63:
501:
453:
554:
582:
537:(yellow-brown). For artworks, patination is often deliberately accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, and various blacks. Some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals. Sometimes the surface is enhanced by waxing, oiling, or other types of lacquers or clear-coats. More simply, the French sculptor
35:
47:
372:
395:
616:
Knife collectors that own carbon steel blades sometimes force a patina onto the blade to help protect it and give it a more personalized look. This can be done using various chemicals and substances such as muriatic acid, apple cider vinegar, or mustard. It can also be done by sticking the blade into
520:
A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas. They are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with the reacted elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper
628:
Preserving a piece's look and character is important and removal or reduction may dramatically reduce its value. If patination has flaked off, repatination may be recommended. Appraiser Reyne Haines notes that a repatinated metal piece will be worth more than one with major imperfections in the
485:
has worn. On this subject gunsmith Mark Novak says "... This is what everybody calls patina, I call it a nice thick coat of rust..." The removal of such rust is often necessary for a firearm conservation to prevent further decay of the firearm.
871:"Oxidation Reaction: Why is the Statue of Liberty Blue-Green? Engage Students in Engineering; www.EngageEngineering.org; Chun Wu, Ph.D., Mount Marty College; Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. 083306"
512:
Artists and metalworkers often deliberately add patinas as a part of the original design and decoration of art and furniture, or to simulate antiquity in newly made objects. The process is often called
602:. This type of patina is formed by corrosion, what elements the air might hold, residue from the wear of the carbon brush, and moisture; thus, the patina needs special conditions to work as intended.
587:
The same statue in 2015, after removal of the patina (2012–13), showing the original 1775 finish. The dark color of the statue made
English sailors call the square that houses it "Black Horse Square".
1148:
449:
A patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal or marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas.
474:) with alloys of copper, like brass or bronze, will weather differently from "pure" copper cladding. Even a lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example
870:
58:
in 1945 and then rebuilt from 1993 to 2005 with new material; the stones with the black patina are the parts that survived the firebombing from the original 18th-century church.
263:
is often mistakenly referred to as patina. Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and color that result from normal use of an object such as a
541:
used to instruct assistants at his studio to urinate over bronzes stored in the outside yard. A patina can be produced on copper by the application of vinegar (
208:
Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing.
357:(pan, shallow dish). Figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening, or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both).
713:
320:
on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called
1047:
613:
onto it to prevent food from sticking. Scrubbing or using soap on a wok or other dishware could damage the patina and possibly allow rust.
438:. In clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a
933:
1083:
1177:
877:
625:
In the case of antiques, a range of views are held on the value of patination and its replacement if damaged, known as repatination.
746:
545:). This patina is water-soluble and will not last on the outside of a building like a "true" patina. It is usually used as pigment.
955:
1144:
LaNiece, Susan; Craddock, Paul : Metal
Plating and Patination: Cultural, Technical and Historical Developments, Boston 1993.
1007:
446:
from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, the final patina is primarily composed of sulphide or sulphate compounds.
1135:
804:
682:
671:
European
Geosciences Union. General Assembly; Přikryl, Richard; Smith, Bernard J.; Geological Society of London (2007).
605:
Patinas can also be found in woks or other metal baking dishes. The process of applying patinas to cookware is known as
481:
Antique and well-used firearms will often develop a layer of rust on the action, barrel, or other steel parts after the
858:
835:
158:
117:
982:
670:
198:(sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure.
71:
1025:
285:
tools and ancient stone monuments. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term
1186:
W. A. Franke, M. Mircea
Plutarch report on the blue patina of bronze statues at Delphi: A scientific explanation
1243:
456:
403:
389:
772:
1022:"Peters, Larry E. (2004). Preventing corrosion on copper roofing systems; Professional Roofing, October 2004"
471:
1248:
705:
1185:
505:
495:
308:
is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within the surface of a
1154:
on the antiques market – Affinities and relationships between conservation theories and buyers' taste
460:
1273:
1253:
205:. The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure.
78:). The external layer has been weathered by moisture and rain, leading to the oxidation of copper.
846:
1073:
929:
568:
521:
alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, while sulfur compounds (such as "
439:
794:
672:
1268:
599:
39:
1055:
903:
606:
564:
431:
62:
51:
24:
8:
1278:
1263:
525:") tend to brown. The basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like
419:
28:
1116:
907:
1258:
1212:
959:
55:
1171:
915:
894:
Fitzgerald, K.P.; Nairn, J.; Atrens, A. (1998). "The chemistry of copper patination".
500:
1238:
1216:
1192:
1131:
854:
831:
800:
738:
678:
399:
1204:
911:
526:
344:
328:
129:
88:
360:
The chemical process by which a patina forms or is deliberately induced is called
1223:
522:
467:
452:
313:
1208:
534:
530:
482:
475:
427:
423:
317:
309:
245:
1232:
538:
301:
376:
281:
layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on
796:
Stone Tools and
Society: Working Stone in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain
575:, with a surface layer of green patina caused by advanced oxidation (2011)
553:
986:
610:
581:
542:
514:
270:
183:
67:
830:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp.
34:
826:
Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005)
638:
253:
1021:
1008:"Architectural considerations; Copper in Architecture Design Handbook"
1224:
Patina on Bronze
Sculpture From the Historical-Artistic Point of View
1108:
Angier, R.H. : Firearm
Blueing and Browning, Onslow County 1936.
648:
595:
443:
435:
415:
278:
241:
221:
201:
Additionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality
195:
434:, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing
216:
On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as
768:
560:
46:
643:
297:
229:
225:
202:
187:
20:
442:. In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous
394:
953:
Glossary of copper terms, Copper
Development Association (UK):
609:. The patina on a wok is a dark coating of oils that have been
572:
411:
249:
233:
232:
formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (
190:
produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain
175:
167:
75:
629:
patina, but less than a piece still with its original finish.
371:
103:
1170:
617:
any acidic vegetable or fruit such as an orange or an apple.
351:
325:
282:
260:
217:
191:
179:
171:
706:"What's the Difference Between a Patina Finish and Tarnish?"
264:
256:
237:
150:
109:
94:
478:
in
Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, London.
350:(shallow layer of deposit on a surface), derived from the
1078:
853:
A.A. Balkema
Publishers Leiden, The Netherlands. 330 pp.
166:) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of
144:
138:
1111:
Fishlock, David : Metal Colouring, Teddington 1962.
324:
by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or
504:
The statue of cranes got its turquoise color from the
1159:
Sugimori, E. : Japanese patinas, Brunswick 2004.
930:"Application Areas: Architecture - Finishes – patina"
893:
666:
664:
364:, and a work of art coated by a patina is said to be
159:
147:
118:
106:
674:
Building Stone Decay: From Diagnosis to Conservation
141:
135:
100:
91:
820:
132:
97:
16:
Change of object's surface through age and exposure
1048:"Scandinavian Embassies Berlin, Nordic Architects"
661:
840:
739:"Anvil 093: 1891 Mosin/Nagant, Dragoon and Rifle"
418:, usually consists of varying mixtures of copper
312:or other material by either the development of a
1230:
1128:The Colouring, Bronzing and Patination of Metals
316:within the surface of a rock, the formation of
289:as a better term to describe the process than
66:Pre-colonial copper coin formerly used in the
1193:"Alchemy and Surface Treatments in Antiquity"
529:(blue-black), liver of sulfur (brown-black),
390:Copper in architecture § Natural patinas
1190:
769:"Finish issues with regard to copper sinks"
1125:
1067:
1065:
851:Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains.
786:
410:The green patina that forms naturally on
252:-bearing compounds). In common parlance,
499:
451:
393:
370:
61:
45:
33:
1126:Hughes, Richard; Rowe, Michael (1995).
1071:
1062:
1045:
792:
23:. For the United States Navy ship, see
1231:
1114:
1046:Lomholt, Isabelle (January 30, 2010).
983:"Why did we paint the library's roof?"
732:
730:
496:Copper in architecture § Finishes
54:. The church was destroyed during the
27:. For the Los Angeles restaurant, see
1181:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911.
736:
677:. Geological Society. pp. 295–.
402:gets its famous green color from the
1086:from the original on August 10, 2017
749:from the original on 28 January 2021
1156:: NEWS IN CONSERVATION, (31), 2012.
1130:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
799:. Psychology Press. pp. 192–.
727:
267:or a piece of furniture over time.
13:
1102:
383:
14:
1290:
1163:
489:
1072:Gaffney, Dennis (May 19, 2009).
980:
580:
552:
128:
87:
72:Democratic Republic of the Congo
19:For the village in Estonia, see
1147:Pergoli Camopanelli, A. :
1039:
1028:from the original on 2012-09-20
1014:
1000:
974:
947:
936:from the original on 2012-09-27
922:
849:, and J.R. Vidal Romani (2005)
775:from the original on 2011-10-16
737:Novak, Mark (14 January 2021).
716:from the original on 2021-06-02
620:
887:
863:
761:
698:
1:
916:10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00093-6
793:Edmonds, Mark (2 June 1997).
654:
414:and bronze, sometimes called
406:formed on its copper surface.
1118:Metal Colouring and Bronzing
1074:"What "Patina" Really Means"
334:
7:
1121:. London: Macmillan and Co.
632:
10:
1295:
1209:10.1179/026708401101517827
956:"Glossary of copper terms"
493:
387:
18:
1191:Giumlia-Mair, A. (2001).
461:Nordic Embassies (Berlin)
594:Patina is also found on
211:
1178:Encyclopædia Britannica
1115:Hiorns, Arthur (1907).
509:
508:on its bronze surface.
463:
440:basic copper carbonate
407:
380:
79:
59:
43:
1244:Visual arts materials
503:
457:Natural copper patina
455:
397:
379:with verdigris patina
374:
65:
49:
40:Minneapolis City Hall
37:
565:Joseph I of Portugal
472:copper wall cladding
52:Dresden Frauenkirche
42:, coated with patina
25:USS Pattina (SP-675)
1249:Artistic techniques
1197:Surface Engineering
1150:The value of patina
908:1998Corro..40.2029F
828:Glossary of Geology
38:Copper roof on the
29:Patina (restaurant)
962:on August 20, 2012
533:(blue-green), and
510:
464:
408:
381:
273:also use the term
80:
60:
56:bombing of Dresden
44:
1137:978-0-500-01501-8
902:(12): 2029–2050.
896:Corrosion Science
806:978-0-415-21449-0
684:978-1-86239-218-2
466:Façade cladding (
400:Statue of Liberty
1286:
1220:
1182:
1174:
1141:
1122:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1058:on May 31, 2012.
1054:. Archived from
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1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
985:. Archived from
978:
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969:
967:
958:. Archived from
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
926:
920:
919:
891:
885:
884:
882:
876:. Archived from
875:
867:
861:
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824:
818:
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815:
813:
790:
784:
783:
781:
780:
771:. October 2010.
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527:ammonium sulfide
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1274:Sculpture terms
1254:Decorative arts
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1103:Further reading
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569:Commerce Square
561:admiralty brass
557:
523:liver of sulfur
498:
492:
483:original finish
468:copper cladding
392:
386:
384:Acquired patina
343:comes from the
337:
314:weathering rind
214:
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131:
127:
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90:
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32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1221:
1203:(3): 217–223.
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1183:
1172:"Patina"
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1164:External links
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883:on 2013-10-25.
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531:cupric nitrate
506:applied patina
491:
490:Applied patina
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476:Bristol Beacon
404:natural patina
385:
382:
336:
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318:desert varnish
277:to refer to a
271:Archaeologists
246:carbon dioxide
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178:, and similar
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989:on 2007-06-25
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859:0-415-36435-3
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847:Twidale, C.R.
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836:0-922152-76-4
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1269:Metalworking
1200:
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1149:
1127:
1117:
1090:September 7,
1088:. Retrieved
1077:
1056:the original
1051:
1041:
1030:. Retrieved
1016:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
949:
938:. Retrieved
924:
899:
895:
889:
878:the original
865:
850:
842:
827:
822:
812:26 September
810:. Retrieved
795:
788:
777:. Retrieved
763:
751:. Retrieved
742:
718:. Retrieved
709:
700:
690:26 September
688:. Retrieved
673:
627:
624:
621:Repatination
615:
604:
593:
519:
511:
480:
465:
448:
409:
377:weather vane
365:
361:
359:
354:
347:
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269:
215:
207:
200:
184:metal alloys
82:
81:
1052:e-architect
981:Berg, Jan.
611:polymerized
600:commutators
543:acetic acid
515:distressing
304:, the term
194:and wooden
68:Copper Belt
1279:Weathering
1264:Metallurgy
1233:Categories
1032:2012-09-18
993:2007-09-20
940:2012-09-18
779:2011-09-23
753:15 January
720:2021-05-30
655:References
639:Craquelure
596:slip rings
563:statue of
494:See also:
432:carbonates
388:See also:
362:patination
291:patination
279:corticated
254:weathering
222:carbonates
1259:Furniture
1217:137010131
649:Wabi-sabi
607:seasoning
444:acid rain
436:acid rain
420:chlorides
416:verdigris
366:patinated
339:The word
335:Etymology
242:acid rain
196:furniture
1239:Antiques
1084:Archived
1026:Archived
934:Archived
773:Archived
747:Archived
714:Archived
633:See also
428:sulfates
424:sulfides
230:sulfates
226:sulfides
904:Bibcode
743:YouTube
644:Crazing
459:at the
375:Copper
345:Italian
298:geology
203:leather
188:tarnish
21:Pattina
1215:
1134:
857:
834:
803:
681:
573:Lisbon
430:, and
412:copper
355:patĭna
348:patina
341:patina
329:nodule
322:cortex
306:patina
275:patina
250:sulfur
234:oxygen
218:oxides
192:stones
180:metals
176:bronze
168:copper
163:-ih-nə
83:Patina
76:Zambia
1213:S2CID
881:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
352:Latin
326:chert
283:flint
261:steel
228:, or
212:Usage
172:brass
1132:ISBN
1092:2017
968:2012
855:ISBN
832:ISBN
814:2012
801:ISBN
755:2021
692:2012
679:ISBN
598:and
559:The
398:The
310:rock
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