302:, and all of the magnetic moments will line up in the direction of an induced magnetic field. These particles can be used because the human body does not contain anything which will create magnetic interference in imaging. As the sole tracer, the properties of SPIONs are of key importance to the signal intensity and resolution of MPI. Iron oxide nanoparticles, due to their magnetic dipoles, exhibit a spontaneous magnetization that can be controlled by an applied magnetic field. Therefore, the performance of SPIONs in MPI is critically dependent on their magnetic properties, such as saturation magnetization, magnetic diameter, and relaxation mechanism. Upon application of an external magnetic field, the relaxation of SPIONs can be governed by two mechanisms, Néel, and Brownian relaxation. When the entire particle rotates with respect to the environment, it is following Brownian relaxation, which is affected by the physical diameter. When only the magnetic dipole rotates within the particles, the mechanism is called Néel relaxation, which is affected by the magnetic diameter. According to the Langevin model of superparamagnetism, the spatial resolution of MPI should improve cubically with the magnetics diameter, which can be obtained by fitting magnetization versus magnetic field curve to a Langevin model. However, more recent calculations suggest that there exists an optimal SPIONs magnetic size range (~26 nm) for MPI. This is because of blurring caused by Brownian relaxation of large magnetics size SPIONs. Although magnetic size critically affects the MPI performance, it is often poorly analyzed in publications reporting applications of MPI using SPIONs. Often, commercially available tracers or home-made tracers are used without thorough magnetic characterization. Importantly, due to spin canting and disorder at the surface, or due to the formation of mixed-phase nanoparticles, the equivalent magnetic diameter can be smaller than the physical diameter. And magnetic diameter is critical because of the response of particles to an applied magnetic field dependent on the magnetic diameter, not physical diameter. The largest equivalent magnetic diameter can be the same as the physical diameter. A recent review paper by Chandrasekharan et al. summarizes properties of various iron oxide contrast agents and their MPI performance measured using their in-house Magnetic Particle Spectrometer, shown in the picture here. It should be pointed out that the core diameter listed in the table is not necessarily the magnetic diameter. The table provides a comparison of all current published SPIONs for MPI contrast agents. As seen in the table, LS017, with a SPION core size of 28.7 nm and synthesized through heating up thermal decomposition with post-synthesis oxidation, has the best resolution compared with others with lower core size. Resovist (Ferucarbotran), consisting of iron oxide made via coprecipitation, is the most commonly used and commercially available tracer. However, as suggested by Gleich et al., only 3% of the total iron mass from Resovist contributes to the MPI signal due to its polydispersity, leading to relatively low MPI sensitivity. The signal intensity of MPI is influenced by both the magnetic core diameter and the size distribution of SPIONs. Comparing the MPI sensitivity listed in the above table, LS017 has the highest signal intensity (54.57 V/g of Fe) as particles are monodisperse and possess a large magnetic diameter compared with others.
306:
environment, and can also be used to tailor SPION performance to particular imaging applications. Different coatings cause changes in cellular uptake, blood circulation, and interactions with the immune system, influencing how the tracer becomes distributed throughout the body over time. For example, SPIONs coated with carboxydextran have been shown to clear to the liver almost immediately after injection, while those with a
305:
The surface coating also plays a key role in determining the behavior of the SPIONs. It minimizes unwanted interactions between the iron oxide cores (for example, counteracting attractive forces between the particles to prevent aggregation), increases stability and compatibility with the biological
238:
arising from neuroactivation. Functional neuroimaging using MPI has been successfully demonstrated in rodents and has a promising sensitivity advantage compared to other imaging modalities. In the long perspective, this could potentially allow to study functional neuroactivation on a single-patient
93:(SPIO) nanoparticles. These fields are specifically designed to produce a single magnetic field free region. A signal is only generated in this region. An image is generated by moving this region across a sample. Since there is no natural SPIO in
310:(PEG) coating remain in circulation for hours before being cleared from the blood. These behaviors make the carboxydextran-coated SPION tracer better optimized for liver imaging and the PEG-coated SPION tracer more suitable for vascular imaging.
70:. The first system was established and reported in 2005. Since then, the technology has been advanced by academic researchers at several universities around the world. The first commercial MPI scanners have recently become available from
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Ferguson RM, Khandhar AP, Kemp SJ, Arami H, Saritas EU, Croft LR, Konkle J, Goodwill PW, Halkola A, Rahmer J, Borgert J, Conolly SM, Krishnan KM. IEEE Trans Med
Imaging. 2015 May;34(5):1077-84. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2014.2375065.
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Keselman, Paul; Yu, Elaine Y.; Zhou, Xinyi Y.; Goodwill, Patrick W.; Chandrasekharan, Prashant; Ferguson, R. Matthew; Khandhar, Amit P.; Kemp, Scott J.; Krishnan, Kannan M.; Zheng, Bo; Conolly, Steven M. (2017-05-07).
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Herb, Konstantin; Mason, Erica; Mattingly, Eli; Mandeville, Joseph; Mandeville, Emiri; Cooley, Clarissa; Wald, Lawrence (2020). "Functional MPI (fMPI) of hypercapnia in rodent brain with MPI time-series imaging".
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Chandrasekharan, Prashant; Tay, Zhi Wei; Zhou, Xinyi Yedda; Yu, Elaine; Orendorff, Ryan; Hensley, Daniel; Huynh, Quincy; Fung, K. L. Barry; VanHook, Caylin Colson; Goodwill, Patrick; Zheng, Bo (November 2018).
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Pantke, Dennis; Mueller, Florian; Reinartz, Sebastian; Philipps, Jonas; Mohammadali Dadfar, Seyed; Peters, Maximilian; Franke, Jochen; Schrank, Franziska; Kiessling, Fabian; Schulz, Volkmar (2022-05-17).
353:(pDCR) is a purely passive receive coil insert for a preclinical MPI system. The pDCR aims to enhance the frequency components associated with high mixing orders, which are critical to achieve a high
97:, a signal is only detected from the administered tracer. This provides images without background. MPI is often used in combination with anatomical imaging techniques (such as
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Yu, Elaine Y.; Bishop, Mindy; Zheng, Bo; Ferguson, R. Matthew; Khandhar, Amit P.; Kemp, Scott J.; Krishnan, Kannan M.; Goodwill, Patrick W.; Conolly, Steven M. (2017-03-08).
1147:. Arami H, Khandhar AP, Tomitaka A, Yu E, Goodwill PW, Conolly SM, Krishnan KM. Biomaterials. 2015 Jun;52:251-61. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.040.
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Zheng, Bo; Vazin, Tandis; Goodwill, Patrick W.; Conway, Anthony; Verma, Aradhana; Saritas, Emine Ulku; Schaffer, David; Conolly, Steven M. (2015-09-11).
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that requires highly sensitive imaging as well as short scan times for sufficient temporal resolution. For this, MPI is used to detect the increase of
1177:. Saritas EU, Goodwill PW, Croft LR, Konkle JJ, Lu K, Zheng B, Conolly SM. J Magn Reson. 2013 Apr;229:116-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.029. Review.
1093:. Keselman P, Yu E, Zhou X, Goodwill P, Chandrasekharan P, Ferguson RM, Khandhar A, Kemp S, Krishnan K, Zheng B, Conolly S. Phys Med Biol. 2017 Feb 8
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Zheng, Bo; See, Marc P. von; Yu, Elaine; Gunel, Beliz; Lu, Kuan; Vazin, Tandis; Schaffer, David V.; Goodwill, Patrick W.; Conolly, Steven M. (2016).
182:. This has been successfully used to detect tumor sites within rats. The high sensitivity of the technique means it may also be possible to image
1135:. Konkle JJ, Goodwill PW, Hensley DW, Orendorff RD, Lustig M, Conolly SM. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 23;10(10):e0140137. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140137.
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Weizenecker, J.; Gleich, B.; Rahmer, J.; Dahnke, H.; Borgert, J. (2009-01-01). "Three-dimensional real-time in vivo magnetic particle imaging".
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therapy by following the movement of these cells in the body. The tracer is stable while tagged to a cell and remains detectable past 87 days.
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A High-Throughput, Arbitrary-Waveform, MPI Spectrometer and
Relaxometer for Comprehensive Magnetic Particle Optimization and Characterization
1129:. Croft LR, Goodwill PW, Konkle JJ, Arami H, Price DA, Li AX, Saritas EU, Conolly SM. Med Phys. 2016 Jan;43(1):424. doi: 10.1118/1.4938097.
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Dhavalikar R, Hensley D, Maldonado-Camargo L, Croft LR, Ceron S, Goodwill PW, Conolly SM, Rinaldi C. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2016 Aug 3;49(30)
1183:. Konkle JJ, Goodwill PW, Carrasco-Zevallos OM, Conolly SM. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2013 Feb;32(2):338-47. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2012.2227121.
1159:. Konkle JJ, Goodwill PW, Saritas EU, Zheng B, Lu K, Conolly SM. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2013 Dec;58(6):565-76. doi: 10.1515/bmt-2012-0062.
664:"A perspective on a rapid and radiation-free tracer imaging modality, magnetic particle imaging, with promise for clinical translation"
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Makela, Ashley V.; Gaudet, Jeffrey M.; Murrell, Donna H.; Mansfield, James R.; Wintermark, Max; Contag, Christopher H. (2021-10-15).
1171:. Lu K, Goodwill PW, Saritas EU, Zheng B, Conolly SM. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2013 Sep;32(9):1565-75. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2013.2257177.
1165:. Saritas EU, Goodwill PW, Zhang GZ, Conolly SM. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2013 Sep;32(9):1600-10. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2013.2260764..
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Magnetic
Insight, Inc. - Commercializing MPI technology originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley 11/2014
1099:. Khandhar AP, Keselman P, Kemp SJ, Ferguson RM, Goodwill PW, Conolly SM, Krishnan KM. Nanoscale. 2017 Jan 19;9(3):1299-1306.
516:"Quantitative Magnetic Particle Imaging Monitors the Transplantation, Biodistribution, and Clearance of Stem Cells In Vivo"
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and can produce a signal at any depth within the body. MPI was first conceived in 2001 by scientists working at the Royal
1109:
Finite magnetic relaxation in x-space magnetic particle imaging: Comparison of measurements and ferrohydrodynamic models.
967:"Magnetic Particle Imaging: Current and Future Applications, Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis Methods and Safety Measures"
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through the development of nanoparticles targeted to cancer cells. MPI is being investigated as a clinical alternative
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1123:. Bauer LM, Hensley DW, Zheng B, Tay ZW, Goodwill PW, Griswold MA, Conolly SM. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016 May;87(5):055109.
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Billings, Caroline; Langley, Mitchell; Warrington, Gavin; Mashali, Farzin; Johnson, Jacqueline Anne (January 2021).
17:
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Evaluation of PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as blood pool tracers for preclinical magnetic particle imaging
790:"Mind Over Magnets - How Magnetic Particle Imaging is Changing the Way We Think About the Future of Neuroscience"
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565:"Magnetic Particle Imaging tracks the long-term fate of in vivo neural cell implants with high image contrast"
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with iron oxide nanoparticles, MPI allows them to be tracked throughout the body. This has applications in
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1105:. Hensley DW, Tay ZW, Dhavalikar R, Zheng B, Goodwill P, Rinaldi C, Conolly S. Phys Med Biol. 2016 Dec 29.
725:"Tracking short-term biodistribution and long-term clearance of SPIO tracers in magnetic particle imaging"
133:, where the iron is stored and used to produce hemoglobin. SPIOs have previously been used in humans for
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Tracking short-term biodistribution and long-term clearance of SPIO tracers in magnetic particle imaging
1019:"Frequency-selective signal enhancement by a passive dual coil resonator for magnetic particle imaging"
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Characterization of the
Magnetic Particle Imaging Signal Based on Theory, Simulation, and Experiment
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MPI has numerous applications to the field of oncology research. Accumulation of a tracer within
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In vivo multimodal magnetic particle imaging (MPI) with tailored magneto/optical contrast agents
1117:. Tay ZW, Goodwill PW, Hensley DW, Taylor LA, Zheng B, Conolly SM. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 30;6:34180.
1087:. Zhou XY, Jeffris K, Yu E, Zheng B, Goodwill P, Nahid P, Conolly S. Phys Med Biol. 2017 Feb 20.
1141:.Saritas EU, Goodwill PW, Conolly SM. Med Phys. 2015 Jun;42(6):3005-12. doi: 10.1118/1.4921209.
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Eddy current-shielded x-space relaxometer for sensitive magnetic nanoparticle characterization
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Combining magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia in a theranostic platform
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Goodwill, Patrick (2012). "X-Space MPI: Magnetic
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in 2009. With further research, this could eventually be used for real-time
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Magnetic particle imaging: moving ahead, medicalphysicsweb.org Apr 12, 2011
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A Convex
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Magnetic particle imaging with tailored iron oxide nanoparticle tracers.
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level and thus bring functional neuroimaging to clinical diagnostics.
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Talebloo, Nazanin; Gudi, Mithil; Robertson, Neil; Wang, Ping (2020).
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tracer used with MPI are cleared naturally by the body through the
121:. Imaging is performed in a range of milliseconds to seconds. The
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First in vivo magnetic particle imaging of lung perfusion in rats
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Twenty-fold acceleration of 3D projection reconstruction MPI
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Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for NMR and MRI researchers
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Effects of pulse duration on magnetostimulation thresholds
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The tracers used in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) are
129:. The iron oxide nanoparticles are broken down in the
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Magnetostimulation limits in magnetic particle imaging
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tracers. The technology has potential applications in
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Projection reconstruction magnetic particle imaging
631:International Journal on Magnetic Particle Imaging
230:MPI has been proposed as a promising platform for
279:) core surrounded by a surface coating (commonly
218:. Imaging can be used to improve the success of
81:The hardware used for MPI is very different from
54:to measure the 3-D location and concentration of
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1233:"MPI work at University of California, Berkeley"
1258:Flipping Good Imaging. Radiology Today May 2017
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158:MPI results provided images of a beating mouse
113:Magnetic particle imaging combines high tracer
1223:"Traveling Wave MPI at University of Würzburg"
1213:. M. Sc. thesis, University of Würzburg, 2010.
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1204:The MOMENTUM Magnetic Particle Imaging System
971:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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38:technique that directly detects
1248:What you see is what you've got
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392:Physics in Medicine and Biology
367:WMIS MPI Interest Group Meeting
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319:High resolution (~0.4 mm)
40:superparamagnetic nanoparticle
34:) is an emerging non-invasive
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475:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04865
294:tracer is detectable within
127:mononuclear phagocyte system
91:superparamagnetic iron oxide
50:. Currently, it is used in
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643:10.18416/IJMPI.2020.2009009
351:passive dual coil resonator
341:Passive dual coil resonator
322:Fast image results (~20 ms)
236:cerebral blood volume (CBV)
169:
85:. MPI systems use changing
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412:10.1088/0031-9155/54/5/L01
255:). They are composed of a
251:iron oxide nanoparticles (
89:to generate a signal from
28:Magnetic particle imaging
1044:10.1088/1361-6560/ac6a9f
749:10.1088/1361-6560/aa5f48
243:Superparamagnetic tracer
232:functional brain imaging
226:Functional brain imaging
198:in at-risk populations.
58:. Imaging does not use
923:10.1002/adma.201200221
347:RWTH Aachen University
178:can occur through the
361:Congresses, workshops
283:, carboxydextran, or
212:regenerative medicine
984:10.3390/ijms22147651
680:10.1259/bjr.20180326
216:cancer immunotherapy
135:iron supplementation
1035:2022PMB....67k5004P
915:2012AdM....24.3870G
741:2017PMB....62.3440K
581:2015NatSR...514055Z
467:2017NanoL..17.1648Y
404:2009PMB....54L...1W
308:polyethylene glycol
285:polyethylene glycol
194:in order to reduce
188:screening technique
117:with submillimeter
903:Advanced Materials
864:10.1002/jmri.26875
674:(1091): 20180326.
569:Scientific Reports
532:10.7150/thno.13728
355:spatial resolution
336:Signal enhancement
196:radiation exposure
145:Blood pool imaging
60:ionizing radiation
44:diagnostic imaging
589:10.1038/srep14055
296:biological fluids
249:superparamagnetic
208:therapeutic cells
16:(Redirected from
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202:Cell tracking
199:
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69:
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57:
56:nanoparticles
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1210:
1026:
1022:
1011:
977:(14): 7651.
974:
970:
906:
902:
896:
855:
851:
797:
794:Neuroscience
793:
783:
732:
728:
671:
667:
634:
630:
623:
575:(1): 14055.
572:
568:
558:
523:
520:Theranostics
519:
509:
458:
455:Nano Letters
454:
444:
395:
391:
385:
344:
325:No radiation
304:
289:
246:
229:
205:
176:solid tumors
173:
155:
153:
112:
109:Applications
80:
31:
27:
26:
932:11693/53587
800:: 100–109.
206:By tagging
115:sensitivity
36:tomographic
378:References
314:Advantages
154:The first
123:iron oxide
119:resolution
1069:248404124
1053:0031-9155
888:198169801
872:1522-2586
830:226842684
814:1873-7544
757:1361-6560
688:1748-880X
597:2045-2322
483:1530-6984
420:0031-9155
328:No iodine
269:maghemite
257:magnetite
220:stem cell
141:imaging.
1267:Category
1061:35472698
1003:34299271
941:22988557
880:31332868
822:33197498
775:28177301
706:29888968
615:26358296
550:26909106
501:28206771
428:19204385
170:Oncology
1273:Imaging
1031:Bibcode
994:8306580
911:Bibcode
766:5739049
737:Bibcode
697:6475963
637:(2/1).
606:4566119
577:Bibcode
541:4737718
492:5724561
463:Bibcode
436:2635545
400:Bibcode
281:dextran
156:in vivo
68:Hamburg
66:lab in
1067:
1059:
1051:
1001:
991:
949:554405
947:
939:
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499:
489:
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434:
426:
418:
349:. The
253:SPIONs
95:tissue
1065:S2CID
945:S2CID
884:S2CID
826:S2CID
432:S2CID
292:SPION
267:) or
160:heart
139:liver
131:liver
1057:PMID
1049:ISSN
999:PMID
937:PMID
876:PMID
868:ISSN
818:PMID
810:ISSN
771:PMID
753:ISSN
702:PMID
684:ISSN
611:PMID
593:ISSN
546:PMID
497:PMID
479:ISSN
424:PMID
416:ISSN
290:The
214:and
137:and
74:and
46:and
1039:doi
989:PMC
979:doi
927:hdl
919:doi
860:doi
802:doi
798:474
761:PMC
745:doi
692:PMC
676:doi
639:doi
601:PMC
585:doi
536:PMC
528:doi
487:PMC
471:doi
408:doi
287:).
271:(Fe
259:(Fe
190:to
103:MRI
101:or
83:MRI
32:MPI
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277:3
275:O
273:2
265:4
263:O
261:3
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