225:, in order to consolidate Asian activists that they had seen at various political demonstrations of the time. The manner in which the two garnered support for the alliance sheds light on the expressly panethnic approach that was at the core of this new Asian American identity: they went through the roster of the Peace and Freedom Party, a majority white anti-war organization that was protesting the Vietnam War at the time, and telephoned all the individuals they could find with “Asian” surnames. Though the
25:
457:'American,' after all, originated as a panethnic term to unite Northern European whites who had moved to the United States. The endorsement of the panethnic strategy lay behind the acceptance of the notion of the 'melting pot.' 'American' is such a successful panethnic construction that its members have naturalized its contours and ceased to se it as a historical configuration that has changed in the past and will change in the future.
242:
The use of "Asian
American" as a panethnic racial label is often criticized, due to the term only encompassing some of the diverse peoples of Asia, and for grouping together the racially and culturally different South Asians with East Asians as the same “race”. Americans of West Asian descent, such
209:
Mainstream institutions and political policies often play a big role in the labeling of panethnic groups. They often enact policies that deal with specific groups of people, and panethnic groups are one way to group large numbers of people. Public policy might dole out resources or make deals with
642:
But
American culture tends not to think of all regions in Asia as equally Asian. A quick Google search of 'Asian food nearby' is likely to call up Chinese or Japanese restaurants, but not Indian or Filipino. Years after someone posted a thread on College Confidential, a popular college admissions
202:
to unite based on similar historical relations with the US (such as - in some cases - US military presence in their native countries). The Asian
American panethnic identity has evolved to become a means for immigrant groups such as Asian Americans to unite in order to gain political strength in
247:
being geographically part of Asia. As well as West Asians having racial and cultural similarities with South Asians. The common justification for grouping together South and East Asians is because of
Buddhism's origins in India, but the religion has "practically died out" in South Asia.
251:
Although the panethnic term refers to
Americans of East, Southeast and South Asian ancestry, "Asian American" is usually synonymous for people of East Asian ancestry and or appearance, which has caused some to highlight the general exclusion of Southeast Asians and South Asians.
97:) similarities are often used alone or in combination to draw panethnic boundaries. The term panethnic was used extensively during mid-twentieth century anti-colonial/national liberation movements. In the United States,
233:
have accelerated the expansion of the identity. At the time of the U.S. Census of 2000, 88% of Asian
America was made up of six Asian ethnicities: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Indian, and Vietnamese.
643:
forum, titled 'Do
Indians count as Asians?' the SAT in 2016 tweaked its race categories, explaining to test-takers that 'Asian' did include Indian subcontinent and Philippines origin.
603:
213:
Panethnic labels are often, though not always, created and employed by outsiders of the group that is being defined panethnically. In the case of the
35:
133:
More recently the term has also come to be used in contexts outside multiculturalism in US society, as a general replacement for terms like
1237:
1169:
230:
193:
114:
627:"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated"
556:
Park, Jerry Z. (September 2008). "Second-Generation Asian
American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label".
217:
of the 1960s and 1970s, the panethnic label "Asian
American" was not created by outsiders; rather, it was coined by professor
709:
540:
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262:
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1223:
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469:
Okamoto, Dina G. (4 October 2006). "Institutional
Panethnicity: Boundary Formation in Asian-American Organizing".
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1313:
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105:, a racial category composed of disparate peoples having in common only their origin in the continent of
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identity was initially not inclusive of many Asian ethnicities, new waves of Asian immigrants since the
1231:
1203:
243:
as Iranian, Israeli, Armenian, and many Arab nationalities, are notably excluded from the term despite
93:
together based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or 'racial' (i.e.
1279:
993:
1368:
51:
381:
Yamamoto, Eric K. (1995). "Rethinking Alliances: Agency, Responsibility and Interracial Justice".
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8:
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145:
127:
732:
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47:
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1050:
978:
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199:
141:
119:
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98:
126:, which are nevertheless perceived as a distinguishable group within the larger
1685:
1675:
1645:
1583:
1563:
1508:
1097:
1067:
926:
893:
846:
841:
836:
661:"Towards a Theory of Panethnicity: Explaining Asian American Collective Action"
302:
297:
267:
203:
numbers. Similarly, one can speak of a "panethnic European American category".
181:
569:
206:
The term "American" has become one of the more widespread panethnic concepts.
101:
popularized the term and coined the nominal term panethnicity in reference to
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1665:
1630:
1423:
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1338:
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1102:
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1030:
968:
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502:
363:
272:
244:
218:
144:", which similarly groups related ethnicities but in the context of either
90:
701:
532:
482:
417:
1635:
1443:
1428:
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998:
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149:
1710:
1705:
1680:
1615:
1548:
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883:
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394:
317:
506:
1670:
1543:
1448:
1040:
913:
770:
327:
94:
86:
676:
1358:
1323:
222:
367:
1378:
1308:
350:
Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities
292:
863:
1398:
903:
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
739:
784:
408:
Emigh, Rebecca Jean; Riley, Dylan; Ahmed, Patricia (2016).
106:
122:
can be described as "a panethnicity" of various unrelated
719:
Okamoto, Dina G.; Mora, Cristina (2014). "Panethnicity".
112:
It has since seen some use as a replacement of the term
210:
multiple groups, viewing them all as one large entity.
410:
Changes in Censuses from Imperialist to Welfare States
1739:
407:
755:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
694:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
589:
587:
718:
624:
762:
748:
625:Kambhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020).
596:"Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?"
584:
140:The concept is to be distinguished from "
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
691:
445:. Cornell University Press. p. 27.
443:American Literature and the Culture Wars
380:
347:
658:
468:
383:UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal
194:Race and ethnicity in the United States
1740:
606:from the original on September 5, 2018
593:
525:Rethinking the Asian American Movement
462:
743:
522:
263:Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
555:
518:
516:
231:1965 Immigration and Nationality Act
18:
440:
13:
118:; for example, the aforementioned
14:
1764:
733:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043201
513:
187:
23:
594:Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002).
618:
549:
434:
401:
374:
341:
1:
769:
334:
665:American Sociological Review
237:
7:
352:. Temple University Press.
255:
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1769:
1131:Countries by ethnic groups
1126:Contemporary ethnic groups
721:Annual Review of Sociology
692:Schaefer, Richard (2008).
652:
191:
1753:Race in the United States
1719:
1602:
1474:
1277:
1111:
912:
777:
659:Okamoto, Dina G. (2003).
570:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541
558:Sociological Perspectives
198:Panethnicity has allowed
441:Jay, Gregory S. (2018).
130:North American society.
1243:Torres Strait Islanders
1088:Ethnopsychopharmacology
832:In-group and out-groups
215:Asian American Movement
1489:Cultural appropriation
1389:Lineage-bonded society
348:Espiritu, Yen (2011).
89:used to group various
1514:Ethnic interest group
1349:Ethnicity in censuses
1299:Cultural assimilation
800:Ethnolinguistic group
702:10.4135/9781412963879
533:10.4324/9780203357484
523:Maeda, Daryl (2012).
483:10.1353/sof.2006.0136
418:10.1057/9781137485069
283:Ethnolinguistic group
135:ethnolinguistic group
1727:Minzu (anthropology)
1696:Separatist movements
1559:Ethnographic village
1384:Legendary progenitor
1019:Transidioethnography
822:Hyphenated ethnicity
817:Ethnographic realism
810:Ethnoreligious group
288:Ethnoreligious group
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1594:Multinational state
1589:Model minority myth
1476:Multiethnic society
1394:Linguistic homeland
805:Ethnonational group
16:Political neologism
1574:Middleman minority
1534:Ethnic pornography
1529:Ethnic nationalism
1434:Pantribal sodality
1374:Imagined community
899:Symbolic ethnicity
827:Indigenous peoples
795:Ethnographic group
323:Symbolic ethnicity
278:Ethnographic group
146:ethnic nationalism
1735:
1734:
1656:Ethnic stereotype
1569:Indigenous rights
1554:Ethnographic film
1539:Ethnic theme park
1499:Dominant minority
1494:Diaspora politics
1484:Consociationalism
1419:National language
1304:Cultural identity
1294:Cross-race effect
1238:Aboriginal groups
711:978-1-4129-2694-2
542:978-1-136-59926-2
503:Project MUSE
452:978-1-5017-3127-3
427:978-1-349-55556-7
364:Project MUSE
359:978-1-4399-0556-2
178:civic nationalism
137:or racial group.
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
1760:
1626:Ethnic cleansing
1621:Ethnic bioweapon
1504:Ethnic democracy
1113:Groups by region
1063:Ethnomethodology
1046:Ethnomathematics
1036:Ethnolinguistics
932:Ethnoarchaeology
764:
757:
750:
741:
740:
736:
715:
688:
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645:
639:
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221:and his spouse,
75:
68:
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61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
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1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1715:
1661:Ethnic violence
1609:
1607:ethnic conflict
1605:
1598:
1579:Minority rights
1519:Ethnic majority
1470:
1454:Detribalization
1409:Nation-building
1344:Ethnic religion
1287:
1283:
1273:
1180:Central America
1107:
1078:Ethnophilosophy
1073:Ethnomusicology
1051:Ethnostatistics
1009:Person-centered
979:Autoethnography
908:
773:
768:
712:
677:10.2307/1519747
655:
650:
649:
635:
633:
623:
619:
609:
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602:. Los Angeles.
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402:
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368:book 45909
360:
346:
342:
337:
332:
258:
240:
200:Asian Americans
196:
190:
142:pan-nationalism
124:peoples of Asia
120:Asian Americans
103:Asian Americans
99:Yen Le Espiritu
85:is a political
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1766:
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1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Indigenization
1683:
1678:
1676:Ethnosymbolism
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:Ethnic penalty
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Model minority
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Ethnopluralism
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Ethnic enclave
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
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1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
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1391:
1386:
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1361:
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1269:
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1254:
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1245:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1219:Southeast Asia
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:Ethnosemiotics
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Ethnomuseology
1065:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
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986:
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971:
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961:
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929:
927:Ethnic studies
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
894:Supraethnicity
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
847:Minority group
844:
842:Metroethnicity
839:
837:Meta-ethnicity
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
787:
781:
779:
775:
774:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
738:
737:
716:
710:
689:
671:(6): 811–842.
654:
651:
648:
647:
617:
583:
564:(3): 541–561.
548:
541:
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461:
451:
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358:
339:
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303:Metroethnicity
300:
298:Meta-ethnicity
295:
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268:British people
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239:
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227:Asian American
192:Main article:
189:
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182:Pan-Africanism
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38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
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29:
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1669:
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1666:Ethnocentrism
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
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1631:Ethnic hatred
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1427:
1425:
1424:National myth
1422:
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1407:
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1400:
1397:
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1392:
1390:
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1377:
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1372:
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1367:
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1364:Folk religion
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Ethnic origin
1337:
1335:
1334:Ethnic option
1332:
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1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
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1234:
1233:
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1210:
1209:Northern Asia
1207:
1205:
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1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:South America
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
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1170:United States
1168:
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1129:
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1119:
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1104:
1103:Ethnotaxonomy
1101:
1099:
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1089:
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1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
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1064:
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1059:
1058:Ethnomedicine
1056:
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1017:
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1007:
1005:
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994:Institutional
992:
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985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
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962:
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952:Ethnomycology
950:
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923:
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911:
905:
902:
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897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Polyethnicity
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
859:Monoethnicity
857:
853:
850:
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835:
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1641:Ethnic party
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1524:Ethnic media
1466:White ethnic
1459:Neotribalism
1414:Nation state
1354:Ethnofiction
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1329:Ethnic flag
1314:Development
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964:Ethnocinema
942:Ethnobotany
869:Nationality
727:: 219–239.
477:(1): 1–25.
395:10125/35346
174:Pan-Turkism
170:Pan-Slavism
166:Pan-Iranism
150:Pan-Arabism
128:multiracial
1742:Categories
1711:Xenophobia
1706:Xenophilia
1681:Indigenism
1616:Allophilia
1549:Ethnocracy
1439:Statistext
1369:Historical
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884:Population
335:References
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1671:Ethnocide
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1232:Australia
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852:Influence
771:Ethnicity
578:146327919
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389:: 33–74.
328:Yugoslavs
238:Criticism
87:neologism
48:talk page
1691:Nativism
1359:Ethnonym
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1280:Identity
1267:European
1145:Americas
989:Critical
984:Clinical
778:Concepts
604:Archived
256:See also
223:Emma Gee
42:You may
1720:Related
1379:Kinship
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1257:Oceania
1014:Salvage
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653:Sources
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610:July 8,
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