416:. It is endorsed where an individual lies and deceives so frequently that it is a defining or central characteristic of their interactions with others. Lying in such persons is described as both calculated and aimless, with deceiving others thought to have some intrinsic value to the individual. The lies are told with ease, even when the contradicting facts are readily assessable, and the person normally shows some pride in their ability to lie, and may even openly boast of it as a talent or gift. The PCL-R distinguishes pathological lying from manipulation, which it treats separately as the strategic use of deceit and misdirection for personal gain, often by exploiting or using someone.
388:. Taken together, these findings implicate dysfunction in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, both of which are implicated in lie-telling in healthy individuals - the former across various types of lying (different subregions handling different kinds) and the latter only in feigning ignorance. The mechanisms of how lesions to these structures induce lying are unknown, but it has been suggested that reduced affective theory of mind and loss of sociomoral affect may induce the desire to lie, while impaired inhibitory control may prevent the regulation of such urges.
336:, mistreatment, or rejection by making empty threats of suicide or false accusations of abandonment. Pathological liars do not feel rejected; they have high levels of self-assurance that help them lie successfully. Unlike those with histrionic personality, pathological liars are more verbally dramatic than sexually flamboyant. Narcissists think they have achieved perfection and lack empathy for others. Pathological liars do not show these antisocial behaviors; they may lie because they think their life is not interesting enough.
343:. This diagnosis deals with people who lie deliberately about having physical or psychological disorders. Research or testing must be done to confirm a person does not in fact have a physical or other disorder. This may become troublesome because medical records are sealed to the public. People who pathologically lie tend to lie about their identities and history. Because the symptoms do not match, they may go undiagnosed. They could well be diagnosed under the catchall rubric of an
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prefrontal activation is normally increased during lie-telling. These findings, alongside data showing pathological liars are faster at generating and telling lies, have been taken to suggest that liars lack the cognitive control and socioaffective networks required for inhibiting truthful responses, monitoring behaviour and believability, and adjusting deceptions to fit changing facts may be more efficient in pathological liars.
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The stories are presented in a way that portrays the liar favorably. The liar "decorates their own person" by telling stories that present them as the hero or the victim. For example, they might be presented as being fantastically brave, as knowing or being related to many famous people, or as having
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is strongly tied to pathological lying. Pathological lying is represented in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 alternative models of personality disorder which emphasise dimensions of personality dysfunction, rather than specific categorical disorders. "Deceitfulness", an aspect of the
Antagonism domain, is
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The average age of onset is before adulthood. Individuals with the condition tend to have average verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities. Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment, where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance. Its occurrence was found by
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Curtis and Hart (2020) defined pathological lying as "a persistent, pervasive, and often compulsive pattern of excessive lying behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment of functioning in social, occupational, or other areas; causes marked distress; poses a risk to the self or others;
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Lying is the act of knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement. Normal lies are defensive and told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible.
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Pathological lying which begins early in development (e.g., as part of psychopathic personality rather than being acquired by brain injury or disease) appears to relate to increased prefrontal white matter and reduced prefrontal activation when telling lies, a significant finding given that
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Treanor KE. Defining, understanding, and diagnosing pathological lying (pseudologia fantastica): an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying . Wollongong, NSW: School of
Psychology, University of Wollongong; 2012. Available at:
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There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If this continues, lying can become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not limited to, fraud.
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or even under "Other specified disorder of adult personality and behavior": "This category should be used for coding any specified disorder of adult personality and behavior that cannot be classified under any one of the preceding headings".
189:
tendency to lie. It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim to deceive others, sometimes for no clear or apparent reason, and even if the truth is beneficial to the liar. People who engage in
324:, who experience none of those reactions. People affected by antisocial personality disorder lie for external personal gain in the forms of money, sex, and power. Pathological lying is strictly internal. The difference between
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Some psychiatrists distinguish compulsive from pathological lying, while others consider them equivalent. Others deny the existence of compulsive lying altogether; this remains an area of considerable controversy.
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trait encompassing pathological lying in the DSM-5's model, while the current ICD-11 trait domain of
Dissociality (analogous to DSM-5 Antagonism) holds pathological lying to be a behavioural expression of the
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Lagemann, T., Wolf, M., Ritter, D., Doucette, S., von Kummer, R., & Lewitzka, U. (2012). Cingulate cortex aplasia and callosal dysgenesia combined with schizencephaly in a patient with chronic lying.
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for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition. But efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data, aligning with the
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for the behavior cannot be readily discerned clinically: e.g., long-lasting extortion or habitual spousal battery might cause a person to lie repeatedly, without the lying being pathological.
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Boes, A. D., Grafft, A. H., Joshi, C., Chuang, N. A., Nopoulos, P., & Anderson, S. W. (2011). Behavioral effects of congenital ventromedial prefrontal cortex malformation.
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Jiang, W., Liu, H., Liao, J., Ma, X., Rong, P., Tang, Y., & Wang, W. (2013). A functional MRI study of deception among offenders with antisocial personality disorders.
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Abe, N., Suzuki, M., Tsukiura, T., Mori, E., Yamaguchi, K., Itoh, M., & Fujii, T. (2006). Dissociable roles of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in deception.
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Yang, Y., Raine, A., Narr, K. L., Lencz, T., LaCasse, L., Colletti, P., & Toga, A. W. (2007). Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.
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Pathological lying shows a complex relationship with brain function. Compulsive lying has been reported in multiple neurological disorders, including early lesions of the
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Poletti, M., Borelli, P., & Bonuccelli, U. (2011). The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying: evidence from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.
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model to explain this concept. While theories have explored potential causes, the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined.
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Roxanas, M. G., Massey, J. S., & Chaganti, J. (2014). Antisocial behaviour and lying: a neuropsychiatric presentation of agenesis of the corpus callosum.
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Zheltyakova, M., Kireev, M., Korotkov, A., & Medvedev, S. (2020). Neural mechanisms of deception in a social context: an fMRI replication study.
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the study to be equal in women and men. Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy, abnormal EEG findings,
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Bagby, R. M., & Widiger, T. A. (2020). Assessment of the ICD-11 dimensional trait model: An introduction to the special section.
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Newmark N, Adityanjee, Kay J (1999). "Pseudologia fantastica and factitious disorder: review of the literature and a case report".
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Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., Lacasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2005). Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.
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Eslinger, P. J., Flaherty-Craig, C. V., & Benton, A. L. (2004). Developmental outcomes after early prefrontal cortex damage.
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220:(DSM). Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying, including stress, an attempt to shift
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Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C.L. (2022). Pathological Lying:Theory, Research, and
Practice. American Psychological Association.
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Yin, L., & Weber, B. (2019). I lie, why don't you: Neural mechanisms of individual differences in self‐serving lying.
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Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying: someone consistently lies for no obvious personal gain.
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Hardie TJ, Reed A (July 1998). "Pseudologia fantastica, factitious disorder and impostership: a deception syndrome".
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Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C. L. (2020). Pathological Lying: Theoretical and
Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity
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have shown that pathological liars exhibit arousal, stress, and guilt from their deception. This is different from
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The only diagnosis in the current system where a symptom of purposeless, internally motivated deception occurs is
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Dike CC (1 June 2008). "Pathological lying: symptom or disease? Living with no permanent motive or benefit".
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Grey JS, Durns T, Kious BM (May 2020). "Pseudologia
Fantastica: An Elaborate Tale of Combat-related PTSD".
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or viewed as a symptom of other underlying conditions. The lack of a widely agreed-upon description or
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for "fantastic pseudology"), is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or
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Pathological lying, accusation and swindling: a study in forensic psychology
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Hart CL; Curtis DA (2020). "What Is
Pathological Lying?". Psychology Today
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Dike CC, Baranoski M, Griffith EE (2005). "Pathological lying revisited".
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How to Spot a
Pathological Liar - Master the Art of Unmasking Deception
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Curtis, D.A. (2023). Why
Pathological Lying Is a Psychological Disorder
1072:, "Weh' dem, der lügt! Beitrag zum Problem der Pseudologia phantastica"
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Lying. (n.d.). Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Retrieved September 26, 2011
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The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by
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lying often claim to be unaware of the motivations for their lies.
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21:"Pseudologia fantastica" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Pathological lying is an item of the interpersonal facet of the
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The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
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1364:"When Does Compulsive Lying Become a Pathological Disorder"
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King BH, Ford CV (January 1988). "Pseudologia fantastica".
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Skeem JL, Polaschek DL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO (2011).
2003:
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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
328:(BPD) and pathological liars is that BPD patients try to
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Defining characteristics of pathological lying include:
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Griffith EE, Baranoski M, Dike CC (1 September 2005).
28:"Mythomaniac" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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Pseudologia fantastica, mythomania, compulsive lying
990:"The Truth About Compulsive and Pathological Liars"
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252:and occurs for longer than 6 months" (p. 63).
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
940:(1 ed.). American Psychological Association.
937:Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice
859:Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice
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224:to an internal one, and issues related to low
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301:, not as a stand-alone diagnosis. The former
1298:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
861:. American Psychological Association. 2022.
386:behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
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606:"Pathological Lying: Symptom or Disease?"
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
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228:. Some researchers have suggested a
66:adding citations to reliable sources
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1037:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05068.x
787:https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3811/
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1239:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1222:The British Journal of Psychiatry
934:Curtis & Hart (August 2022).
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272:great power, position, or wealth.
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2392:Low-threshold treatment programs
2259:Motivational enhancement therapy
345:unspecified personality disorder
299:histrionic personality disorders
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2472:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
2462:Category:Vaccines against drugs
1677:Antisocial personality disorder
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1410:"How Psychopaths See the World"
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364:connecting frontal cortex with
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326:borderline personality disorder
243:and in 1891 by Anton Delbrück.
53:needs additional citations for
1459:Medicine, Science, and the Law
1340:Psychopathy checklist—revised.
1025:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
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550:"Pathological Lying Revisited"
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360:, developmental disruption of
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2095:Adverse childhood experiences
1727:Sadistic personality disorder
1508:10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90111-6
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307:Haltlose personality disorder
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23:Pseudologia Fantastica (song)
2324:Nicotine replacement therapy
2309:Intensive outpatient program
2297:Residential treatment center
2237:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1155:General Hospital Psychiatry,
968:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger.
818:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000462
522:"What Is Pathological Lying"
404:-Revised (PCL-R), alongside
280:
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2545:Habit and impulse disorders
2540:Communication of falsehoods
1922:Internet addiction disorder
964:Healy MT, Healy W (2004) .
789:. Accessed December 2, 2019
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2357:List of twelve-step groups
1471:10.1177/002580249803800303
903:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046
885:Curtis D (June 22, 2020).
703:Case Reports in Psychiatry
665:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046
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1939:Digital media addictions
1496:Comprehensive Psychiatry
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1083:Psychological Assessment
604:Dike CC (June 1, 2008).
492:Psychological projection
2407:Needle exchange program
2397:Managed alcohol program
2375:Category:Harm reduction
1120:Australasian Psychiatry
2427:Tobacco harm reduction
2247:Contingency management
2214:Alcohol detoxification
1927:Internet sex addiction
1732:Sexual sadism disorder
1692:History of psychopathy
1661:Superficially charming
178:pseudologia fantastica
2489:Motivational salience
2417:Stimulant maintenance
2402:Moderation Management
2314:Methadone maintenance
1722:Psychopathy Checklist
1601:Anti-social behaviour
1408:Yong E (2018-03-12).
402:Psychopathy Checklist
362:white matter pathways
2412:Responsible drug use
2269:Motivational therapy
1934:Video game addiction
1697:Juvenile delinquency
1338:Hare, R. D. (2003).
1171:Journal of neurology
716:10.1155/2017/8961256
77:"Pathological lying"
62:improve this article
2336:Twelve-step program
2219:Drug detoxification
2100:Physical dependence
1758:George E. Partridge
1276:Human brain mapping
1100:Brain and cognition
620:on January 10, 2013
616:(7). Archived from
487:Munchausen syndrome
462:Compulsive behavior
341:factitious disorder
334:fear of abandonment
266:internal motivation
211:diagnostic criteria
2494:Incentive salience
2482:Inhibitory control
2457:Category:Addiction
2447:Addiction medicine
2242:Relapse prevention
2179:Tanning dependence
1753:Hervey M. Cleckley
1646:Pathological lying
1616:Diminished empathy
1205:Scientific Reports
578:on 13 January 2013
442:, head trauma, or
420:Pathological liars
318:Lie detector tests
173:Pathological lying
146:Pathological lying
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1383:Psychiatric Times
1370:. March 12, 2021.
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987:
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581:
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472:Ganser syndrome
452:
435:
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398:
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312:Lack of Empathy
283:
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256:Characteristics
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241:G. Stanley Hall
230:biopsychosocial
141:
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71:
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59:
47:
36:
26:
17:
16:Mental disorder
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2367:Harm reduction
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2345:Support groups
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2207:Detoxification
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2183:
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2173:
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2144:Benzodiazepine
2141:
2136:
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2019:
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1924:
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1899:Palatable food
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1763:Robert D. Hare
1760:
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1670:Related topics
1667:
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1658:
1656:Shallow affect
1653:
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1525:
1524:External links
1522:
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1465:(3): 198–201.
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1368:United We Care
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1805:Reinforcement
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1662:
1659:
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1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Lack of guilt
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
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1304:(3): 95–162.
1303:
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1251:
1245:(2), 174-175.
1244:
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1234:
1228:(4), 320-325.
1227:
1223:
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1210:
1206:
1200:
1194:(2), 192-199.
1193:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1160:(3), 320-e11.
1159:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1137:BMC neurology
1132:
1126:(5), 461-466.
1125:
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467:Confabulation
465:
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460:
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455:
454:
447:
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444:CNS infection
441:
430:
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417:
415:
411:
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234:developmental
231:
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100:
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82:
79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
34:
32:
24:
19:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2002:
1961:
1903:Sex-related
1645:
1641:Manipulative
1621:Disinhibited
1502:(2): 89–95.
1499:
1495:
1462:
1458:
1417:. Retrieved
1414:The Atlantic
1413:
1403:
1389:(7): 67–73.
1386:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1259:
1256:Neuroscience
1255:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:, 2009-2013.
1174:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1106:(1), 84-103.
1103:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1061:
1028:
1024:
997:. Retrieved
993:
984:
965:
936:
929:
897:(2): 62–69.
894:
890:
858:
809:
805:
756:
752:
706:
702:
692:
658:(2): 62–69.
655:
651:
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
613:
609:
580:. Retrieved
576:the original
559:
553:
543:
531:. Retrieved
525:
436:
433:Epidemiology
427:
423:
399:
390:
355:
352:Neurobiology
338:
316:
311:
295:narcissistic
286:
284:
275:
259:
250:
238:
215:
196:
192:pathological
177:
176:
172:
171:
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
30:
18:
2228:Behavioral
2139:Barbiturate
2134:Amphetamine
1912:Pornography
1907:Intercourse
1841:Amphetamine
1807:disorders:
1651:Remorseless
1566:Psychopathy
1211:(1), 10713.
994:Psychologia
566:: 342–349.
533:11 November
497:Kleptomania
477:Gaslighting
457:Child lying
410:grandiosity
396:Psychopathy
332:with their
322:psychopaths
226:self-esteem
151:Other names
33:(TV series)
31:Mythomaniac
2534:Categories
2452:Allen Carr
2292:Drug rehab
2283:Treatment
2199:management
2195:Treatment
2129:Alcoholism
2110:Withdrawal
2080:Dependence
1998:Epigenetic
1950:mechanisms
1883:Financial
1876:Behavioral
1813:dependence
1737:Sociopathy
1712:Narcissism
1687:Dark triad
1580:In fiction
1419:2021-07-16
1395:A180555438
1031:(1): 1–6.
999:28 January
624:August 28,
504:References
291:antisocial
247:Definition
203:psychiatry
199:psychology
187:compulsive
165:Psychiatry
88:newspapers
2230:therapies
2119:Disorders
1821:Addiction
1809:addiction
1631:Impulsive
1626:Grandiose
1053:221390958
834:218691784
382:phenocopy
305:disorder
281:Diagnosis
160:Specialty
118:June 2017
2519:Category
2440:See also
2285:programs
2164:Nicotine
2154:Cannabis
2149:Caffeine
2088:Concepts
1948:Cellular
1892:Shopping
1887:Gambling
1861:Nicotine
1573:Contexts
1516:10080254
1318:26167886
1262:, 90-98.
921:36101870
826:32421295
765:16186198
735:28573061
684:36101870
572:16186198
450:See also
374:parietal
366:temporal
207:disorder
2159:Cocaine
1846:Cocaine
1836:Alcohol
1611:Callous
1487:9402077
1479:9717367
1326:8521465
1143:, 1-11.
1089:(1), 1.
1045:3279719
912:9176035
726:5442346
709:: 1–5.
675:9176035
582:7 April
314:facet.
102:scholar
2169:Opioid
2125:Drugs
2051:HDAC10
1866:Opioid
1514:
1485:
1477:
1393:
1324:
1316:
1051:
1043:
972:
944:
919:
909:
865:
832:
824:
763:
733:
723:
682:
672:
570:
412:, and
370:limbic
303:ICD-10
297:, and
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
2550:Lying
2061:SIRT2
2056:SIRT1
2046:HDAC9
2041:HDAC5
2036:HDAC4
2030:HDAC3
2023:HDAC2
2016:HDAC1
1989:NF-κB
1984:GluR2
1969:c-Fos
1963:ΔFosB
1483:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1049:S2CID
830:S2CID
562:(3).
183:Latin
109:JSTOR
95:books
2197:and
1979:CREB
1974:Cdk5
1829:Drug
1811:and
1606:Bold
1512:PMID
1475:PMID
1391:Gale
1314:PMID
1041:PMID
1001:2017
970:ISBN
942:ISBN
917:PMID
863:ISBN
822:PMID
761:PMID
731:PMID
707:2017
680:PMID
626:2009
584:2019
568:PMID
535:2020
440:ADHD
372:and
330:cope
201:and
81:news
2065:...
2004:G9a
1504:doi
1467:doi
1306:doi
1260:244
1243:190
1226:187
1175:258
1033:doi
907:PMC
899:doi
814:doi
721:PMC
711:doi
670:PMC
660:doi
384:of
264:An
197:In
64:by
2536::
1510:.
1500:40
1498:.
1481:.
1473:.
1463:38
1461:.
1412:.
1387:25
1385:.
1366:.
1320:.
1312:.
1302:12
1300:.
1296:.
1280:40
1278:,
1267:^
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1190:,
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1122:,
1111:^
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1102:,
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1047:.
1039:.
1029:77
1027:.
1009:^
992:.
956:^
915:.
905:.
893:.
889:.
877:^
842:^
828:.
820:.
810:26
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794:^
773:^
757:33
755:.
743:^
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701:.
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668:.
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650:.
634:^
614:25
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1506::
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1469::
1422:.
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1328:.
1308::
1055:.
1035::
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232:-
181:(
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