532:
1130:
958:
1434:
388:
1448:
861:(helminths) are macroparasites that can be seen by the naked eye. Worms live and feed in their living host, acquiring nutrients and shelter in the digestive tract or bloodstream of their host. They also manipulate the host's immune system by secreting immunomodulatory products which allows them to live in their host for years.
1000:
Animals often get infected with many of the same or similar pathogens as humans including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. While wild animals often get illnesses, the larger danger is for livestock animals. It is estimated that in rural settings, 90% or more of livestock deaths can be attributed
1116:
Treatment of viral infections often involves treating the symptoms of the infection, rather than providing medication to combat the viral pathogen itself. Treating the symptoms of a viral infection gives the host immune system time to develop antibodies against the viral pathogen. However, for HIV,
894:
viruses (commonly known as phages). The bacteriophage life cycle involves the viruses injecting their genome into bacterial cells, inserting those genes into the bacterial genome, and hijacking the bacteria's machinery to produce hundreds of new phages until the cell bursts open to release them for
629:
Viruses are generally between 20-200 nm in diameter. For survival and replication, viruses inject their genome into host cells, insert those genes into the host genome, and hijack the host's machinery to produce hundreds of new viruses until the cell bursts open to release them for additional
1080:
are one common and effective preventive measure against a variety of viral pathogens. Vaccines prime the immune system of the host, so that when the potential host encounters the virus in the wild, the immune system can defend against infection quickly. Vaccines designed against viruses include
547:. Besides obtaining prions from others, these misfolded proteins arise from genetic differences, either due to family history or sporadic mutations. Plants uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them into their stem and leaves, potentially transmitting the prions to
801:
968:
are another major pathogen type for plants. They can cause a wide variety of issues such as shorter plant height, growths or pits on tree trunks, root or seed rot, and leaf spots. Common and serious plant fungi include the
535:
Magnified 100× and stained. This photomicrograph of the brain tissue shows the presence of the prominent spongiotic changes in the cortex, with the loss of neurons in a case of a variant of
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
551:. Additionally, wood, rocks, plastic, glass, cement, stainless steel, and aluminum have been shown binding, retaining, and releasing prions, showcasing that the proteins resist environmental degradation.
1931:
1204:(CDC) estimated that in the United States, at least 2 million people get an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection annually, with at least 23,000 of those patients dying from the infection.
1021:, and ungulate spongiform encephalopathy. Other animal diseases include a variety of immunodeficiency disorders caused by viruses related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as
1047:. While some symptoms are caused by the pathogenic infection, others are caused by the immune system's efforts to kill the pathogen, such as feverishly high body temperatures meant to
2317:
Rasmussen, Jay; Gilroyed, Brandon H; Reuter, Tim; Dudas, Sandor; Neumann, Norman F; Balachandran, Aru; Kav, Nat NV; Graham, Catherine; Czub, Stefanie; McAllister, Tim A (2014-01-01).
1043:
Humans can be infected with many types of pathogens, including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, causing symptoms like sneezing, coughing, fever, vomiting, and potentially lethal
607:
or viruses, viroids are the smallest known infectious pathogens. Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNA that are only known to cause plant diseases, such as the
2093:
1403:
enter the same host cell. This process involves pairing of homologous genomes and recombination between them by a process referred to as multiplicity reactivation. The
1207:
Due to their indispensability in combating bacteria, new antibiotics are required for medical care. One target for new antimicrobial medications involves inhibiting
299:
describes a theorized equilibrium between a pathogen spreading to additional hosts to parasitize resources, while lowering their virulence to keep hosts living for
268:
through direct contact with the bodily fluids or airborne droplets of infected hosts, indirect contact involving contaminated areas/items, or transfer by living
1249:. These internal infections can either be treated with anti-fungal creams or with oral medication. Common anti-fungal drugs for internal infections include the
926:
Plants can play host to a wide range of pathogen types, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and even other plants. Notable plant viruses include the
4032:
1351:. Meiosis involves the intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Examples of eukaryotic pathogens capable of sex include the
2151:
808:
Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotes that feed on microorganisms and organic tissues. Many protozoans act as pathogenic parasites to cause diseases like
567:
1137:
Much like viral pathogens, infection by certain bacterial pathogens can be prevented via vaccines. Vaccines against bacterial pathogens include the
497:
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can function as pathogens. There are approximately 300 known fungi that are pathogenic to humans, including
3666:
1145:. Many other bacterial pathogens lack vaccines as a preventive measure, but infection by these bacteria can often be treated or prevented with
992:
Overall, plants have a wide array of pathogens and it has been estimated that only 3% of the disease caused by plant pathogens can be managed.
639:
611:
that affects various agricultural crops. Viroid RNA is not protected by a protein coat, and it does not encode any proteins, only acting as a
3783:"Epigenomic characterization of Clostridioides difficile finds a conserved DNA methyltransferase that mediates sporulation and pathogenesis"
188:
Diseases in humans that are caused by infectious agents are known as pathogenic diseases. Not all diseases are caused by pathogens, such as
4059:
360:
that range in size from 0.15 and 700 μM. While the vast majority are either harmless or beneficial to their hosts, such as members of the
3533:
2539:
1193:
3306:"Parasite co-infections show synergistic and antagonistic interactions on growth performance of East African zebu cattle under one year"
2445:
1201:
1161:. Each antibiotic has different bacteria that it is effective against and has different mechanisms to kill that bacteria. For example,
181:
There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but
3136:
989:
diseases of cherries, plums, and peaches. It is estimated that pathogenic fungi alone cause up to a 65% reduction in crop yield.
638:
describes potentially hundreds of years of dormancy while integrated in the host genome. Alongside the taxonomy organized by the
555:
2991:
Jinek, Martin; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Fonfara, Ines; Hauer, Michael; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (2012-08-17).
914:) associated with bacteriophages, removing the viral genes to avoid infection. This mechanism has been modified for artificial
3354:
2824:
2749:
2615:
563:
170:
rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called
3856:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"
17:
3642:
3185:
2378:
Pritzkow, Sandra; Morales, Rodrigo; Lyon, Adam; Concha-Marambio, Luis; Urayama, Akihiko; Soto, Claudio (2018-03-02).
1014:
3229:
287:
Virulence involves pathogens extracting host nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing
4052:
2808:
1018:
1002:
42:
1337:
frequently undergo transformation to modify their genome for additional traits and evasion of host immune cells.
543:
are misfolded proteins that transmit their abnormal folding pattern to other copies of the protein without using
1211:, as these proteins control the levels of expression for other genes, such as those encoding virulence factors.
2077:
189:
2661:
Howard-Varona, Cristina; Hargreaves, Katherine R.; Abedon, Stephen T.; Sullivan, Matthew B. (March 14, 2017).
3734:"Conserved DNA Methyltransferases: A Window into Fundamental Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation in Bacteria"
3124:
Beijerinck MW (1898). "Über ein
Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter".
1026:
1022:
895:
additional infections. Typically, bacteriophages are only capable of infecting a specific species or strain.
559:
3255:"Mortality in East African shorthorn zebu cattle under one year: predictors of infectious-disease mortality"
942:
cause leaf spots, blight, and rot in many plant species. The most common bacterial pathogens for plants are
4185:
4175:
1892:"Prototheca cutis sp. nov., a newly discovered pathogen of protothecosis isolated from inflamed human skin"
1471:
391:
A photomicrograph of a stool that has shigella dysentery. These bacteria typically cause foodborne illness.
1642:
4045:
3680:
1154:
1048:
608:
258:
3854:
Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. (February 2016).
3830:
401:
284:
of an infection is the expected number of subsequent cases it is likely to cause through transmission.
2215:"Particle-size distributions and seasonal diversity of allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air"
1738:
368:
include adherence factors to attach to host cells, invasion factors supporting entry into host cells,
3685:
2069:
1292:
1174:
281:
63:
38:
3215:
2781:
2647:
1843:"Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future"
2842:"Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules"
2276:
1333:
1185:
643:
415:
364:
that support digestion, a small percentage are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases. Bacterial
930:, which has caused millions of dollars of damage to farmers in Hawaii and Southeast Asia, and the
531:
3903:
3429:
Forloni G, Artuso V, Roiter I, Morbin M, Tagliavini F (2013-09-30). "Therapy in prion diseases".
2470:"Epigenetic Regulation of Translation Reveals Hidden Genetic Variation to Produce Complex Traits"
2285:
2213:
Yamamoto N, Bibby K, Qian J, Hospodsky D, Rismani-Yazdi H, Nazaroff WW, Peccia J (October 2012).
2143:
1392:
1246:
1197:
1006:
841:
509:
445:
254:
163:
3304:
Thumbi SM, de C Bronsvoort BM, Poole EJ, Kiara H, Toye P, Ndila M, et al. (December 2013).
3150:. Translated by Johnson J. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 33–52. 1942.
2796:
3781:
Oliveira PH, Ribis JW, Garrett EM, Trzilova D, Kim A, Sekulovic O, et al. (January 2020).
2804:
2270:
Gambetti, Pierluigi; Kong, Qingzhong; Zou, Wenquan; Parchi, Piero; Chen, Shu G (June 1, 2003).
1321:
1315:
1170:
1166:
1121:
is conducted to prevent the viral disease from progressing into AIDS as immune cells are lost.
1118:
950:
899:
845:
457:
433:
338:
120:
70:
4027:
1299:
from a donor cell to a recipient cell and the integration of the donor DNA into the recipient
910:
to cleave foreign DNA matching the
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (
4180:
3056:
2379:
1466:
1380:
1356:
1327:
1304:
1208:
1189:
1181:
1001:
to pathogens. Animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) involving prions include
927:
427:
421:
300:
265:
235:
are used to establish causal relationships between microbial pathogens and diseases. Whereas
3253:
Thumbi SM, Bronsvoort MB, Kiara H, Toye PG, Poole J, Ndila M, et al. (September 2013).
3004:
2676:
2483:
2226:
1584:
1404:
1180:
Due to misuse of antibiotics, such as prematurely ended prescriptions exposing bacteria to
1142:
986:
944:
931:
232:
3708:
8:
4094:
3975:"Comparative and evolutionary analysis of the bacterial homologous recombination systems"
2942:
Clokie, Martha R.J.; Millard, Andrew D.; Letarov, Andrey V.; Heaphy, Shaun (2011-01-01).
2330:
1668:
1568:
1352:
1309:
1288:
961:
Brown rot fungal disease on an apple. Brown rot typically target a variety of top-fruits.
935:
915:
351:
201:
182:
3008:
2680:
2487:
2230:
1588:
768:
VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g.,
589:
led research showing that yeast use prions to pass on evolutionarily beneficial traits.
4147:
4001:
3974:
3880:
3855:
3807:
3782:
3758:
3733:
3660:
3482:
3465:
3464:
Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, Bart KJ, Sirotkin B (1985).
3406:
3373:
3330:
3305:
3281:
3254:
3203:
3191:
3177:
3106:
3033:
2992:
2968:
2919:
2898:
2874:
2841:
2769:
2760:
2741:
2705:
2662:
2635:
2626:
2607:
2571:
2534:
2515:
2414:
2355:
2271:
2247:
2214:
2036:
2011:
1987:
1962:
1872:
1818:
1785:
1714:
1687:
1368:
982:
970:
205:
4037:
3558:
3508:
3081:
Gonsalves D (1998-09-01). "Control of papaya ringspot virus in papaya: a case study".
1231:
are fungal skin infections that are treated with topical anti-fungal medications like
4118:
4006:
3955:
3885:
3812:
3763:
3648:
3638:
3487:
3446:
3411:
3389:
3335:
3286:
3181:
3098:
3038:
3020:
2973:
2924:
2879:
2861:
2820:
2745:
2710:
2692:
2611:
2576:
2558:
2507:
2499:
2419:
2401:
2360:
2342:
2299:
2252:
2195:
2125:
2073:
2041:
1992:
1913:
1864:
1859:
1842:
1823:
1805:
1766:
1758:
1719:
1602:
1564:
1518:
1362:
1279:
is currently under investigation, and there is no consistency in clinical treatment.
1220:
1082:
1044:
974:
825:
369:
296:
292:
3195:
3110:
3996:
3986:
3945:
3875:
3867:
3802:
3794:
3753:
3745:
3477:
3438:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3325:
3317:
3276:
3266:
3173:
3094:
3090:
3028:
3012:
2963:
2955:
2914:
2869:
2853:
2812:
2755:
2737:
2700:
2684:
2667:
2621:
2603:
2566:
2548:
2519:
2491:
2474:
2409:
2391:
2350:
2334:
2289:
2242:
2234:
2185:
2031:
2023:
1982:
1974:
1903:
1876:
1854:
1813:
1797:
1750:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1592:
1510:
1461:
1386:
1237:
1138:
739:
499:
492:
451:
365:
361:
336:
in humans, dogs, cats, and cattle, typically involving the soil-associated species
250:
223:
is the potential disease-causing capacity of pathogens, involving a combination of
197:
3503:
3501:
3137:"About a contagium vivum fluidum as a cause of the spot disease of tobacco leaves"
2435:
2433:
3991:
3950:
3933:
3583:
3442:
2857:
1453:
1374:
1228:
978:
954:, which cause leaf browning and other issues in potatoes, tomatoes, and bananas.
939:
795:
635:
586:
288:
245:
239:
can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens,
3608:
2993:"A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity"
2816:
2190:
2173:
2119:
1514:
1291:, sexual interaction occurs between cells of the same species by the process of
3498:
2910:
2733:
2599:
2430:
1624:
1541:
1476:
1439:
1065:
1038:
865:
is the generalized term for parasitic worm infections, which typically involve
858:
833:
829:
779:
685:
667:
575:
571:
406:
269:
85:
3798:
3749:
3321:
2469:
2063:
2027:
1801:
1754:
1076:
A variety of prevention and treatment options exist for some viral pathogens.
410:
178:
refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them.
4169:
4106:
3652:
3024:
2865:
2696:
2562:
2503:
2405:
2380:"Efficient prion disease transmission through common environmental materials"
2346:
1809:
1762:
1536:
1422:
to genetic damage caused by environmental stressors and host immune systems.
1348:
1276:
891:
862:
837:
821:
743:
659:
647:
472:
439:
333:
139:
3271:
3170:
Chapter 27 – Molecular
Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Plant Pathogens
3016:
2396:
1418:
These processes of sexual recombination between homologous genomes supports
1064:
Despite many attempts, no therapy has been shown to halt the progression of
114:
or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an
4152:
4130:
4089:
4072:
4010:
3959:
3889:
3816:
3767:
3450:
3339:
3290:
3102:
3042:
2977:
2959:
2928:
2883:
2714:
2580:
2511:
2423:
2364:
2303:
2294:
2256:
2199:
2129:
2045:
1996:
1917:
1908:
1891:
1868:
1827:
1770:
1723:
1606:
1250:
1232:
1224:
1106:
852:
733:
717:
705:
681:
655:
544:
409:, killing 1.6 million people in 2021, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia.
396:
377:
175:
171:
3491:
3415:
2688:
2319:"Can plants serve as a vector for prions causing chronic wasting disease?"
2238:
1522:
3871:
2943:
2663:"Lysogeny in Nature: Mechanisms, Impact, and Ecology of Temperate Phages"
2553:
1978:
1343:
pathogens are often capable of sexual interaction by a process involving
1254:
1242:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1110:
1086:
890:
While bacteria are typically viewed as pathogens, they serve as hosts to
783:
725:
721:
701:
631:
504:
381:
224:
2840:
Maizels, Rick M.; Smits, Hermelijn H.; McSorley, Henry J. (2018-11-20).
2728:
Burrell, Christopher J.; Howard, Colin R.; Murphy, Frederick A. (2017).
2495:
2468:
True, Heather L.; Berlin, Ilana; Lindquist, Susan L. (August 15, 2004).
2440:
1129:
3534:"Vaccine Nation: 10 most important diseases without a licensed vaccine"
1419:
1267:
1146:
817:
813:
769:
709:
691:
671:
663:
514:
476:
463:
357:
328:
249:. Additionally, some pathogens may only cause disease in hosts with an
236:
185:
has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.
3126:
Verhandelingen der
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam
2338:
1219:
Infection by fungal pathogens is treated with anti-fungal medication.
4140:
4068:
3397:
2660:
1340:
957:
874:
778:
VII: dsDNA-RT viruses DNA with RNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g.,
751:
695:
548:
323:
228:
193:
159:
143:
2730:
Chapter 2 – Classification of
Viruses and Phylogenetic Relationships
2318:
1597:
1572:
4135:
4101:
1623:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
1481:
1433:
1412:
1399:
Viruses may also undergo sexual interaction when two or more viral
1102:
907:
866:
773:
713:
675:
612:
604:
273:
167:
111:
3303:
2377:
581:
While prions are typically viewed as pathogens that cause protein
467:. Other infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria include
4123:
1896:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1344:
1101:. Vaccines are not available against the viruses responsible for
1098:
1090:
1077:
1010:
870:
809:
755:
729:
598:
582:
480:
468:
387:
373:
240:
77:
3559:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Chikungunya virus | CDC"
2272:"Sporadic and Familial CJD: Classification and Characterisation"
1265:
While algae are commonly not thought of as pathogens, the genus
634:
describes this active state of rapidly killing hosts, while the
2594:
Louten, Jennifer (2016). "Virus
Structure and Classification".
1400:
1300:
1184:
under sublethal doses, some bacterial pathogens have developed
965:
911:
804:
Two pinworms next to a ruler, measuring 6 millimeters in length
763:
155:
151:
1646:
326:
that are generally non-pathogenic. Green algae from the genus
4111:
3463:
1094:
800:
759:
747:
624:
540:
526:
317:
209:
147:
3780:
3633:
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2011).
2794:
2316:
1841:
Alizon S, Hurford A, Mideo N, Van Baalen M (February 2009).
1840:
1643:"MetaPathogen – about various types of pathogenic organisms"
904:
277:
166:
disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as
2990:
2941:
2212:
1685:
1133:
A structure of
Doxycycline a tetracycline-class antibiotic
3853:
3428:
3252:
2118:
Pahal, Parul; Rajasurya, Venkat; Sharma, Sandeep (2022).
1408:
1296:
110:"producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any
3931:
3168:
Tewari S, Sharma S (2019-01-01). Das S, Dash HR (eds.).
1889:
1287:
Many pathogens are capable of sexual interaction. Among
4067:
2795:
Salfelder, K.; de
Liscano, T.R.; Sauerteig, E. (1992).
2065:
Medical Microbiology – Chapter 7 Bacterial Pathogenesis
1622:
738:
V: (−)ssRNA viruses (− strand or antisense) RNA (e.g.,
3709:"The biggest antibiotic-resistant threats in the U.S."
1737:
Thomas, Stephen R.; Elkinton, Joseph S. (2004-03-01).
2269:
2152:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
585:
fibers to accumulate into neurodegenerative plaques,
3932:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018).
3632:
2839:
2117:
2094:"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 – 2.2 TB Mortality"
1429:
700:
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA (e.g.,
517:. Typical fungal spores are 4.7 μm long or smaller.
332:
lack chlorophyll and are known to cause the disease
261:
among patients already combating another condition.
2727:
2533:Moelling, Karin; Broecker, Felix (March 28, 2021).
2467:
2124:. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.
1890:Satoh K, Ooe K, Nagayama H, Makimura K (May 2010).
1786:"Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models"
680:II: ssDNA viruses (+ strand or "sense") DNA (e.g.,
105:
93:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1563:
3972:
2062:Peterson, Johnny W. (1996). Baron, Samuel (ed.).
1783:
59:Biological entity that causes disease in its host
4167:
3371:
2532:
2057:
2055:
1188:. For example, a genetically distinct strain of
131:came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term
1949:
1415:virus undergo this form of sexual interaction.
1165:inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in both
3609:"About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC"
3353:Medicine, Center for Veterinary (2019-05-10).
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
2596:Chapter 2 - Virus Structure and Classification
2012:"The battle with the host over microbial size"
1960:
1736:
1618:
1616:
640:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
4053:
2052:
1557:
1482:Pathogen-Host Interaction Database (PHI-base)
3973:Rocha EP, Cornet E, Michel B (August 2005).
3927:
3925:
3923:
3731:
3167:
2903:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition
1119:highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
938:to coin the term "virus" in 1898. Bacterial
69:"Germs" redirects here. For other uses, see
3154:
2540:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1686:Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Nutman TB (2018).
1679:
1613:
1177:capable of killing most bacterial species.
99:
23:
4060:
4046:
3712:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3665:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3613:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3588:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3563:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3513:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3123:
2446:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1688:"Helminth parasites and immune regulation"
1494:
1295:. Transformation involves the transfer of
1202:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
24:
4033:Pronunciation Guide to Microorganisms (2)
4028:Pronunciation Guide to Microorganisms (1)
4000:
3990:
3949:
3920:
3879:
3806:
3757:
3481:
3470:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3405:
3372:Egberink H, Horzinek MC (November 1992).
3329:
3280:
3270:
3080:
3032:
2967:
2918:
2873:
2759:
2704:
2625:
2570:
2552:
2413:
2395:
2354:
2293:
2246:
2189:
2035:
1986:
1907:
1858:
1817:
1784:van den Driessche, Pauline (2017-08-01).
1713:
1703:
1596:
1235:. Infections involving the yeast species
615:to catalyze other biochemical reactions.
227:(pathogen's ability to infect hosts) and
3352:
2061:
1196:is resistant to the commonly prescribed
1128:
956:
799:
530:
437:. Foodborne illnesses typically involve
386:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3584:"Symptoms and Treatment | Dengue | CDC"
3538:Baylor College of Medicine Blog Network
1573:"Microbiology: Ditch the term pathogen"
568:Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome
556:transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
14:
4168:
3466:"Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy"
2593:
2009:
1500:
1282:
646:separates viruses by seven classes of
142:or agent, such as a virus, bacterium,
4041:
3431:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
3057:"Plant Disease: Pathogens and Cycles"
2896:
3732:Oliveira PH, Fang G (January 2021).
3172:. Academic Press. pp. 481–497.
1501:Thomas L (September 1972). "Germs".
503:, which is the most common cause of
1961:Lass-Flörl C, Mayr A (April 2007).
1503:The New England Journal of Medicine
853:primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
513:, which can cause a severe form of
56:
3178:10.1016/B978-0-12-814849-5.00027-7
2742:10.1016/B978-0-12-375156-0.00002-3
2608:10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
2068:(4th ed.). Galveston, Texas:
789:
554:Prions are best known for causing
243:is only caused by some strains of
57:
4197:
4021:
3938:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
3374:"Animal immunodeficiency viruses"
3355:"All About BSE (Mad Cow Disease)"
2897:Haque, Rashidul (December 2007).
1743:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1015:transmissible mink encephalopathy
880:
564:variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2535:"Viroids and the Origin of Life"
1860:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01658.x
1631:(4th ed.). Garland Science.
1446:
1432:
1019:feline spongiform encephalopathy
1003:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
215:
3966:
3896:
3847:
3823:
3774:
3725:
3701:
3673:
3637:(Seventh ed.). Edinburgh.
3626:
3601:
3576:
3551:
3526:
3457:
3422:
3365:
3346:
3297:
3246:
3222:
3117:
3083:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3074:
3049:
2984:
2935:
2890:
2833:
2788:
2721:
2654:
2587:
2526:
2461:
2384:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2371:
2310:
2263:
2206:
2166:
2136:
2111:
2086:
2016:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2003:
1924:
1883:
1847:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1834:
192:from exposure to the pollutant
162:and insects, can also cause or
3095:10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.415
1777:
1730:
1705:10.12688/f1000research.15596.1
1661:
1635:
1529:
13:
1:
3904:"Rare toxic algae identified"
1967:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1739:"Pathogenicity and virulence"
1629:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1487:
1149:. Common antibiotics include
1124:
885:
3992:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010015
3951:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
3934:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
3860:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3635:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
3443:10.2174/15680266113136660173
3390:10.1016/0378-1135(92)90059-3
2899:"Human Intestinal Parasites"
2858:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.016
2801:Atlas of Parasitic Pathology
1790:Infectious Disease Modelling
1472:Emerging Pathogens Institute
1409:human immunodeficiency virus
1071:
1054:
259:hospital-acquired infections
231:(severity of host disease).
7:
2817:10.1007/978-94-011-2228-3_2
2191:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120
2121:Typical Bacterial Pneumonia
2010:Weiser JN (February 2013).
1625:"Introduction to Pathogens"
1515:10.1056/NEJM197209142871109
1425:
1059:
609:potato spindle tuber viroid
356:Bacteria are single-celled
345:
106:
98:"suffering", "passion" and
94:
10:
4202:
3144:Phytopathological Classics
1307:. The bacterial pathogens
1260:
1214:
1036:
995:
793:
690:III: dsRNA viruses (e.g.,
622:
618:
596:
592:
524:
490:
402:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
349:
315:
68:
61:
4079:
3831:"Drugs & Medications"
3799:10.1038/s41564-019-0613-4
3750:10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.007
3686:World Health Organization
3322:10.1017/S0031182013001261
2098:World Health Organization
2070:University of Texas Press
2028:10.1016/j.mib.2013.01.001
1802:10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002
1755:10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.006
1542:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1200:. A 2013 report from the
1175:broad-spectrum antibiotic
1032:
921:
560:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
520:
405:, has one of the highest
282:basic reproduction number
158:. Small animals, such as
100:
89:
64:Pathogen (disambiguation)
3509:"List of Vaccines | CDC"
2277:British Medical Bulletin
1334:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1271:causes disease in humans
1247:vaginal yeast infections
654:I: dsDNA viruses (e.g.,
644:Baltimore classification
603:Not to be confused with
486:
416:Streptococcus pneumoniae
322:Algae are single-celled
311:
306:
255:opportunistic infections
39:latest accepted revision
3681:"Antibiotic Resistance"
3378:Veterinary Microbiology
3272:10.1186/1746-6148-9-175
3259:BMC Veterinary Research
3230:"Introduction to Fungi"
3017:10.1126/science.1225829
2397:10.1074/jbc.M117.810747
2286:Oxford University Press
2184:(8): 17120. July 2017.
2174:"Stop neglecting fungi"
1393:Cryptococcus neoformans
1198:beta-lactam antibiotics
1007:chronic wasting disease
934:which caused scientist
842:African trypanosomiasis
572:fatal familial insomnia
510:Cryptococcus neoformans
446:Clostridium perfringens
413:is primarily caused by
135:is used to describe an
3738:Trends in Microbiology
2960:10.4161/bact.1.1.14942
2805:Dordrecht, Netherlands
2144:"Bacteria and Viruses"
1909:10.1099/ijs.0.016402-0
1322:Legionella pneumophila
1316:Haemophilus influenzae
1293:genetic transformation
1209:DNA methyltransferases
1171:gram-positive bacteria
1134:
962:
951:Ralstonia solanacearum
900:Streptococcus pyogenes
805:
537:
458:Listeria monocytogenes
434:Haemophilus influenzae
399:, primarily caused by
395:The bacterial disease
392:
71:Germs (disambiguation)
3234:Introduction to Fungi
2689:10.1038/ismej.2017.16
2239:10.1038/ismej.2012.30
1963:"Human protothecosis"
1467:Ecological competence
1381:Aspergillus fumigatus
1357:Plasmodium falciparum
1328:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1305:genetic recombination
1190:Staphylococcus aureus
1186:antibiotic resistance
1182:evolutionary pressure
1132:
960:
928:papaya ringspot virus
844:(sleeping sickness),
803:
534:
428:Klebsiella pneumoniae
422:Staphylococcus aureus
390:
339:Prototheca wickerhami
301:vertical transmission
266:pathogen transmission
264:Infectivity involves
2797:"Protozoan Diseases"
2554:10.3390/ijms22073476
2331:Taylor & Francis
2295:10.1093/bmb/66.1.213
1979:10.1128/CMR.00032-06
1405:herpes simplex virus
1375:Giardia intestinalis
1253:family of drugs and
1143:pneumococcal vaccine
945:Pseudomonas syringae
932:tobacco mosaic virus
558:(TSE) diseases like
362:human gut microbiome
303:to their offspring.
62:For other uses, see
4186:Hazardous materials
4176:Infectious diseases
3787:Nature Microbiology
3009:2012Sci...337..816J
2681:2017ISMEJ..11.1511H
2496:10.1038/nature02885
2488:2004Natur.431..184T
2449:. November 17, 2021
2231:2012ISMEJ...6.1801Y
2178:Nature Microbiology
1902:(Pt 5): 1236–1240.
1589:2014Natur.516..165C
1353:protozoan parasites
1310:Helicobacter pylori
1289:pathogenic bacteria
1283:Sexual interactions
1173:, which makes it a
1005:(mad cow disease),
936:Martinus Beijerinck
916:CRISPR gene editing
549:herbivorous animals
411:Bacterial pneumonia
352:Pathogenic bacteria
206:autoimmune diseases
202:sickle cell disease
29:Page version status
18:Pathogenic microbes
4069:Infectious disease
3872:10.1093/cid/civ933
2944:"Phages in nature"
2811:. pp. 13–95.
2736:. pp. 15–25.
2602:. pp. 19–29.
2100:. October 27, 2022
1936:Biology LibreTexts
1369:Trypanosoma brucei
1135:
1083:influenza vaccines
1051:pathogenic cells.
963:
806:
538:
393:
35:
4163:
4162:
3003:(6096): 816–821.
2826:978-94-011-2228-3
2751:978-0-12-375156-0
2617:978-0-12-800947-5
2482:(7005): 184–187.
2339:10.4161/pri.27963
1649:on 5 October 2017
1571:(December 2014).
1363:Toxoplasma gondii
1085:and the two-dose
975:Dutch elm disease
971:rice blast fungus
826:cryptosporidiosis
384:to acquire iron.
366:virulence factors
297:Optimal virulence
293:immunosuppression
233:Koch's postulates
198:genetic disorders
26:
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4080:Disciplines and
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3994:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3133:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3036:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2732:(5th ed.).
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2675:(7): 1511–1520.
2668:The ISME Journal
2658:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2556:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2441:"Prion Diseases"
2437:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2399:
2390:(9): 3363–3373.
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2219:The ISME Journal
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2154:. March 22, 2021
2140:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:. 18 March 2016.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1498:
1462:Antigenic escape
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1387:Candida albicans
1378:, and the fungi
1238:Candida albicans
855:(naegleriasis).
740:Orthomyxoviruses
630:infections. The
500:Candida albicans
493:Pathogenic fungi
452:Escherichia coli
289:microbial toxins
251:immunodeficiency
116:infectious agent
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4075:
4066:
4024:
4019:
4018:
3971:
3967:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3779:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3689:. July 31, 2020
3679:
3678:
3674:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3462:
3458:
3437:(19): 2465–76.
3427:
3423:
3384:(1–4): 311–31.
3370:
3366:
3351:
3347:
3316:(14): 1789–98.
3302:
3298:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3188:
3166:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
2989:
2985:
2940:
2936:
2895:
2891:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2793:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2752:
2726:
2722:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2618:
2592:
2588:
2531:
2527:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2376:
2372:
2315:
2311:
2268:
2264:
2225:(10): 1801–11.
2211:
2207:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2060:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1888:
1884:
1839:
1835:
1782:
1778:
1735:
1731:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1598:10.1038/516165a
1583:(7530): 165–6.
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1454:Medicine portal
1452:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1285:
1263:
1217:
1139:anthrax vaccine
1127:
1074:
1062:
1057:
1041:
1035:
998:
979:chestnut blight
940:plant pathogens
924:
888:
883:
859:Parasitic worms
798:
796:Human parasites
792:
790:Other parasites
636:lysogenic cycle
627:
621:
601:
595:
587:Susan Lindquist
529:
523:
495:
489:
407:disease burdens
354:
348:
320:
314:
309:
246:Vibrio cholerae
218:
74:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4022:External links
4020:
4017:
4016:
3965:
3919:
3895:
3846:
3822:
3793:(1): 166–180.
3773:
3724:
3700:
3672:
3643:
3625:
3600:
3575:
3550:
3525:
3497:
3476:(6): 1055–68.
3456:
3421:
3364:
3345:
3296:
3245:
3221:
3186:
3153:
3116:
3073:
3048:
2983:
2934:
2911:BioMed Central
2889:
2852:(5): 801–818.
2832:
2825:
2787:
2778:|journal=
2750:
2734:Academic Press
2720:
2653:
2644:|journal=
2616:
2600:Academic Press
2586:
2525:
2460:
2429:
2370:
2309:
2262:
2205:
2165:
2148:FoodSafety.gov
2135:
2110:
2085:
2078:
2051:
2002:
1948:
1932:"14.6D: Algae"
1923:
1882:
1833:
1796:(3): 288–303.
1776:
1749:(3): 146–151.
1729:
1678:
1660:
1634:
1612:
1556:
1528:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:Human pathogen
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1440:Biology portal
1427:
1424:
1284:
1281:
1275:Treatment for
1262:
1259:
1221:Athlete's foot
1216:
1213:
1126:
1123:
1073:
1070:
1066:prion diseases
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1039:Human pathogen
1037:Main article:
1034:
1031:
997:
994:
923:
920:
887:
884:
882:
881:Pathogen hosts
879:
834:Chagas disease
830:trichomoniasis
794:Main article:
791:
788:
787:
786:
780:Hepadnaviruses
776:
766:
736:
706:Picornaviruses
698:
688:
686:parvovirus B19
678:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
525:Main article:
522:
519:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
380:, toxins, and
350:Main article:
347:
344:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
308:
305:
257:often involve
217:
214:
118:, or simply a
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4154:
4153:ectoparasites
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:PLOS Genetics
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3835:www.webmd.com
3832:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3644:9780702034718
3640:
3636:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3187:9780128148495
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3128:(in German).
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:(1): 415–37.
3088:
3084:
3077:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Bacteriophage
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2771:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2637:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:(2): 230–42.
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1853:(2): 245–59.
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:F1000Research
1689:
1682:
1674:
1673:Basic Biology
1670:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1545:(Online). n.d
1544:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:(11): 553–5.
1508:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:fertilization
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1277:protothecosis
1274:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:gram-negative
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:ciprofloxacin
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:organ failure
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
993:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
955:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
901:
896:
893:
892:bacteriophage
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Helminthiasis
860:
856:
854:
850:
848:
843:
839:
838:leishmaniasis
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:toxoplasmosis
819:
815:
811:
802:
797:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Rhabdoviruses
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Coronaviruses
699:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Herpesviruses
657:
653:
652:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
600:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
545:nucleic acids
542:
533:
528:
518:
516:
512:
511:
506:
502:
501:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:typhoid fever
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
440:Campylobacter
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
343:
341:
340:
335:
334:protothecosis
331:
330:
325:
319:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Pathogenicity
216:Pathogenicity
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:microorganism
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
108:
96:
87:
83:
79:
72:
65:
48:
47:4 August 2024
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
4181:Microbiology
4131:Parasitology
4090:Bacteriology
4081:
4073:microbiology
3982:
3978:
3968:
3941:
3937:
3911:. Retrieved
3908:ScienceDaily
3907:
3898:
3866:(4): e1-50.
3863:
3859:
3849:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:
3825:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3744:(1): 28–40.
3741:
3737:
3727:
3716:. Retrieved
3714:. 2019-05-31
3711:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3634:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3615:. 2019-10-04
3612:
3603:
3592:. Retrieved
3590:. 2019-09-26
3587:
3578:
3567:. Retrieved
3565:. 2018-12-17
3562:
3553:
3542:. Retrieved
3540:. 2013-09-03
3537:
3528:
3517:. Retrieved
3515:. 2019-04-15
3512:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3358:
3348:
3313:
3310:Parasitology
3309:
3299:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3224:
3169:
3147:
3143:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3065:. Retrieved
3063:. 2016-12-19
3060:
3051:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2954:(1): 31–45.
2951:
2947:
2937:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2800:
2790:
2729:
2723:
2672:
2666:
2656:
2595:
2589:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2479:
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2444:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2120:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2064:
2022:(1): 59–62.
2019:
2015:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1940:. Retrieved
1938:. 2018-06-26
1935:
1926:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1637:
1628:
1580:
1576:
1565:Casadevall A
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1417:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1286:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1251:echinocandin
1236:
1233:clotrimazole
1218:
1206:
1179:
1136:
1115:
1075:
1063:
1042:
999:
991:
964:
949:
943:
925:
898:
897:
889:
857:
847:Acanthamoeba
846:
807:
770:Retroviruses
734:yellow fever
718:dengue fever
682:Parvoviruses
656:Adenoviruses
650:production:
642:(ICTV), the
628:
602:
580:
553:
539:
508:
498:
496:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
400:
397:tuberculosis
394:
382:siderophores
378:phagocytosis
374:opsonization
355:
337:
327:
321:
291:and causing
286:
263:
244:
220:
219:
187:
180:
176:parasitology
172:microbiology
136:
132:
128:
126:
119:
115:
81:
75:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3693:January 16,
3212:|work=
2913:: 387–391.
2547:(7): 3476.
2453:January 16,
2333:: 136–142.
2288:: 213–239.
2158:January 15,
1575:. Comment.
1569:Pirofski LA
1255:fluconazole
1243:oral thrush
1163:doxycycline
1159:doxycycline
1151:amoxicillin
1147:antibiotics
1111:chikungunya
1087:MMR vaccine
784:Hepatitis B
726:Hepatitis C
722:Hepatitis A
710:Togaviruses
696:rotaviruses
632:lytic cycle
578:in humans.
574:(FFI), and
372:to prevent
358:prokaryotes
225:infectivity
4170:Categories
4148:Entomology
3985:(2): e15.
3913:2019-11-20
3840:2019-11-20
3718:2019-11-06
3619:2019-11-06
3594:2019-11-06
3569:2019-11-06
3544:2019-11-06
3519:2019-11-06
3239:2019-10-18
3067:2019-10-18
2104:2023-01-15
2079:0963117211
1942:2020-10-22
1669:"Bacteria"
1653:15 January
1549:August 17,
1537:"Pathogen"
1488:References
1341:Eukaryotic
1268:Prototheca
983:black knot
867:roundworms
818:giardiasis
814:amoebiasis
694:) include
692:Reoviruses
684:) include
672:chickenpox
664:Poxviruses
515:meningitis
477:diphtheria
464:Salmonella
329:Prototheca
324:eukaryotes
237:meningitis
190:black lung
137:infectious
4141:helminths
4082:pathogens
3661:cite book
3653:743275852
3398:1874/3298
3214:ignored (
3204:cite book
3061:CropWatch
3025:0036-8075
2866:1074-7613
2780:ignored (
2770:cite book
2697:1751-7370
2646:ignored (
2636:cite book
2563:1422-0067
2504:1476-4687
2406:0021-9258
2347:1933-6896
1810:2468-0427
1763:0022-2011
1579:(paper).
1225:jock itch
1055:Treatment
987:brown rot
875:flatworms
871:tapeworms
849:keratitis
752:influenza
605:virusoids
274:mosquitos
229:virulence
194:coal dust
168:parasites
160:helminths
144:protozoan
127:The term
4136:protozoa
4119:Mycology
4102:Virology
4095:bacteria
4011:16132081
3960:29111273
3944:: 8–25.
3890:26679628
3817:31768029
3768:32417228
3451:24059336
3340:24001119
3291:24010500
3196:92028778
3111:28864226
3103:15012507
3043:22745249
2978:21687533
2929:18402180
2884:30462997
2846:Immunity
2809:Springer
2715:28291233
2581:33800543
2512:15311209
2424:29330304
2365:24509640
2304:14522861
2257:22476354
2200:28741610
2130:30485000
2046:23395472
1997:17428884
1918:19666796
1869:19196383
1828:29928743
1771:15109897
1724:30416709
1698:: 1685.
1607:25503219
1426:See also
1413:vaccinia
1303:through
1229:ringworm
1125:Bacteria
1103:HIV/AIDS
1089:against
1078:Vaccines
1049:denature
981:and the
908:nuclease
886:Bacteria
782:) cause
774:HIV/AIDS
772:) cause
746:) cause
714:COVID-19
712:) cause
676:smallpox
666:) cause
613:ribozyme
566:(vCJD),
370:capsules
346:Bacteria
253:. These
174:, while
164:transmit
133:pathogen
129:pathogen
112:organism
82:pathogen
43:reviewed
4107:viruses
4002:1193525
3881:4725385
3808:6925328
3759:7666040
3492:3879673
3483:2536484
3416:1336243
3407:7117276
3331:3829697
3282:3848692
3265:: 175.
3132:: 1–22.
3034:6286148
3005:Bibcode
2997:Science
2969:3109452
2920:2754014
2875:6269126
2761:7149777
2706:5520141
2677:Bibcode
2627:7150055
2572:8036462
2520:4301974
2484:Bibcode
2415:5836136
2356:7030912
2248:3446800
2227:Bibcode
2037:3622179
1988:1865593
1877:1586057
1819:6002118
1715:6206608
1585:Bibcode
1523:5050429
1420:repairs
1401:genomes
1345:meiosis
1192:called
1099:rubella
1091:measles
1081:annual
1072:Viruses
1011:scrapie
996:Animals
903:uses a
810:malaria
756:measles
730:rubella
619:Viruses
599:Viroids
593:Viroids
583:amyloid
570:(GSS),
562:(CJD),
481:leprosy
469:tetanus
270:vectors
241:cholera
78:biology
4112:prions
4009:
3999:
3958:
3888:
3878:
3815:
3805:
3766:
3756:
3651:
3641:
3490:
3480:
3449:
3414:
3404:
3338:
3328:
3289:
3279:
3194:
3184:
3109:
3101:
3041:
3031:
3023:
2976:
2966:
2927:
2917:
2882:
2872:
2864:
2823:
2758:
2748:
2713:
2703:
2695:
2624:
2614:
2579:
2569:
2561:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2475:Nature
2422:
2412:
2404:
2363:
2353:
2345:
2302:
2255:
2245:
2198:
2128:
2076:
2044:
2034:
1995:
1985:
1916:
1875:
1867:
1826:
1816:
1808:
1769:
1761:
1722:
1712:
1605:
1577:Nature
1521:
1411:, and
1331:, and
1301:genome
1241:cause
1227:, and
1157:, and
1109:, and
1107:dengue
1097:, and
1060:Prions
1033:Humans
922:Plants
912:CRISPR
873:, and
851:, and
764:rabies
762:, and
732:, and
708:, and
674:, and
668:herpes
662:, and
541:Prions
536:(vCJD)
521:Prions
507:, and
505:thrush
479:, and
461:, and
431:, and
280:. The
204:, and
156:fungus
152:viroid
107:-genēs
101:-γενής
95:pathos
4124:fungi
3192:S2CID
3140:(PDF)
3107:S2CID
2909:(4).
2516:S2CID
2329:(1).
2323:Prion
2284:(1).
1873:S2CID
1261:Algae
1215:Fungi
1095:mumps
966:Fungi
760:mumps
748:ebola
625:Virus
527:Prion
487:Fungi
318:Algae
312:Algae
307:Types
278:ticks
272:like
210:lupus
208:like
200:like
154:, or
148:prion
90:πάθος
86:Greek
4071:and
4007:PMID
3956:PMID
3886:PMID
3813:PMID
3764:PMID
3695:2023
3667:link
3649:OCLC
3639:ISBN
3488:PMID
3447:PMID
3412:PMID
3336:PMID
3287:PMID
3216:help
3182:ISBN
3099:PMID
3039:PMID
3021:ISSN
2974:PMID
2925:PMID
2880:PMID
2862:ISSN
2821:ISBN
2782:help
2746:ISBN
2711:PMID
2693:ISSN
2648:help
2612:ISBN
2577:PMID
2559:ISSN
2508:PMID
2500:ISSN
2455:2023
2420:PMID
2402:ISSN
2361:PMID
2343:ISSN
2300:PMID
2253:PMID
2196:PMID
2160:2022
2126:PMID
2074:ISBN
2042:PMID
1993:PMID
1914:PMID
1865:PMID
1824:PMID
1806:ISSN
1767:PMID
1759:ISSN
1720:PMID
1655:2015
1603:PMID
1551:2013
1519:PMID
1390:and
1347:and
1245:and
1194:MRSA
1169:and
1141:and
1025:and
985:and
948:and
905:Cas9
742:and
648:mRNA
576:kuru
376:and
276:and
183:soil
121:germ
80:, a
3997:PMC
3987:doi
3946:doi
3876:PMC
3868:doi
3803:PMC
3795:doi
3754:PMC
3746:doi
3478:PMC
3439:doi
3402:PMC
3394:hdl
3386:doi
3359:FDA
3326:PMC
3318:doi
3314:140
3277:PMC
3267:doi
3174:doi
3091:doi
3029:PMC
3013:doi
3001:337
2964:PMC
2956:doi
2915:PMC
2870:PMC
2854:doi
2813:doi
2756:PMC
2738:doi
2701:PMC
2685:doi
2622:PMC
2604:doi
2567:PMC
2549:doi
2492:doi
2480:431
2410:PMC
2392:doi
2388:293
2351:PMC
2335:doi
2290:doi
2243:PMC
2235:doi
2186:doi
2032:PMC
2024:doi
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1904:doi
1855:doi
1814:PMC
1798:doi
1751:doi
1710:PMC
1700:doi
1593:doi
1581:516
1511:doi
1507:287
1297:DNA
1027:FIV
1023:BIV
76:In
45:on
4172::
4005:.
3995:.
3981:.
3977:.
3954:.
3942:57
3940:.
3936:.
3922:^
3906:.
3884:.
3874:.
3864:62
3862:.
3858:.
3833:.
3811:.
3801:.
3789:.
3785:.
3762:.
3752:.
3742:29
3740:.
3736:.
3683:.
3663:}}
3659:{{
3647:.
3611:.
3586:.
3561:.
3536:.
3511:.
3500:^
3486:.
3474:63
3472:.
3468:.
3445:.
3435:13
3433:.
3410:.
3400:.
3392:.
3382:33
3380:.
3376:.
3357:.
3334:.
3324:.
3312:.
3308:.
3285:.
3275:.
3261:.
3257:.
3232:.
3208::
3206:}}
3202:{{
3190:.
3180:.
3156:^
3146:.
3142:.
3134:;
3130:65
3105:.
3097:.
3087:36
3085:.
3059:.
3037:.
3027:.
3019:.
3011:.
2999:.
2995:.
2972:.
2962:.
2950:.
2946:.
2923:.
2907:25
2905:.
2901:.
2878:.
2868:.
2860:.
2850:49
2848:.
2844:.
2819:.
2807::
2803:.
2799:.
2774::
2772:}}
2768:{{
2754:.
2744:.
2709:.
2699:.
2691:.
2683:.
2673:11
2671:.
2665:.
2640::
2638:}}
2634:{{
2620:.
2610:.
2598:.
2575:.
2565:.
2557:.
2545:22
2543:.
2537:.
2514:.
2506:.
2498:.
2490:.
2478:.
2472:.
2443:.
2432:^
2418:.
2408:.
2400:.
2386:.
2382:.
2359:.
2349:.
2341:.
2325:.
2321:.
2298:.
2282:66
2280:.
2274:.
2251:.
2241:.
2233:.
2221:.
2217:.
2194:.
2180:.
2176:.
2150:.
2146:.
2096:.
2072:.
2054:^
2040:.
2030:.
2020:16
2018:.
2014:.
1991:.
1981:.
1971:20
1969:.
1965:.
1951:^
1934:.
1912:.
1900:60
1898:.
1894:.
1871:.
1863:.
1851:22
1849:.
1845:.
1822:.
1812:.
1804:.
1792:.
1788:.
1765:.
1757:.
1747:85
1745:.
1741:.
1718:.
1708:.
1694:.
1690:.
1671:.
1627:.
1615:^
1601:.
1591:.
1567:,
1539:.
1517:.
1505:.
1407:,
1396:.
1384:,
1372:,
1366:,
1360:,
1325:,
1319:,
1313:,
1257:.
1223:,
1153:,
1113:.
1105:,
1093:,
1068:.
1029:.
1017:,
1013:,
1009:,
977:,
973:,
918:.
877:.
869:,
840:,
836:,
832:,
828:,
824:,
820:,
816:,
812:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
704:,
670:,
658:,
483:.
475:,
471:,
455:,
449:,
443:,
425:,
419:,
342:.
295:.
212:.
196:,
150:,
146:,
124:.
104:,
92:,
88::
41:,
4061:e
4054:t
4047:v
4013:.
3989::
3983:1
3962:.
3948::
3916:.
3892:.
3870::
3843:.
3819:.
3797::
3791:5
3770:.
3748::
3721:.
3697:.
3669:)
3655:.
3622:.
3597:.
3572:.
3547:.
3522:.
3494:.
3453:.
3441::
3418:.
3396::
3388::
3361:.
3342:.
3320::
3293:.
3269::
3263:9
3242:.
3218:)
3198:.
3176::
3148:7
3113:.
3093::
3070:.
3045:.
3015::
3007::
2980:.
2958::
2952:1
2931:.
2886:.
2856::
2829:.
2815::
2784:)
2764:.
2740::
2717:.
2687::
2679::
2650:)
2630:.
2606::
2583:.
2551::
2522:.
2494::
2486::
2457:.
2426:.
2394::
2367:.
2337::
2327:8
2306:.
2292::
2259:.
2237::
2229::
2223:6
2202:.
2188::
2182:2
2162:.
2132:.
2107:.
2082:.
2048:.
2026::
1999:.
1977::
1945:.
1920:.
1906::
1879:.
1857::
1830:.
1800::
1794:2
1773:.
1753::
1726:.
1702::
1696:7
1657:.
1609:.
1595::
1587::
1553:.
1525:.
1513::
1273:.
84:(
73:.
66:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.