peat in Latvia" 4615: 4606: 4605: 4598:"Peat in Latvia" 4594: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4475:. April 3, 2019. 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4395: 4386: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4340:10.1038/ngeo2325 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4286:. July 26, 2019. 4276: 4270: 4269: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4201:(1–3): 151–159. 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3943: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3831:. Archived from 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3743: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3688: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3356: 3338: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3095:(7): 1963–1981. 3086: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2923: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2655:"Waspada Online" 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2416:. Archived from 2415: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2254:. Archived from 2253: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2228:The Conversation 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2122: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2062: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2035:. Archived from 2024: 2015: 1995: 1981: 1975: 1968: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1927:named references 1890: 1889: 1882: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1720:A peat stack in 1690:Northern Ireland 1684:Northern Ireland 1480: 1477: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1428:has the largest 1390: 1359:change effects. 1249: 1246: 1240: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1039: 1038: 1031: 980:recolonization. 903: 842:Papua New Guinea 676: 647:suspension baths 601:blackwater river 579:Flood mitigation 514:polyelectrolytic 502:Shetland Islands 408:Falkland Islands 396:Tierra del Fuego 144:. Peat forms in 21: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9152: 9140: 9107: 9082: 9061: 9018: 8977: 8878:Controlled burn 8865: 8859: 8829: 8770:Fire engine red 8748: 8739:Two-in, two-out 8694:Fireman's carry 8620: 8520:Flame retardant 8441: 8402:Fire motorcycle 8373: 8347:Fire department 8330: 8281:Station officer 8261:Battalion chief 8247: 8242: 8212: 8207: 8177: 8127: 8112: 8103:Vegetable ivory 7975: 7863: 7775: 7723: 7616: 7578: 7560: 7494: 7476: 7442:Oyster mushroom 7432:Meadow mushroom 7377: 7361:Twincrest onion 7264: 7168: 7151: 7122:Animal products 7116: 7111: 7081: 7076: 7069: 6924: 6761:Coal combustion 6756: 6747: 6733:Bituminous coal 6703: 6697: 6692: 6662: 6657: 6636:Earth materials 6577: 6539: 6528: 6437: 6431: 6382: 6359: 6313:Earth structure 6308:Erosion control 6206:Ground freezing 6196:Retaining walls 6179: 6121: 6111: 6072:Angle of repose 6030: 5971: 5905: 5898: 5897: 5858:Visible bedrock 5810:Simple sounding 5798:Shear vane test 5574:instrumentation 5573: 5571: 5563: 5554: 5549: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5421: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5214:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5111: 5107: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4951:10.1038/466170a 4930: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4853:The Sunday Post 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4757: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4665:Wayback Machine 4657: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4396: 4389: 4383:Wayback Machine 4372: 4365: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4295: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4260:Hines, Morgan. 4258: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4235:. 26 July 2010. 4227: 4226: 4222: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4170:on 26 June 2008 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4138:Wayback Machine 4128: 4124: 4119:Wayback Machine 4104: 4102: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4022:toothache-grass 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3429: 3422: 3377: 3370: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3286:10.1139/z05-075 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3149: 3145: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2989: 2982: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2900: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2605:Wayback Machine 2596: 2592: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2472:. 20 April 2021 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2151: 2144: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1992:Wayback Machine 1982: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1915:discouraged by 1891: 1887: 1880: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1799: 1790: 1777: 1714: 1686: 1676:, organised by 1625:Somerset Levels 1615: 1610: 1605: 1589: 1584: 1572: 1500: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1415: 1365: 1328: 1317: 1309: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1138: 1130: 1092: 1091: 1079: 1071: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1020: 1005: 943:toothache grass 899: 884: 878:Stubble burning 870: 863: 859: 855: 851: 831: 827: 817: 762:Siberian cranes 758:whooping cranes 742: 717: 711: 686:paleoecological 677: 674: 655: 627: 593: 581: 561: 534: 488:Worked bank in 482: 476: 452: 447: 420:West Kalimantan 383:Mackenzie River 345: 318: 271: 256: 241: 225: 206:. The peatland 78:Somerset Levels 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9250: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9217:Soil improvers 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9125: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8908:Fire retardant 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734:Structure fire 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8659:Door breaching 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8611:Smoke detector 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8510:Fireman's pole 8507: 8502: 8500:Fire retardant 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8432:Rescue vehicle 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8241: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8193: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8168:Rubber tapping 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134:Forest farming 8131: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7770:Vateria indica 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726:Shorea robusta 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416:Honey mushroom 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7299: 7297:Mahuwa flowers 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7040:Mining regions 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6968:homogenization 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6915:Sulfur dioxide 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6828:power in China 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6583:Related fields 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Classification 6500: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6475:Seismic hazard 6472: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6102:Shear strength 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6077:Friction angle 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5958:Oedometer test 5955: 5950: 5948:Sieve analysis 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5849: 5848: 5837: 5836: 5834:Total sounding 5825: 5824: 5813: 5812: 5801: 5800: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5760: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5736: 5735: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5699: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5637: 5636: 5625: 5624: 5613: 5612: 5601: 5600: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5575: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5477: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5451:External links 5449: 5446: 5445: 5419: 5400: 5376: 5365:National Trust 5352: 5331: 5310: 5285: 5272:www.ywt.org.uk 5259: 5243: 5218: 5199: 5163: 5138: 5125:(e00715): 19. 5105: 5078:(2): 375–388. 5062: 5050: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4992: 4974: 4965: 4924: 4921:978-9071123962 4904: 4891: 4864: 4839: 4813: 4788: 4755: 4704: 4685:virtual.vtt.fi 4669: 4655: 4646: 4628: 4607: 4589: 4571: 4550: 4532: 4518:(in Spanish). 4503: 4492:UN Environment 4478: 4460: 4446:(in Spanish). 4431: 4387: 4363: 4314: 4297:Cormier, Zoe. 4289: 4271: 4252: 4238: 4220: 4181: 4155: 4142: 4129:Cat Lazaroff, 4122: 4098: 4078: 4053: 4036:Lim, XiaoZhi. 4028: 4014: 3993: 3971: 3898: 3886: 3881: 3870: 3845: 3820: 3763: 3706: 3665:Biogeosciences 3651: 3590: 3563:10.2307/521453 3557:(3): 141–147. 3537: 3504:(3): 408–414. 3484: 3420: 3368: 3297: 3260: 3207: 3189: 3163:(2): 123–142. 3143: 3121: 3072: 3038: 3023: 3008: 3002:978-0198528722 3001: 2980: 2965: 2953: 2894: 2879: 2855: 2848: 2830: 2788:(5): 246–253. 2765: 2740: 2716: 2688: 2667: 2646: 2622: 2609: 2590: 2548: 2525: 2501: 2492: 2482: 2457: 2433: 2402: 2390: 2372: 2354: 2329: 2299: 2271: 2239: 2214: 2189: 2180: 2167:10.1086/401755 2142: 2125:Mires and Peat 2108: 2099: 2090: 2052: 2031: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1976: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1894: 1892: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1776: 1773: 1713: 1710: 1698:Peatlands Park 1685: 1682: 1660:site, outside 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1603:United Kingdom 1601: 1595:is one of the 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1537:Zuidplaspolder 1499: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1414: 1411: 1364: 1361: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1307: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1252: 1251: 1232: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1080: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1003: 951:carbon dioxide 939:sandhills lily 874:Slash and burn 869: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 829: 825: 822:carbon dioxide 816: 813: 806:global warming 798:carbon dioxide 750:carbon dioxide 741: 738: 710: 707: 698:biogeochemical 672: 654: 651: 626: 623: 592: 589: 580: 577: 560: 557: 538:drinking water 533: 532:Drinking water 530: 475: 472: 451: 448: 446: 443: 418:, Rasau Jaya ( 344: 341: 317: 314: 270: 267: 254: 249:Peat is not a 239: 223: 220:carbon dioxide 108:organic matter 52:A lump of peat 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9249: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222:Types of soil 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9212:Balneotherapy 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9172: 9171: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098:Template:Fire 9096: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9040:United States 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Saint Florian 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753:Miscellaneous 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8689:Fire triangle 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8649:Dead man zone 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545:Heat detector 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8204: 8203: 8194: 8192: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143:Honey hunting 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Coconut sugar 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7472:Yellow knight 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7462:Slippery jack 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Heart of palm 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7270:Edible plants 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:Juniper berry 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7072: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:mining region 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Geomorphology 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Consolidation 6453: 6451: 6450:Frost heaving 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6328:Geosynthetics 6326: 6324: 6323:Crushed stone 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Cut-and-cover 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6118: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Water content 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745:Sample series 5742: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5569:Investigation 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:New Scientist 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5233:on 2013-10-29 5232: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207:Dartmoor Peat 5203: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5024:Ibid, p. 204. 5021: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4694:on 2007-09-27 4690: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4349:10044/1/21250 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:Picea mariana 4185: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3879: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3835:on 2020-11-28 3834: 3830: 3824: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3671:(1): 95–108. 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3058: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2755:on 2011-09-16 2754: 2750: 2744: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2678: 2671: 2656: 2650: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2486: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2423:on 2013-01-21 2419: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2261:on 2008-09-10 2257: 2250: 2243: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161:(2): 145–66. 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042:on 2021-07-15 2038: 2034: 2032:951-97744-8-3 2028: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2007: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1951: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:for footnotes 1918: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1844:Tropical peat 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738:Scotch whisky 1731: 1727: 1726:Isle of Lewis 1723: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1702:County Armagh 1699: 1695: 1694:afforestation 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1579: 1577: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1479: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1369: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352:horticultural 1349: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1305: 1296: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1248: 1236: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206:Cenas tīrelis 1203: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178:with 1.5 and 1177: 1173: 1164: 1147: 1145: 1136: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1059: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1011: 1007: 1001: 996: 994: 993:smoke blanket 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 959: 954: 952: 946: 944: 940: 936: 935: 930: 929: 924: 923: 916: 914: 910: 905: 902: 893: 888: 883: 879: 875: 865: 847: 843: 839: 835: 823: 815:Peat drainage 812: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 763: 759: 751: 746: 737: 735: 730: 726: 722: 716: 706: 704: 699: 695: 690: 687: 683: 671: 666: 664: 660: 653:Peat archives 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:balneotherapy 625:Balneotherapy 622: 620: 616: 615:ion exchanger 612: 611: 606: 602: 598: 588: 586: 576: 574: 570: 566: 565:metallurgical 553: 549: 545: 543: 539: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 481: 471: 469: 465: 456: 442: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 380: 376: 370: 368: 358: 353: 348: 340: 338: 337:consolidation 333: 331: 327: 326: 321: 313: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 280: 275: 266: 264: 260: 252: 247: 245: 237: 233: 229: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 91: 86: 79: 75: 70: 63: 58: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9030:Ancient Rome 9004:Hotshot crew 8989:Fire lookout 8888:Fire flapper 8679:Fire control 8644:Chimney fire 8530:Halligan bar 8505:Fire shelter 8490:Fire hydrant 8465:Fire blanket 8460:Escape chair 8437:Water tender 8364:Fire station 8291:Fire marshal 8271:Fire captain 8245:Firefighting 8200: 8173:Wildcrafting 8158:Naval stores 8136: / 8124: 8093:Tendu leaves 8060: 8049:Natural dyes 7919:Gutta-percha 7871: / 7809:Frankincense 7769: 7725: 7682:Mango butter 7627:Cocoa butter 7618: 7615:Chaulmoogra 7585:Allanblackia 7516:Black pepper 7401:Birch bolete 7351:Canada onion 7336:Wild ginseng 7331:Saw palmetto 7272: / 7162: / 7060:Refined coal 6973:liquefaction 6865:Energy value 6717: 6631:Biogeography 6626:Hydrogeology 6616:Soil science 6596:Geochemistry 6355:Infiltration 6283:Cut and fill 6226:Soil nailing 6092:Permeability 6057:Bulk density 6015: 5774:Inclinometer 5697:Ram sounding 5582: 5436:. 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