397:. "His social suaveness...his empathy for the idiosyncrasies of other people made him quickly establish friendly relationships." He had been a popular commander at sea. As the new naval attaché to St. Petersburg Hintze occupied a critical position in the embassy. Emperor Wilhelm II became extraordinarily interested in reports from Tirpitz's protégé. Hintze's assessment of Russian politics and the quality of his intelligence soon caused the Kaiser to use Hintze for most sensitive missions between the German government and the Russian Czar. Never trusting the Foreign Office, the Emperor preferred communication with his cousin "Nikki" to go through naval attaché Hintze. In 1905, Hintze joined the two emperors in a summit meeting in the Swedish city of Bjoerko. A year later, Hintze received the title "Flügeladjutant." The promotion, in a roundabout way, made him the direct representative of the German Emperor in Russia, a position that in many ways was more powerful than that of the ambassador. Hintze's close relationship with the two emperors and the circumvention of the Foreign Office by the Kaiser made him a long-term target of career diplomats in the Reich. In 1908, Wilhelm II made Hintze into a nobleman with the title of Baron that could be inherited. As such, the middle-class tobacco merchants of Schwedt became nobility. Von Hintze also received the promotion to rear admiral that year.
380:. German ships had operated so close to the U.S. navy that Dewey had to employ searchlights, which gave away the American positions to the Spanish. Dewey also had declared a blockade and accordingly expected any naval vessel to allow search parties to board. The German navy rejected this as an infringement of international law. Hintze never commented on his confrontation with Dewey, which must have been so heated that news stories about it could be found twenty years later. According to newspapers, Dewey told the German naval officer "if he wants a fight he can have it now." Cooler heads prevailed. Rather than shooting out their differences, the German fleet found a way to compromise with the Americans and eventually left the Philippine theater. Ambassador
468:. Von Hintze bluntly assessed the quality of the understaffed federal officer corps describing President Huerta as so desperate that he "...promotes waiters, accountants and such from one day to the next to lieutenants and captains -lawyers to generals...The Mexican army has plenty of generals...these are for the most part the type of people which are called ‘funeral generals’ in Russia, since their only activity is to parade in uniform for funeral processions – for money...one has to expect worse losses than Alviles Canon, Torreón and Durango, since now the generals who so-far remained in their salons are sent into the battlefield." Von Hintze correctly reported to Germany in the beginning of 1914 that Huerta was finished. Generals
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484:) had large amounts of arms and ammunition on board destined for the Huerta regime. American forces sought to prevent these weapons to land and occupied the harbor of Veracruz as a result. Ambassador von Hintze officially requisitioned the Ypiranga to serve the German navy as an auxiliary cruiser to carry German refugees. Whether the objective was to carry refugees in case of a war between the United States and Mexico or to force the delivery of the weapons to the Huerta regime, which is what actually happened, is unclear.
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making cigars of the raw tobacco he imported. He also had a seat in the City
Council. The Hintze family was one of the best regarded and wealthiest in town. Paul attended the humanistic Gymnasium (high school) and graduated with a baccalaureate in 1882. Rather than serving the mandatory year in the military, he joined the navy as an eighteen-year-old. Paul struck his superiors as very smart and very tough. After basic training on the school ship
360:(although he never had a noble title), the son of a well-known Berlin banker, graduated in 1905. Rintelen was to become a notorious German sabotage agent in the United States in World War I. All three worked for Grand Admiral von Tirpitz who became the loudest voice clamoring for unrestricted submarine warfare in the Great War. After Paul Hintze completed his studies at the Naval Academy in 1896, he joined the Naval Command in Berlin.
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revolutionary
Mexican government. Von Hintze's efforts resulted in a restitution of 400,000 German Marks (about $ 95,000 at the time, $ 2 million in today's value) to Germany in June 1912. The perpetrators were tried and executed in the presence of the German ambassador in March 1913 (by then the Huerta government ruled Mexico). Von Hintze's relationship with the government of
460:. Madero initially agreed but then relented. The coup happened and Madero was arrested. Von Hintze negotiated with American Ambassador Wilson as well as General Victoriano Huerta to secure the release and safe conduct of Madero and his family. He did not succeed. Despite General Huerta's assurances Madero and Pino Suárez were murdered.
528:, who effectively governed the country. During his time in the foreign ministry, Hintze pushed the Kaiser towards liberalization of the government and was involved in the discussions which led to the decision to seek an armistice at the end of September. After the resignation of the government of Chancellor
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Mexican affairs, Subcommittee of the Committee of Foreign Relations, Government Printing Office, 1920, Testimony of Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, p. 2264, in a letter to Ambassador Wilson dated March 8, 1913 Hintze himself described his affliction as „intestinal
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was dictator, prompting historians to allege German support for the dictator. He also relentlessly pursued the murderers of four German citizens in the city of
Covadonga. As a result of von Hintze's efforts, the German government was the only one to receive payments for its murdered citizens from the
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commented on the affair in his 1920 memoirs that the underlying cause of the aggression was that
Germany tried to "acquire" the Philippine islands after the U.S. had declared it did not want to hold on to them in the long term. " misunderstanding had occurred, as a result of which the Berlin Foreign
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approximately eighty miles northeast of Berlin. The Hintze family was part of the hardworking German middle class of the
Prussian country towns. Schwedt only had ten thousand inhabitants but because the city is located on the Oder River it benefited from trade. Paul's father owned a tobacco plant,
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unseated
President Madero and had him murdered. The German ambassador kept apprised of developments through his contacts with the other diplomats in the capital and through Felix Sommerfeld who stayed at the German embassy for most of the uprising. Von Hintze knew that a coup was about to happen.
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was a productive one. Through his agent Felix
Sommerfeld, who became Madero's secret service chief, the German ambassador kept up with political developments in the capital and the fight against uprisings along the Mexican–American border, most notably the revolt of
356:, eight years von Hintze's junior, joined the class of 1894. After serving in active duty in the Far East, Boy-Ed became German Naval Attaché in Washington in 1912 and worked for then Ambassador von Hintze in his partial responsibility for Mexico.
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Von Hintze returned to
Germany for most of 1913 to recuperate from a flame up of amoebic dysentery. When he returned to Mexico in September 1913, President Huerta was waging a civil war against the revolutionary forces under the leadership of
426:, and Carl Heynen. Sanctioned by the German government, von Hintze promoted German arms sales to Mexico. Many of the sales the German government contracted at that time with the Mexican government did not arrive in Mexico until
516:. After his China assignment von Hintze served in Norway between 1917 and 1918. Despite his lack of political experience, von Hintze was appointed Foreign Minister on July 9, 1918, following the resignation of his predecessor,
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Rather than waiting for the military to make its move, the ambassador proposed for Madero to install Huerta as a successor, while he and his administration would retreat to safety. He pitched the idea first to
Foreign Minister
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National Archives, RG 242 Captured German Documents, T-149, Roll 378, Guillermo Bach to von Hintze, December 15, 1913, "Lieferung der im Juni 1912 geschlossenen Vertrag. ... Mangels an Barmitteln noch nicht hat erfüllen
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In July 1914, not only Huerta left Mexico. Ambassador von Hintze received his wartime assignment to China (1914–1917). He built up the German naval intelligence organization in the Far East and provided supplies for the
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that had broken out in 1910. The choice fell on von Hintze, especially because of his military background. The new ambassador was dispatched not only to represent Germany to the new revolutionary government of
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Johannes Huertner, Editor, Paul von Hintze: Marineoffizier, Diplomat, Staatssekretär, Dokumente einer Karriere zwischen Militär und Politik, 1903–1918, Harald Boldt Verlag, München, Germany, 1998, p. 31.
341:, Hintze sailed the seven seas for the next twelve years, in which he saw the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, North and South America. In 1894 the navy lieutenant (Kapitänleutnant) studied at the
418:, but also to provide important intelligence about the revolution. Von Hintze arrived in Veracruz on April 25, 1911. Members of von Hintze's clandestine network of agents in Mexico included Consul
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Office had acted in perfect good faith. In the public mind in the United States, however, the feeling still rankled that Germany had wished to make a demonstration against their Government."
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Auswaertiges Amt, Politisches Archiv Berlin, Mexiko V, Paket 33, "F.A. Sommerfeldt , Agent stayed 7 days and nights as guest of the Imperial Legation during the 'bombardements'"
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In 1898, Rear Admiral Tirpitz commissioned navy captain Hintze to join the East Asian battle group as a "Flaggleutnant," the liaison officer to the
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Among the many that trained and studied at the Naval Academy in Kiel there were several graduates worth mentioning for this story: Grand Admiral
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on April 21, 1914. Von Hintze's role in the causes of the intervention is under dispute. The facts are that the German HAPAG ship SS Ypiranga (
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Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, M-B 12, German Diplomatic Papers, Box 7, Rohmberg to Salado Alvarez, May 25, 1911.
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In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914, chapter 20 "Sommerfeld and the arms of the SS Ypiranga."
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Paul von Hintze: Marineoffizier, Diplomat, Staatssekretär, Dokumente einer Karriere zwischen Militär und Politik, 1903–1918
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National Archives, RG 242 Captured German Documents, T-149, Roll 378, von Hintze to von Bethmann Hollweg, February 6, 1912.
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David G. LaFrance, "Germany, Revolutionary Nationalism, and the Downfall of Francisco I. Madero: The Covadonga Killings,"
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David G. LaFrance, "Germany, Revolutionary Nationalism, and the Downfall of Francisco I. Madero: The Covadonga Killings,"
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David G. LaFrance, "Germany, Revolutionary Nationalism, and the Downfall of Francisco I. Madero: The Covadonga Killings,"
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In 1903, the navy dispatched their thirty-nine-year-old and experienced naval captain Hintze to the German embassy in
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was on the outlook for a fitting successor. The situation in Mexico had become critical as the result of the
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were dealing Huerta one military blow after another in the field. The final nail in Huerta's coffin was the
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when the German navy obstructed Dewey's efforts to subdue the Spanish in the Philippines in the
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In February 1913, however, the political unrest reached the capital of Mexico. In the
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The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
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The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
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The New York Times, "Liberals Resent Coup on Hintze," July 12, 1918.
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662:, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1981, p. 109
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in the last stages of World War I, from July to October 1918.
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In July 1914, General Huerta gave up his fight against the
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on October 3, Hintze was replaced as Foreign Minister by
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Felix A. Sommerfeld: Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
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372:. In this capacity Hintze faced an outraged Admiral
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Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
332:Paul Hintze was born in 1864 in the little town of
743:Count von Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich (c. 1940).
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787:. Amissville, Virginia: Henselstone Verlag LLC.
33:about life and activities between 1918 and 1941.
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767:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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389:Diplomatic Assignment to St. Petersburg
211:17 January 1911 – 20 July 1914
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776:. New York: Columbia University Press.
560:Johann Heinrich Count von Bernstorff,
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738:. Berlin, Germany: Colloquium Verlag.
640:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1986), p. 78.
627:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1986), p. 70.
614:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter 1986), p. 59.
98:8 July 1918 – 3 October 1918
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45:December 2021
38:
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29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1405:East Germany
1329:von Brentano
1210:Nazi Germany
1097:
1058:B. von Bülow
1000:(1871–1918)
942:Wilhelm Solf
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705:The Americas
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672:hemorrhage."
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534:Wilhelm Solf
524:and General
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486:
470:Pancho Villa
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404:
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374:George Dewey
367:
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317:
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289:(1941-08-19)
270:Schwedt/Oder
237:Succeeded by
206:
190:
186:Succeeded by
155:
141:Wilhelm Solf
136:Succeeded by
93:
42:
30:
1428:1941 deaths
1423:1864 births
1377:Westerwelle
1295:de Maizière
354:Karl Boy-Ed
227:Preceded by
176:Preceded by
124:Preceded by
1417:Categories
1381:Steinmeier
1372:Steinmeier
1367:J. Fischer
1285:O. Fischer
1257:(1949–90)
1226:Ribbentrop
1213:(1933–45)
1177:Stresemann
1129:(1918–33)
1088:Zimmermann
1063:Richthofen
904:1917–1918
878:1914–1917
860:Emil Krebs
844:1911–1914
540:References
420:Otto Kueck
407:Wilhelm II
328:Upbringing
304:Occupation
263:1864-02-13
220:Wilhelm II
169:Wilhelm II
113:Chancellor
107:Wilhelm II
1270:Ackermann
1265:Dertinger
1172:Rosenberg
1053:Marschall
207:In office
156:In office
94:In office
37:talk page
1395:Baerbock
1358:Genscher
1349:Genscher
1334:Schröder
1324:Adenauer
1167:Rathenau
1093:Kühlmann
1048:Bismarck
1023:Radowitz
451:General
1385:Gabriel
1354:Schmidt
1221:Neurath
1192:Neurath
1187:Brüning
1182:Curtius
815:of the
811:in the
728:Sources
334:Schwedt
216:Monarch
165:Monarch
103:Monarch
1362:Kinkel
1344:Scheel
1339:Brandt
1310:
1290:Meckel
1280:Winzer
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1207:
1152:Simons
1147:Köster
1142:Müller
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1098:Hintze
1073:Schoen
994:
791:
199:Mexico
1162:Wirth
1157:Rosen
1083:Jagow
1038:Busch
1013:Balan
1008:Thile
294:Meran
1390:Maas
1275:Bolz
1103:Solf
789:ISBN
472:and
284:Died
257:Born
817:ZBW
1419::
536:.
422:,
296:,
276:,
272:,
973:e
966:t
959:v
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265:)
261:(
47:)
43:(
39:.
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