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mass media he who pays the piper generally calls the tune". They point out the ensuing problems of social conformism, and consider the impact upon popular taste (a controversy which rages unabated until the present). The final section of the paper considers a topic of great salience in the post–World War II period, propaganda for social objectives. Here they propose three conditions for rendering such propaganda effective, terming these "monopolization" (the "absence of counter propaganda"), "canalization" (taking established behaviour and enlisting it in a particular direction), and "supplementation" (the reinforcement of mass media messages by face-to-face contact in local organizations). Lazarsfeld and Merton's classic essay has long been criticized as a high point of the dominant effects tradition in communication theory. However, revisionist accounts have now drawn attention to the mix of ideas it contains from "critical" communication traditions, as much as empirical, methodological, and quantitative approaches.
826:. Both Merton and Lazarsfeld were new faculty members in Columbia University's Department of Sociology appointed in 1941. Merton was seen as a budding theorist, while Lazarsfeld was considered a methodology specialist. Apparently the pair had little contact until Merton and his wife came to dinner at the Lazarsfeld's Manhattan apartment on Saturday evening, November 23, 1941. Upon arrival Lazarsfeld explained to Merton that he had been just asked by the US government's Office of New Facts and Figures to evaluate a radio program. Thus "Merton accompanied Lazarsfeld to the radio studio, leaving their wives in the Lazarsfeld apartment with the uneaten dinner." Lazarsfeld was using the famous Stanton–Lazarsfeld Program–Analyzer, to record the responses of listeners, and in the ensuing interviews they conducted, Merton was instrumental in ensuring questions were properly answered. This was believed to be the start of the "focused group interview", or what we now known as the
739:
The
Lazarsfeld–Stanton Program Analyzer, or "Little Annie" as it was called, provided audience members with a device that had a red button and a green button. When an experimental audience member viewed mediated content, they were able instantly communicate through the two buttons if what they witnessed was likable or it was not. The second research method that was used in tandem with Little Annie was focus group interviewing. After using the tool and viewing the artifact, the participants of the study then filled out a questionnaire, and then discussed the content. The tool was a boon because it allowed for broadcast content to be revised and also be rated for effectiveness. This tool was useful to truly measure audience analysis and reception of a message via a mediated channel. These tools produced both qualitative and quantitative data.
554:). A year later, he established an institute in Newark along the lines of his Vienna Research Center, institutionalizing the marginal field of opinion research that Lazarsfeld felt was his most important contribution. Lazarsfeld saw his institute as an important bridge between European and American models of research, and was willing to place the future of his institutes before his personal career. For example, in order to make the Newark Center seem to have a larger staff, Lazarsfeld published under a pseudonym. The Newark Center was clearly successful in generating interest in both empirical studies and in Lazarsfeld as a research manager. The research carried on at the center between 1935 and 1937 (including research for the
562:) demonstrated that empirical research could be of help and of interest to both business and academia. Under "Administrative Research", as he called his framework, a large, expert staff worked at a research center, deploying a battery of social-scientific investigative methods—mass market surveys, statistical analysis of data, focus group work, etc.—to solve specific problems for specific clients. Funding came not only from the university, but also from commercial clients who contracted out research projects. This produced studies such as two long reports to the dairy industry on factors influencing the consumption of milk; and a questionnaire to let people assess whether they shop too much (for
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importantly with the Bureau of
Applied Social Research at Columbia University. The most prestigious era of this Bureau was when Lazarsfeld was the director, associate director, as well as an active researcher in the Bureau. It was during this time that the Bureau was able to control and distribute almost a million dollars and produce studies a sundry. This was his most important contribution because it was able to create a business plan for the production of knowledge from a standpoint that was non–profit yet not acquiring debt. This was significant because it was a model that was replicated at other universities—making the production of research affordable and organized.
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decades; however actors within this particular system could manipulate the machinations of the institution and thus derail the program. Another negative repercussion of having the type of leadership that
Lazarsfeld provided was that the organization and its methodology was determined by his preferences—not allowing in this case for statistics to be utilized and that the data sets were unable to be replicated and generalized.
576:, which was later moved to Columbia. In 1937, he first tried to have the project moved to Newark, and when that request was turned down, split his time between the project and his institute in Newark. He feared (correctly, perhaps) that the institute would fail without his management. At the Project, Lazarsfeld expanded the aims postulated by the assistant directors,
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Decatur, for example), the individual was much more clearly the unit of analysis. While
Lazarsfeld clearly did not see his own research agenda as the only approach to communication research, others criticized his "administrative research"—paid for by commercial and military funding—as an overwhelming move toward empirical, short–term, effects–based research.
850:, in which energies of individuals in society are systematically routed away from organized action—because of the time and attention needed to simply keep up with reading or listening to mass media: "Exposure to this flood of information may serve to narcotize rather than to energize the average reader or listener."
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The remainder of
Lazarsfeld and Merton's paper discusses structure of ownership and operation of the mass media specific to the US—especially the fact that in the case of magazines, newspapers, and radio, advertising "supports the enterprise": "Big business finances the production and distribution of
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In the end, he thought that his ideas of empirical research had not been as widely received as he might have hoped. In one of his last published papers, "Communication
Research and Its Applications: A Postscript" (1976), Lazarsfeld lamented that the tide had turned against empirical research and that
472:, and served as a "socialist activist". He came to sociology through his expertise in mathematics and quantitative methods, participating in several early quantitative studies, including what was possibly the first scientific survey of radio listeners, in 1930–1931. In 1926 he married the sociologist
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The paper for which
Lazarsfeld and Merton is best known is their "Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action" (1948). Widely anthologized, the paper has been proposed as a canonical text in media studies. Lazarsfeld and Merton set out to understand the burgeoning public interest
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His contributions to measurement include innovative survey methods such as the longitudinal panel survey he used in his 1940 study in Erie, OH. He contributed to data analysis with a variety of techniques such as the 2x2 contingency tables, frequency analyses, scatter plots, and mixed methods like
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Another important contribution of Paul
Lazarsfeld was his advancement to media effects research that he was able to bring into fruition. Lazarsfeld's “most important methodological contributions were the Lazarsfeld-Stanton Program Analyzer and focus group interviewing” according to Everett Rogers.
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Lazarsfeld also made significant contributions by training many younger sociologists. One of
Lazarsfeld's biographers, Paul Neurath, writes that there are "dozens of books and hundreds of articles by his students and the students of his students, all of which still breathe the spirit of this man's
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A major portion of
Lazarsfeld's research concerned the individual decision-making process and how it was influenced by the mass media. The Marienthal study was an exception, being biased toward the community, but in all the studies carried out in localities after Marienthal (Sandusky, Elmira, and
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in February 1939, edited by Lazarsfeld, he tied together some of the varied research the Project was engaged in. Lazarsfeld felt this publication was necessary because "no central theory was visible, and we began hearing rumors that important people questioned whether we knew what we were doing"
838:—noting that the "sheer presence of these media may not affect our society so profoundly as is widely supposed"—they work their work through three aspects of what they see as the problem. They highlight three "social functions" that cast a long shadow into the present day. The first of these is
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In terms of weaknesses, he looked at individuals and missed the larger social structure and the power relations within it. He predominantly worked in the area of administrative research. He did many surveys but was reluctant to generalize his findings to a larger group. Though he found powerful
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After a falling out with Cantril, which may have been financial in nature, the Radio Research Project moved to Columbia University, where it grew into the acclaimed Bureau for Social Research. At Columbia, the direction of research leaned toward voting, and a study of the November 1940 vote was
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Though the research bureau was a major contribution, it was not without flaws. Lazarsfeld emphasized that a research institution is capable of existing in an organized fashion but that the commandeering and leadership really dictated the success of it. Lazarsfeld was successful for nearly two
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Paul Lazarsfeld's most important contribution, in his own opinion as well, was the beta version of a research institution that was based within a University setting. He started his journey of institute creation overseas in Vienna. He then proceeded to create two within the United States—most
794:, who had worked under Lazarsfeld at the Radio Project, came to represent an intellectual tradition that contrasted with Lazarsfeld's own dedication to empiricism and willingness to collaborate with industry. Likewise, Lazarsfeld's focus on empirical discovery rather than grand theory ("
424:. "It is not so much that he was an American sociologist," one colleague said of him after his death, "as it was that he determined what American sociology would be." Lazarsfeld said that his goal was "to produce Paul Lazarsfelds". He was a founding figure in 20th-century empirical
525:, a non-profit organization devoted to bringing the techniques of applied psychology to business, and proposed a number of projects that were rejected as not having enough commercial value or being too involved. He also helped John Jenkins, an applied psychologist at
95:
646:); his research on the characteristics of opinion leaders; diffusion of medical innovations; uses and gratifications of receivers from day time radio soap operas, etc. His research led to a marriage between interpersonal communication and mass communication.
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study. Lynd would come to play a central role in helping Lazarsfeld emigrate to the United States, and would recommend him for the directorships of the Newark Center and the Princeton Office of Radio Research. Lazarsfeld contacted the
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At the end of the fellowship in 1935, with a return to Vienna made untenable by the political climate, Lazarsfeld decided to remain in America, and secured an appointment as the director of student relief work for the
727:(GT)—the world's most quoted method for analyzing qualitative data. Index formations and qualitative mathematics were subjects taught by Lazarsfeld and are important components of the GT method according to Glaser.
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591:(Lazarsfeld, 1969). But in the spring of 1939, the Rockefeller foundation officers were still unconvinced and "required more solid evidence of achievement" before they would renew funding. The result was
770:. Columbia University's social research center has been renamed after him. The career achievement award of the ASA Methodology section is also named in his honor, as is the top theory award of the
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During the 1940s, mass communication entrenched itself as a field in its own right. Lazarsfeld's interest in the persuasive elements of mass media became a topic of great importance during the
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and toured the United States, making contacts and visiting the few universities that had programs related to empirical social science research. It was during this time that Lazarsfeld met
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846:", where the mass media uses public exposure of events or behaviour, to expose "deviations from these norms to public view". The third function, and perhaps best known, is the
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Lazarsfeld died in 1976. His mother Sophie survived him by almost a month, dying at age 95. With Marie Jahoda, he had a daughter, Lotte Franziska Lazarsfeld (born 1930), later
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conferral function, or the way that the "mass media confer status on public issues, persons, organizations and social movements". The second function is the "enforcement of
731:, an important contributor to social theories of education and a future president of the American Sociological Association, was also a student of Lazarsfeld's at Columbia.
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and this resulted in increased attention, and funding, for communication research. By the 1950s, there were increased concerns about the power of the mass media, and with
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Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1950). "The logical and mathematical foundations of latent structure analysis". In Stouffer, S.A.; Guttman, L.; Suchman, E.A.; Lazarsfeld, P.F. (eds.).
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533:). Finally, he pursued research into the ideas presented in the widely read "The Art of Asking Why" (1935), which explained Lazarsfeld's concept of "reason analysis".
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Lazarsfeld was noted for his ability to forge productive collaborations with a wide range of thinkers. One of his most celebrated collaborations was with
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Lazarsfeld's many contributions to sociological method have earned him the title of the "founder of modern empirical sociology". Lazarsfeld invented the
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814:"while an increasing number of writers expressed the need , it certainly was not the subject of popular demand among sociologists."
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Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Robert K. Merton, "Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action", in L. Bryson (ed.),
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Fürstenberg, Friedrich, "Knowledge and Action. Lazarsfeld's foundation of social research"; in: Paul Larzarsfeld (1901–1976).
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in problems of the "media of mass communication". After a critical consideration of common and problematic approaches to the
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1325:(eds. Jacques Lautman & Bernard-Pierre Lécuyer); Paris-Montréal (Qc.): Éditions L'Harmattan, 423–432; online-Version:
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analysis, panel methods, latent structure analysis, and contextual analysis. He is also considered a co-founder of
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His contributions include: the two-step flow of communication from media to opinion leaders and then others (
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Radio and the Printed Page: An Introduction to the Study of Radio and Its Role in the Communication of Ideas
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cognitive effects produced by media in his 1940 study, he chose to support the minimal effects hypothesis.
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Paddy Scannell, "The End of the Masses: Merton, Lazarsfeld, Riesman, Katz, USA, 1940s and 1950", in his
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See: Simonson and Weimann, "Critical Research at Columbia"; and Paddy Scannell, "The End of the Masses".
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Simonson, Peter, and Weimann, Gabriel, "Critical Research at Columbia", in E. Katz, et al. (eds.),
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Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) "Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action"
1179:"AEA - American Evaluation Association : AEA Paul F. Lazarsfeld Evaluation Theory Award"
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529:, translate an introduction to statistics Lazarsfeld had written for his students in Vienna (
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they wrote a now-classical study of the social impact of unemployment on a small community:
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Pollak, Michael (December 1, 1980). "Paul F. Lazarsfeld: A Sociointellectual Biography".
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595:. These two publications did much to consolidate and define the field of communication.
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Qualitative and Quantitative Social Research: Papers in honor of Paul F. Lazarsfeld
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Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Volume IV: Measurement and Prediction
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Paul Lazarsfeld — The Founder of Modern Empirical Sociology: A Research Biography.
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The ascendency of administrative research provided an effective foil for critics.
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Lazarsfeld, Paul F. "An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir." In
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Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications
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The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes up his Mind in a Presidential Campaign
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in 1936. The marriage lasted until 1945. With his third wife, married in 1949,
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While at Newark, Lazarsfeld was appointed head of the Princeton Office of the
404:(February 13, 1901 – August 30, 1976) was an Austrian-American
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1222:. A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach. pp. 244–245.
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for clustering multivariate discrete data. He also made great strides in
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Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States
1312:"The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir",
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754:. He received honorary degrees from many universities, including the
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Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919–1968
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420:, he exerted influence over the techniques and the organization of
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International Journal of Public Opinion Research 13:229–244 (2001)
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Finding aid to the Paul Lazarfeld papers at Columbia University
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Doctoral thesis, University of Leicester, 1976; online-version
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Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert; Davenport, Lucinda (2013).
915:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, pp. 230–241.
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122:
456:(his doctoral dissertation dealt with mathematical aspects of
631:, and of community as filters for the mass media. Along with
460:) in 1925. In the 1920s, he moved in the same circles as the
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Paul Lazarsfeld: The Biography of an Institutional Innovator
508:(which resulted in the inspiration for the research done in
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to develop what he called "theories of the middle range".
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–1960
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A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach
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270–337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969.
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Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture and Technology
664:. He divorced Marie in 1930 and married his colleague
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of media, along with its functional roles in society.
448:, and his father Robert was a lawyer. He attended the
1153:"American Sociology Association: Methodology Section"
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Qualitative Analysis; Historical and Critical Essays
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The Marienthal study attracted the attention of the
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Presidents of the American Sociological Association
719:work". One of Lazarsfeld's successful students was
1348:Radio Research, McCarthyism and Paul F. Lazarsfeld
1304:. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006, 62–90.
1290:, and Peter. H. Rossi (New York: Free Press, 1979)
1220:Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Mass Communication Effects
683:(born 1953), who was professor of mathematics at
2404:
1363:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
752:American Association for Public Opinion Research
2438:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
1141:. Princeton University Press. pp. 362–412.
1480:Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions
746:Paul Lazarsfeld has been the President of the
660:, who became a professor of management at the
651:Fellow of the American Statistical Association
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1318:(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997).
889:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1944.
874:. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1940.
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1297:. Cambridge: Polity, 2003, pp. 12–38.
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436:Lazarsfeld was born to Jewish parents in
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Austrian-American sociologist (1901–1976)
34:This article includes a list of general
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1093:(8th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts:
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818:Lazarsfeld's work with Robert K. Merton
512:, written some twenty years later) and
498:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
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1005:
452:, eventually receiving a doctorate in
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863:Katz, Elihu, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld.
662:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1278:Hans Zeisel, "The Vienna Years," in
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361:two-step flow of communication model
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623:, which propounded the theory of a
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1371:Rare Book & Manuscript Library
1323:La sociologie de Vienne Ă New York
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40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2428:Jewish American social scientists
1641:American Sociological Association
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748:American Sociological Association
560:The Unemployed Man and His Family
418:Bureau of Applied Social Research
922:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972.
867:. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1966.
802:) was one of the spurs that led
689:Positivity in Algebraic Geometry
584:, and in a special issue of the
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198:
25:
1295:Canonic Texts in Media Research
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772:American Evaluation Association
635:, he popularized the idea of a
482:Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal
458:Einstein's gravitational theory
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1505:Two-step flow of communication
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1118:View/Search Fellows of the ASA
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948:Two-step flow of communication
713:two-step flow of communication
625:two-step flow of communication
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1234:Critical Research at Columbia
953:
649:In 1956, he was elected as a
587:Journal of Applied Psychology
544:National Youth Administration
431:
1454:Social aspects of television
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694:
7:
2433:Columbia University faculty
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598:
550:(now, the Newark campus of
484:(1932; English eds. 1971).
464:of philosophers, including
10:
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2478:20th-century American Jews
1314:ed. Steven H. Chaffee and
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1060:10.1177/107554708000200201
968:"Dr. Paul Lazarsfeld Dies"
909:The Communication of Ideas
593:Radio and the Printed Page
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1127:, accessed July 23, 2016.
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99:Paul Lazarsfeld at age 40
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1598:Structural functionalism
1330:Morrison, David Edward,
1907:Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.
1840:Robert Morrison MacIver
1774:William Fielding Ogburn
1667:Franklin Henry Giddings
1421:Influence of mass media
1302:Media and Communication
848:narcotizing dysfunction
637:narcotizing dysfunction
619:, Lazarsfeld published
546:, headquartered at the
506:University of Rochester
356:narcotizing dysfunction
55:more precise citations.
1721:James P. Lichtenberger
1340:March 7, 2016, at the
1232:Simonson and Weimann,
1123:June 16, 2016, at the
709:mathematical sociology
685:Stony Brook University
644:multi-step flow theory
574:Radio Research Project
516:, who had written the
494:Rockefeller Foundation
352:Limited effects theory
320:Mathematical sociology
2423:American sociologists
2361:Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
2307:Patricia Hill Collins
2289:Cynthia Fuchs Epstein
2200:Seymour Martin Lipset
2182:William Julius Wilson
2116:Hubert M. Blalock Jr.
1973:Robin M. Williams Jr.
1937:Dorothy Swaine Thomas
1876:Carl Cleveland Taylor
1816:Henry Pratt Fairchild
1691:George Elliott Howard
1673:Albion Woodbury Small
1661:William Graham Sumner
1346:Garfinkel, Simson L.
1013:. NY: The Free Press.
877:Lazarsfeld, Paul F.,
756:University of Chicago
440:: his mother was the
402:Paul Felix Lazarsfeld
109:Paul Felix Lazarsfeld
2194:James Samuel Coleman
2039:Arnold Marshall Rose
1864:Rupert Bayless Vance
1727:Ulysses G. Weatherly
1685:George Edgar Vincent
1679:Edward Alsworth Ross
1189:on December 18, 2019
1097:. pp. 415–416.
918:Lazarsfeld, Paul F.
870:Lazarsfeld, Paul F.
764:University of Vienna
729:James Samuel Coleman
691:(Springer) in 2004.
687:, and who published
548:University of Newark
450:University of Vienna
340:James Samuel Coleman
290:University of Vienna
197: 1926;
2458:Writers from Vienna
2418:Jewish sociologists
2331:Cecilia L. Ridgeway
2313:Evelyn Nakano Glenn
2218:Maureen T. Hallinan
2158:Matilda White Riley
2128:William Foote Whyte
1895:E. Franklin Frazier
974:. September 1, 1976
796:abstract empiricism
768:Sorbonne University
760:Columbia University
606:The People's Choice
531:Say It With Figures
414:Columbia University
330:Columbia University
279:Academic background
2373:Christine Williams
2146:James F. Short Jr.
2104:John Milton Yinger
2098:Alfred McClung Lee
1991:Robert E. L. Faris
1943:Samuel A. Stouffer
1858:George A. Lundberg
1733:Charles A. Ellwood
1639:Presidents of the
1577:Television studies
1500:Semiotic democracy
1495:Opinion leadership
1426:Mass communication
972:The New York Times
938:Statistical survey
798:" in the words of
705:statistical survey
701:latent class model
629:opinion leadership
621:Personal Influence
552:Rutgers University
527:Cornell University
510:Personal Influence
2473:Lazarsfeld family
2413:Jewish scientists
2400:
2399:
2301:Arne L. Kalleberg
2295:Frances Fox Piven
2271:William T. Bielby
2206:William A. Gamson
2188:Stanley Lieberson
2057:William H. Sewell
2027:Charles P. Loomis
1949:Florian Znaniecki
1792:Luther L. Bernard
1786:Emory S. Bogardus
1756:John Lewis Gillin
1703:Frank W. Blackmar
1655:Lester Frank Ward
1606:
1605:
1539:Notable academics
1316:Everett M. Rogers
792:Theodor W. Adorno
681:Robert Lazarsfeld
488:Coming to America
446:Sophie Lazarsfeld
412:. The founder of
399:
398:
336:Doctoral students
266:Sophie Lazarsfeld
262:Robert Lazarsfeld
247:Robert Lazarsfeld
119:February 13, 1901
81:
80:
73:
2485:
2385:Cecilia MenjĂvar
2325:Erik Olin Wright
2236:Alejandro Portes
2069:Mirra Komarovsky
2063:William J. Goode
2021:Wilbert E. Moore
2009:George C. Homans
1985:Howard P. Becker
1967:Robert K. Merton
1931:Robert C. Angell
1915:
1884:
1852:Dwight Sanderson
1834:Edwin Sutherland
1828:Frank H. Hankins
1810:F. Stuart Chapin
1798:Edward B. Reuter
1768:John M. Gillette
1633:
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1593:Media psychology
1561:Bernard Berelson
1556:Robert K. Merton
1522:The Lonely Crowd
1470:Culture industry
1463:Notable theories
1414:General concepts
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1288:James S. Coleman
1284:Robert K. Merton
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1155:. Archived from
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1095:Cengage Learning
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879:Bernard Berelson
824:Robert K. Merton
804:Robert K. Merton
679:, he had a son,
678:
670:Patricia Kendall
633:Robert K. Merton
613:Second World War
556:Mirra Komarovsky
476:. Together with
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218:Patricia Kendall
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2247:
2170:Herbert J. Gans
2086:
2051:Reinhard Bendix
2045:Ralph H. Turner
2015:Pitirim Sorokin
1997:Paul Lazarsfeld
1919:
1909:
1901:Talcott Parsons
1878:
1846:Stuart A. Queen
1822:Ellsworth Faris
1744:
1715:Edward C. Hayes
1709:James Q. Dealey
1643:
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1546:Paul Lazarsfeld
1534:
1529:The Power Elite
1509:
1485:Media democracy
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2252:2001–present
2224:Neil Smelser
1996:
1955:Donald Young
1762:W. I. Thomas
1545:
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1475:Echo chamber
1431:Mass society
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1193:December 18,
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1183:www.eval.org
1182:
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1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
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976:. Retrieved
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858:Bibliography
852:
844:social norms
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474:Marie Jahoda
466:Otto Neurath
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326:Institutions
242:Lotte Bailyn
208:Herta Herzog
183:Marie Jahoda
139:(1976-08-30)
67:
58:
39:
18:
2468:1976 deaths
2463:1901 births
2367:Mary Romero
2283:Troy Duster
2110:Amos Hawley
1910: [
1889:Louis Wirth
1879: [
1681:(1914–1915)
1675:(1912–1913)
1669:(1910–1911)
1663:(1908–1909)
1657:(1906–1907)
828:focus group
673: [
478:Hans Zeisel
454:mathematics
406:sociologist
221: [
214: 1945)
157:Nationality
53:introducing
2407:Categories
2242:Joe Feagin
2176:Joan Huber
2075:Peter Blau
1586:Approaches
1551:Elihu Katz
954:References
836:mass media
617:Elihu Katz
518:Middletown
502:Luther Fry
444:therapist
432:Early life
382:Elihu Katz
370:Influenced
306:Discipline
285:Alma mater
149:New Jersey
115:1901-02-13
61:March 2010
36:references
2091:1976–2000
1924:1951–1975
1749:1926–1950
1648:1906–1925
1076:144473809
1068:0164-0259
1048:Knowledge
778:Criticism
695:Influence
426:sociology
310:Sociology
227:(m. 1949)
1338:Archived
1121:Archived
1009:(1994).
927:See also
766:and the
599:Columbia
567:magazine
442:Adlerian
235:Children
166:American
163:Austrian
1273:Sources
1163:May 22,
978:July 5,
715:model.
504:at the
296:, 1925)
256:Parents
203:
191:
187:
174:Spouses
49:improve
2393:(2023)
2387:(2022)
2381:(2021)
2375:(2020)
2369:(2019)
2363:(2018)
2357:(2017)
2351:(2016)
2345:(2015)
2339:(2014)
2333:(2013)
2327:(2012)
2321:(2011)
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2047:(1969)
2041:(1969)
2035:(1968)
2029:(1967)
2023:(1966)
2017:(1965)
2011:(1964)
2005:(1963)
1999:(1962)
1993:(1961)
1987:(1960)
1981:(1959)
1975:(1958)
1969:(1957)
1963:(1956)
1957:(1955)
1951:(1954)
1945:(1953)
1939:(1952)
1933:(1951)
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1872:(1945)
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1860:(1943)
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1848:(1941)
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1806:(1934)
1800:(1933)
1794:(1932)
1788:(1931)
1782:(1930)
1776:(1929)
1770:(1928)
1764:(1927)
1758:(1926)
1741:(1925)
1735:(1924)
1729:(1923)
1723:(1922)
1717:(1921)
1711:(1920)
1705:(1919)
1699:(1918)
1693:(1917)
1687:(1916)
1282:, ed.
1101:
1074:
1066:
896:, ed.
881:, and
762:, the
537:Newark
438:Vienna
145:Newark
123:Vienna
38:, but
1914:]
1883:]
1072:S2CID
677:]
558:book
225:]
193:(
189:
1195:2019
1165:2010
1099:ISBN
1064:ISSN
980:2018
900:and
580:and
468:and
408:and
212:div.
199:div.
151:, US
134:Died
105:Born
1056:doi
569:).
416:'s
294:PhD
2409::
1912:de
1881:de
1310:,
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1019:^
988:^
970:.
885:.
774:.
758:,
675:fr
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428:.
223:fr
195:m.
147:,
125:,
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