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highest chance of mating with females. This kind of mating success via the stripes display, however, comes with a cost: According to a stripe manipulation study, when an extra stripe was added, the frequency of the attacks received by the male rival had doubled. In fact, winner males of aerial duels frequently displayed their stripes. Therefore, while stripes were indicators of strength in aerial duels, this sort of status badge was also attractive to females, as predicted by the
Armament-Ornament Model.
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pattern. At this point in time, the female lands on the hover site and repeatedly touches the surface of the site with the tip of her gaster. The male then quickly touches the femaleâs back with his legs, grabs her chest for a few seconds, and establishes a genital connection for about 2â25 seconds. After the intercourse, the female will clear her genital area with her legs.
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suspension length. Typically, the nests are located on the strands of dead vegetation such as hanging vine tendrils or loose strands of thatch under the roofs of houses. The mean total suspension length of these nests is 18.4 cm and the mean suspension width is 0.64mm. The long and narrow shape of the nest also provides protection from predators.
241:. It is found in Southeast Asia and is widely spread in Thailand and Malaysia. Its nests feature flexible and dynamic qualities, and they are commonly seen under roofs of houses and huts in rural areas. Hovering and patrolling behaviors are the speciesâ main defining behavioral features, and such activities are closely linked to its mating patterns.
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When it comes to mating selection, females prefer males who exhibit endurance. By scoring endurance (measured in flight/ patrol time), females can gather reliable and valid information on a maleâs quality. A femaleâs preference towards long-term patrollers could potentially help explain the prolonged
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nests are known for their distinct combs at different levels of suspension. It builds nests with materials from three main sources: vegetation close to the nest, materials stolen from abandoned or occupied neighboring nests, and material removed from one cell, which is then used to start to enlarge a
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nests are found by single foundresses) or wait on the natal nest to succeed the dominant female role when nests are abandoned (or at times, actively attempt to dethrone her). If this scenario were to happen, the new dominant female would continue rearing those left by the prior occupants. This often
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Resting: all adult hover wasps are predominantly completely inactive. Long periods of resting is followed by the characteristic intense burst of "hovering" activity. While there is no major difference in resting positions between males and females, researchers have found that dominant females prefer
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openly displays its three white stripes on its tergites by fully distending its abdomen. A positive correlation has been found between elicited stripe display and mating success: male individuals who displayed their stripes the most, not simply the most active ones, were the individuals who had the
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are founded by a single female and expand with the emergence of sons and daughters. The typical colony size is one female (i.e. no male), and it rarely exceeds three females, while the maximum number of males present in a nest is four. Nests are actively defended against strange females approaching
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plays an important role in determining wasp behavior in both intra- and intersexual contexts of the species; the armament-ornament model proposes that the presence of ornaments (in this case, the active display of three white stripes) to be seen as a status badge that is used for both male-to-male
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cell layer of plants constitutes a substantial portion of the nest, and the texture of the nest material is of fine crumbs and small flakes. This kind of fragile aspect of the nest material might explain the low occurrence of large nests, and this may possibly hinder the evolution of large colony
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is interrelated to its patrolling behavior. An observation study has shown that a male is typically active for 3 weeks or more (up to 32 days), rarely lands while hovering (but does so more frequently towards the end of a patrolling session by walking along the edges of leaves nearby), and feeds
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engages in a hovering activity, it usually faces towards the center of a vegetation nearby. It remains to hover for a number of seconds, and then turns around to make a long roundabout, typically horizontally to the left and right. Afterwards, it returns to the original "landmark". When hovering
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developmental period is around 53 days. The three developmental stages are: egg phase (a one-day period between egg laying to hatching, where the egg is placed with the mouthparts), larval phase (approximately a 25.71-day period between egg laying to pupation), and pupal phase (a 17.8-day period
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appears at patrolling landmarks around the second hour of male activity to engage in sexual interactions. In a typical sexual intercourse, the female approaches the male from the back, lengthening her legs towards his gaster, while the male extends the aerial display, often moving in a zigzag
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as it grows: the cell goes through a phase of regression until the cell size is equivalent to that of the growing larva. Then, both the larva and the cell starts to grow again in a similar fashion. Additionally, there is a general trend of decrease percent cell wall sharing with increase in
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While social stratification does not attribute to clean-cut morphological differences, there is behavioral variability that categorizes different social roles that the females can play. While top-dominant females, often called âsenior-females,â rarely leave the nest and usually monopolize
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Self-grooming: typical grooming behavior starts with hind legs rubbing against each other, and the abdomen and the wings follow after. The front legs start to rub the head, the mouth parts, and lastly the antennae. Additionally, it has been found that venom secretions, which are slightly
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glands are three times wider and longer than those of females. Additionally, males have three white stripes on their tergites, while females do not carry such morphological features. There are no phenotypical differences between females of different social status.
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cell in the other part of the nest. Such recycling of the materials of the cells is frequently observed. A brand new cell is only built when there is no cell to shelter an anticipated egg. Material used for nest development has two important features: the
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contains some spiroacetals, which in
Polistes and Vespa species seems to serve as a function of alarm pheromones. Previous behavioral bioassays conducted 14 years ago showed no positive correlation between the venom of the
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species, volatiles in their venom secretion have been found to play a pheromonal role. In particular species, venom seems to function as an alarm for warning the presence of predators in the vicinity. Volatile fraction of
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leads to continuous formation of stepmother-stepdaughter associations in most nests. Lastly, it can just accept the role of a worker and take care after a number of individuals that are genetically related to themselves.
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has been identified in
Thailand and Malaysia, and it is commonly found near forest edge habitats. It often constructs its nests under the roofs of thatched huts and houses in rural areas. Such habitat choice is unique to
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size in a one-female nest is 4.68. Additionally, a positive correlation between brood size and the number of males present in a nest attests to the trend that males are more likely to be populated in bigger nests.
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during egg laying. These droplets play an important role in development stages, since in the form of these white abdominal secretions do the eggs receive attention from adult females. However, wasps of
474:. The wasp stops on the edge of a leaf, drags its abdomen towards it, and defecates on the spot. Defecation location has been found to play an important role in marking specific mating âhotspots.â
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antimicrobial, are smeared over the body through grooming, and this suggests that this habit, predominant in females, induces some sort of additional protection against possible pathogens.
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Flight: flight is characterized by complex hovering and swift changes in flight direction. Individuals keep their legs perfectly near their bodies and their abdomen fully extended.
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Attack: leg of wasp touches the back of the patrolling male, and the abdomens of the wasps sometime come into contact when the pursuer turns around and flies backwards
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size. Its nesting structure is known for its flexibility, and thus lacks a typical shape or form. First off, cells modify its size with the changing size of the
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is considered a medium-sized wasp with an average length of 10mm. Its head is sub-triangular shaped with uniform facial coloration. It also has a well developed
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Elementary behaviors described in this section pertain to principal behavioral activities that are common to both adult males and females in a given colony.
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or landing on a nest. Median survival time of a typical colony is 47 days, and the longest surviving nest is recorded to be 237 days before it died out.
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species and the function of alarm pheromones. However, future investigation seems necessary to establish a clear conclusion on the specific role of
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One of the behavioral characteristics of
Parischnogaster species is its frequent patrolling activity and is extensively found in
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oviposition, the lower-ranked, worker females engage in more foraging behavior. It has been observed that an individual female
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Beani, L.; S. Turillazzi (1999). "Stripes
Display in Hover-Wasps (Vespidae: Stenogastrinae): a Socially Costly Status Badge".
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642:. Damages caused by raids from this hornet can be characterized by gaping holes that are torn out on the sides of the cells.
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themselves at food sources at the end of activity and returns to its nests or communal resting points. In contrast, female
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between the capping of the cell and the emergence of the adult). White sticky abdominal droplets are secreted from
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Defecation: researchers have observed defecation (discharge of feces from body) behavior in both female and male
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has three behavioral options that determines its position on the hierarchy (and thus its future life and â
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is of particular importance because âthe independence of origin and range of social organization in the
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big nest of
Parischnogaster mellyi. Three females above and three males below. Peninsular Malaysia.
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glands, tegumental glands in males are clustered along the anterior portion of the third gastral
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competition and courtships for future mates. During patrol activity over its hover sites, male
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Solitary display: white dorsal stripes displayed (for 5-40s) in the absence of male competitors
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for more detail). There are a number of morphological differences between gender: in terms of
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Yamane, S.; et al. (1983). "Multiple behavioral options in a primitively social wasp,
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species population is rarely found in places disturbed by human contact and civilization.
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532:. Seven main patrolling behaviors for when the males are in flight have been identified:
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attempts in homosexual mating have also been observed in a number of captivity studies.
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Patrolling flights usually take place at certain, well-defined hours of the day. In the
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Display inducement: another wasp displays its white stripes while flying behind the male
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make it an important group for the study of evolution of social behavior in the family
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was first found by De
Saussure in 1852. Understanding of phylogenetic background for
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by
Carpenter in 1982, and it is possibly the largest and the least well known genus.
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Received attack: hover male is attacked and hit by the legs or body of the pursuer
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Fanelli, D. (2005). "Multiple
Reproductive Strategies in a Tropical Hover Wasp".
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Turillazzi, S. (1983). "Tegumental glands in the third gastral tergites of male
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acquisitionâ): it can either leave the natal colony and found its own colonies (
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Elicited display: white stripes displayed in front of more than one pursuer
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Zigzag display: distended abdomen hovering horizontally for a few seconds
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Detour flight: short flights (for 5â30 seconds) around the hover landmark
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528:(posterior abdominal region) to display the three white stripes on its
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to occupy the upper resting position of the nest. Resting behavior in
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produce less rich secretions from their Dufour's glands than wasps of
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Proceedings of the
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
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Hatching ratio of genders is approximately one-to-one, and average
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The characteristic three white stripes on the abdomen of male
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Hansell, M. (1981). "Nest Construction in the Subsocial Wasp
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Hansell, M. (1982). "Brood Development in the Subsocial Wasp
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leave their nests around 11:00am and return around 12:45pm.
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Hansell, M. "Social behavior and colony size in the wasp
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is particularly complex, so refer to the video clips in
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991:(Saussure), Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)".
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A female of Parischnogaster mellyi attending a larva
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All hover wasp species were placed under one genus,
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995:. Series C. Biological and Medical Sciences.
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1186:Dominance aggression and drop regulation in
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248:Parischnogaster mellyi. Peninsular Malaysia
1100:(Saussure) (Hymenoptera Stenogastrinae)".
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939:(Saussure) Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera)".
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769:(Saussure) (Stenogastrinae Hymenoptera)".
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875:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
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562:region, it has been recorded that
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1178:Food sharing after domination in
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1094:Parischnogaster nigricans serrei
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40:Female from Peninsular Malaysia
1170:Food request and domination in
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233:is a medium-sized species of a
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295:Description and identification
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638:, often preys on colonies of
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1194:Aggression and dominance in
1010:Turillazzi, Stefano (2012).
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1027:10.1007/978-3-642-32680-6_6
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1019:The Biology of Hover Wasps
741:The Biology of Hover Wasps
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208:Parischnogaster nigrifrons
1382:Insects described in 1852
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1012:"The nest of hover wasps"
887:10.1007/s00265-005-0908-8
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46:Scientific classification
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362:Distribution and habitat
1137:Video clips of various
739:Turillazzi, S. (2012).
603:Armament-ornament model
189:Ischnogaster nigrifrons
1219:Parischnogaster mellyi
1196:Parischnogaster mellyi
1188:Parischnogaster mellyi
1180:Parischnogaster mellyi
1172:Parischnogaster mellyi
1164:Parischnogaster mellyi
1162:Feeding of a larva by
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1139:Parischnogaster mellyi
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989:Parischnogaster mellyi
937:Parischnogaster mellyi
837:10.1006/anbe.1999.1101
767:Parischnogaster mellyi
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398:The average length of
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253:Taxonomy and phylogeny
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230:Parischnogaster mellyi
200:Stenogaster nigrifrons
155:Parischnogaster mellyi
25:Parischnogaster mellyi
743:. Florence: Springer.
632:Greater banded hornet
520:around the landmark,
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269:was synonymized with
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1021:. pp. 149â231.
443:Elementary behaviors
1377:Insects of Thailand
1372:Insects of Malaysia
1367:Hymenoptera of Asia
574:Mating activity of
512:P. nigricans serrei
501:Patrolling behavior
219:(de Saussure, 1852)
181:Ischnogaster mellyi
1154:Egg deposition by
1114:10.1007/bf02223976
1068:10.1007/bf02223972
953:10.1007/bf02223706
783:10.1007/bf02224523
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1211:Taxon identifiers
1096:(Du Buysson) and
1036:978-3-642-32679-0
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146:Binomial name
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415:P. jacobsoni
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382:Colony cycle
371:
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323:, and ectal
313:colony cycle
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1295:iNaturalist
1141:behaviors:
777:(1): 3â14.
259:Stenogaster
163:De Saussure
103:Hymenoptera
1356:Categories
675:References
507:P. mellyi
392:P. mellyi
325:mandibular
300:Morphology
235:hover wasp
83:Arthropoda
1234:Q14423258
1098:P. mellyi
669:P. mellyi
657:P. mellyi
640:P. mellyi
626:Predators
614:P. mellyi
609:P. mellyi
597:P. mellyi
581:P. mellyi
576:P. mellyi
564:P. mellyi
560:West Java
522:P. mellyi
517:P. mellyi
494:P. mellyi
486:P. mellyi
472:P. mellyi
454:P. mellyi
410:P. mellyi
400:P. mellyi
372:P. mellyi
367:P. mellyi
342:cuticular
337:P. mellyi
305:P. mellyi
281:P. mellyi
277:P. mellyi
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1362:Vespidae
1313:10731285
1228:Wikidata
1122:44242843
961:27763458
853:45496129
845:10373256
791:29573469
652:Vespidae
650:In some
530:tergites
438:Behavior
388:colonies
374:, since
317:exocrine
289:Vespidae
239:Vespidae
172:Synonyms
113:Vespidae
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1287:1311554
1076:6621229
895:6610343
671:venom.
490:fitness
332:Nesting
165:, 1852)
119:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
1339:727299
1300:764886
1274:240055
1248:304070
1120:
1074:
1033:
959:
893:
851:
843:
789:
526:gaster
321:tergum
195:, 1857
1326:76998
1308:IRMNG
1261:4DMRV
1118:S2CID
1072:S2CID
1015:(PDF)
957:S2CID
891:S2CID
849:S2CID
787:S2CID
660:venom
646:Alarm
595:Male
588:male
431:brood
347:larva
193:Smith
1321:NCBI
1282:GBIF
1243:BOLD
1031:ISBN
841:PMID
509:and
386:All
1269:EoL
1256:CoL
1110:doi
1064:doi
1054:".
1023:doi
949:doi
883:doi
833:doi
779:doi
390:of
291:."
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161:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
