Parakramabahu I - Knowledge

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Narayan's rebellion was suppressed by another force, leaving Rakkha, who had successfully held the fords at the Mahaweli River, free to invade from the north. Manabharana, supported by some loyalist inhabitants, defeated Dakkhinadesan army and drove them back to Rajarata. Parākramabāhu found himself facing dissension within his own ranks and the defeat of his forces in Malaya; Manabharana even recaptured Polonnaruwa and advanced into Giritale. Despite this Parākramabāhu persevered with the offensive, withdrawing from his southern campaign and concentrating his forces in the north. Manabharana once again found himself besieged in Polonnaruwa. Both sides were exhausted by the incessant warfare of the preceding years, and Manabharana eventually fled the city for Ruhuna. His forces were overtaken at the Mahaweli River by Parākramabāhu's army and annihilated; the king returned to the south in time to pass away from a combination of disease and exhaustion.

1244:, which remained in Sri Lankan hands till the reign of Nissanka Malla. Here they built a fortress called Parakramapura. In this early phase of the war they fought Kulasekhara on several occasions, eventually laying siege to him in Madurai and seizing the city. Virapandya was restored to power and crowned as the Pandyan King, also the Lankapura's army remained in Madurai, and continued to engage the Chola across south India, eventually raiding the Chola territory and striking fear into its feaudatories. The Culavamsa dedicates much of chapter LXXVII to a description of the ensuing war between Lankapura and Kulasekhara, who apparently fought on with assistance from the Cheras. However the account ends abruptly. 643:

capture Gajabahu. By late 1153, after suffering a number of defeats, Gajabahu realized his capture was imminent, and appealed to the Sangha to intervene. They persuaded Parākramabāhu that the ailing king no longer posed a threat, and that he should be allowed to live out the rest of his days in peace. Manabharana tried to woo the king back to the battle against Parākramabāhu, but Gajabahu refused, having the words "I have made over Rajarata to Parākramabāhu" inscribed on a stone tablet (Sangamuwa Inscription) to confirm his abdication in favor of Parākramabāhu. Gajabahu moved to Gantale (Kantalai), where he died in the 22nd year after his coronation as king of Rajarata.

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by Parākramabāhu. "They caused many foes to whom severity was due, to be brought before them, and at villages and market-towns they had numbers of stakes set up on which they impaled many hundreds of the enemy. Many other foes they had hanged on the gallows and burnt and showed forth in every way the majesty of Parākramabāhu". It may well have been the case that the king was tired of the constant animosity directed at him by the kingdom. The brutal suppression of the rebellion ensured that, apart from a brief insurrection in 1160, Ruhuna remained quiet for the rest of his reign. The fate of Queen Sugala is not recorded.

970:, constructing an elaborate three-walled complex featuring turrets for archers and fourteen gates. None of which has survived till modern times. Beyond the city precinct it is believed he constructed or renovated three smaller townships, in addition to Parakramapura - Rajavesi Bhujanga, Raja Kulantaka (Sinhapura), and Vijitapura. Extensive gardens were also laid down around Polonnaruwa, featuring ponds and bathing-pools, one of which, the Twin Pools, survives till this date. One such garden, the 'Island Garden', extended into the middle of Thupa Wewa ('Wewa' meaning 'tank' or 'reservoir' in Sinhala) on a promontory. 40: 1201: 639:

town with Manabharana became "weakened birds in a cage". With the sporadic attacks from Dakkhinadesa forces slowly grinding down his power in the north, Manabharana left Polonnaruwa to attack a force commanded by Rakkha that had been wreaking havoc in western Rajarata. In his absence Parākramabāhu's forces seized Polonnaruwa, liberated Gajabahu II, and took into their possession the entirety of the treasure of Manabharana of Ruhuna. The king of Ruhuna returned to his capital with the sacred relics, the tooth relic and the alms bowls.

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who was entrusted with these tasks, entertained Kulasekhara suitably during his stay in the Cola country, and having with his army, resources and zeal, brought about the reconquest of the Pandiyan kingdom, he carried out his master's orders to the letter by nailing the heads of Lankapuri-dandanayaka and others(other Soldiers) to the gates of Madura. The war thus ended in favour of the Cholas, sometime in the seventies of the twelfth century.

920: 279: 589: 1337:, that Parākramabāhu did not take any steps towards ensuring a smooth succession. One reason offered is the strength of Sri Lankan conventional law, which contained fairly fluid conventions for the replacement of rulers. Excluding Nissanka Malla, all the successors of him appears to have been weak. The chronic instability and the renewal of the civil war of the years following the end his reign undid many of his constructions. 3613: 423: 955: 888:

on the expulsion and exclusion of the religious minority as it did on the rewarding and encouragement of the orthodox. Finally, the king summoned the leaders of the sangha on the island once a year, centering the visit on a ritual on the banks of the Mahaweli river—possibly a practical means of keeping up-to-date with their progress and their standards. After Parakramabahu's repression, Mahayana and

609:. In the meantime, Gajabahu's senior general Gokanna suffered several defeats in the vicinity of Kala Wewa and was forced to appeal to Gajabahu in order to receive reinforcements. Despite receiving these and meeting with some success in Malaya, Gokanna was again defeated by Parākramabāhu's general Mahinda, a rout so total that Gokanna fled the battle scene leaving behind his umbrella, an important 334: 1116: 494:. The new king's personality was illustrated when the architects commissioned to the project informed him that it was well-nigh impossible to carry out, to which Parākramabāhu replied that "What is there in the world that cannot be carried out by people of energy?". He ordered the construction of canals and dams, and cleared a large area of forest around them for new 1083:, the mother of Manabharana of Ruhuna who had fought Parākramabāhu bitterly for the throne, joined a revolt against Parākramabāhu. The situation turned dire when a group of mercenaries took the opportunity afforded by the absence of Parākramabāhu's army, and his most formidable general Rakkha, to revolt in 1157. The revolt was organized by the army of Ruhuna. 238:, ascended the throne of Dakkhinadesa. Over the next decade, improved both Dakkhinadesi infrastructure and military. Following a protracted civil war, he secured power over the entire island around 1153 and remained in this position until his death in 1186. During Parākramabāhu's reign, he launched a punitive campaign against the kings of Burma, aided the 899:, in 1157, Parākramabāhu recovered the Tooth relic and the alms bowls from Ruhuna and brought them to Polonnaruwa; afterwards placed the relics in a shrine known as the Temple of the Tooth Relic in Polonnaruwa. Such constructions became a hallmark of Parākramabāhu's reign; his buildings for the reformed sangha are described in great detail in the 951:. Parakramabahu, having abolished his office at Parakramapura of Dakkhinadesa, turned his attention on Polonnaruwa. Unsurprisingly, due to the near-yearly sieges, the city had suffered and had reached a state that nothing but its name remained. It is perhaps because of this that so little of pre-12th century Polonnaruwa remains until today. 1365:

military and naval resources had been greatly damaged.That under Rājādhirāja the Cõļa empire continued to retain the same proportions as under Rājarāja II may be inferred from the provenance of his inscriptions which are found in Nellore and Kāļahasti and Nandalūr. Sinhalese forces continued to have a presence in

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seventy kādams from north to south, killing some of the Singalese chieftains of the locality and taking others captive. The booty captured in the course of the expedition was then duly presented to the Cōla king by Annan Pallavarāyan who thus successfully counteracted all the machinations of the Ceylonese ruler.

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a Sri Lankan invasion that dethroned Narathu is known in Myanmar. Furthermore, a contemporary inscription at Devanagala mentions the awarding of land to the general Kitti Nagaragiri for his leadership in a campaign to 'Ramanna', naming the king of Bagan as 'Bhuvanaditta', a possible Sinhalization of 'Narathu'.

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and Burma, the situation changed dramatically. Initially he deprived the envoys of the King of Sri Lanka the maintenance they were previously granted. He also issued an order prohibiting the sale of elephants to foreign countries and did away with the age old custom of presenting an elephant to every

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Buddhism. Many monks moved abroad rather than face such severe religious bigotry, whilst some others simply abandoned the cloth and returned to lay life. In this they may well have been encouraged by Parākramabāhu, who seems to have felt that the "purification" of the priestly orders depended as much

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Despite this, some members of Dakkhinadesi army are known to have disregarded his commands by breaking open house doors in Rajarata, and plundering goods and stole raiment and ornaments from the people of the city. This pillaging was to have dire consequences for Parākramabāhu. Angered by the actions

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Around 1150, Parākramabāhu made his first move by seizing control of Malaya, strategically securing his eastern flank. He then moved his forces against various chieftains on the border of Rajarata. The final stage of this early campaign was the defeat of an army of Gajabahu himself, after which there

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Sankha, on the border between Rajarata and Dakkhinadesa. When Sankha tried to inform Kitti Sri Megha of the prince's journey, Parākramabāhu had him killed. Parākramabāhu then seized Buddhagama (modern Menikdena Nuwara) and all of Sankha's property. He continued his journey, having evaded a force sent

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The account of the campaign in Bagan is possibly exaggerated, particularly as Burmese chronicles do not contain any information on a massive invasion from Lanka. Nevertheless there is evidence to indicate that there was some form of campaign undertaken, and that it was a successful one. The story of

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Henceforth no vessel from the Sinhala country shall be sent to my kingdom. Give us now in writing the declaration that if from there are again sent to us, in case we should slay the envoys who have come here, no blame of any kind will attach to us. If yer give not the declaration yer shall not have

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Gajabahu then appealed to Parākramabāhu for assistance by secretly sending a message, and Parākramabāhu ordered his troops to cut off grain supplies by roaming around the towns of Manabharana of Ruhuna; the troops blockaded the roads between Ruhuna and Polonnaruwa. As a result, all the people in the

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of sorts on the part of Vikramabāhu, who wished to keep the throne until his death, after which it would be passed on to Parākramabāhu. Manabharana, however, rejected the offer, stating that "It is not (prudent) ... to send away such a jewel of a son". He also speculated that "...if the boy is taken

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The expedition that was sent with Srivallabha at its head captured and destroyed several places in Ceylon, including Pulaiccēri and Mātōţţam, where Parākramabāhu was gathering his forces; it seized many elephants and set fire to a considerable area extending over twenty kādams from east to west and

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Following rumours that Parakramabahu was preparing for another invasion, Rajadhiraja II sent a brigade commanded by Annan Pallavarayan to launch a pre-emptive strike. Annan sailed to Sri Lanka and destroyed Parakramabahu's preparations for the invasion. The Cholas also provided support to Sinhalese

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Whatever the reason, Parākramabāhu was incensed. After preparing a navy at Pallavavanka, he dispatched to Bagan a formidable naval force. The size of the army is not known, but it is recorded as containing a year's supply of grains, specially modified arrows, and Sri Lanka's fearsome war elephants.

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The tide finally turned when reinforcements arrived in Ruhuna, probably in early 1158, through Sabaragamuwa, and from the western coast. Mahagama was seized and Queen Sugala captured. The forces of Parākramabāhu then inflicted mass killings on the nobility and citizens of Ruhuna, seemingly accepted

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Parākramabāhu dispatched another general, Bhuta, to assist Rakkha, who had become bogged down in conflict in Ruhuna. Despite reinforcements, Rakkha still appear to have become stuck in a war of attrition not unlike Parākramabāhu's wars for the throne. Certainly it outlasted a simultaneous rebellion

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On this occasion Parākramabāhu decided to vanquish Manabharana once and for all; "Not even in Rohana will I permit King Manabharana who is here crushed in war, to find a hold". Rakkha was commanded to hold the fords at the Mahaweli while Parākramabāhu himself attacked from Dakkhinadesa into Ruhuna.

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Whilst he was still young, his eldest sister Mitta was forcibly married to their cousin, Manabharana, the son of Sri Vallabha of Ruhuna, against the wishes of Queen Ratnavali. Ratnavali was herself of the Kalinga clan of the royal family, and though she was the widow of a king of the Arya branch of

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Soon after the child's birth, Manabharana fell ill and died. His younger brother Kitti Sri Megha, who was joint king of Ruhuna, ascended the throne of Dakkhinadesa, while Sri Vallabha was declared sole king of Ruhuna. Parākramabāhu, his mother Ratnavali and his two sisters Mitta and Pabhavati, were

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Furthermore the sheer size and extent of the king's construction projects can still be seen in Polonnaruwa today, as well as in the various carvings dotted around the country vaunting the accomplishments of the "Great King". However such success came at a price. Relentless warfare took its toll on

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states that Rajadhiraja II ordered his commander Thirumala Perumanambi along with a strong army with specific instructions to kill Lankapura and Jagad Vijaya of the Polonnaruwa Army and hang their heads from the gates of the palace of Madurai. Pallavarayar alias Tirucirrambalamudaiyan perumanambi,

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Parākramabāhu was finally the unquestioned lord of the entire island of Sri Lanka, even though it had been at the cost of around five years of incessant warfare. In years to come the king himself was to regard this war as one of the most significant events of his reign, mentioning it in several of

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Deva to restore order to Polonnaruwa, but he found himself in battle with Manabharana of Ruhuna before he could reorganize his troops. The king of Ruhuna kept to his word and delivered Parākramabāhu's forces a crushing blow, driving them from Polonnaruwa. For the Kalinga clan however, the alliance

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Hostilities resumed soon afterwards. Gajabahu had resorted to securing support from abroad, and by the time hostilities resumed between him and Parākramabāhu, the army of Rajarata included nobles of heretical faith from abroad. Parākramabāhu himself did not participate in the invasion of Rajarata,

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Parākramabāhu's army had a diverse ethnic make-up. Some of his officers were from the two grand old clans of Sri Lanka, the Moriya and the Lambakanna, who had between them dominated Rajarata from Anuradhapura. Under a man styling himself the king of Malaya (modern Dumbara). By the time hostilities

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foreign vessel which brought him gifts. He later had the Sri Lankan envoys imprisoned and tortured, and had all their possessions, including their money, their elephants and their vessels confiscated. He perceived insults to the Sri Lankan ambassador to Burma and later summoned them and declared,

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Parākramabāhu established himself at Polonnaruwa (Pulatthinagara as mentioned in the Chulavamsa) from 1153 onwards and ruled over the entirety of Sri Lanka for the next 33 years. During this time he undertook much of the work he is best remembered for, most significantly in the areas of religious

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Dakkhinadesi troops advanced through the Amban river and advanced into Bogambara. Afterwards, defeated the heavily reinforced army and bodyguards of Gajabahu, and captured Rajarata. Gajabahu was locked in the palace. Parakramabahu ordered the troops of the Dakkhinadesa army to treat Gajabahu with

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prince, and that Pandyan prince would go on to become the father of Manabharana, who in turn was the father of Parakramabahu I. Vikramabāhu was however regarded as the greatest in dignity as he possessed Rajarata with its sites of religious and historical importance. However, Manabharana, king of

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Vijayabāhu was not keen on establishing such a close matrimonial alliance with the Cola family and, instead, preferred to give his sister in marriage to another Tamil, a Pāndya prince. This Tamil prince was to become the grandfather of Parākramabāhu I, traditionally hailed as the greatest of the

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Ancient Sinhalese sources say that Lankapura returned to Sri Lanka after his victory, and was welcomed by Parakramabahu I as a great war hero and was well rewarded.The Ceylon account is certainly one sided, and describes the war in true epic fashion. The victory is all in favour of the Ceylonese

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On the other hand, Parākramabāhu, impatient having only a minor state to rule, left Sri Vallabha's palace in Ruhuna and returned to Dakkhinadesa, where he took up residence with his uncle. Impatience is also to be attributed to Sri Vallabha's plans to place Manabharana of Ruhuna on the throne of

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thus the Parākramabāhu's designs had been totally frustrated and his candidates steadily kept out of the Madura kingdom. Repeated expeditions of his forces on the mainland had been successfully met and in spite of temporary victories, the ruler of Ceylon had lost heavily in the fighting and his

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Gajabahu, who had been set free by Parakramabahu, left Polonnaruwa before Parākramabāhu arrived and decided to leave the country by ship. However, an attack by some of Gajabahu's followers on Parākramabāhu's troops reignited hostilities between the two, and Parākramabāhu had to send his army to

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During his time in Gajabahu's court, the Parākramabāhu did two things of significance. The first was to enmesh the court of Gajabahu in a web of espionage and the other was to marry one of his sisters called Bhaddavati, to King Gajabahu. Through this marriage, Parākramabāhu managed matters that

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The reason provided for Kitti Sri Megha's efforts to bring the prince back to Dakkhinadesa are presented as nothing more than concern for the well being of his nephew as well as concerns that Parākramabāhu may reignite hostilities between the Arya and Kalinga factions. However, that the king of

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The chronicle states further as, Parākramabāhu's birth was predicted by a figure akin to a god seen in a dream by his father, King Manabharana of Dakkhinadesa. A son was duly born to Manabharana's wife Ratnavali, and was named Parakramabahu. Though the year of his birth cannot be known exactly

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Dakkhinadesa ("South Country"), and his brothers Sri Vallabha and Kitti Sri Megha, the joint kings of Ruhuna, were formidable rivals for the crown. Furthermore all three were the descendants of Vijayabahu's sister, and thus had a strong claim to the throne; they are referred to in the

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and Panda Wewa in North-Western Province. A column discovered at the bottom of the Padavi Wewa in the 19th century included the inscription "Made for the benefit of the whole world by the prosperous Sri Parakrama-Bahu, born at Sinhapura, minded of what was fit to be done". Though the

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by sending costly gifts such as jewels and gold to Kulasekhara convincing him to invade the Chola Kingdom. Kulasekhara invaded the Cholas but was defeated and driven out. Chola forces then successfully invaded the Pandya kingdom and reinstalled the Prince Vira Pandya on the throne.

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The forces of Dakkhinadesa struck at the fortress of Mallavalana near the mouth of the Kala Oya, seizing it and occupying the western coast of Sri Lanka. The army then sailed up to the north and landed at a place called Muttakara or Mutukara ('Pearl-mine') near modern

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Dakkhinadesa was "tenderly attached" to his nephew is regarded as "fiction", and it is pointed out that "the spirit in which the accounts of these conflicts are conceived is irreconcilable with the theory of untroubled relations between uncle and nephew."

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were also constructed in his reign. At the center of Polonnaruwa Parākramabāhu expanded and beatified the royal palace, with audience halls and bathing ponds. Little of it remains today, but its soaring walls hint at the grand scale of the king's vision.

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for himself. The second was secretly negotiating with Gajabahu's general, Gokanna. However, Gajabahu eventually grew suspicious of Parākramabāhu's activities, and aware, Parākramabāhu departed Rajarata in secrecy by night and returned to Dakkhinadesa.

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with Manabharana of the Arya clan, backfired and it was soon made clear to Gajabahu that Manabharana intended to keep the city for himself. He put to death many of Gajabahu's senior officials, and imprisoned Gajabahu, letting him starve to death.

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Shipwrecks were common on the area. Goods from ships were halved as long they didn't carry horses or elephants. Parākramabāhu's economic theory was largely based on the teachings of Kautilya, these could be an equivalent of what's known as

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In Dakkhinadesa, Parākramabāhu was reluctant to enter the capital Sankhatthali to see his uncle, King Kitti Sri Megha, until persuaded by his mother Ratnavali to do so. Kitti Sri Megha however died soon after Parākramabāhu's return and the

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from 1153 to 1186. He oversaw the expansion and beautification of his capital, constructed extensive irrigation systems, reorganised the country's army, reformed Buddhist practices, encouraged the arts and undertook military campaigns in

1172:) on the banks of the Bago river, and captured it. Thereafter, the armies are said to have captured several other cities, including Arimaddhanapura, assassinated Narathu, and restored relations between the two countries to normal. 250:

and maintained extensive trade relations with China, Angkor, and countries in the Middle East. Within the island, he consecrated religious monuments, built hospitals, social welfare units, canals and large reservoirs, such as the

1186:(son of Narathu) imprisoned Sinhalese envoys, tradesmen, and a princess on her way to the Khmer country; whatever the timeline is, the hostility from Narathu may have been largely caused by Narathu's hatred towards the Khmers. 1087:

in the north, which after three months of fighting ended after an engagement in the vicinity of Dik Wewa. The only major victory of this early phase of the rebellion in Ruhuna was the seizure of the Sacred Relics in late 1157.

966:-giving house for the clergy, containing "vessels of bronze, cushions and pillows, mats, carpets and bedsteads". He ordered the construction of hospitals, which he visited on several occasions. He also expanded Polonnaruwa's 613:

in medieval Sri Lanka. The remnants of his force constructed a fortress in a jungle and took no further part in the war. The retreating forces used horses with carriages to escape into the jungle, with supplies in carriages.

294:, who took advantage from an internal strife and conquered nearly half of the island. It was not until his successor the island was almost under Chola control. These regions remained under Chola control until the reign of 349:

On the other hand, his younger brother, Sri Vallabha and his wife Sugala, had two children, one of them being a son, challenged the party of Manabharana. As per this, he stepped down and passed his work to his ministers.

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The popularity of Parākramabāhu is attested by the fact that no less than seven monarchs adopted his name over the next four centuries, of whom only two or three could lay claim to even a fraction of his successes. The

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Rajarata, which made Parākramabāhu's position increasingly precarious in court. In Dakkhinadesa, on the other hand, he was well received by Kitti Sri Megha, who had no sons of his own, where he was essentially adopted.

812:. As such, all trade, including Alcohol, were carried by the government. This not just helped control the drunkness of the citizens but also helped to limit alcohol to those of good quality. There was also a taxation. 455:

notes that the prince "was not mastered by the agitation called forth by the grief at his father's (sic) death"—perhaps a sign of lingering ill feeling between the two. Parākramabāhu was now king of Dakkhinadesa.

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king Parakrama appealed to his namesake in Sri Lanka for assistance against an alliance of his rival Kulasekhara Pandya and the Cholas. Such an appeal was not unusual, as the Pandya had long found allies in the

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was a significant import and was used in the consecration of statues and shrines. Pearls and gems (of which the king took particular interest) constituted an important part of the island's exports, as did

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Some time after his coming of age, the young prince left Dakkhinadesa in secrecy and set out for Gajabahu II's realm in Rajarata. Having met his allies at Badalattha (modern Batalagoda), he visited the

1142:) for a long time. Bagan emerged as a power in the 9th century and by the 11th century its capital city, Arimaddhanapura, was a centre of Buddhist learning. Bagan was also a long-time opponent of the 1005:

Parākramabāhu also continued his program of hydraulic works begun in Dakkhinadesa, including the renovation and reconstruction of reservoirs and canals wrecked during the Chola invasion. He built the

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his edicts carved on stone, such as the one near Devangala. He celebrated by summoning Manabharana's son to Polonnaruwa and concluding a peace with him, followed by a lavish coronation ceremony.

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Kulasekhara Pandya subsequently obtained assistance from the Cholas and returned to fight Lankapura's army again. However, Lankapura defeated them again. He ordered the Sri Lankan currency of

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His other weakness was the lack of restraint in his spending, taking Sri Lanka to greater heights that it had reached in a long time, but exhausting the island's resources in the process.

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1140; his objective for Dakkhinadesa was to expand it so that it would surpass the greatness of other two kingdoms, in a short period of time. He formed an administration center called

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we from the pure race of the moon, ... yet we three have been defeated by Vikrama Bahu ... and yet, there seem not any likelyhood of coming to us a son who would wipe off this stain.

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At the time of Parakramabahu's birth, the governor of Dakkhinadesa, Manabharana, been the eldest of the Arya kings, had two daughters, Mitta and Phabavati (and no sons). He said:

935:. Much of the remnants of Polonnaruwa date from his reign, as well as sites in western and south-eastern Sri Lanka. One of Parākramabāhu's first projects was the restoration of 567:

places the number of soldiers at somewhere around 100,000 people but the real figure was probably lower. Parākramabāhu would have been able to field war elephants, cavalry, and

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in which work was owed to the king by commoners) contributed in large part to the projects. An interesting indicator of the burden of taxation is the disappearance of larger

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Parākramabāhu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns—in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramañña (

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succeeded to the throne of Rajarata. Two monarchs of the Arya branch of the royal family, Sri Vallabha and Kitti Sri Megha, tried unsuccessfully to seize Rajarata by force.

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Upon being informed of the child's birth, Vikramabāhu I in Polonnaruwa ordered that the boy be brought up as the heir to his throne. This kind of adoption may have been an

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Trade was an important component of Dakkhinadesa's income since the island of Sri Lanka, given its geographical position, had always been at the junction of several major

298:(1070–1100); when Vijayabahu I successfully drove the Chola invaders out of the island, he continued the capital at Polonnaruwa rather than Anuradhapura. By the reign of 4702: 3891: 1326:. His place of burial is unknown. Vijayabahu II brought back the friendly relations between Polonnaruwa and Rāmmana, who Parākramabāhu fought against during his reign. 3507: 1369:

till the end of the reign of Nissanka Malla. There are also records of Sinhala presence in Rameswaram until well into the reign of King Nissanka Malla (1187–1196).

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and killed Parakrama's wife and children. His son Prince Virapandu however had managed to escape. Rather than head for Madurai, Lankapura landed in the vicinity of

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Parakramabahu decided to expand the region by entering the war, which spanned for over a decade. He first decided to reorganize the guards of Dakkhinadesa kingdom.

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the royal family, she preferred to see her daughters married to a king from the Kalinga clan. During his time at Sri Vallabha's court, Parākramabāhu met his future

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Prince Sri Vallabha, nephew of Parakramabahu and a rival claimant to the Polonnaruwa throne. Sri Vallabha decided to stay in the Chola camp, assisting the Cholas.

231:. The adage, "Not even a drop of water that comes from the rain must flow into the ocean without being made useful to man" is one of his most famous utterances." 1037:

Despite their magnificence, Parākramabāhu's works exacted a heavy toll on the populace and the treasury. For much of the work in Anuradhapura he utilized Tamil

4469: 1217:, specially wars against the Cholas, and their nobility had spent some time in exile at the court of Mahinda IV (956–972) after the invasion of their land by 4491: 3431: 502:, a giant reservoir from which a large swathe of territory derived its water supply. On islands in the middle of the reservoir he constructed a palace and a 153: 4445: 1908: 1263:

generals, and yet we find ultimately Vira Pandya does not find himself settled upon his throne firmly, ruling over the country subjugated to his authority

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the country and taxation was high under his reign and high-value coinage all but disappeared towards the end of his rule, a sign of increasing poverty.

4496: 990: 1034:, Parākramabāhu is said to have restored or constructed over 165 large tanks, in addition he renovated 2376 minor tanks and 3910 canals and 163 dams. 3659: 1094:, escaped and went to Badulla, where he commanded forces against the armies of Parākramabāhu. During the war, Rakkha fell ill and died subsequently. 419:

against him by Kitti Sri Megha, who feared complications with the court of Polonnaruwa, and traveled through the Malaya region to Gajabahu's court.

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Afterwards, he started a huge program of construction and renovation of shrines and other structures, the remnants of which can still be seen in

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The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic: An Architectural History of the Dalada Maligāwa, the Symbol of Buddhist Faith and Sovereignty in Sri Lanka

671:. In the meantime, Narayana, a chieftain based at Anuradhapura, rose in rebellion, and Parākramabāhu's hold in the north was again threatened. 2050: 1041:

seized during the Pandyan War, the POWs were revengefully sent to repair those destroyed during the Chola invasion. Nevertheless taxation and

622:

of the forces of Dakkhinadesa, Gajabahu appealed to Manabharana of Ruhuna, who was at Sorabara, in the center of the country, for assistance.

362:

thither, the party of Vikkamabahu... will gleam with mighty, up-shooting flames, but our misfortune, alas so great, will become still worse!"

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confirmed, it is generally thought to be around 1123. The location would almost certainly have been the capital of Dakkhinadesa, Punkhagama.

490:, today. It is mentioned of him as having restored an ancient causeway called the Kotabaddha, over the Deduru Oya (Deduru Lake) near modern 4457: 663:

Parākramabāhu was immediately crowned king of Rajarata, but the war was far from over. Manabharana struck again, sending his armies to the

3039:

The monarchy was divided between two monastic branches, the Kalinga, of the Kalingan descendants, and the Arya, of the Pandyan descendants

1168:

Despite setbacks en route, including the sinking of one ship and the loss of a few others, the army arrived at the city of Kusima (modern

848:

and Dakkhina vihara. One of Parākramabāhu's ambitions was the reunification of these groups into one order, as had existed at the time of

3008:

Lilavati would rule Sri Lanka on three separate occasions until her ousting in 1212, from 1197–1200, from 1209–1210 and from 1211-1212 -

3256:(1892). Report on the Kagella District in the Province of Sabaraganuwa (Report). Archeological Survey of Ceylon. Vol. XIX. Colombo. 883:". There was immense resistance to Parākramabāhu's efforts, in particular from the Abhayagiri sect who practiced advanced practices of 825: 977:

attributes the monument in its entirety to Parākramabāhu, though in truth his contribution may have been extensive refurbishment. The

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temples ("Circular Shrine"), was constructed around 1157, likely to store the tooth relic. The Lankatilaka Temple, Alahena Pirivena,

5043: 3493: 871:

council was called in Polonnaruwa to discuss the reform of the sangha. Parākramabāhu's chief agent in the enterprise was to be the

5048: 435:

Gajabahu II completely trusted him, as much as he did the royal family. Nevertheless, he retained the entirety of Bhaddavati's

235: 1318:

states only that Parākramabāhu "carried on rule for thirty-three years", and that he died in Polonnaruwa. He was succeeded by

1001:

Gal Vihare ('The Stone Shrine') features three statues of the Buddha in three different poses carved from the same large rock.

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which is 2,400 hectares (5,928 acres) of water. Inscriptions detailing his work can be found at the Maha Wewa near Uruwela,

3409: 2628: 2066: 3400:

An extensive online resource on Sri Lankan history, containing the Mahavamsa, Culavamsa, and numerous historical works.

3113: 1065:) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka. He also had to suppress wars against him in Ruhuna on several occasions. 1348:

Furthermore, Polonnaruwa was lost to jungle, only to be discovered by the Department of Archeology of Ceylon in 1903.

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The only other rebellion of Parākramabāhu's reign occurred in the region of modern Mantota in from 1168–1169.

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The story of Lanka: outlines of the history of Ceylon from the earliest times to the coming of the Portuguese

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but was responsible for the overall strategy of the campaign, which was based on the writings of Kautilya.

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sent to live in Mahanagahula, the capital of Ruhuna, under the care of Manabharana's brother Sri Vallabha.

83: 30: 5063: 4996: 3531: 1323: 295: 857: 4769: 4042: 3477: 1267: 903:

and are often accompanied with inscriptions stating his intentions and accomplishments, such as at the

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The Glass Palace Chronicle stated that King Narathu was assassinated by a Sinhalese Squad in 1171.

531:. Most trade was carried out through the main seaports of the principality, Kalpitiya, Halaavatha ( 2085: 4869: 3558: 3353:

Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources

1304: 1182:

states Parakramabahu I launched the retaliatory raid in 1180 (even after the Pandyan war), after

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On this occasion however the Sri Lankan help came too late. By the time Parākramabāhu's general

4662: 4264: 3884: 3836: 3824: 3291: 2073: 1074: 483:, solely for him. The capital of Parakramapura is identified with modern city Panduwas Nuwara. 219: 2763: 4972: 4966: 4942: 4516: 4156: 3842: 3716: 3649: 1266:

Archeological Chola inscriptions such as the Tiruvalangadu inscription of Rajadhiraja II and

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It is said that the city was initially divided into four districts, each marked with its own

560: 2721: 1649: 5058: 5033: 5028: 4954: 4924: 4881: 4174: 3860: 3593: 2294: 1408: 1225: 978: 932: 3241: 845: 8: 4960: 4948: 4837: 4829: 4006: 3866: 3854: 3642: 3621: 3467: 303: 39: 3404: 325:

as the Arya branch of the royal dynasty, whilst Vikramabāhu I is of the Kalinga branch.

4823: 4805: 4727: 4486: 4078: 4066: 3800: 3654: 3516: 3270: 3209: 3201: 2615:

Buddhist Connections in the Indian Ocean: Changes in Monastic Mobility, 1000-1500. p. 6

1218: 1214: 1138:), and Sri Lanka had enjoyed a cordial relationship based on trade and a common faith ( 191: 165: 4799: 4793: 4775: 4739: 4715: 4709: 3928: 3910: 3830: 3686: 3580: 3357: 3327: 3299: 3226: 3213: 3164: 3109: 3090: 3071: 2821: 2796: 2769: 2727: 2677: 2489: 2269: 2188: 1659: 1538: 1200: 1122:, the capital of the kingdom against which Parākramabāhu launched an invasion in 1164 1022:

of various tanks to him, it has been suggested that much of Parākramabāhu's work was

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Much else survives, such as the Gal Vihare, or "Stone Shrine", near Polonnaruwa. The

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Parākramabāhu's reign was remarkable for the flowering of art forms, as seen in the

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The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E

1520: 809: 656: 203: 3485: 3321: 2669: 1322:, described as his "sister's son", who he had summoned from Sinhapura, capital of 1090:

One of former enemies of Parakramabahu, a general named Sukarabhatudev, who was a

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History of Sri Lanka: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century

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Despite his personal reputation and authority, it is noted by historians such as

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Parākramabāhu's constructions work made up a significant chunk of the material

664: 571:, and his force represented a serious threat to Gajabahu's power in the north. 551:

broke out between Dakkhinadesa and Rajarata, the former's forces also included

315: 392:, Sri Vallabha's daughter, who, went on to rule the country in her own right. 5012: 4689: 4646: 4598: 4556: 4538: 4300: 4228: 4216: 4168: 4162: 4054: 3994: 3946: 3752: 3631: 3573: 3253: 2825: 2800: 1183: 1179: 1143: 948: 876: 610: 385: 243: 228: 852:. Furthermore, much of the sangha had become corrupted over the years, with 592:

Sathmahal Prasada, a temple in Polonnaruwa bearing a striking similarity to

4936: 4763: 4733: 4526: 4336: 4294: 4258: 4192: 4126: 3988: 3734: 3674: 3600: 3587: 1361: 936: 568: 552: 528: 358: 3303: 4893: 4849: 4787: 4604: 4574: 4544: 4330: 4318: 4282: 4276: 4186: 4150: 4060: 3982: 3970: 3904: 3782: 3746: 3740: 1229: 1062: 997: 940: 515: 495: 465: 396: 307: 109: 3274: 527:(which remained, until the 19th century, Sri Lanka's major export), and 314:. Vijayabahu I had given his sister Mitta's hand in marriage to a Tamil 4610: 4562: 4532: 4439: 4408: 4372: 4360: 4312: 4306: 4240: 4120: 4048: 4012: 3934: 3878: 3812: 3806: 3776: 3728: 3205: 1366: 1259:

and other buildings damaged by earlier Chola invasions of the country.

1241: 927:(Sea of Parakarama), the largest irrigation tank built by Parakramabahu 904: 849: 841: 820: 651: 491: 62: 2245: 2243: 1523:(ed), The Cambridge History of South East Asia, Vol. I, Cambridge 1994 596:

architecture, reflecting the ethnically varied populace of the country

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of the country had divided into three rival orders—the orders of the

833: 451: 321: 3196: 3179: 2913: 1026:, and indeed that some of the projects undertaken by his successor, 919: 278: 4616: 4390: 4384: 4096: 3698: 3680: 2638: 2579: 2240: 1815: 1765: 1740: 1010: 982: 908: 884: 856:

marrying and having children, and in many cases behaving much like

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Additional chapters to H.W. Codrington's A short history of Ceylon

2792:

Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280)

1255:

captured by Lankapura's army were sent to Sri Lanka to repair the

48:

in Polonnaruwa traditionally held to be of Parākramabāhu the Great

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Materials & Techniques of Ancient Wall Paintings of Sri Lanka

1233: 1169: 1150: 853: 536: 422: 337:

Extent of the Chola Empire on the eve of Vijayabahu I's rebellion

160: 148: 3612: 1537:. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. 4414: 4342: 3818: 3770: 3692: 1154: 1080: 954: 880: 532: 287: 1874:

Ceylon & Indian History from the Early Times to 1505 A. D.

1360:

During his reign, Sinhalese power failed to contribute to the

1135: 1131: 1119: 872: 503: 436: 247: 2362: 2002:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations, paragraph 5. 1928: 1803: 1153:(1167–1171), to the throne, and the hostilities between the 426:

Few Sri Lankan kings built as many dagobas as Parākramabāhu.

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a chart of notable individuals to the throne of Polonnaruwa

3416:

The Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of the Mahavamsa

2119: 1708: 1696: 1684: 3399: 2216: 1940: 1091: 234:

In 1140, Parakramabahu following the death of his uncle,

2937: 2866: 2676:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2427: 2321: 2319: 2228: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1597:

Greiger's translation for Culavamsa, Chapter LXII, 52–53

302:(1111–1132), the island was divided into three kingdoms— 2966: 2901: 2848: 2745: 2743: 2062: 2022: 2020: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1777: 1600: 646: 3068:

Culawamsa: Being The More Recent Part of the Mahawamsa

2978: 2788: 2726:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 3–10, 42, 105. 2131: 2032: 1579: 563:

not traditionally involved in martial activities. The

395:

In 1132, following the death of Vikramabāhu, his son,

255:, but also banned the advanced practices and books of 3048:

The Mahayana was influential in the Abhayagiri vijara

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to be used in the areas under his control. The Tamil

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Timeline of accession of Parākramabāhu to the throne

3515: 1952: 475:Parakramabahu was the sole king of Dakkhinadesa by 3261:Law, C. (1954). "KING PARĀKRAMABĀHU I OF CEYLON". 3087:An Archaeological History of Religious Indian Asia 2650: 2094:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations, 9. 1204:Parakramabahu I invaded and overran Pandya Kingdom 1498:, (7740-7752). 1992. Economist Newspaper Limited. 1464: 1362:destabilizing of the Chola dynasty of south India 5010: 2768:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 102–103. 2082:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations. 2051:For more reference on the Sangamuwa Inscription 1439: 1232:, Kulasekhara had captured the capital city of 3136:. Sri Lanka: Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. 2820:. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 5. 1902: 1900: 981:, considered the peak construction out of all 911:is recorded during the time of Parakramabahu. 802: 667:and attempting to cross into Rajarata via two 470: 3501: 2813: 1910:Economic Policies Of Parakramabahu, The Great 1519:, "Economic History of Early South Asia", in 585:was a brief ceasefire between the two sides. 374: 3340: 2635:AncientBagan.com. Retrieved 7 December 2006. 2406: 1702: 1352:in 1903 noted that it was mostly destroyed. 787: 776: 766: 757: 748: 745: 742: 740: 702: 3326:. Colombo: University of California Press. 3070:(in German). Germany: Motilal Banarsidass. 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 1906: 1897: 875:Kassapa, an experienced monk who "knew the 784: 781: 778: 763: 760: 3508: 3494: 2989:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurphey1957 ( 2330:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurphey1954 ( 2288: 1647: 1053:towards the end of Parākramabāhu's reign. 1030:, may have been attributed to him. In the 509: 38: 3195: 3149: 3131: 2943: 2869:The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312 2817:The North and the South in Indian History 2572:University of Ceylon Review, Volume 16-18 2433: 2234: 2137: 1934: 1809: 1714: 1690: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1606: 1532: 1389:has two ships named after Parakramabahu. 443: 286:The island of Sri Lanka was disrupted by 3405:A site on the now-lost cities of Ruhuna. 3319: 2972: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2719: 2706: 2178: 2176: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1339: 1199: 1189: 1114: 996: 953: 918: 819: 650: 587: 421: 332: 277: 3239: 3177: 3158: 3122: 3103: 3084: 2984: 2907: 2723:South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders 2674:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 2557: 2384:. Calcutta Oriental Press. p. 531. 2325: 2167: 2125: 2091: 2079: 2011: 1999: 1958: 1465:Agrawal, O. P.; Wickramasinghe, Nanda. 879:and was exceedingly well versed in the 625: 574: 459: 5011: 3349: 3281: 3220: 3140: 3062: 2931: 2925: 2854: 2749: 2668: 2662: 2545: 2516: 2472: 2445: 2421: 2394: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2222: 2038: 1946: 1922: 1891: 1845: 1833: 1783: 1678: 1585: 1573: 1561: 542: 236:Kitti Sri Megha, Prince of Dakkinadesa 3489: 3106:South India Heritage: An Introduction 2832: 2761: 2382:Indian Historical Quarterly: Volume I 2261: 2182: 2173: 1871:Perera, L; Ratnasabapathy, M (1954). 1612: 1056: 943:(which had been lost to the jungle), 618:respect and not to pillage Rajarata. 16:King of Polonnaruwa from 1153 to 1186 3298:. Colombo: Ceylon University Press. 3252: 2656: 2488:. Lonely Planet. 1998. p. 168. 2262:Silva, Rajendra Henapala De (2005). 2207: 1720: 1450:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDatta ( 1355: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 647:Coronation and defeat of Manabharana 579: 3260: 2702:. Mudgala press. 1979. p. 255. 2187:. Times Editions. pp. 37–228. 1907:Wijewardene, A (20 November 2012), 1435:. Ceylon: Purāvidyā Depārtamēntuva. 1294: 815: 779:Sri Vallabha & Kitti Sri Megha 498:. Most notably, he constructed the 13: 3372: 3310: 2955: 2890: 2875: 2867:Alice Justina Thinakaran (2008) . 2860: 2720:Aiyangar, Krishnaswami S. (1991). 2599:"The first Navy the nation raised" 2530: 2508: 2307: 1964: 1762:, Introduction, & LXV, 149–150 860:in their pursuit of worldly gain. 828:of where he stored the Tooth Relic 175:Prince Manabharana of Dakkhinadesa 14: 5085: 3393: 3022: 3010:Paranavitana & Nicholas (1961 2027:Paranavitana & Nicholas (1961 1445: 1414:Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka 1344:The Vatadage which was discovered 1104: 488:North Central Province, Sri Lanka 4991: 4990: 4668:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu 3611: 3152:Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture 2949: 2920:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2884: 2645:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2586:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2533:The Accelerated Mahaweli Project 2486:Sri Lanka: A Travel Survival Kit 2457: 2250:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2069:from the original on 2009-10-20. 1988:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1971:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1822:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1772:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1747:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 958:The royal palace of Polonnaruwa. 5044:12th-century Sinhalese monarchs 4509:House of Vijayabahu (1211–1212) 4505:House of Vijayabahu (1209–1210) 4501:House of Vijayabahu (1197–1200) 3410:A site about the Bagan Kingdom. 3294:; Nicholas, Cyril Wace (1961). 3042: 3015: 3002: 2807: 2789:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979). 2782: 2755: 2690: 2672:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 2618: 2609: 2591: 2563: 2524: 2502: 2478: 2451: 2400: 2374: 2301: 2282: 2255: 2201: 2143: 2110: 2097: 2055: 2044: 1864: 1851: 1789: 1752: 1591: 939:, including the restoration of 914: 799:reform, construction, and war. 771: 752: 735: 690: 3647:House of Vijaya (89 BCE–66 CE) 3356:. Asian Educational Services. 3313:Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon 3225:. Asian Educational Services. 3033: 2795:. Mudgala Trust. p. 255. 2511:Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon 2291:Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume 2 1658:. Asian Educational Services. 1526: 1510: 1501: 1488: 1473: 1458: 1425: 1149:However with the accession of 892:in Sri Lanka never recovered. 406: 1: 5049:Military history of Sri Lanka 3640:House of Vijaya (161–103 BCE) 3636:House of Vijaya (215–205 BCE) 3055: 2575:. University of Ceylon. 1958. 2289:Wickramasinghe, Don Martino, 1925:, pp. 64–65, 71–77, LXX. 1797:The Tooth Relic and The Crown 1404:List of monarchs of Sri Lanka 1309: 1196:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177) 1028:Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa 864: 476: 262: 207: 4503:House of Kalinga (1200–1209) 3184:The Journal of Asian Studies 2762:Blaze, Louis Edmund (1995). 1320:Vijayabahu II of Polonnaruwa 896: 7: 4910:House of Vimaladharmasuriya 3638:Chola dynasty (205–161 BCE) 3341:Richard de Silva, Chandra. 3296:A Concise History of Ceylon 3159:Chandra, S (October 1987). 3145:. Asian Education Services. 3143:The Early History of Ceylon 2881:Ancient Jaffna. pp. 269-270 1480:Daniel George Edward Hall. 1433:Ancient City of Polonnaruva 1392: 803:Economic policies and trade 471:Government and construction 290:, following an invasion by 10: 5090: 2407:Gottberg, R; Anthonis, R. 2310:Cultural Heritage of Burma 2268:. Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha. 2210:Buddhism in World Cultures 2105:Report on Kegalle District 2063:"Place names in Sri Lanka" 1482:History of South East Asia 1298: 1193: 1163:permission to return home. 1108: 1072: 1068: 895:Following the crushing of 836:(104 BCE, 88–76 BCE), the 696: 684: 463: 375:In Ruhuna and Dakkhinadesa 271: 4982: 4903: 4656: 4485: 4430: 3620: 3609: 3557: 3527: 3474: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3425: 3389:, Macmillan, London 1952. 3380:The Lost Cities of Ceylon 1350:Harry Charles Purvis Bell 1240:and captured the city of 832:During the reign of king 691: 187: 179: 171: 159: 147: 138: 133: 129: 115: 99: 89: 79: 71: 61: 53: 37: 28: 21: 4432:Anuradhapura from Rohana 3320:de Silva, K. M. (1981). 3315:. Trubner & Company. 3180:"Ruin of Ancient Ceylon" 3178:Murhpey, Rhoads (1957). 2371:, pp. 41–43, LXXIV. 1648:Codrington, H.W (1926). 1419: 793: 369: 328: 267: 95:Punkhagama, Dakkhinadesa 5019:Monarchs of Polonnaruwa 4870:Senasammata Vikramabahu 3559:Pre-Anuradhapura period 3382:, J.Murray, London 1916 3350:Wright, Arnold (1999). 2183:Simon, Richard (1989). 1379: 1305:Lilavati of Polonnaruwa 630:Parākramabāhu sent his 510:Trade from Dakkhinadesa 308:Kingdom of Dakkhinadesa 274:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 212:Parakramabahu the Great 23:Parākramabāhu the Great 5054:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 4663:House of Siri Sanga Bo 4265:Unhanagara Hatthadatha 3665:House of Lambakanna II 3323:A History of Sri Lanka 3240:Edirisuriya, Chandra. 3221:Parker, Henry (1981). 3141:Mendis, G. C. (1996). 3132:Siriweera, I. (2002). 3085:Finegan, Jack (1989). 2814:Siba Pada Sen (1976). 1533:Indrapala, K. (2005). 1345: 1286:, Parakramabahu did a 1284:K. A. Sastri Nilakanta 1205: 1165: 1123: 1081:Queen Sugala of Ruhuna 1075:Queen Sugala rebellion 1002: 959: 928: 829: 660: 597: 559:, and people from the 444:Return to Dakkhinadesa 427: 347: 338: 283: 5074:Monarchs of Maya Rata 4973:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 4967:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 4943:Vimaladharmasuriya II 4517:Eastern Ganga dynasty 4507:Lokissara (1210–1211) 4157:Silakala Ambosamanera 3650:House of Lambakanna I 3292:Paranavitana, Senarat 3284:Heritage of Sri Lanka 3163:. SAGE Publications. 3150:Basnayake, H (1986). 2560:, Conquest of Ruhuna. 1949:, pp. 78–9, LXX. 1343: 1299:Further information: 1268:Arapakkam inscription 1203: 1190:Pandya War, 1169–1177 1160: 1118: 1111:Polonnaruwa-Pagan War 1000: 957: 922: 907:. A large revival of 823: 654: 591: 425: 343: 336: 281: 75:Manabharana of Ruhuna 5069:Sri Lankan Buddhists 4955:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 4925:Vimaladharmasuriya I 4882:Karalliyadde Bandara 4175:Kittisiri Meghavanna 3861:Mahadathika Mahanaga 3104:Kasturi, P. (2007). 2871:. India. p. 24. 2411:. pp. 198, 202. 2295:Epigraphia Zeylanica 2116:Culavamsa, LXXI, 310 1409:History of Sri Lanka 1226:Lankapura Dandanatha 979:Polonnaruwa Vatedage 933:history of Sri Lanka 897:rebellions in Ruhuna 626:War with Manabharana 575:Conquest of Rajarata 460:King of Dakkhinadesa 206:: මහා පරාක්‍රමබාහු, 5039:House of Vijayabahu 4961:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 4949:Vira Narendra Sinha 4658:Transitional period 4492:House of Vijayabahu 4007:Siri Sangha Bodhi I 3867:Amandagamani Abhaya 3855:Bhatikabhaya Abhaya 3643:The Five Dravidians 3622:Anuradhapura period 3468:King of Polonnaruwa 3432:House of Vijayabahu 3345:. Vikas Publishing. 2962:. pp. 103–107. 2956:Sastry, Nilakanda. 2897:. pp. 103–104. 2891:Sastry, Nilakanda. 2699:Later Chola Temples 2265:Essays of Antiquity 2128:, pp. 322–324. 1937:, pp. 142–144. 1812:, pp. 60, 121. 1507:Hall (2010), p. 224 834:Vatta Gamini Abhaya 543:Preparation for war 304:Kingdom of Rajarata 154:House of Vijayabahu 31:King of Polonnaruwa 5064:Sinhalese monarchy 4824:Bhuvanaikabahu VII 4806:Parakramabahu VIII 4728:Bhuvanaikabahu III 4487:Polonnaruwa period 4067:Chattagahaka Jantu 3801:Mahakuli Mahatissa 3655:The Six Dravidians 2631:2007-05-18 at the 2155:globalsecurity.org 2107:, (1892), p. 72–73 1681:, LXII, pp. 62–67. 1346: 1219:Parantaka Chola II 1215:Sinhalese monarchs 1206: 1140:Theravada Buddhism 1124: 1057:Military campaigns 1003: 991:Demala Maha Cetiya 960: 929: 830: 661: 598: 428: 339: 284: 192:Theravada Buddhism 183:Princess Ratnavali 139:Maha Parakramabahu 5006: 5005: 4987:indicate regent. 4918: 4800:Parakramabahu VII 4794:Bhuvanaikabahu VI 4776:Parakramabahu Epa 4740:Bhuvanaikabahu IV 4716:Bhuvanaikabahu II 4710:Parakramabahu III 4671: 4520: 3929:Vankanasika Tissa 3911:Yassalalaka Tissa 3831:Darubhatika Tissa 3687:Devanampiya Tissa 3668: 3604:(454 BCE–437 BCE) 3596:(474 BCE–454 BCE) 3590:(504 BCE–474 BCE) 3584:(505 BCE–504 BCE) 3576:(543 BCE–505 BCE) 3567: 3484: 3483: 3475:Succeeded by 3363:978-81-206-1335-5 3242:"Parakramabahu I" 3089:. Paragon House. 2857:, pp. 65–66. 2775:978-81-206-1074-3 2733:978-81-206-0536-7 2683:978-0-8248-0368-1 1717:, pp. 53–54. 1693:, pp. 55–56. 1356:Legacy and issues 1007:Parakrama Samudra 925:Parakrama Samudra 846:Abhayagiri vihāra 791: 790: 607:Mannar, Sri Lanka 580:War with Gajabahu 500:Parakrama Samudra 312:Kingdom of Ruhuna 292:Raja Raja Chola I 197: 196: 143: 142: 107:(aged 62–63) 5081: 4994: 4993: 4908: 4876:Jayavira Bandara 4812:Parakramabahu IX 4782:Parakramabahu VI 4758:Bhuvanaikabahu V 4722:Parakramabahu IV 4696:Bhuvanaikabahu I 4684:Parakramabahu II 4661: 4641:Parakrama Pandya 4497:House of Kalinga 4490: 4253:Dathopa Tissa II 4223:Jettha Tissa III 4133:Kumara Dhatusena 3873:Kanirajanu Tissa 3711:Sena and Guttika 3625: 3615: 3562: 3532:List of monarchs 3510: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3458:Preceded by 3448: 3441: 3427:Parakramabahu I 3423: 3422: 3385:Perera, L.H.H., 3367: 3346: 3337: 3316: 3307: 3287: 3278: 3257: 3249: 3246:lankalibrary.com 3236: 3217: 3199: 3174: 3161:The Indian Ocean 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3123:Seniviratne, A. 3119: 3100: 3081: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3006: 2995: 2994: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2717: 2704: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2208:Berkwitz, S. C. 2205: 2199: 2198: 2180: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1703:Richard de Silva 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1653: 1645: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1530: 1524: 1521:Nicholas Tarling 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1295:Death and legacy 1253:prisoners of war 1039:prisoners of war 866: 824:Parākramabāhu's 816:Religious reform 810:state capitalism 767:Parākramabāhu I 764:Kitti Sri Megha 682: 681: 657:sandakada pahana 478: 253:Sea of Parakrama 209: 131: 130: 123:Queen Rupawathi 106: 42: 19: 18: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5024:Sinhalese kings 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4978: 4915:Nayaks of Kandy 4913: 4907: 4899: 4888:Kusumasana Devi 4752:Vikramabahu III 4746:Parakramabahu V 4666: 4660: 4652: 4551:Parakramabahu I 4515: 4512:Pandyan dynasty 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4464:Parakrama Pandu 4426: 4235:Dathopa Tissa I 4199:Sangha Tissa II 4037:Jettha Tissa II 3849:Kutakanna Tissa 3663: 3660:House of Moriya 3658: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3627:House of Vijaya 3624: 3616: 3607: 3564:House of Vijaya 3561: 3553: 3523: 3521:Sinhala kingdom 3514: 3480: 3471: 3463: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3396: 3375: 3373:Further reading 3370: 3364: 3334: 3282:Wijesekara, G. 3263:B.O.R Institute 3233: 3197:10.2307/2941377 3171: 3116: 3097: 3078: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959:The Colas Vol 2 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894:The Colas Vol 2 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2833: 2812: 2808: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2718: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2633:Wayback Machine 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2525: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2041:, p. 36-7. 2037: 2033: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1881: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1656:A Short History 1646: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588:, p. 34-5. 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1550:Sinhalese kings 1545: 1531: 1527: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1494:The Economist: 1493: 1489: 1478: 1474: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1395: 1387:Sri Lankan Navy 1382: 1358: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1198: 1192: 1113: 1107: 1077: 1071: 1059: 1018:attributes the 968:defensive walls 917: 818: 805: 796: 659:of Polonnaruwa. 649: 628: 582: 577: 545: 512: 473: 468: 462: 446: 409: 377: 372: 331: 276: 270: 265: 240:Pandyan dynasty 210:1123–1186), or 200:Parākramabāhu I 108: 104: 94: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4905:Kandyan period 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4818:Vijayabahu VII 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4766:(1391/92–1397) 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4678:Vijayabahu III 4674: 4672: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4581:Vikramabahu II 4578: 4572: 4569:Nissanka Malla 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4521: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4446:Mahalana–Kitti 4443: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4325:Aggabodhi VIII 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4211:Silameghavanna 4208: 4205:Moggallana III 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4091:Khudda Parinda 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4031:Sirimeghavanna 4028: 4022: 4019:Jettha Tissa I 4016: 4010: 4004: 4001:Sangha Tissa I 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3977:Voharika Tissa 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3953:Kanittha Tissa 3950: 3944: 3941:Mahallaka Naga 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3453:Regnal titles 3450: 3449: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3394:External links 3392: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3378:Mitton, G.E., 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3317: 3308: 3288: 3279: 3258: 3250: 3237: 3231: 3223:Ancient Ceylon 3218: 3190:(2): 181–200. 3175: 3169: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3115:978-8188661640 3114: 3101: 3095: 3082: 3076: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3041: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3014: 3012:, p. 345) 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2977: 2965: 2948: 2944:Basnayake 1986 2936: 2934:, Introduction 2924: 2922:, p. 238. 2912: 2910:, p. 103. 2900: 2883: 2874: 2859: 2847: 2831: 2806: 2781: 2774: 2754: 2739: 2732: 2705: 2689: 2682: 2670:Coedès, George 2661: 2649: 2647:, p. 213. 2637: 2617: 2608: 2590: 2588:, p. 226. 2578: 2562: 2550: 2548:, p. 281. 2538: 2523: 2520:Ancient Ceylon 2501: 2494: 2477: 2475:, p. 249. 2465: 2450: 2438: 2436:, p. 249. 2434:Siriweera 2002 2426: 2424:, p. 217. 2414: 2399: 2397:, p. 237. 2387: 2373: 2361: 2359:, p. 269. 2349: 2347:, p. 268. 2337: 2315: 2300: 2281: 2274: 2254: 2252:, p. 215. 2239: 2237:, p. 251. 2235:Siriweera 2002 2227: 2215: 2200: 2193: 2172: 2160: 2142: 2138:Basnayake 1986 2130: 2118: 2109: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2054: 2043: 2031: 2029:, p. 211) 2016: 2004: 1992: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1939: 1935:Siriweera 2002 1927: 1915: 1896: 1879: 1863: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1824:, p. 205. 1814: 1810:Siriweera 2002 1802: 1788: 1776: 1774:, p. 204. 1764: 1751: 1749:, p. 202. 1739: 1719: 1715:Siriweera 2002 1707: 1695: 1691:Siriweera 2002 1683: 1671: 1664: 1611: 1607:Siriweera 2002 1599: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1543: 1525: 1509: 1500: 1487: 1472: 1457: 1448:, p. 220. 1438: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1357: 1354: 1335:Wilhelm Geiger 1331:H.W Corrington 1311: 1308: 1301:Nissanka Malla 1296: 1293: 1257:Ruwanweli Seya 1238:Ramanathapuram 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1109:Main article: 1106: 1105:War with Bagan 1103: 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 1058: 1055: 987:Jetavanaramaya 916: 913: 817: 814: 804: 801: 795: 792: 789: 788: 786: 783: 780: 777: 775: 769: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 750: 749: 747: 744: 743:Vikramabāhu I 741: 739: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 701: 700: 695: 689: 688: 665:Mahaweli River 648: 645: 627: 624: 581: 578: 576: 573: 544: 541: 511: 508: 472: 469: 461: 458: 445: 442: 408: 405: 376: 373: 371: 368: 330: 327: 272:Main article: 269: 266: 264: 261: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 127: 126: 125:Queen Subhadra 120:Queen Lilavati 117: 113: 112: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5086: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838:Sitawaka Line 4836: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770:Vijayabahu VI 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4690:Vijayabahu IV 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4647:Kalinga Magha 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599:Sahassa Malla 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4557:Vijayabahu II 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539:Vikramabahu I 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452:Vikrama Pandu 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301:Aggabodhi VII 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229:Aggabodhi III 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217:Aggabodhi III 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4169:Moggallana II 4167: 4164: 4163:Dathappabhuti 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995:Vijaya Kumara 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947:Bhatika Tissa 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857:(20 BCE–9 CE) 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3767:(103–100 BCE) 3766: 3763: 3761:(104–103 BCE) 3760: 3757: 3755:(109–104 BCE) 3754: 3753:Khallata Naga 3751: 3749:(119–109 BCE) 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737:(137–119 BCE) 3736: 3733: 3731:(161–137 BCE) 3730: 3727: 3725:(205–161 BCE) 3724: 3721: 3719:(215–205 BCE) 3718: 3715: 3713:(237–215 BCE) 3712: 3709: 3707:(247–237 BCE) 3706: 3703: 3701:(257–247 BCE) 3700: 3697: 3695:(267–257 BCE) 3694: 3691: 3689:(307–267 BCE) 3688: 3685: 3683:(367–307 BCE) 3682: 3679: 3677:(437–367 BCE) 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3634:(237–215 BCE) 3633: 3632:Chola dynasty 3629:(543–237 BCE) 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574:Prince Vijaya 3572: 3571: 3569: 3566:(543–237 BCE) 3565: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3479: 3478:Vijayabahu II 3470: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3333:0-520-04320-0 3329: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3311:Muller, E.B. 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3023:#Construction 3018: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2987:, p. 16. 2986: 2981: 2975:, p. 63. 2974: 2973:de Silva 1981 2969: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2946:, p. 44. 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2752:, p. 37. 2751: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2659:, p. 72. 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:King Narathu. 2621: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2534: 2531:Tileke, N.S. 2527: 2521: 2518: 2517:Parker (1981) 2513:. p. 19. 2512: 2505: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2448:, p. 60. 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2333: 2328:, p. 16. 2327: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2304: 2297:, p. 256 2296: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2275:9789555993999 2271: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212:. p. 25. 2211: 2204: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2170:, p. 80. 2169: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2151:"Polonnaruva" 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2014:, p. 44. 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1990:, p. 209 1989: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1973:, p. 208 1972: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1848:, p. 23. 1847: 1842: 1836:, p. 73. 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1799:. p. 61. 1798: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1705:, p. 78. 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1665:9788120609464 1661: 1657: 1652: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1609:, p. 55. 1608: 1603: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1576:, p. 34. 1575: 1570: 1564:, p. 55. 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1544:0-646-42546-3 1540: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1461: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282:According to 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1184:Narapatisithu 1181: 1180:George Coedes 1177: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144:Chola dynasty 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047:feudal system 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 999: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 956: 952: 950: 949:Ruwanwelisaya 946: 942: 938: 934: 926: 921: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 827: 822: 813: 811: 800: 782:Sri Vallabha 774: 770: 758:Vijayabāhu I 755: 751: 738: 734: 699: 694: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 670: 666: 658: 653: 644: 640: 636: 633: 623: 619: 615: 612: 611:status symbol 608: 602: 595: 590: 586: 572: 570: 569:siege engines 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 540: 538: 534: 530: 529:war elephants 526: 521: 517: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 481:Parakramapura 467: 457: 454: 453: 441: 438: 432: 424: 420: 417: 416: 404: 400: 398: 393: 391: 387: 386:queen consort 383: 367: 363: 360: 355: 351: 346: 342: 335: 326: 324: 323: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 300:Vikramabāhu I 297: 293: 289: 280: 275: 260: 258: 254: 249: 245: 244:Chola dynasty 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 221: 217: 213: 205: 201: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 164: 162: 158: 155: 152: 150: 146: 137: 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 111: 102: 98: 92: 88: 85: 84:Vijayabâhu II 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 36: 33: 32: 27: 24: 20: 4995: 4984: 4937:Rajasinha II 4872:(1469– 1511) 4864:Kandyan Line 4764:Vira Bahu II 4734:Vijayabahu V 4701: 4550: 4527:Vijayabahu I 4337:Aggabodhi IX 4295:Aggabodhi VI 4259:Aggabodhi IV 4193:Aggabodhi II 4127:Moggallana I 3989:Siri Naga II 3890: 3773:(100–98 BCE) 3735:Saddha Tissa 3675:Pandukabhaya 3645:(103–89 BCE) 3599: 3588:Panduvasdeva 3579: 3466: 3447: ? 1186 3444: 3440: ? 1123 3437: 3430: 3415: 3386: 3379: 3352: 3342: 3322: 3312: 3295: 3283: 3269:(1/4): 1–9. 3266: 3262: 3254:Bell, H.C.P. 3245: 3222: 3187: 3183: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3105: 3086: 3067: 3044: 3035: 3017: 3004: 2985:Murphey 1957 2980: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2908:Kasturi 2007 2903: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2850: 2845:Sastri. 1935 2816: 2809: 2791: 2784: 2764: 2757: 2722: 2698: 2692: 2673: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2581: 2571: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2485: 2480: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2326:Murphey 1954 2309: 2303: 2290: 2284: 2264: 2257: 2230: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2184: 2168:Chandra 1987 2163: 2154: 2145: 2140:, p. 4. 2133: 2126:Finegan 1989 2121: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2057: 2046: 2034: 2007: 1995: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1909: 1873: 1866: 1861:, LXIX, 6–23 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1742: 1731:. Retrieved 1728:"Pali Names" 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1655: 1602: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1548: 1534: 1528: 1517:Kenneth Hall 1516: 1512: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1481: 1475: 1466: 1460: 1441: 1432: 1427: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1347: 1328: 1315: 1313: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1248: 1246: 1223: 1208:In 1167 the 1207: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1148: 1125: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1060: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1020:construction 1019: 1015: 1004: 974: 972: 961: 937:Anuradhapura 930: 915:Construction 900: 894: 862: 831: 806: 797: 785:Manabharana 772: 761:Manabharana 754:Dakkhinadesa 753: 746:Gajabāhu II 736: 697: 692: 685: 677: 673: 662: 641: 637: 631: 629: 620: 616: 603: 599: 583: 564: 561:lower castes 549: 546: 516:trade routes 513: 485: 480: 474: 450: 447: 433: 429: 413: 410: 401: 394: 381: 378: 364: 359:olive branch 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 320: 296:Vijayabahu I 285: 246:in southern 242:against the 233: 211: 199: 198: 122: 105:(1186-00-00) 29: 22: 5059:Polonnaruwa 5034:1186 deaths 5029:1123 births 4975:(1798–1815) 4969:(1782–1798) 4963:(1747–1782) 4957:(1739–1747) 4951:(1707–1739) 4945:(1687–1707) 4939:(1635–1687) 4933:(1604–1635) 4927:(1592–1604) 4917:(1739–1815) 4912:(1592–1739) 4896:(1582–1592) 4894:Rajasinha I 4890:(1582–1582) 4884:(1551–1581) 4878:(1511–1551) 4858:(1593–1594) 4852:(1581–1593) 4850:Rajasinha I 4846:(1521–1581) 4832:(1551–1597) 4826:(1521–1551) 4820:(1513–1521) 4814:(1489–1513) 4808:(1477–1489) 4796:(1469–1477) 4790:(1467–1472) 4788:Jayabahu II 4784:(1410–1467) 4778:(1409–1412) 4772:(1397–1409) 4760:(1371–1408) 4754:(1357–1374) 4748:(1344–1359) 4742:(1341–1351) 4736:(1335–1341) 4730:(1326–1335) 4724:(1302–1326) 4718:(1293–1302) 4712:(1287–1293) 4706:(1285–1286) 4703:Interregnum 4698:(1272–1284) 4692:(1270–1272) 4686:(1234–1270) 4680:(1220–1234) 4670:(1469–1592) 4665:(1220–1597) 4649:(1215–1236) 4643:(1212–1215) 4637:(1211–1212) 4631:(1210–1211) 4625:(1209–1210) 4613:(1208–1209) 4607:(1202–1208) 4605:Kalyanavati 4601:(1200–1202) 4595:(1197–1200) 4589:(1196–1197) 4575:Vira Bahu I 4571:(1187–1196) 4559:(1186–1187) 4553:(1153–1186) 4547:(1132–1153) 4545:Gajabahu II 4541:(1111–1132) 4535:(1110–1111) 4529:(1055–1110) 4519:(1215–1236) 4514:(1212–1215) 4499:(1187–1197) 4494:(1055–1187) 4478:(1054–1055) 4476:Kassapa VII 4472:(1048–1054) 4466:(1046–1048) 4460:(1043–1046) 4454:(1042–1043) 4448:(1040–1042) 4442:(1029–1040) 4423:(1001–1029) 4331:Dappula III 4319:Mahinda III 4283:Kassapa III 4277:Aggabodhi V 4187:Aggabodhi I 4151:Upatissa II 4061:Soththisena 3983:Abhaya Naga 3971:Siri Naga I 3905:Chandamukha 3892:Interregnum 3851:(42–20 BCE) 3815:(50–47 BCE) 3809:(62–50 BCE) 3803:(76–62 BCE) 3797:(89–76 BCE) 3791:(90–88 BCE) 3785:(91–90 BCE) 3783:Pilaya Mara 3779:(98–91 BCE) 3747:Lanja Tissa 3741:Thulatthana 3549:Family tree 3461:Gajabahu II 3418:, W. Geiger 2932:Geiger 1996 2855:Mendis 1996 2750:Wright 1999 2558:Edirisuriya 2546:Parker 1981 2473:Parker 1981 2446:Mendis 1996 2422:Parker 1981 2395:Parker 1981 2369:Geiger 1996 2357:Parker 1981 2345:Parker 1981 2308:Murari, K. 2223:Geiger 1996 2092:Edirisuriya 2080:Edirisuriya 2039:Wright 1999 2012:Seniviratne 2000:Edirisuriya 1959:Edirisuriya 1947:Geiger 1996 1923:Geiger 1996 1892:Geiger 1996 1846:Parker 1981 1834:Mendis 1996 1784:Geiger 1996 1679:Geiger 1996 1586:Wright 1999 1574:Wright 1999 1230:Pandya Nadu 1228:arrived in 1063:Lower Burma 1011:Padavi Wewa 941:Thuparamaya 466:Malaya rata 407:In Rajarata 397:Gajabahu II 225:South India 220:Polonnaruwa 110:Polonnaruwa 72:Predecessor 5013:Categories 4856:Rajasuriya 4830:Dharmapala 4611:Dharmasoka 4587:Chodaganga 4563:Mahinda VI 4533:Jayabahu I 4458:Jagatipala 4440:Kassapa VI 4417:(991–1001) 4409:Mahinda IV 4373:Dappula IV 4361:Kassapa IV 4313:Dappula II 4307:Mahinda II 4241:Kassapa II 4121:Kashyapa I 4049:Upatissa I 4043:Buddhadasa 4013:Gothabhaya 3935:Gajabahu I 3879:Chulabhaya 3813:Kuda Tissa 3807:Chora Naga 3777:Panya Mara 3729:Dutugamunu 3667:(691–1017) 3472:1153–1186 3232:8120602080 3170:0803995342 3096:0913729434 3077:8120813006 3064:Geiger, W. 3056:References 2515:quoted in 2495:0864421699 2225:, LXXVIII. 2194:9812040609 1733:2006-10-30 1562:Wijesekara 1367:Rameswaram 1310:Succession 1288:volte-face 1242:Rameswaram 1128:city-state 1051:gold coins 1043:rajakariya 1024:renovation 905:Gal Vihara 850:Dutugamunu 842:Mahavihara 518:. Chinese 492:Kurunegala 464:See also: 263:Background 259:Buddhism. 214:, was the 63:Coronation 4844:Mayadunne 4629:Lokissara 4421:Mahinda V 4411:(975–991) 4405:(972–975) 4399:(964–972) 4397:Udaya III 4393:(955–964) 4387:(952–955) 4381:(940–952) 4379:Dappula V 4375:(939–940) 4369:(929–939) 4367:Kassapa V 4363:(912–929) 4357:(901–912) 4351:(866–901) 4345:(846–866) 4339:(843–846) 4333:(827–843) 4327:(816–827) 4321:(812–816) 4315:(807–812) 4309:(787–807) 4303:(781–787) 4297:(741–781) 4291:(738–741) 4289:Mahinda I 4285:(732–738) 4279:(726–732) 4273:(691–726) 4271:Manavanna 4261:(673–689) 4255:(664–673) 4249:(661–664) 4247:Dappula I 4243:(652–661) 4237:(640–652) 4231:(624–640) 4225:(623–624) 4213:(614–623) 4207:(608–614) 4195:(598–608) 4189:(564–598) 4183:(561–564) 4181:Maha Naga 4177:(560–561) 4171:(540–560) 4165:(539–540) 4159:(526–539) 4153:(525–526) 4147:(524–525) 4139:Kittisena 4135:(515–524) 4129:(497–515) 4123:(479–497) 4117:(463–479) 4115:Dhatusena 4111:(450–452) 4105:(447–450) 4093:(441–447) 4081:(436–441) 4075:(435–436) 4073:Mittasena 4069:(434–435) 4057:(412–434) 4051:(370–412) 4045:(341–370) 4039:(332–341) 4033:(304–332) 4027:(277–304) 4021:(267–277) 4015:(254–267) 4009:(252–254) 4003:(248–252) 3997:(247–248) 3991:(245–247) 3985:(237–245) 3979:(215–237) 3973:(196–215) 3967:(195–196) 3965:Kuda Naga 3961:(193–195) 3959:Cula Naga 3955:(165–193) 3949:(141–165) 3943:(135–141) 3937:(113–135) 3931:(110–113) 3917:Subharaja 3795:Valagamba 3765:Pulahatta 3759:Valagamba 3743:(119 BCE) 3705:Suratissa 3662:(463–691) 3657:(436–463) 3343:Sri Lanka 3214:162729027 3021:cited in 2826:557834681 2801:847060842 2657:Bell 1892 2462:. Ingram. 2460:Sri Lanka 2458:Yapa, V. 2409:Sri Lanka 2185:Sri Lanka 1859:Culavamsa 1760:Culavamsa 1399:Mahavamsa 1316:Culavamsa 1079:In 1156, 1032:Culawamsa 1016:Culavamsa 975:Culavamsa 945:Mihintale 901:Culavamsa 890:Vajrayana 873:Mahathera 869:Theravada 632:senapathi 594:Cambodian 565:Culavamsa 452:Culavamsa 322:Culavamsa 80:Successor 57:1153–1186 4997:Category 4635:Lilavati 4623:Lilavati 4617:Anikanga 4593:Lilavati 4391:Sena III 4385:Udaya II 4097:Tiritara 4055:Mahanama 4025:Mahasena 3925:(66–110) 3845:(47 BCE) 3839:(47 BCE) 3833:(47 BCE) 3827:(47 BCE) 3821:(47 BCE) 3699:Mahasiva 3681:Mutasiva 3652:(66–436) 3581:Upatissa 3537:by reign 3517:Monarchs 3275:41784912 3066:(1996). 2629:Archived 2509:Muller. 2067:Archived 1786:, LXVII. 1758:Geiger, 1393:See also 1249:Kahapana 1134:(modern 989:and the 983:Vatadage 909:Hinayana 885:Mahayana 877:Tipiṭaka 867:1165, a 858:upāsakas 854:bhikkhus 737:Rajarata 557:Vellalar 525:cinnamon 415:senapati 390:Lilavati 257:Mahayana 188:Religion 4985:Italics 4931:Senarat 4403:Sena IV 4355:Udaya I 4349:Sena II 4145:Siva II 4109:Pithiya 4103:Dathiya 4085:Parindu 3923:Vasabha 3919:(60–66) 3913:(52–60) 3907:(44–52) 3901:(38–44) 3899:Ilanaga 3895:(35–38) 3887:(35–35) 3881:(33–35) 3875:(30–33) 3869:(21–30) 3789:Dathika 3519:of the 3206:2941377 1324:Kalinga 1234:Madurai 1210:Pandyan 1170:Pathein 1151:Narathu 1069:Revolts 698:Monarch 693:Kingdom 537:Colombo 316:Pandyan 204:Sinhala 161:Dynasty 4802:(1477) 4619:(1209) 4583:(1196) 4577:(1196) 4565:(1187) 4415:Sena V 4343:Sena I 3885:Sivali 3863:(9–21) 3837:Niliya 3825:Vatuka 3819:Siva I 3771:Bahiya 3693:Uttiya 3594:Abhaya 3544:Queens 3443: 3360: 3330: 3304:465385 3302: 3273: 3229: 3212: 3204: 3167: 3112: 3093: 3074: 2824: 2799: 2772: 2730: 2680: 2492: 2272: 2191: 2103:Bell, 1894:, LXX. 1662: 1541: 1155:Angkor 947:, and 881:Vinaya 838:sangha 826:Temple 773:Ruhuna 553:Veddas 535:) and 533:Chilaw 496:fields 382:mahesi 310:, and 288:Cholas 180:Mother 172:Father 116:Spouse 46:statue 4267:(691) 4219:(623) 4201:(608) 4141:(524) 4099:(447) 4087:(441) 4079:Pandu 4063:(434) 3843:Anula 3723:Elara 3717:Asela 3601:Tissa 3445:Died: 3438:Born: 3271:JSTOR 3210:S2CID 3202:JSTOR 2603:ft.lk 1446:Datta 1420:Notes 1136:Burma 1132:Bagan 1120:Bagan 794:Reign 731:1180 728:1170 725:1160 722:1150 719:1140 716:1130 713:1120 710:1110 707:1100 704:1090 669:fords 504:stupa 437:dowry 370:Youth 329:Birth 268:Early 248:India 229:Burma 149:House 134:Names 54:Reign 4470:Loka 3358:ISBN 3328:ISBN 3300:OCLC 3227:ISBN 3165:ISBN 3110:ISBN 3091:ISBN 3072:ISBN 2991:help 2822:OCLC 2797:OCLC 2770:ISBN 2728:ISBN 2678:ISBN 2490:ISBN 2332:help 2270:ISBN 2189:ISBN 1857:see 1660:ISBN 1651:"IV" 1539:ISBN 1452:help 1380:Name 1333:and 1314:The 1303:and 1126:The 964:alms 923:The 520:silk 227:and 216:king 166:Arya 103:1186 100:Died 93:1123 90:Born 67:1153 44:The 3192:doi 1496:322 1130:of 1092:POW 1045:(a 863:In 388:", 218:of 5015:: 3267:35 3265:. 3244:. 3208:. 3200:. 3188:15 3186:. 3182:. 3108:. 2834:^ 2742:^ 2708:^ 2601:. 2318:^ 2293:, 2242:^ 2175:^ 2153:. 2065:. 2019:^ 1978:^ 1899:^ 1882:^ 1654:. 1614:^ 1547:. 1221:. 1146:. 865:c. 844:, 555:, 539:. 506:. 477:c. 306:, 208:c. 4866:: 4840:: 3509:e 3502:t 3495:v 3366:. 3336:. 3306:. 3286:. 3277:. 3248:. 3235:. 3216:. 3194:: 3173:. 3154:. 3127:. 3118:. 3099:. 3080:. 2993:) 2828:. 2803:. 2778:. 2736:. 2686:. 2605:. 2535:. 2498:. 2334:) 2312:. 2278:. 2197:. 2157:. 1961:. 1736:. 1668:. 1484:. 1469:. 1454:) 384:" 202:(

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