679:
831:
874:
61:
894:
862:
847:
33:
277:
Initially, the French and
Belgian unit was mostly composed of young aristocrats and gentlemen. Later on, the unit was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men. A British volunteer, Joseph Powell, noted in his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves that at least three individuals
662:
The
Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one. The Zouaves fought off enemy lancers on the 13th, withdrew with Papal artillery under heavy fire on the
792:, who asked him to enter the Catalan front, naming him General in Chief of the Zouaves. The Carlist Zouaves were also joined by many of the young aristocrats who previously fought side by side in Rome with the Infante Alfonso for the pontifical cause.
649:
The
Zouaves suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total) and 57 wounded. The official French report of the battle prepared by the French commander,
744:, with 15 killed or wounded between 11 and 12 October 1870, and also engaged the enemy at Patay. Expanded to two battalions totalling about 1,800 men, the new force with its experienced core of former Papal Zouaves fought with distinction at the
1142:
830:
610:, rose to seven contingents numbering some 500 men in total – with a contingent of 114 turning back to Canada because news had reached them of the surrender of the Papal States in September 1870.
873:
623:
In addition to involvement in the suppression of brigandage between 1864 and 1868, the Papal
Zouaves were employed in humanitarian relief when a cholera epidemic devastated
646:
In his report to the Pope, the commander of the Papal forces, General
Kanzler, praised the elan of the Zouaves, citing a determined bayonet charge as a particular example.
270:
From 1867 to 1868, the Papal
Zouaves increased their strength from that of a single battalion to a four-battalion regiment, each battalion having six active and one
627:
during early 1867. All members of two companies of the 1st
Battalion were decorated by Pope Pius IX for their work in burying the dead and tending to the infected.
726:(Legion of the Volunteers of the West) and, by 7 October 1870, the contingent, composed of 64 officers, 1,620 men, 80 cavalry, 80 gunners, was organised into:
1639:
837:
1846:
1707:
670:
Several
Zouaves were executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender, including a Belgian officer who refused to give up his sword.
1757:
1856:
893:
1851:
1841:
748:
where the 2nd
Battalion charged with the bayonet, losing 216 out of 300 men (18 officers and 198 men) while covering the retreating and shattered
846:
603:
1881:
785:
235:
On 1 January 1861 the unit was renamed the Papal
Zouaves, after already proving themselves in 1860. The name had been introduced by
224:'. The company was quickly increased to an 8-company battalion by amalgamating the Tirailleurs with another volunteer unit, the '
1836:
1717:
1696:
654:, also cited the bravery of the Papal Zouaves. The youngest victim, aged seventeen, was English Zouave Julian Watts-Russell.
1189:
987:
1557:
936:. Also in Montreal, a miniature silver ship was hung from the ceiling of Our Lady of Succor chapel by Papal Zouaves as an
740:
While retaining their grey and red Papal uniforms, the Zouaves fought the Prussians and their other German allies outside
1866:
1738:
1222:
933:
1861:
1649:
1117:
1014:
861:
206:
789:
715:
686:
After being disbanded, veterans of the Papal Zouaves fought on in other units, for example, on the side of the
651:
663:
20th and made preparations for a counterattack against the Italians before being told of the surrender at the
765:
1800:
Bosman, T.A.; Stevens, F. (1980). "Origine sociale et locale des zouaves pontificaux belges et hollandais".
714:
in 1870, 760 French soldiers of the disbanded Papal Zouaves, led by Colonel de Charette, offered the French
974:
1443:
678:
745:
711:
1530:
1876:
1871:
813:
1886:
1785:
1289:
992:
969:
749:
1516:
1602:
210:
114:
1831:
997:
260:
1772:
1036:
1260:
928:
The names of the 507 Canadian Papal Zouaves are engraved in gold letters on marble slabs in
635:
One thousand five hundred Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco-Papal victory at the
602:
Between February 1868 and September 1870 the number of Canadian volunteers, mainly from the
8:
914:
695:
440:
244:
229:
194:
109:
1667:
913:
There are a number of monuments to the Papal Zouaves, including a Dutch museum near the
236:
1562:
1277:
821:
640:
639:, fought on 3 November 1867 between French-Papal troops and Italian volunteers led by
1734:
1713:
1692:
1645:
691:
636:
541:
496:
119:
1815:
Actes du colloque d'histoire militaire belge (1830-1980). Bruxelles, 26-28 mars 1980
1584:
777:
455:
271:
264:
158:
1813:
Lorette, J. (1980). "Historiographie des Zouaves Pontificaux Belges, 1860-1980".
1728:
1686:
1247:
1011:
817:
707:
664:
476:
186:
124:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1758:"The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force That Defended The Vatican"
1041:
1031:
918:
776:
Some Spanish Papal Zouaves fought on the Catalan Front as the Carlist Zouaves (
624:
561:
521:
510:
385:
1825:
1641:
The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican
551:
466:
311:
214:
1018:
1007:
884:
852:
768:. The unit was disbanded after the entrance of Prussian troops into Paris.
416:
360:
339:
301:
279:
255:
The unit was commanded by the Swiss colonel Eugène Allet (1814–1878), from
190:
170:
76:
66:
1121:
1002:
954:
682:
Ex-Papal Zouaves fighting under their distinctive banner in France, 1870.
591:
1733:. Men-at-Arms 237. Vol. (2) Republican Troops. Osprey Publishing.
221:
836:
Medals of a Papal Zouave, blue original uniform in collections of the
741:
809:
761:
581:
486:
426:
395:
350:
1113:
929:
571:
531:
506:
451:
436:
331:
321:
225:
218:
166:
96:
800:
The Zouaves wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French
937:
922:
801:
687:
405:
374:
370:
240:
1501:
900:
880:
607:
174:
32:
1380:, p. 260~Quoting the Evening Freeman, September 29, 1870.
1709:
The Pope's Soldiers. A Military History of the Modern Vatican
1223:"Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870"
1607:
1296:
805:
335:
256:
86:
899:
Jules Marie Deluen (1849–1918) in Papal Zouave uniform in
940:
to thank the Virgin Mary after they escaped a shipwreck.
1373:
1371:
855:
in Papal Zouave uniform in Nantes, France, ca. 1866–1867
730:
three six-company battalions, plus three depot companies
1419:
1344:
1201:
1199:
1147:
Site des Archives régionales Service public de Wallonie
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
169:
battalion, later regiment, dedicated to defending the
1817:. Brussels: Musée royal de l'armée. pp. 151–163.
1483:
1471:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1368:
1356:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1196:
1053:
1450:
1094:
1082:
1688:Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70
1823:
1143:"WOELMONT Édouard de (1824-Namur, juillet 1870)"
1025:
657:
1183:
808:was normally substituted for the North African
1177:
1171:
1799:
179:
1558:"Martyrs' Tales, Angels of Gold In Montreal"
754:
720:
205:The Zouaves evolved out of a unit formed by
1756:Villarrubia, Eleonore (December 23, 2008).
1755:
1425:
1847:1870 disestablishments in the Papal States
1603:"In the Name of the Pope King (1977) Plot"
1220:
804:but in grey with red trim. A grey and red
908:
1857:Expatriate military units and formations
1705:
1684:
1637:
1489:
1302:
1076:
677:
630:
286:Composition of the regiment in May 1868
1852:Multinational army units and formations
1842:1861 establishments in the Papal States
1812:
1730:French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War
1555:
1444:"The Zouaves in the Second Carlist War"
278:of African descent and one person from
1824:
1665:
1477:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1205:
1100:
1088:
1021:, who served in the Pontifical Zouaves
701:
613:
1726:
1465:
1438:
1436:
1434:
943:
694:and on the side of the French in the
185:were mainly young men, unmarried and
1216:
1214:
1190:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
988:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
968:A bombing of the Zouave barracks at
771:
718:their service. They were renamed as
618:
1669:Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves
867:Papal Zouaves (individuals in grey)
267:. All orders were given in French.
259:, who had previously served in the
195:Italian unificationist Risorgimento
13:
1793:
1556:Sabbath, Lawrence (24 July 1988).
1431:
883:, two Dutch Zouaves serving under
606:and majority Catholic province of
14:
1898:
1211:
1882:Military history of Vatican City
1802:Revue Belge d'Histoire Militaire
1644:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
972:, is the start of the 1977 film
892:
872:
860:
845:
838:Royal Museum of the Armed Forces
829:
722:Légion de Volontaires de l’Ouest
59:
31:
1595:
1577:
1549:
1523:
1509:
1495:
1112:
1712:. University Press of Kansas.
1253:
1221:Marraro, Howard R. (1944–45).
1160:
1135:
1106:
879:Douwe and Matthijs Walta from
733:squadron of mounted Ă©claireurs
716:Government of National Defense
250:
1:
1638:Coulombe, Charles A. (2008).
1047:
1026:Former Pontifical Guard Corps
953:The Zouaves are mentioned in
948:
788:, the brother of the Carlist
658:Last days of the Papal States
207:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
50:January 1861 – September 1870
38:
1837:Military of the Papal States
1535:Église catholique à Montréal
1446:(in Spanish). December 2009.
975:In the Name of the Pope King
917:, the Mass chapel in Rome's
673:
193:in his struggle against the
189:, who volunteered to assist
7:
1749:
1706:Esposito, Gabriele (2011).
1691:. Vol. 2. Bloomsbury.
1685:Esposito, Gabriele (2018).
1533:[The last Zouave].
1010:, fugitive son of executed
981:
10:
1903:
1625:
795:
1867:1860s in military history
200:
173:. Named after the French
140:
135:
102:
92:
82:
72:
54:
46:
30:
23:
18:
1862:Catholicism and politics
1630:
1537:(in French). 26 May 2017
993:Military of Vatican City
970:Palazzo Serristori, Rome
934:Mary, Queen of the World
291:Ethnicity of the people
1727:Shann, Stephen (1991).
1672:. London: R. Washbourne
1666:Powell, Joseph (1871).
963:
282:served in the Zouaves.
115:Battle of Castelfidardo
1780:Cite journal requires
1589:www.readbookonline.org
998:Pontifical Swiss Guard
921:and a monument in the
909:Monuments and mementos
781:
755:
721:
683:
261:Pontifical Swiss Guard
180:
162:
681:
631:The Battle of Mentana
209:on 23 May 1860, the '
1585:"Readbookonline.org"
1531:"Le dernier Zouave"
915:Oudenbosch Basilica
702:Franco-Prussian War
696:Franco-Prussian War
614:Operational history
287:
245:Edouard de Woelmont
110:Italian Unification
1563:The New York Times
1517:"Roman Miscellany"
1305:, p. 155-156.
1118:"The Last Crusade"
944:In popular culture
684:
641:Giuseppe Garibaldi
285:
1877:1860s in religion
1872:1860s in politics
1719:978-0-7006-1770-8
1698:978-1-4728-2624-4
1502:The Zouave museum
786:Alfonso de BorbĂłn
772:Third Carlist War
692:Third Carlist War
652:General de Failly
637:Battle of Mentana
619:Peacetime service
600:
599:
542:South Sea Islands
408:(beyond Prussia)
148:
147:
120:Battle of Mentana
1894:
1887:Internationalism
1818:
1809:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1744:
1723:
1702:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1429:
1426:Villarrubia 2008
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1353:, p. 35-36.
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:for the numbers.
1245:
1243:
1241:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1120:. Archived from
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
896:
876:
864:
849:
833:
812:, while a black
784:), commanded by
782:Zuavos Carlistas
760:were armed with
758:
746:Battle of Loigny
736:mountain battery
724:
288:
284:
265:Pope Gregory XVI
237:Xavier de MĂ©rode
183:
65:
63:
62:
40:
35:
16:
15:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1822:
1821:
1796:
1794:Further reading
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1720:
1699:
1675:
1673:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1248:New York Herald
1239:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1054:
1050:
1028:
984:
966:
951:
946:
911:
904:
897:
888:
877:
868:
865:
856:
850:
841:
834:
798:
790:King Carlos VII
774:
712:Victor Emmanuel
708:Capture of Rome
704:
676:
665:Capture of Rome
660:
633:
621:
616:
253:
203:
181:Zuavi Pontifici
177:regiments, the
163:Zuavi Pontifici
151:
131:
125:Capture of Rome
60:
58:
42:
25:Zuavi Pontifici
12:
11:
5:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1782:|journal=
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:978-1855321359
1739:
1724:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1663:
1650:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1594:
1576:
1548:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1482:
1480:, p. 297.
1470:
1449:
1430:
1418:
1416:, p. 259.
1406:
1404:, p. 257.
1394:
1392:, p. 256.
1382:
1367:
1365:, p. 219.
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1252:
1246:who cites the
1236:: 83–102 at 83
1210:
1208:, p. 287.
1195:
1187:in the online
1159:
1134:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:Palatine Guard
1039:
1034:
1032:Corsican Guard
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
983:
980:
965:
962:
950:
947:
945:
942:
919:Capuchin Crypt
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
891:
889:
878:
871:
869:
866:
859:
857:
851:
844:
842:
835:
828:
797:
794:
773:
770:
738:
737:
734:
731:
703:
700:
675:
672:
659:
656:
632:
629:
620:
617:
615:
612:
598:
597:
594:
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
558:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
538:
537:
534:
528:
527:
524:
518:
517:
514:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
448:
447:
444:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
367:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
347:
346:
343:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
292:
252:
249:
202:
199:
149:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
106:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1899:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Papal Zouaves
1830:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1811:
1808:(8): 699–712.
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1774:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1653:
1651:9780230617568
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1490:Esposito 2018
1486:
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 33.
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 32.
1340:
1335:
1329:, p. 28.
1328:
1323:
1317:, p. 26.
1316:
1311:
1304:
1303:Esposito 2011
1299:
1291:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1124:on 2010-07-13
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1077:Esposito 2018
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1043:
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1773:cite journal
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1122:the original
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1019:Mary Surratt
1017:conspirator
1008:John Surratt
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77:Pope Pius IX
67:Papal States
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1614:12 December
1569:12 December
1541:12 December
1478:Powell 1871
1414:Powell 1871
1402:Powell 1871
1390:Powell 1871
1378:Powell 1871
1363:Powell 1871
1351:Powell 1871
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1327:Powell 1871
1315:Powell 1871
1286:|work=
1230:CCHA Report
1206:Powell 1871
1152:12 December
1101:Powell 1871
1089:Powell 1871
1037:Noble Guard
1003:Swiss Guard
955:Victor Hugo
816:with white
756:Volontaires
604:Francophone
441:Neapolitans
295:â„– of people
251:Composition
230:Cathelineau
222:Tirailleurs
103:Engagements
1826:Categories
1505:(in Dutch)
1466:Shann 1991
1128:2010-08-09
1048:References
949:Literature
840:, Brussels
766:Remingtons
762:Chassepots
750:16th Corps
706:After the
497:Portuguese
342:subjects)
340:Pontifical
165:) were an
136:Commanders
73:Allegiance
1288:ignored (
1278:cite book
1114:Rao, John
674:Aftermath
592:Circassia
487:Austrians
427:Americans
396:Spaniards
375:Prussians
351:Canadians
274:company.
243:was Mgr.
226:Crusaders
141:Commander
1750:Journals
1268:July 26,
1240:July 26,
982:See also
959:Mentana.
957:'s poem
930:Montreal
903:, France
887:in 1870.
688:Carlists
532:Russians
507:Italians
456:Modenese
452:Italians
437:Italians
332:Italians
322:Belgians
187:Catholic
167:infantry
97:Infantry
1763:27 July
1676:27 July
1657:30 June
1626:Sources
1262:Zouaves
1184:Italian
1012:Lincoln
938:ex-voto
923:Lateran
802:Zouaves
796:Uniform
778:Spanish
742:Orléans
690:in the
522:Maltese
511:Tuscans
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386:English
371:Germans
241:Almoner
219:Belgian
211:Company
159:Italian
55:Country
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1178:French
1172:German
901:Nantes
881:Workum
752:. The
625:Albano
608:Quebec
572:Mexico
562:Africa
336:Romans
316:1,301
312:French
306:1,910
263:under
239:. The
215:Franco
201:Origin
175:zouave
83:Branch
64:
47:Active
1631:Books
1226:(PDF)
818:plume
814:busby
552:India
477:Scots
467:Poles
417:Swiss
361:Irish
302:Dutch
280:China
272:depot
1786:help
1765:2014
1735:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1678:2014
1659:2019
1646:ISBN
1616:2020
1608:IMDb
1571:2020
1543:2020
1290:help
1270:2014
1242:2014
1181:and
1169:in
1154:2020
964:Film
806:kepi
764:and
582:Peru
365:101
355:135
345:157
338:and
326:686
257:Leuk
153:The
93:Type
87:Army
41:1865
932:’s
810:fez
710:by
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