5385:
4052:
678:
4630:
4141:
3978:
3545:
4125:
4781:
3186:
4435:
4114:
5209:
5493:
9208:
59:
4413:
5472:
5344:
378:
3378:
11139:
9084:
5197:
11039:
5435:. As some of the largest employers and landowners of the Pandya country, the temples played an important part in the Tamil economy and society. They generally also served as banks, schools, dispensaries, and poorhouses (thus performing valuable social functions). The large walled temple complexes of the Pandya country also contained several administrative offices and bazaars.
4088:, in south Tamil Nadu, was the most important cultural centre in south India as the core of the Tamil speakers. Megalithic relics such as menhirs, dolmens, urn burials, stone circles and rock-cut chambers/passages can be found in south India. Burial goods include iron objects, ivory ornaments, Black-and-Red Ware and even some
8856:. Proceedings of the International Seminar Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean 4th cent. BC – 15th cent. AD New Delhi, 28 February – 4 March 1994. New Delhi, and Jean-François SALLES, Lyon. First published 1996. Reprinted 1998. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
5371:
and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. The coins of the
Pandyas, which bore the fish symbols, were termed as 'Kodandaraman' and 'Kanchi' Valangum Perumal'. Apart from these, 'Ellamthalaiyanam' was seen on coins which had the standing king on one side and the fish on the other. 'Samarakolahalam'
5014:
ruled
Madurai after the 14th century, they were occasionally opposed by the Pandyas. Sometimes they have ruled Madurai. Prominent among them were Saadavarman Vikrama Pandya (1401–1422 AD) and his son, Arikesari Parakrama Pandya. They had built 32 forts around Madurai. Later, when Vishwanatha Nayakkar
4868:
was defeated by
Maravarman Kulasekara I. Maravarman Kulasekara I, now virtually unchallenged, ruled over the Chola country and southern Tamil speaking portions of Hoysala kingdom. He also invaded Sri Lanka, ruled by Bhuvanaikabahu I, who "carried away to the Pandya country the venerable Tooth Relic",
4224:
Kirtivarman II (r. 744/5–55 CE), the last
Chalukya king, managed to lose to his southern countries as a result of his battles with the Pandyas. Pandya kings Maravarman Rajasimha I (r. 730–65 CE) and Nedunjadaiyan/Varagunavarman I (r. 765–815 CE) threatened Pallava king Nandivarman II Pallavamalla (r.
3520:
and the Pandya country under the rule of
Nedunjeliyan. In the famous battle of Talaiyalanganam (in east Tanjore), the Pandya is said to have defeated his enemies (which included the Chera and the Chola). He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in
4881:(1310), his sons Vira Pandya IV and Sundara Pandya IV fought a war of succession for control of the empire. It seems that Maravarman Kulasekhara wanted Vira Pandya to succeed him (who in turn was defeated by Sundara Pandya after a short period). Unfortunately, the Pandya civil war coincided with the
5366:
Some of the coins had the names
Sundara, Sundara Pandya or merely the letter 'Su' were etched. Some of the coins bore a boar with the legend of 'Vira-Pandya. It had been said that those coins were issued by the Pandyas and the feudatories of the Cholas but could not be attributed to any particular
4095:
Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE. The early
Pandyas, along with the Cheras and the Cholas, were eventually displaced by
3954:
The darkest man is here the most highly esteemed and better than the others who are not so dark. Let me add that in very truth these people portray and depict their gods and their idols black and their devils white as snow. For they say that god and all the saints are black and the devils are all
3764:
According to the
Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts were sent from Sri Lanka to the city of Madhura in southern India. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandya King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but
5808:
Thus the state language was whether the inscriptions were from the north or the south and whether the dynasty was Gupta, Vakatak, Vardhana, Maukhari, Pratihara, Paramara, Chandella, Pala, Sena, Gahadavala, Haihaya, Ganga, Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, or
Vijayanagar. Inscriptions
5328:
even mentions that "pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of
Apologas and Omana". The pearls from the Pandya country were also in demand in the kingdoms of north India. Literary references of the pearl fishing mention how the fishermen, who dive into the
4067:
at Hathigumpha (mid-first century BCE) mentions the defeat of a confederacy of the "Tramira" countries which had been a threat to Kalinga. It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm. The Pandya chiefdom was famous for its pearl fisheries and silk
4900:
invaded his kingdom at the same time. After subjugating Ballala III, the Khalji forces marched to the Pandya territory in March 1311. The Pandya brothers fled their headquarters, and the Khaljis pursued them unsuccessfully. By late April 1311, the Khaljis gave up their plans to pursue the Pandya
4518:
in 949 CE. By mid-950s, the Chola kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality (its vassals in the extreme south had proclaimed their independence). It is a possibility that Pandya ruler Vira Pandya defeated Chola king Gandaraditya and claimed independence. Chola ruler
5015:
became the Madurai Mandalasuvaran, he feared Pandya's resurgence in Madurai. He divided Madurai into 72 districts, including 16 districts of those closest to the Pandyas. He gave them positions and made them separate from the Pandyas. This made Pandyas lose Madurai forever.
3789:
as "occupying the portion of India which lies southward and extends to the sea". According to his account, the kingdom had 365 villages, each of which was expected to meet the needs of the royal household for one day in the year. He described the Pandya queen at the time,
3156:
mentions Queens of Pandyas as 'Pandaia' and locates them in the south of India extending into ocean. It consisted of 365 villages which met the needs of the royal palace each day of the year. He described the queen as daughter of Heracles (by some author as
8087:
5175:, imprisoned the sultan, released and restored Arcot's prince Sambuva Raya to the throne. Bukka Raya I appointed his son Veera Kumara Kampana as the viceroy of the Tamil region. Meanwhile, the Madurai sultanate was replaced by the Nayak governors of
4080:
Several coins attributed to early historic Pandyas are found were Severalin the region. Inscriptions, datable to c. 2nd century BCE, recording royal grants – both from royals and wealthy commoners – were also discovered from the Pandya country.
7072:"Ἡ δὲ Νέλκυνδα σταδίους μὲν ἀπὸ Μουζιρέως ἀπέχει σχεδὸν πεντακοσίους, ὁμοίως διά τε ποταμοῦ (καὶ πεζῇ) καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης, βασιλείας δέ ἐστιν ἑτέρας, τῆς Πανδίονος· κεῖται δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ παρὰ ποταμὸν, ὡσεὶ ἀπὸ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι τῆς θαλάσσης."
4507:, successor to Aditya, invaded the Pandya territories in 910 CE and captured Madurai from king Maravarman Rajasimha II (hence the title "Madurai Konda"). Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by
4031:
respectively). The powerful chiefdoms of the three ventar dominated the political and economic life of early historic south India. The frequent conflicts between the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya are well documented in ancient (the
4482:(r. c. 862–880 CE) responded by marching into the Chola country and facing a formidable alliance of Pallava prince Aparajita, the Chola king Aditya I and the Ganga king Prithvipati I. The Pandya king suffered a crushing defeat (
4542:
continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title "Chola Pandya" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries). The very beginning of Chola emperor
11256:
4014:
The three chiefly lines of early historic south India – the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas – were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). They were traditionally based at their original headquarters in the interior
3816:...Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another kingdom, the Pandian. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea....
4622:. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. The Pandya king at Madurai thus controlled these vast regions through the collateral family branches subject to
2933:
was carried away by the Pandyas. During this period, the rule of the kingdom was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. An internal crisis in the Pandya kingdom coincided with the
11097:
2744:. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). Under
3081:. Indian traditions such as the Great Epics and the Puranas often associate southern India with Sage Agastya (who had his ashrama in the south). Agastya appears prominently in medieval Tamil literature also.
4844:. It seems that Bana (Magadai) and Kongu countries came under the Pandya rule during the wars against the Hoysalas and the Kadavas. Jatavarman Sundara I also fought the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati (1199–1262).
4446:
While the Pandyas and the Rashtrakutas were busy engaging the Pallavas, with the Gangas and the Simhalas (Sri Lanka) also in the mix, the Cholas emerged from the Kaveri delta and took on the chieftains of
5359:, the tiger, the fish and the bow, representing the symbols of the Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras. Coins of Pandyas bear the legend of different Pandya ruler in different times. The Pandyas had issued silver
4076:
are believed to have been the exchange centres of the Pandyas. Korkai, a port at the mouth of the river Tambraparni, was linked to the famous pearl fisheries and Alagankulam was also developed as a port.
2811:
script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE. The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the
5367:
king. The coins of Pandyas were square. Those coins were etched with an elephant on one side and the other side remained blank. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas were in
5363:
and die-struck copper coins in the early period. A few gold coins were attributed to the Pandya rulers of this period. These coins bore the image of fish, singly or in pairs, which were their emblem.
4927:
The family quarrels and the sultanate invasions shattered the Pandya empire beyond revival and coinage discoveries made imply that the Pandyas were left with the old South Arcot region. In 1323, the
4832:
was forced to fall back into the Mysore Plateau. The Hoysala king, pressed by enemies from north and south, "assigned" the southern half of his kingdom to his younger son Ramanatha (r. 1254–1292).
4550:
The second half of the 12th century witnessed a major internal crisis in the Pandya country (between princes Parakrama Pandya and Kulasekhara Pandya). The neighbouring kingdoms of Sri Lanka, under
4259:
from nand orth). Pallava king Nandivarman III (r. 846–69 CE) was able to defeat the Pandyas and Telugu-Cholas (and even the Rashtrakutas) with the help of the Gangas and the emerging Cholas.
4240:(the Panya invasion of Sri Lanka followed a period of vassalage). However, Srimara Srivallabha was soon overpowered by Pallava king Nripatunga (r. 859–99 CE). Sena II, the king of Sri Lanka,
4190:
in the Deccan. The Pandyas took on the growing Pallava ambitions in south India, and from time to time they also joined in alliances with the kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau (such as with the
3776:
Greek and Latin sources (early centuries CE) refer to the ancient Tamil country, same as the Tamilakam, as "Lymyrike" or "Damirice" (or Dymirice/Dimirixe or Damirice) and its ruling families.
4908:
After the departure of the Khaljis, Vira and Sundara Pandya resumed their conflict. Sundara Pandya was defeated and sought help from the Khaljis. With their help, he regained control of the
5131:) annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces – Devagiri, Tiling,
4084:
The Pandya seems to be the most prominent of the three "ventar" rulers. There are even references to a Pandya queen from 3rd century BCE representing a confederacy of the Tamil countries.
3347:, claims to have destroyed an old confederacy of Tamil countries ("the tamira–desa–sanghata") which had lasted 132 years, and to have acquired a large number of pearls from the Pandyas.
4503:
was the master of the old Pallava, Ganga and Kongu countries. It is a possibility that Aditya I conquered the Kongu country from the Pandya king Parantaka Viranarayana (r. 880–900 CE).
3374:
under the patronage of the Pandyas. Several Tamil literary works, such as Iraiyanar Agapporul, mention the legend of three separate Sangams and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas.
2941:
of south India in 1310–11. The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the
11307:
5227:, served as an important meeting point throughout the history of India. The location was economically and geopolitically significant as a key point connecting the shipping between
9345:
11082:
6825:
6417:
MALONEY, Clarence Thomas, THE EFFECT OF EARLY COASTAL SEA TRAFFIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA. University of Pennsylvania, period, 1968 Anthropology, p.35
4836:
was eventually killed by the Pandya in 1262 CE. Ramanatha managed to recover Kannanur and hold against the Pandya power. Jatavarman Sundara I also came into conflict with the
4221:
King Paramesvaravarman I "Vikramaditya" (r. 670–700 CE) is known to have fought battles with the Pallavas, the Gangas, and probably with the Pandyas too, on the Kaveri basin.
8005:
6093:
3300:
generals are the rulers ) everywhere the heaven-beloved Raja Piyadasi’s double system of medical aid is established- both medical aid for men, and medical aid for animals.
2660:
4511:
in the battle of Vellur, and fled to Sri Lanka. Rajasimha then found refuge in the Chera country, leaving even his royal insignia in Sri Lanka, the home of his mother.
325:
311:
297:
283:
269:
11087:
5412:, a popular bhakti religion and an even more widespread local form of Hinduism. The distinctions between the three were not differentiated. The worship of the gods
4818:
functioned as the second major city in the kingdom. In his conquests, Jatavarman Sundara I assisted joined number of Pandya royals such as Jatavarman Vira Pandya.
3450:, the Victor of Talaiyalanganam, and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi, the Patron of Several Sacrificial Halls ("the Palyaga-salai") – find mention in several poems (such as
2960:
under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandyan rulers claimed to be poets themselves. Pandya Nadu was home to several renowned temples, including the
4478:. The Pandya control north of the Kaveri river was severely weakened by this move (and straightened the position of the Pallava ruler Nripatunga). Pandya ruler
4255:
During the rule of Dantivarman (r. 796–847 CE), the Pallava territory was reduced by the encroachment from the Pandyas from the south (and Rashtrakutas and the
677:
11302:
9780:
4967:. Tenkasi was the last capital of the Pandyas. All the Pandyas from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya and his next generations were crowned in the Adheenam Mutt in
9650:
9448:
5384:
4748:
into exile. The Chola king subsequently made a formal submission to Maravarman Sundara I and acknowledged his overlordship. Attempts by the next Chola king
9755:
9338:
6046:
6019:
5843:
9930:
5263:
families. The western sailors also established several trading settlements on the harbours of the ancient Tamil region. The trade with South Asia by the
11282:
9988:
9680:
9528:
9468:
7138:
9885:
9810:
9710:
2570:
5424:
was generally later supported by the elite. The bhakti movement emphasized the mutual intense emotional attachment between the god and the devotee.
11124:
11119:
2630:
3765:
also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of
3096:
queen" whose servants were men and administrative officials and army were women. She is thought of ruling the whole western and northern coast of
9483:
9331:
9197:
6355:
That after the fifth century A.D. Jainism became so very influential and powerful as to even become the state-creed of some of the Pandyan kings.
4885:
2938:
2694:
2600:
609:
9905:
3741:
3071:. While Pandya remained at home, his two brothers Cheran and Cholan after a separation founded their own kingdoms in north and west. Epic poem
10962:
2610:
4814:. He was also successful in confining the Hoysala control to the Mysore Plateau (the ancient Chola country was now overrun by the Pandyas).
4236:(south Kerala). King Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–62 CE) sailed to Sri Lanka, subjugated and overpowered King Sena I, and sacked his capital
3495:
collections contain poems sung in praise of various Pandya rulers and also poems that were claimed to be composed by the rulers themselves.
3329:
ascetic. It is assumed that the people found in the Mangulam inscription, Nedunjeliyan, Kadalan, and Izhanchadikan predates rulers such as
5314:
reported about the pearl fisheries, indicating that the Pandyas derived great wealth from the pearl trade. Convicts were according to the
3909:
Scholar John E. Hill identified Panyue as the Pandya kingdom. However, others have identified it with an ancient state located in modern
624:
452:
4051:
3544:
11114:
7796:
11028:
9116:
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Reddy, P. Krishna Mohan. 2001. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh."
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599:
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4736:
early in the 13th century. He succeeded his older brother Jatavarman Kulasekhara in 1216. He invaded the Chola country, sacked
7717:
3483:– which give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandya country during the early historic period. The
9065:
9041:
9020:
8929:
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8733:
8707:
8545:
7752:
7599:
7207:
7180:
6835:
6784:
6737:
6727:
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6010:
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king Narasimha II (r. 1220 – 1238 CE), resulted in a battle between the Pandya and Hoysala forces at Mahendramangalam on the
447:
6060:
58:
11092:
8652:
Studies in Indian history and culture: volume presented to Dr P. B. Desai ... on the occasion of his completing sixty years
6931:
4011:). There are no indications that Asoka tried to conquer the extreme south India (the Tamilakam – the Abode of the Tamils).
8667:
7224:
2831:, and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Pandyas often ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of
11292:
6128:
5708:
5003:. The last Pandyan king to be known in the history of the Pandyas was Kolakonda, who was also among the Tenkasi Pandyas.
4979:, and Ukkirankottai are some of their major cities. Inscriptions on them are found in Tenkasi's Kasi Viswanathar temple,
4828:
with Rajendra III. The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam. Hoysala king
4186:, and the Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Badami Chalukyas were eventually replaced by the
2687:
2420:
653:
8481:
8410:
5154:. The Pandyas shifted their capital to Tenkasi and continued to rule a small area until the end of the 16th century as
442:
11006:
5522:
The parapet is composed of miniature shrines (called the kutas and salas) connected by wall elements (the harantaras).
3783:(4th century BCE) where he writes about south Indian kingdom being ruled by women. He described the Pandya country in
2917:
became a secondary capital of the Pandyas.The Hoysalas, in general, were confined to the Mysore Plateau and even king
2859:
of Thanjavur in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with the latter. The Pandyas allied themselves with the
9974:
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8825:
8797:
8677:
8491:
8447:
8420:
8336:
8302:
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7881:
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7727:
7652:
7234:
7111:
7048:
7012:
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6911:
6884:
6697:
6558:
6518:
6463:
6385:
5682:
5667:
4629:
3325:
inscription (near Madurai) assigned to 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The record documents a gift of rock-cut beds, to a
897:
6182:
4821:
Jatavarman Sundara I subdued Rajendra II around 1258–1260 CE and made him pay tribute. The rule of the Cholas ended
4772:(r. 1233 – 1267 CE) then came to the aid of the Pandyas, defeated Rajendra III and then made peace with the Cholas.
4760:. Maravarman Sundara I was defeated and Rajaraja III was restored in the Chola country. Sometime later Chola prince
886:
9302:
9088:
8326:
8292:
7837:
5637:
4968:
4538:
and Sri Lankan kings, and defeated the Cheras and "deprived" the Pandyas of their ancient capital Madurai. Emperor
3498:
Besides the poems, king Peruvaludi is also mentioned in later copper-plate grant (8th–9th century CE). In the work
2930:
462:
432:
8896:
4527:
killed Vira Pandya on the second occasion). The Pandyas were assisted by the Sri Lanka forces of King Mahinda IV.
2992:
The etymology of Pandya is still a matter of considerable speculation among scholars. One theory is that the word
4878:
4861:
4700:
4241:
2922:
2749:
6814:
Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–99. ISBN 978-81-8468-112-3.
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The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon (r. 590–620 CE) towards the end of the 6th-century CE. In the
11069:
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9187:
7084:
5599:
5519:
Superstructure: 'kutina' type (stepped stories in pyramidal form with decorative bands/parapets or the hdras)
4980:
4896:
invaded the Pandya territory. However, Ballala had to retreat to his capital, when Alauddin Khalji's general
4765:
4680:
4429:
4140:
2505:
6402:
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kings. With the decline of the Kalabhra dynasty, the Pandyas grew steadily in power and territory. With the
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11021:
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10119:
9403:
9259:
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Sendan (r. 654–70 CE), the third king of the Pandyas of Madurai, is known for expanding his kingdom to the
2745:
1014:
619:
8437:
8376:
3977:
11223:
11155:
9297:
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5858:
5408:
The Pandya period (c. 13th century CE) was characterised by several elite forms of Vedic Brahmin Dynasty
4670:
4092:
coins. The so-called "velir" hill chieftains are assumed to be associated with these megalithic burials.
3995:(3rd century BCE) seems to have been on friendly terms with the people of south India and Sri Lanka (the
3381:
3340:
2615:
2485:
614:
594:
589:
397:
10801:
9216:
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4752:(1216 – 46 CE) for self-rule (to stop the Pandya invasion into the Chola country), with the help of the
4232:. Varagunavarman I invaded the Pallava country and conquered the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu) and
4194:
in late 8th century CE). In the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyas had managed to advance as far as
11201:
11054:
11038:
8253:
8081:
6287:
Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from A.D. c. 1000 to c. 1500
6045:
Cite error: The named reference "சநா ஐயர்4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
5662:
4849:
4784:
4733:
4690:
4660:
4618:
The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and
4209:). Arikesari Maravarman (r. 670–700 CE), the fourth Pandya ruler, is known for his battles against the
4133:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2665:
8033:
5506:
The Tamil country is home to the 'South Indian' or 'Dravidian' style of medieval temple architecture.
4852:
between 1262 and 1264 CE. The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE.
10101:
9251:
9177:
9051:
7374:
7002:
6874:
6774:
5478:
4547:'s rule (r. from 1070 CE) was marked by the loss of Sri Lanka and a rebellion in the Pandya country.
4534:(r. 985–1014 CE) is known to have attacked the Pandyas. He fought against an alliance of the Pandya,
2864:
2635:
2595:
2585:
2060:
1654:
1003:
875:
33:
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7871:
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Cite error: The named reference "Harman" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
5842:
Cite error: The named reference "Thapar" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
5471:
4048:
world). The gradual shift from chiefdoms to kingdoms seems to have occurred in the following period.
3904:(northern India) ...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese ...
11277:
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10502:
10418:
10262:
10215:
10125:
9997:
9800:
9323:
9312:
9224:
6710:
4606:
3048:. Apart from these derivations mentioned, several other theories do appear in historical studies.
2520:
1434:
1274:
457:
17:
5525:
On top, a necking that supports a solid dome, or cupola (crowned by a pot and finial)—the sikhara.
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11147:
11014:
10964:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
10822:
9102:
5652:
5329:
sea, avoid attacks from sharks, bring up the right-whorled chank and blow on the sounding shell.
4399:
3659:
3572:
3344:
3234:
2625:
2590:
2425:
2205:
1754:
1306:
1235:
646:
8754:
7839:
The collapse of the Rajarata civilization in Ceylon and the drift to the south-west: a symposium
5376:, 'Konerirayan' on coins having a bull and 'Kaliyugaraman' on coins that depict a pair of feet.
4912:
region by 1314. Subsequently, there were two more expeditions from the sultanate in 1314 led by
11312:
11175:
11170:
9745:
9229:
8940:
6485:. Institute of Epigraphy, State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu. p. 52.
5677:
5576:
5496:
5401:
4921:
4340:
4328:
3246:
2540:
2515:
2465:
2405:
1990:
1926:
1724:
940:
815:
472:
402:
9055:
8650:
8156:
11212:
10584:
10468:
10439:
10339:
9670:
9533:
9172:
9167:
8533:
7197:
7101:
6319:
6000:
5761:
5647:
5442:
while at some point they converted to Hinduism. They supported the Bhakti movement from both
5240:
5180:
5140:
5011:
4956:
4869:
and the wealth of the island. Sri Lanka remained under Pandya control until c. 1308–1309 CE.
4416:
4191:
4156:
3972:
3862:, the ambassador sent by a king from India "named Pandion or, according to others, Porus" to
3272:(Ashoka), the beloved of the gods, as well as in the parts occupied by the faithful, such as
3217:. These polities, possibly not part of the Maurya empire, were on friendly terms with Asoka:
3137:
2776:
2575:
2545:
2410:
2365:
2195:
1834:
1824:
1794:
1526:
1506:
1367:
736:
698:
482:
467:
368:
276:
7819:
7264:
7250:
5809:
were sometimes written in regional languages, but they invariably had a preface in Sanskrit.
4802:
ascended the Pandya throne in 1251 CE. He led his army to the Chola country (even as far as
11322:
11251:
11246:
9915:
9775:
9568:
7172:
Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)
5778:
Kings of the Chola and Pandya dynasties also issued Tamil and bilingual Tamil inscriptions.
5657:
5299:
5294:
The early historic Pandya country was famous for its supply of pearls. The ancient port of
5276:
5128:
4917:
4745:
4563:
4559:
4316:
4124:
3855:
3785:
3385:
3354:
with the fish symbol of the Pandyas dating from around the same time have also been found.
3238:
2655:
2510:
2495:
2440:
2081:
8949:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
8161:. Asian Educational Services, 1991 – India, South. pp. 67–68, 110–111, 167, 171–174.
2996:
is derived from the ancient Tamil word "pandu" meaning "old". The theory suggests that in
8:
10847:
10785:
10237:
10032:
9910:
8943:(1992). "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
6900:
Karuṇāniti, Kalaiñar Mu; Araṅkacāmi, Pal̲ani; Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik (1997).
5612:
5356:
5303:
5236:
5165:
5007:
4780:
4591:
4365:
4187:
4179:
4045:
3879:
3149:
2824:
2820:
2796:
2768:
2435:
2163:
2010:
1704:
1684:
1096:
1044:
560:
545:
477:
437:
290:
6985:
5503:
The early temple architecture phase in Tamil Nadu opens with the rock-cut cave temples.
3366:. The poems refers to about twelve Pandya rulers. According to tradition, the legendary
11036:
10596:
10423:
10367:
10323:
9825:
9578:
9307:
5606:
5360:
5217:
4901:
princes, and returned to Delhi with the plunder. By 1312 the Pandya control over south
4865:
4761:
4749:
4520:
4515:
4434:
4249:
4183:
3563:
3351:
3297:
3230:
2828:
2640:
2500:
2480:
2125:
1734:
1644:
1414:
1404:
1337:
1286:
992:
908:
639:
412:
8218:
6729:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation
4252:, the Kerala calendar, in 825 CE marked the liberation of Venadu from Pandya control.
4159:, a later copper-plate, Kadungon appears as the "destroyer" of the "anti-Brahmanical"
11184:
10835:
10831:
10789:
10778:
10756:
10724:
10710:
10395:
9870:
9820:
9498:
9182:
9061:
9037:
9016:
8997:
8975:
8950:
8925:
8902:
8872:
8821:
8793:
8765:
8729:
8703:
8673:
8541:
8487:
8443:
8416:
8332:
8298:
8259:
8187:
8162:
7877:
7775:
7748:
7745:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
7723:
7648:
7595:
7230:
7203:
7176:
7107:
7044:
7008:
6964:
6937:
6907:
6880:
6831:
6780:
6733:
6693:
6604:
6554:
6551:
Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition
6514:
6459:
6432:
6381:
6327:
6066:
6006:
5864:
5797:
5767:
5763:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
5642:
5567:
5268:
5264:
5151:
4893:
4848:
was invaded by Jatavarman Sundara I in 1258 and on his behalf by his younger brother
4841:
4788:
4479:
4377:
4245:
4148:
4033:
3944:
3363:
3185:
2942:
2792:
2775:". The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. The
2650:
2620:
2530:
2525:
2470:
2415:
2245:
2135:
2114:
2070:
2040:
1744:
1674:
1664:
1634:
1116:
1078:
958:
710:
540:
5925:
Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).
5745:
Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).
4939:
The Pandya kings from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya to his successors who ruled with
4248:(r. c. 862–880 CE) as the new king soon after. It is proposed that the start of the
3124:
The medieval Pandya kings were claimed to have belonged to the Chandra-vamsa or the
2871:
until it found an opportunity to revive its frontiers during the late 13th century.
11236:
10720:
10705:
10701:
10654:
10650:
10610:
10576:
10572:
10391:
9955:
9945:
9890:
9770:
9750:
9508:
9418:
9264:
9192:
7813:
6686:
5428:
5208:
4959:
from the fourteenth century onwards, the Pandyas lost their traditional capital of
4638:
4539:
4460:
4218:
4160:
4097:
4055:
Pandya coin with temple between hills and elephant (Sri Lanka ca. 1st century CE) (
3951:
visited the Pandya kingdom and left a vivid description of the land and its people.
2961:
2860:
2645:
2580:
2550:
2535:
2490:
2475:
2460:
2430:
2325:
2020:
1804:
1714:
1593:
1583:
1536:
1465:
1444:
1034:
1024:
863:
798:
515:
8631:
8589:
5971:
4523:(r. 957–73) responded by defeating Vira Pandya I in two battles (and Chola prince
4113:
3753:
3108:
are found. She is sometimes seen as an incarnation of the Pandya associated gods,
11180:
10958:
10839:
10797:
10793:
10760:
10732:
10728:
10674:
10580:
10512:
10474:
10280:
9845:
9830:
9760:
9735:
9725:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9655:
9640:
9615:
9605:
9583:
9548:
9543:
9523:
9503:
9488:
9458:
9443:
9234:
9031:
9010:
8991:
8963:
8944:
8919:
8469:. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology. p. 102.
7279:
7170:
6608:
6480:
6453:
6368:
5791:
5547:
Gopuras are extremely large and elaborately decorated (capped by a barrel vault).
5536:
5155:
5124:
4976:
4833:
4829:
4769:
4551:
4210:
3901:
3863:
3847:
3801:
3695:
3648:
3628:
3505:
3447:
3416:
3330:
3242:
3052:
2918:
2848:
2725:
2103:
2092:
2050:
2030:
1948:
1915:
1496:
1424:
1384:
1296:
1256:
1218:
1136:
304:
262:
194:
7914:
Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture
5279:. The contacts between south India and the Middle East continued even after the
4971:. During the same period, some Pandyas ruled with Tirunelveli as their capital.
11109:
11042:
10694:
10567:
10464:
10065:
9950:
9920:
9855:
9840:
9790:
9740:
9675:
9665:
9610:
9593:
9573:
9563:
9558:
9518:
9398:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9274:
9241:
8655:. Prof. P. B. Desai Felicitation Committee, Karnatak University; . p. 125.
7713:
7067:
5561:
5338:
5307:
5244:
5228:
4928:
4882:
4837:
4753:
4294:
4144:
4056:
3851:
3722:
3500:
3473:
3452:
3404:
3315:
3293:
3194:
3073:
2935:
2800:
2716:
2313:
2265:
1959:
1937:
1905:
1883:
1844:
1774:
1764:
1624:
1357:
669:
555:
550:
525:
520:
318:
168:
102:
10114:
6873:
Venkataramaiah, K. M.; Linguistics, International School of Dravidian (1996).
4888:
in south India. Taking advantage of the political situation, the neighbouring
2925:(1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded
11271:
10843:
10646:
10606:
10507:
10490:
10443:
10428:
10414:
10387:
10383:
10343:
10328:
10317:
10269:
9925:
9865:
9860:
9815:
9805:
9660:
9635:
9620:
9553:
9453:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9388:
9207:
9001:
8979:
8910:
5672:
5540:
5492:
5143:
was appointed governor of the newly created southernmost Ma'bar province. In
4535:
4456:
4455:
chieftain had transferred their loyalty from the Pallava to the Pandya). The
4439:
4256:
4202:
4117:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3876:
3757:
3713:
3704:
3367:
3303:
3273:
3125:
3113:
3089:
3013:
2997:
2953:
2905:) successfully expanded the kingdom into the Telugu country (as far north as
2887:
2836:
2741:
2737:
2235:
2175:
2000:
1394:
1347:
1327:
1201:
1184:
1146:
1126:
1061:
845:
835:
825:
768:
565:
535:
425:
392:
8954:
8906:
8564:
5347:
One of the early coins of the Pandyas showing their emblem of the Two Fishes
4036:) Tamil poetry. The Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas also controlled the ports of
11231:
11160:
10562:
10435:
10335:
10205:
10143:
10108:
10090:
10082:
10026:
9966:
9895:
9850:
9720:
9705:
9625:
9513:
9493:
9473:
9383:
7696:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.
7629:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.
7578:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.
7531:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.
7481:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.
6269:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
6251:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
5571:
5481:
5368:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5179:
in 1378. In 1529 the Nayak governors declared independence and established
5176:
5161:
4992:
4988:
4952:
4944:
4544:
4237:
4089:
4000:
3981:
3523:
3479:
3319:
3214:
3170:
2868:
2808:
2752:, the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day
2355:
2345:
2225:
2215:
2145:
1980:
1970:
1854:
1784:
1566:
1486:
1106:
970:
918:
786:
530:
492:
487:
208:
8507:
8252:
Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, Shu; Samuel, G. John; Thiagarajan, P. (1997).
7944:
7859:. Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; .
7252:
Travel and ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European eyes
6827:
A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
6236:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
5887:
Subbarayalu, Y. (2014). "Early Tamil Polity". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).
4412:
4213:. Pallava king Narasimhavarman I (r. 630–668 CE), the famous conqueror of
3804:
refers to the Pandya ruler of Madurai in general terms (first century CE).
3756:(composed in the 5th century CE) mentions a Pandya king in the context of
11164:
10983:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
10751:
10744:
10627:
10601:
10409:
10379:
10040:
9356:
8184:
A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India
5825:
5443:
5343:
5311:
5232:
5000:
4984:
4964:
4913:
4909:
4897:
4815:
4792:
4508:
4504:
4073:
3937:
3925:
3780:
3731:
3668:
3637:
3399:
3285:
3281:
3153:
3105:
3101:
2946:
2914:
2780:
2753:
2375:
2335:
2295:
1694:
1556:
1546:
407:
9094:
5535:
The major Pandya contributions to Dravidian architecture come after the
3201:(3rd century BCE). In his inscriptions (2nd and 13th Major Rock Edict),
11241:
11206:
11059:
10813:
10623:
9880:
9600:
9408:
8224:
The cyclopædia of India and Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour
5485:
5272:
5224:
4531:
4195:
4016:
4008:
3948:
3592:
3529:
3513:
3485:
3467:
3289:
3258:
3085:
2285:
2185:
1895:
570:
8946:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)
8854:
Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean
7932:
7920:
7899:
Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu
7560:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7266:
Muslim identity, print culture, and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu
6863:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 52–53. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6763:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 48–49. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6656:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 26–27. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6499:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 25–26. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6168:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 47–48. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
5510:
Typical temple consists of a hall and a square sanctum (the gabhagrha)
5427:
The Pandya country was home to several renowned temples including the
4566:, joined in and took sides with any of the two princes or their kins.
4419:, Pandya kingdom, king Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (8th century CE)
10556:
9785:
8987:
8888:
The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
8251:
7956:
7815:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire
7416:
7414:
5632:
5618:
5393:
5352:
5306:
and Egyptian voyagers give details about the pearl fisheries off the
5280:
5248:
5201:
4972:
4845:
4807:
4741:
4619:
4524:
4468:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4064:
3491:
3461:
3336:
3311:
3269:
3140:
of Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I (Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan).
3129:
3109:
3097:
2926:
2910:
2852:
2813:
2791:. The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry (
2772:
2757:
2729:
2255:
347:
9353:
7542:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7281:
The Pāṇḍyan Kingdom From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
5863:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b).
3533:) by Nakkirar contains a description of king Nedunjeliyan's palace.
3362:
The early historic Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available
2972:(late 6th century CE) coincided with the prominence of the Shaivite
10634:
10517:
10375:
10201:
10193:
10147:
10138:
9875:
9765:
9715:
9538:
9478:
9463:
9413:
7551:
7498:
6712:
Complete Works of Alexander Cunningham: Inscriptions of Asoka Vol I
6370:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from
5451:
5447:
5409:
5136:
4996:
4732:
The foundation for the Pandya supremacy in south India was laid by
4500:
4281:
4172:
3921:
3795:
3610:
3601:
3583:
3322:
3033:
3029:
2973:
2969:
2891:
2733:
2605:
1516:
981:
758:
748:
377:
181:
152:
129:
118:
8752:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
8272:
7375:
https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Shunga-kingdom#ref46870
6652:
Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in
6588:
6495:
Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in
6238:(2nd ed.). Madras: Oxford University Press. pp. 170–172.
5123:
While the previous sultanate raids were content with plunder, the
4514:
The Cholas were defeated by a Rashtrakuta-lead confederacy in the
10715:
10641:
10542:
10523:
10371:
10244:
10197:
10159:
10152:
9900:
9795:
9685:
9645:
9146:
9138:
7968:
7438:
7391:
6206:
5687:
5580:
5528:
5439:
5432:
5288:
5213:
5132:
4960:
4940:
4889:
4803:
4737:
4634:
4623:
4168:
4085:
4037:
4028:
4024:
3933:
3886:
3859:
3830:
3686:
3677:
3619:
3550:
3517:
3371:
3210:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3136:
as ancestors. Pururavas is listed as one of the ancestors in the
3133:
3093:
3045:
3021:
2981:
2965:
2957:
2906:
2784:
2767:
The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "
2761:
1814:
719:
139:
124:
86:
80:
8839:. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamil Nadu State Dept. of Archaeology.
7987:
7985:
7983:
7870:
Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (13 May 2016).
7330:
6776:
Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300
6267:
Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958). "The Age of the Four Kingdoms".
5150:, Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan declared his independence and created
11138:
10678:
10249:
10164:
10096:
10022:
9940:
9835:
9588:
9438:
9393:
9142:
9083:
9033:
The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
7320:
7318:
7305:
7303:
7301:
6903:
Gleanings from Sangam verses: English version of Sangat Thamizh
6196:
6194:
5413:
5389:
5373:
5321:
5295:
5223:
The Pandya country, located at the extreme southwestern tip of
4948:
4931:
declared its independence from the crumbling Pandya influence.
4902:
4864:. Around 1279 the combined force of Hoysala king Ramanatha and
4811:
4757:
4214:
4206:
4164:
4132:, Pandya dynasty, second half of the 8th–early 9th century CE (
4129:
4069:
4041:
3992:
3843:
3766:
3509:
3377:
3250:
3226:
3222:
3202:
3198:
3068:
2977:
2856:
2840:
2832:
2804:
2788:
1614:
497:
74:
7486:
6879:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 548.
4764:
attacked the Pandyas and defeated two Pandya royals including
4423:
4151:(dated to early 12th century) Los Angeles County Museum of Art
3813:(first century CE) describes the riches of a "Pandian kingdom"
3760:'s (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers.
9935:
9630:
8534:"The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society"
8328:
A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly
7980:
6320:"The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society"
5421:
5417:
5397:
5284:
5196:
4555:
4233:
4020:
3914:
3910:
3770:
3206:
3158:
3041:
3037:
3032:. Another theory is that the word Pandya is derived from the
3005:
2844:
2783:) from the ancient period, which included the inland city of
2764:. Pandya dynasty is the longest ruling dynasty in the world.
343:
9012:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
7426:
7379:
7342:
7315:
7298:
7286:
6899:
6861:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
6761:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
6654:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
6613:. Vol. 17. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 305.
6497:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
6191:
6166:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
5927:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
5889:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
5747:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
3943:
In the later part of the 13th century (in 1288 and 1293 CE)
10209:
10050:
7842:. Ceylon Studies Seminar, University of Ceylon. p. 96.
6253:(1958 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 203–205.
5513:
The foundation block, or socle, is known as the adhisthana.
4569:
Pandya kings (10th century–first half of 11th century CE):
3326:
2275:
8436:
Shastri, Ajay Mitra; Kumar, Manmohan S. (1 January 1996).
8007:
History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526. Editor: Fauja Singh
7812:
Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Bhavan, Bharatiya Vidya (1966).
6963:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 20, 145.
6065:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 March 2009. p. 57.
5302:, was the centre of the pearl trade. Written records from
2945:(1334). The Pandyas of Ucchangi (9th–13th century) in the
2799:
accounts (as early as the 4th century BCE), the edicts of
8110:தென்காசி காசிவிசுவநாதசுவாமி கோயில் வரலாறு கோயில் வெளியீடு
7873:
The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare
7869:
7086:
The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia
6872:
6271:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 207–08.
6249:
Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. "The Age of the Four Kingdoms".
4613:
4108:
3955:
white. That is why they portray them as I have described.
11308:
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
8294:
History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 AD
5516:
Walls of the sanctum are generally divided by pilasters.
4934:
4120:, Kalugumalai, Tuticorin. Pandya kingdom, 8th century CE
3225:
has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred
8806:
8716:
Carswell, John. 1991. "The Port of Mantai, Sri Lanka."
8079:
5598:
The Pandyas are a secondary subject of the Tamil films
3504:, the author Mankudi Maruthanar, refers to his patron,
8939:
7950:
7938:
7926:
7547:. Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha Publishers, 2003. p. 82.
5929:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 172–73.
5749:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 173–74.
3769:, craftsmen and a thousand families from the eighteen
3263:(Major Rock Edict No.13), Ven. S. Dhammika translation
3077:
mentions that the emblem of the Pandyas was that of a
9057:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
8565:"Hinduism - Hinduism under Islam (11th–19th century)"
6347:
Ayyangar, M. S. Ramaswami; Rao, B. Seshagiri (1922).
5891:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–54.
5372:
and 'Bhuvanekaviram' were found on the cois having a
3424:
Nedunj Cheliyan III ("Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra")
2855:. The Pandyas fell into decline with the rise of the
7089:. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 105.
6429:
On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India
10976:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
8917:
8278:
4225:731–96 CE) who had managed to defeat the Gangas in
7736:
7021:
5438:It is known that the early Pandya rulers followed
3193:Pandyas are also mentioned in the inscriptions of
63:Greatest extent of the Pandya Empire, 13th Century
9162:
8986:
8863:Vol. 51 – Nos. 1–2 (June 2001), pp. 143–156.
8818:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
8463:Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲; Nagaswamy, R. (1981).
8462:
7974:
7962:
6793:
6037:
4860:Sundara Pandya I (died in 1268) was succeeded by
3343:king who ruled during c. 1st century BCE, in his
3292:(Ceylon) and, moreover, within the dominions the
3268:Everywhere within the conquered province of King
11269:
9008:
8381:. Numismatic Society of India. 2005. p. 67.
8186:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 90–91.
8141:Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture
7564:
7504:
7492:
7444:
7420:
6933:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE
6824:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976).
6715:. Indological Book House, Varanasi. p. 117.
6212:
5826:"India – Society and Culture (8th–13th century)"
5789:
4558:, under the Kulasekharas, and the Cholas, under
4178:From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the
4147:, Shaiva poet-saint and minister of Pandya king
4044:and Kaveri respectively (for the trade with the
3900:. It is several thousand li to the southeast of
3850:"presents and gifts of honour". The 1st-century
3189:Mangulam inscription (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE)
3169:, capital of Pandyas is mentioned in Kautilya's
2819:From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the
8921:Environment and Urbanisation in Early Tamilakam
8894:
8034:"4.5 பிற்காலப் பாண்டியர் (கி.பி. 1371 - 1650.)"
7896:
7278:Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1972).
6859:Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in
6772:
6759:Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in
6689:The Edicts of King Ashoka: An English Rendering
6578:. Asian Educational Services, 1989. p. 44.
6536:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
6164:Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in
4198:(north-east of Tanjore on the Kollidam river).
3882:received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 CE.
3846:states that an Indian king called Pandion sent
3233:rules, beyond there where the four kings named
3092:rulers of the Pandyas. She is attributed as an
2987:
2949:valley were related to the Pandyas of Madurai.
8936:Issue 92 of Tamil_p Palkalaik Kal_aka ve?iyi?u
8415:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 48–49.
8378:The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India
7811:
6987:Mahavamsa : the great chronicle of Ceylon
6573:
3392:Pandya rulers from early historic south India
2980:. It is known that the Pandya rulers followed
11303:States and territories disestablished in 1345
11022:
9982:
9339:
9110:
9050:
9029:
8672:. University of Delaware Press. p. 350.
8412:Dravidian kingdoms and list of Pandiyan coins
8048:
7991:
7432:
7385:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7309:
7292:
6725:
6673:
6671:
6200:
5759:
2688:
647:
9996:
8531:
8435:
8127:. சென்னை: மணிமேகலை பிரசுரம். pp. 18–19.
8116:
7856:Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Prakasam
7694:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.)
7627:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.)
7576:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.)
7529:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.)
7479:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.)
7141:. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
6984:Geiger, Wilhelm; Bode, Mabel Haynes (1912).
6956:
6607:(1983). "Velvikudi Grant of Nedunjadaiyan".
6603:
6317:
6033:
6031:
6029:
5856:
4171:, the Tamil country was divided between the
3821:The country of the Pandyas was described as
3384:built by Pandyas primarily, is the official
3229:(5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king
3143:
3040:to mean white or pale, in reference to king
10957:
8961:
8871:. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications.
8843:
8807:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
8486:. Asian Educational Services. p. 164.
8479:
8408:
8182:Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (1 December 2003).
8003:
6830:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25.
6692:Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy (1994)
6553:. Princeton University Press. p. 124.
6346:
5886:
4424:Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)
3779:Pandyas are also mentioned by Greek author
3516:. It contains a full-length description of
3205:refers to the peoples of south India – the
2874:The Pandyas entered their golden age under
11029:
11015:
9989:
9975:
9346:
9332:
9117:
9103:
8762:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
8331:. Asian Educational Services. p. 20.
8297:. Asian Educational Services. p. 22.
8122:
8080:Vanamamalai, N.; Vān̲amāmalai, Nā (1981).
7835:
7543:Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna Wijetunga.
7043:. Asian Educational Services. p. 15.
7007:. Asian Educational Services. p. 16.
6983:
6708:
6668:
6458:. Asian Educational Services. p. 12.
6305:Politics of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka
4855:
4242:invaded the Pandya country, sacked Madurai
2695:
2681:
654:
640:
11283:1st-millennium BC establishments in India
9124:
8540:. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 68–69.
8200:
8026:
7916:. Abhinav Publications, 2003. p. 24.
7742:
7475:
7473:
7373:"India". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
7103:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
6508:
6326:. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 68–69.
6302:
6026:
5994:
5992:
5924:
5744:
5420:was generally supported by the elite and
3966:
3471:collections, there are two major works –
3459:Besides several short poems found in the
3357:
3333:and Palyaga-salai Mudukudimi Peruvaludi.
3180:
3104:, where remains of what is thought of as
3088:(meaning "the queen Alli") as one of the
10971:
9269:
8866:
8834:
8700:Studies in the History of the Sangam Age
8697:
8324:
8209:
8154:
8137:
7794:
7712:
7698:Madras, Oxford University Press. 203-07.
7631:Madras, Oxford University Press. 208-11.
7580:Madras, Oxford University Press. 187-90.
7533:Madras, Oxford University Press. 167–68.
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7036:
7000:
6779:. Oxford University Press. p. 123.
6589:Irā Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi.
6533:
6513:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50.
6482:Studies in Ancient Tamil Law and Society
6478:
6451:
6322:. In Ganeshram, S.; Bhavani, C. (eds.).
6284:
5819:
5817:
5491:
5383:
5342:
5275:and remained long after the fall of the
5207:
5195:
4779:
4628:
4585:Srivallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124 CE)
4433:
4411:
4217:, claimed to have defeated the Pandyas.
4139:
4123:
4112:
4050:
3976:
3896:...the kingdom of Panyue is also called
3376:
3184:
3067:ruled in common at the southern city of
2909:), south Kerala, and conquered northern
8815:
8778:
8744:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
8626:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8559:
8557:
8442:. Harman Publishing House. p. 46.
8290:
8181:
8158:South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders
8019:
8017:
7852:
7771:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
7644:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
6548:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6180:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
5920:
5918:
5766:. Pearson Education India. p. 46.
4963:and shifted to cities like Tenkasi and
4775:
4727:
2728:, and among the four great kingdoms of
14:
11270:
10980:
10546:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
9154:
8723:
8536:. In S. Ganeshram; C. Bhavani (eds.).
8391:
8358:
8258:. Madras: Institute of Asian Studies.
8227:
8083:Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations
7911:
7774:. New Age International. p. 439.
7747:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 324.
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7647:. New Age International. p. 458.
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7153:
7082:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6823:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6648:
6646:
6431:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 104.
6426:
6400:
6298:
6296:
6280:
6278:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6233:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6005:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–6.
6002:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
5998:
5989:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5271:a few decades before the start of the
4614:Imperial Pandyas (13th–14th centuries)
4489:) in a battle fought near Kumbakonam.
4109:Pandya revival (7th–10th centuries CE)
3924:mentions a kingdom further south from
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3581:
3570:
3561:
3249:rule, likewise in the south among the
2952:According to tradition, the legendary
2882:(13th century). Some early efforts by
11010:
10948:
10743:
10560:
10489:
10462:
10413:
10408:
9970:
9354:Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the
9327:
9098:
8726:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
8665:
8648:
8525:
8398:. University of Calcutta. p. 96.
8365:. University of Calcutta. p. 98.
8086:. Dravidian Linguistics Association.
7901:. Orient Blackswan, 2004. p. 10.
7798:Proceedings – Indian History Congress
7708:
7706:
7704:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7592:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
7483:Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.
7450:
7222:
7195:
7099:
6925:
6923:
6726:Umamaheshwari, R. (25 January 2018).
6593:. Sundeep Prakashan, 1980. p. 2.
6366:
6307:. South Asian Publishers. p. 22.
6176:
6174:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5814:
5593:
5550:Successively built walls and gopuras.
4935:Tenkasi Pandyas (14th–16th centuries)
4872:
4646:Pandya kings (13th–14th centuries CE)
4603:Jatavarman Srivallabha (1175–1180 CE)
4588:Maravarman Srivallabha (1132–1161 CE)
3936:described by his Buddhist friends at
3675:
3666:
3657:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3590:
2968:. The revival of the Pandya power by
2921:was killed in a battle with Pandyas.
2715:
8787:
8759:
8755:Draft annotated English translation.
8607:
8582:
8554:
8538:History of People and Their Environs
8148:
8131:
8014:
8010:. Abhinav Publications. p. 152.
7722:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 411.
7583:
7168:
6549:Shulman, David Dean (14 July 2014).
6509:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017).
6324:History of People and Their Environs
6218:
6108:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5882:
5880:
3729:
3720:
3635:
3599:
3548:
3413:"Palyagasalai" Mudukudumi Peruvaludi
3000:Tamil lexicon the word pandya means
2726:ancient Tamil dynasty of South India
27:Ancient Tamil dynasty of south India
8918:Venkata Subramanian, T. K. (1988).
8898:History of Tamilnad (To A. D. 1336)
8846:Cankakala Mannar Kalanilai Varalaru
7818:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp.
7767:
7640:
7634:
7589:
7510:
7354:
6929:
6844:
6799:
6746:
6643:
6542:
6511:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
6311:
6293:
6275:
6257:
6143:
6079:
6044:
6017:
5895:
5841:
5723:
4103:
3310:The earliest Pandya to be found in
24:
8993:History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)
8885:
8690:
8649:Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao (1971).
8155:Aiyangar, Krishnaswami S. (1991).
8090:from the original on 10 March 2016
7761:
7701:
7661:
7608:
7199:A History of Sino-Indian Relations
7093:
7076:
6990:. London: Oxford University Press.
6920:
6625:"Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam"
6479:Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ (1978).
6248:
6171:
5823:
5045:Aksharan Perumal Parakrama Pandya
4264:Pandya kings (6th–10th century CE)
3646:
3536:
25:
11334:
9076:
8974:(1). University of Kerala: 1–34.
7795:Congress, Indian History (1957).
6906:. Tamil University. p. 245.
6802:The History of the Pandya Country
6187:. Cadell and Davies. p. 403.
6184:The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
5972:"Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty"
5933:
5877:
5668:Industry in ancient Tamil country
5332:
5267:flourished since the time of the
5168:conquered the city of Madurai in
4317:Arikesari Maravarman (Parankusan)
2835:(the Chola country), the ancient
2760:through vassal states subject to
11137:
11037:
10929:
10920:
10911:
10902:
10893:
10884:
10875:
10866:
10856:References and sources for table
9206:
9082:
8924:. Tamil University. p. 55.
8852:Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. 1996.
8666:Allen, Margaret Prosser (1991).
8659:
8642:
8500:
8473:
8456:
8429:
8402:
8385:
8369:
8352:
8318:
8291:Iyengar, P.T. Srinivasa (2001).
8284:
8245:
8236:
8175:
8102:
8073:
7997:
7905:
7890:
7863:
7853:(India), Andhra Pradesh (2000).
7594:. Primus Books. pp. 45–46.
6960:A Historical atlas of South Asia
6957:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
6538:. Kalai Nilayam. pp. 59–60.
6234:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958).
5860:A Historical Atlas of South Asia
5857:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
5638:Economy of ancient Tamil country
5470:
5191:
4205:(western Tamil Nadu and central
3889:in his 3rd-century CE text, the
3543:
3512:and the Warlord of the Southern
3119:
2890:were effectively checked by the
2779:chieftains ruled their country (
676:
376:
323:
309:
295:
281:
267:
57:
8996:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
8669:Ornament in Indian Architecture
8409:Savariroyan, Pandit D. (2004).
8242:Kulke and Rothermund, p99, p107
7846:
7836:Intirapālā, Kārttikēcu (1971).
7829:
7805:
7788:
7570:
7536:
7272:
7257:
7243:
7216:
7189:
7162:
7144:
7127:
7057:
7030:
6994:
6977:
6950:
6893:
6866:
6817:
6808:
6773:Champakalakshmi, Radha (1996).
6766:
6719:
6702:
6680:
6659:
6617:
6597:
6582:
6567:
6527:
6502:
6489:
6472:
6445:
6427:Oppert, Gustav saloman (1888).
6420:
6411:
6394:
6360:
6350:Studies in South Indian Jainism
6340:
6303:Sivarajah, Ambalavanar (1996).
6242:
6053:
6040:History of the Nayaks of Madura
5457:
4352:Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan
4063:The famous inscription of king
2956:("the Academies") were held in
2750:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
9060:. Cambridge University Press.
9009:Noboru Karashima, ed. (2014).
8867:Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967).
8728:. Cambridge University Press.
8392:Sircar, Dineshchandra (1970).
8359:Sircar, Dineshchandra (1970).
7743:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007).
7139:Book XV, Chapter I, section 73
6709:Cunningham, Alexander (1969).
6401:Madras, University of (1973).
5850:
5783:
5753:
5701:
5554:Finest Pandyan architectures:
5543:periods (9th–12th centuries).
5531:: the great entrance buildings
5317:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
5085:Sadaavarman Adeevirama Pandya
4366:Maravarman Srimara Srivallabha
3893:, mentions the Panyue kingdom:
3810:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
930:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
13:
1:
11288:Empires and kingdoms of India
9279:
8844:Purushottam, Vi. Pi. (1989).
8820:. Adamant Media Corporation.
8781:History of The Pandya Country
8395:Early Indian indigenous coins
8362:Early Indian indigenous coins
7175:. Columbia University Press.
6591:Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu
6371:
6367:Avari, Burjor (1 July 2016).
6133:Economic and Political Weekly
6098:Economic and Political Weekly
5713:Economic and Political Weekly
5694:
5683:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)
5251:, securing contacts with the
5169:
5144:
5029:Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya
4920:under the Punjab-born sultan
4822:
4493:
4483:
4472:
4430:Pandyan Civil War (1169-1177)
4226:
3866:
3834:
2899:
1860:
1599:
1572:
1471:
1450:
1373:
1312:
1241:
1224:
1207:
1190:
1173:
1152:
1067:
1050:
804:
10985:, Cambridge University Press
10953:, Cambridge University Press
10683:Decline of Buddhism in India
10120:Northern Black Polished Ware
8036:. தமிழ் இணையப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்
7768:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
7641:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
7037:Caldwell, Bishop R. (2004).
7001:Caldwell, Bishop R. (2004).
6930:Roy, Kaushik (3 June 2015).
6576:The Madura Country: A Manual
6452:Caldwell, Bishop R. (1989).
6129:"Classical Indo-Roman Trade"
6094:"Classical Indo-Roman Trade"
5796:. H. N. Abrams. p. 60.
5709:"Classical Indo-Roman Trade"
5588:Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
5539:(7th–9th centuries) and the
5464:Pandyan art and architecture
5061:Sadaverman Sewallapa Pandya
4576:Vira Pandya I (Veerapandyan)
4175:and the Pandyas of Madurai.
3773:were also sent to Sri Lanka.
3506:Talaihalanganum Nedunjeliyan
2988:Etymology and origin legends
2984:for a short period of time.
2746:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
2732:, the other three being the
1015:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
10951:An Introduction to Hinduism
9298:Srivilliputhur Andal temple
9188:12th century civil conflict
9015:. Oxford University Press.
7951:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
7939:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
7927:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
6629:National Geographic Society
5999:Harman, William. P (1992).
5625:
5379:
4947:. With the invasion of the
4744:, and drove the Chola king
4671:Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II
3382:Srivilliputhur Andal temple
2880:Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I
2720:), also referred to as the
2611:Influence on Southeast Asia
398:Chronology of Tamil history
10:
11339:
11293:History of Tiruchirappalli
10974:Hinduism. Past and present
10844:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10802:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10194:Rise of Shramana movements
8964:"Venad: Its Early History"
8724:Curtin, Philip D. (1984).
7876:. Routledge. p. 100.
7226:The Early History of India
7223:Smith, Vincent A. (1999).
7196:Kumar, Yukteshwar (2005).
6665:Kulke and Rothermund, p104
6380:. Routledge. p. 249.
6139:(26–27): 7–8. 5 June 2015.
6038:Sathayanatha Iyer (1924).
5663:Indo-Roman trade relations
5461:
5336:
5186:
4427:
4306:Cheliyan Sendan (Chendan)
4134:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3970:
3961:
3407:("Aariyap Padai Kadantha")
993:Black and Red ware culture
31:
11222:
11194:
11146:
11135:
11068:
11050:
10981:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
10853:
10750:
10729:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
10714:
10693:
10668:
10640:
10600:
10595:
10536:
10422:
10357:
10315:
10294:
10278:
10267:
10260:
10243:
10227:
10213:
10184:
10177:
10123:
10105:
10102:Painted Grey Ware culture
10087:
10079:
10063:
10039:
10036:
10031:
10018:
10013:
10004:
9364:
9288:
9250:
9215:
9204:
9178:Battle of Thirupurambiyam
9153:
9133:
8968:Journal of Kerala Studies
8886:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta.
8325:Caldwell, Robert (1881).
8125:கட்டபொம்மன் கொள்ளைக்காரன்
7229:. Atlantic. p. 453.
7071:
6936:. Routledge. p. 55.
6353:. Madras: Premier Press.
6181:Vincent, William (1805).
6062:Britannica Guide to India
5790:C. Sivaramamurti (1977).
5255:chiefdoms of the Pandya,
5239:merchants frequented the
5118:
3746:South Asia circa 150 BCE.
3368:Sangams ("the Academies")
3331:Talaiyanganam Nedunjelyan
3302:(Major Rock Edict No.2),
3144:Sources of Pandya history
3051:According to the ancient
2931:Tooth Relic of the Buddha
2787:and the southern port of
1004:Painted Grey Ware culture
876:Indus Valley Civilisation
339:
242:
238:
228:
218:
214:
204:
200:
188:
175:
162:
158:
148:
138:
111:
95:
68:
56:
51:
41:
34:Pandiyan (disambiguation)
10949:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
10538:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
10503:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
10419:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
10180:Persian-Greek influences
9998:Middle kingdoms of India
9313:Kalugasalamoorthy temple
9225:Early Pandyan government
8895:N. Subrahmanian (1962).
8869:History of Ancient India
8702:. Kalinga Publications.
8480:Desikachari, T. (1991).
8279:Venkata Subramanian 1988
8138:Muthanna, I. M. (1962).
8023:Nilakanta Sastri, p. 213
7714:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
7545:Sri Lanka and the Choḷas
7371:Southern Indian kingdoms
6876:A handbook of Tamil Nadu
6534:Raghavan, M. D. (1971).
6285:Sirisena, W. M. (1978).
5355:bore the symbols of the
5320:used as pearl divers in
5283:'s loss of the ports of
5127:under Ulugh Khan (later
5037:Kulasekara Pandiyan III
4879:Maravarman Kulasekhara I
3446:Pandya rulers – such as
3148:The Greek ambassador to
2923:Maravarman Kulasekhara I
2807:, coins with legends in
1655:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1635:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
1236:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
10972:Michaels, Axel (2004),
10670:Late-Classical Hinduism
9303:Kasi Viswanathar temple
9036:. Penguin Books India.
8760:Holl, Augustin (2003).
8636:Encyclopedia Britannica
8594:Encyclopedia Britannica
8569:Encyclopedia Britannica
8512:Encyclopedia Britannica
8439:Numismatic Studies, Vol
7590:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
7100:Eraly, Abraham (2011).
7083:Balfur, Edward (1968).
5976:Encyclopædia Britannica
5830:Encyclopædia Britannica
5653:Indian maritime history
5291:in the 7th century CE.
5141:Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan
4969:Kasi Viswanathar temple
4862:Maravarman Kulasekara I
4856:Maravarman Kulasekara I
4701:Maravarman Kulasekara I
4607:Jatavarman Kulasekara I
4582:Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
4400:Maravarman Rajasimha II
4389:Parantaka Viranarayana
3433:Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
3345:Hathigumpha inscription
2847:(southern Kerala), the
1755:Western Chalukya Empire
898:Mature Harappan culture
96:Official languages
11176:House of Siri Sanga Bo
11171:Aryacakravarti dynasty
10056:Middle Gangetic Plain
9198:Malik Kafur's invasion
9030:Romila Thapar (2003).
8941:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
8792:. India: Grove Press.
8779:Husaini, A.Q. (1972).
7975:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
7963:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
7263:More, J. B. Prashant.
6800:Husaini, Abdul Qadir.
5760:Upinder Singh (2008).
5678:List of Tamil monarchs
5500:
5405:
5348:
5220:
5205:
5069:Parakrama Kulasekaran
4922:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
4796:
4641:
4443:
4438:Pandya country in the
4420:
4341:Maravarman Rajasimha I
4329:Ko Chadaiyan Ranadhira
4152:
4137:
4121:
4060:
3985:
3967:Early historic Pandyas
3957:
3906:
3827:Modura Regia Pandionis
3818:
3527:(in the collection of
3389:
3358:Early Tamil literature
3308:
3265:
3190:
3181:Archaeological sources
3173:(4th century BCE) as '
2661:Science and technology
1045:Three Crowned Kingdoms
887:Early Harappan culture
702:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
403:List of Tamil monarchs
230:• Disestablished
164:• Around 270 BCE
77:(port, early historic)
11213:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
10585:Western Ganga Dynasty
10452: 1st century BCE
10440:Early Pandyan kingdom
10405: 2nd century BCE
10365:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
10359:Preclassical Hinduism
10340:Early Pandyan kingdom
10312: 3rd century BCE
10257: 4th century BCE
10224: 5th century BCE
10134: 6th century BCE
10059:Lower Gangetic Plain
10047:Upper Gangetic Plain
9173:Early Pandyan society
9168:Early Pandyan kingdom
8837:Tamil Coins – A study
8816:Lindsay, W S (2006).
8698:Balambal, V. (1998).
8532:A. Soundaram (2011).
8206:Lindsay (2006) p. 101
7897:J. B. Prashant More.
7565:Noboru Karashima 2014
7505:Noboru Karashima 2014
7493:Noboru Karashima 2014
7445:Noboru Karashima 2014
7421:Noboru Karashima 2014
7040:History of Tinnevelly
7004:History of Tinnevelly
6455:History of Tinnevelly
6318:A. Soundaram (2011).
6213:Noboru Karashima 2014
6104:(26–27). 5 June 2015.
5719:(26–27). 5 June 2015.
5648:History of Tamil Nadu
5495:
5462:Further information:
5387:
5346:
5241:ancient Tamil country
5211:
5199:
5181:Madurai Nayak dynasty
4783:
4766:Maravarman Sundara II
4681:Maravarman Sundara II
4632:
4437:
4417:Kalugumalai Jain beds
4415:
4157:Velvikudi inscription
4143:
4127:
4116:
4054:
3980:
3973:Early Pandyan Kingdom
3952:
3920:The Chinese traveler
3894:
3872:(Strabo XV.4 and 73).
3814:
3380:
3266:
3219:
3188:
3138:Velvikudi Inscription
3084:Folklores attributes
3055:, the three brothers
2564:Specialised histories
1835:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1825:Kalachuris of Tripuri
1507:Western Ganga Kingdom
1435:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
1385:Western Satrap Empire
1368:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1358:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
909:Late Harappan culture
670:History of South Asia
369:History of Tamil Nadu
277:Madurai Nayak dynasty
11252:Madawala inscription
11247:Kotagama inscription
10935:Michaels (2004) p.41
10926:Michaels (2004) p.40
10908:Michaels (2004) p.39
10890:Michaels (2004) p.39
10827:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
10459: 1st century CE
9260:Art and architecture
9091:at Wikimedia Commons
8962:K.K.R. Nair (1987).
8913:on 23 November 2016.
8835:Nagasamy, R (1981).
8788:Keay, John (2000) .
8742:Hill, John E. 2004.
8466:Tamil Coins: A Study
8255:Tamil social history
8004:Fauja Singh (1972).
6574:James Henry Nelson.
6375: 7000 BCE
5658:Indo-Roman relations
5558:Jambukeswarar Temple
5277:Western Roman Empire
5129:Muhammad bin Tughluq
5101:Varagunarama Pandya
5093:Varathuranga Pandya
4800:Jatavarman Sundara I
4787:'s fish insignia at
4776:Jatavarman Sundara I
4734:Maravarman Sundara I
4728:Maravarman Sundara I
4691:Jatavarman Sundara I
4661:Maravarman Sundara I
4521:Sundara Parantaka II
4354:(Varaguna-varman I)
3856:Nicolaus of Damascus
3742:class=notpageimage|
3386:emblem of Tamil Nadu
2976:and the Vaishnavite
2769:three crowned rulers
2082:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1884:Late medieval period
1795:Eastern Ganga Empire
1527:Vishnukundina Empire
190:• 1613–1618 CE
32:For other uses, see
11115:Portuguese conquest
10786:Rashtrakuta dynasty
10238:Shaishunaga dynasty
10188:Second Urbanisation
10033:Indo-Gangetic Plain
9252:Society and culture
8901:. Madurai: Koodal.
8764:. Lexington Books.
8720:, pp. 197–203.
8508:"Bhakti | Hinduism"
8123:தமிழ்வாணன் (1983).
7965:, pp. 208–213.
7953:, pp. 416–417.
7202:. APH. p. 12.
6404:Journal: Humanities
5613:Ponniyin Selvan: II
5357:Three Crowned Kings
5351:The early coins of
5166:Vijayanagara empire
5008:Vijayanagara Empire
4877:After the death of
4795:(Eastern Province)
4648:
4556:Venadu Chera/Kerala
4266:
4180:Chalukyas of Badami
3999:, the Pandyas, the
3823:Pandya Mediterranea
3794:as the daughter of
3150:Chandragupta Maurya
2886:to expand into the
2839:(Kongu and central
2827:of the Deccan, the
2821:Chalukyas of Badami
2771:(the mu-ventar) of
2717:[paːɳɖijɐr]
2164:Early modern period
2011:Vijayanagara Empire
1991:Chitradurga Kingdom
1685:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
1097:Shaishunaga dynasty
546:Vijayanagara Empire
438:Three Crowned Kings
291:Vijayanagara Empire
220:• Established
10917:Hiltebeitel (2002)
10899:Hiltebeitel (2002)
10597:Hephthalite Empire
10433:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10424:Satavahana dynasty
10410:Indo-Greek Kingdom
10333:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10324:Satavahana dynasty
10297:Spread of Buddhism
10019:Northwestern India
9308:Nellaiappar Temple
8809:A History of India
8632:"South Asian arts"
8483:South Indian Coins
7992:Peter Jackson 2003
7824:jatavarman kadava.
7567:, p. 122-124.
7507:, p. 121-123.
7433:Romila Thapar 2003
7386:Romila Thapar 2003
7349:Romila Thapar 2003
7339:, p. 211-212.
7337:Romila Thapar 2003
7325:Romila Thapar 2003
7310:Romila Thapar 2003
7293:Romila Thapar 2003
7249:Rubiés, Joan-Pau.
7169:Yang, Bin (2009).
7027:India By John Keay
6201:Romila Thapar 2003
5607:Ponniyin Selvan: I
5594:In popular culture
5501:
5406:
5349:
5310:. Greek historian
5221:
5218:Nellaiappar Temple
5206:
5053:Kulasekara Pandya
4873:Decline of Pandyas
4850:Jatavarman Vira II
4797:
4785:Jatavarman Vira II
4710:Sundara Pandya IV
4644:
4642:
4633:An aerial view of
4516:battle of Takkolam
4497: 897 CE
4487: 880 CE
4480:Varaguna-varman II
4476: 850 CE
4444:
4421:
4392:c. 880–900/905 CE
4378:Varaguna-varman II
4262:
4230: 760 CE
4211:Pallavas of Kanchi
4184:Pallavas of Kanchi
4173:Pallavas of Kanchi
4153:
4138:
4122:
4061:
3986:
3932:, identified with
3928:, a kingdom named
3885:Chinese historian
3838: 140 CE
3807:The author of the
3752:The Buddhist text
3521:Pudukkottai). The
3436:Ukkirap Peruvaludi
3390:
3352:punch-marked coins
3318:, figuring in the
3191:
2829:Pallavas of Kanchi
2722:Pandyas of Madurai
2641:Partition of India
2506:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2454:Regional histories
2399:National histories
2286:Travancore Kingdom
2256:Thondaiman Kingdom
2126:Golkonda Sultanate
1735:Somavamshi Kingdom
1705:Rashtrakuta Empire
1645:Rashidun Caliphate
1567:Kabul Shahi Empire
1415:Nagas of Padmavati
1338:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1278:(230 BC – AD 1206)
971:Vedic Civilisation
919:Vedic Civilisation
816:Ahar-Banas culture
590:Ancient Tamil Nadu
571:Thondaiman Kingdom
453:Naming conventions
177:• 560–590 CE
171:(first documented)
11265:
11264:
11185:Portuguese puppet
11098:Liberation battle
11004:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10836:Eastern Chalukyas
10832:Kalyani Chalukyas
10790:Eastern Chalukyas
10779:Gurjara-Pratihara
10772: 9th century
10757:Eastern Chalukyas
10740: 8th century
10725:Eastern Chalukyas
10711:Mlechchha dynasty
10690: 7th century
10672:(ca. CE 650-1100)
10619: 6th century
10592: 5th century
10552: 4th century
10498: 3rd century
10486: 2nd century
10396:Mahayana Buddhism
10363:"Hindu Synthesis"
10230:Persian conquests
10115:Shramanic culture
10051:Ganga-Yamuna doab
9964:
9963:
9321:
9320:
9217:Pandya government
9183:Battle of Tellaru
9087:Media related to
9067:978-0-521-54329-3
9043:978-0-14-302989-2
9022:978-0-19-809977-2
8988:Kishori Saran Lal
8931:978-81-7090-110-5
8771:978-0-7391-0407-1
8735:978-0-521-26931-5
8709:978-81-85163-87-1
8547:978-93-80325-91-0
7754:978-955-1266-72-1
7601:978-9-38060-734-4
7209:978-81-7648-798-6
7182:978-0-231-14254-0
6837:978-0-19-560686-7
6786:978-0-19-563870-7
6739:978-81-322-3756-3
6631:. 28 January 2020
6610:Epigraphia Indica
6333:978-93-80325-91-0
6215:, pp. 85–87.
6072:978-1-59339-847-7
6012:978-81-208-0810-2
5803:978-0-8109-0630-3
5773:978-81-317-1120-0
5643:History of Kerala
5601:Aayirathil Oruvan
5568:Kallalagar temple
5298:, in present-day
5269:Ptolemaic dynasty
5265:Greco-Roman world
5152:Madurai sultanate
5116:
5115:
4789:Koneswaram temple
4725:
4724:
4471:chieftain around
4467:by defeating the
4410:
4409:
4246:Varagunavarman II
4192:Gangas of Talakad
4038:Muziris (Muchiri)
3870: 13 CE
3514:Parathavar People
3508:, as the Lord of
3288:, even as far as
3100:from her capital
3004:in contrast with
2943:Madurai sultanate
2793:Sangam literature
2773:the Tamil country
2705:
2704:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2304:
2303:
2206:Thanjavur Kingdom
2154:
2153:
2115:Bijapur Sultanate
2071:Deccan sultanates
1949:Tughlaq Sultanate
1896:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1874:
1873:
1745:Chaulukya Kingdom
1675:Mallabhum kingdom
1665:Umayyad Caliphate
1405:Bharshiva Dynasty
1301:(200 BC – AD 300)
1291:(230 BC – AD 220)
1287:Satavahana Empire
1265:
1264:
1261:(247 BC – AD 224)
1117:Macedonian Empire
1091:(450 BC – AD 489)
1079:Achaemenid Empire
949:
948:
854:
853:
777:
776:
727:
726:
711:Madrasian culture
664:
663:
541:Madurai Sultanate
413:Maritime contacts
353:
352:
335:
334:
331:
330:
16:(Redirected from
11330:
11257:Mural of soldier
11237:Cankilian Thoppu
11141:
11093:Kotte's campaign
11083:Tambralinga rule
11041:
11031:
11024:
11017:
11008:
11007:
10986:
10977:
10968:
10959:Hiltebeitel, Alf
10954:
10936:
10933:
10927:
10924:
10918:
10915:
10909:
10906:
10900:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10873:
10870:
10721:Badami Chalukyas
10716:Adivasi (tribes)
10706:Empire of Harsha
10702:Vakataka dynasty
10655:Kalabhra dynasty
10651:Badami Chalukyas
10642:Adivasi (tribes)
10611:Kalabhra dynasty
10577:Kalabhra dynasty
10573:Andhra Ikshvakus
10540:(ca. CE 320-650)
10524:Adivasi (tribes)
10392:Smarta Tradition
10245:Adivasi (tribes)
10160:Adivasi (tribes)
10016:cultural period
10011:
10010:
10007:
10006:
9991:
9984:
9977:
9968:
9967:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9325:
9324:
9210:
9193:Battle of Nettur
9119:
9112:
9105:
9096:
9095:
9086:
9071:
9047:
9026:
9005:
8983:
8958:
8935:
8914:
8909:. Archived from
8891:
8882:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8812:
8803:
8790:India: A history
8784:
8775:
8739:
8713:
8684:
8683:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8628:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8590:"Pandya dynasty"
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8288:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8249:
8243:
8240:
8234:
8231:
8225:
8222:
8216:
8215:Curtin 1984: 100
8213:
8207:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8056:":: TVU ::"
8052:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8030:
8024:
8021:
8012:
8011:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7710:
7699:
7692:
7659:
7658:
7638:
7632:
7625:
7606:
7605:
7587:
7581:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7534:
7527:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7477:
7448:
7447:, p. 84-85.
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7423:, p. 85-87.
7418:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7369:Thapar, Romila.
7367:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7313:
7307:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7261:
7255:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7151:
7148:
7142:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7034:
7028:
7025:
7019:
7018:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6870:
6864:
6857:
6842:
6841:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6744:
6743:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6700:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6506:
6500:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6376:
6373:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6231:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6169:
6162:
6141:
6140:
6125:
6106:
6105:
6090:
6077:
6076:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6024:
6023:
6016:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5968:
5931:
5930:
5922:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5824:Thapar, Romila.
5821:
5812:
5811:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5742:
5721:
5720:
5705:
5577:Meenakshi Temple
5497:Meenakshi Temple
5474:
5429:Meenakshi Temple
5402:Meenakshi Temple
5174:
5171:
5149:
5146:
5018:
5017:
4842:Kopperunjinga II
4827:
4824:
4649:
4643:
4639:Meenakshi Temple
4573:Sundara Pandya I
4498:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4477:
4474:
4267:
4261:
4231:
4228:
4167:in obscurity in
4136:, New York City)
4104:Medieval Pandyas
4098:Kalabhra dynasty
3871:
3868:
3839:
3836:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3257:, and as far as
3221:The conquest by
2962:Meenakshi Temple
2929:. The venerable
2904:
2901:
2816:in south India.
2814:Kalabhra dynasty
2719:
2714:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2646:Pakistan studies
2486:Himachal Pradesh
2326:Portuguese India
2322:
2321:
2318:
2276:Sikh Confederacy
2172:
2171:
2168:
2021:Bengal Sultanate
1960:Sayyid Sultanate
1938:Khalji Sultanate
1927:Mamluk Sultanate
1892:
1891:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1805:Kakatiya Kingdom
1715:Paramara Kingdom
1608:
1604:
1601:
1577:
1574:
1517:Kamarupa Kingdom
1480:
1476:
1473:
1466:Kalabhras Empire
1459:
1455:
1452:
1378:
1375:
1362:(50 BC – AD 400)
1342:(180 BC – AD 10)
1321:
1317:
1314:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1229:
1226:
1212:
1209:
1195:
1192:
1178:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1072:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1035:Haryanka dynasty
1025:Pradyota dynasty
967:
966:
963:
872:
871:
868:
809:
806:
799:Anarta tradition
795:
794:
791:
759:Mehrgarh culture
749:Bhirrana culture
745:
744:
741:
740:(10,800–3300 BC)
707:
706:
703:
693:
692:
680:
666:
665:
656:
649:
642:
561:Kalahasti Nayaks
510:Medieval history
380:
355:
354:
327:
326:
313:
312:
299:
298:
285:
284:
271:
270:
259:
258:
244:
243:
184:(Pandya revival)
61:
46:Pāṇṭiya Pēraracu
39:
38:
21:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11278:Pandyan dynasty
11268:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11218:
11190:
11181:Don Constantine
11156:Kalinga dynasty
11142:
11133:
11105:Portuguese rule
11064:
11046:
11035:
11005:
11000:
10991:
10990:
10989:
10939:
10934:
10930:
10925:
10921:
10916:
10912:
10907:
10903:
10898:
10894:
10889:
10885:
10880:
10876:
10871:
10867:
10857:
10846:
10842:
10840:Medieval Cholas
10838:
10834:
10825:
10800:
10798:Medieval Cholas
10796:
10794:Pandyan kingdom
10792:
10788:
10763:
10761:Pandyan kingdom
10759:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10704:
10681:
10675:Advaita Vedanta
10673:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10626:
10613:
10609:
10583:
10581:Kadamba Dynasty
10579:
10575:
10566:
10545:
10541:
10513:Western Satraps
10475:Kuninda Kingdom
10467:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10432:
10426:
10417:
10394:
10366:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10332:
10326:
10263:Greek conquests
10196:
10192:
10118:
10112:
10100:
10094:
10048:
10020:
10015:
10000:
9995:
9965:
9960:
9504:Haihaya kingdom
9444:Dakshina Kosala
9360:
9352:
9322:
9317:
9284:
9246:
9235:Tenkasi Pandyas
9211:
9202:
9149:
9129:
9123:
9089:Pandyan Dynasty
9079:
9074:
9068:
9044:
9023:
8932:
8879:
8828:
8800:
8772:
8736:
8710:
8693:
8691:Further reading
8688:
8687:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8647:
8643:
8630:
8629:
8608:
8598:
8596:
8588:
8587:
8583:
8573:
8571:
8563:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8478:
8474:
8461:
8457:
8450:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8407:
8403:
8390:
8386:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8289:
8285:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8250:
8246:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8205:
8201:
8194:
8180:
8176:
8169:
8153:
8149:
8136:
8132:
8121:
8117:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8078:
8074:
8064:
8062:
8060:www.tamilvu.org
8054:
8053:
8049:
8039:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8015:
8002:
7998:
7990:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7910:
7906:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7868:
7864:
7851:
7847:
7834:
7830:
7810:
7806:
7793:
7789:
7782:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7711:
7702:
7693:
7662:
7655:
7639:
7635:
7626:
7609:
7602:
7588:
7584:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7552:
7541:
7537:
7528:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7478:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7427:
7419:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7368:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7277:
7273:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7244:
7237:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7098:
7094:
7081:
7077:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7015:
6999:
6995:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6871:
6867:
6858:
6845:
6838:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6771:
6767:
6758:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6707:
6703:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6651:
6644:
6634:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6587:
6583:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6547:
6543:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6507:
6503:
6494:
6490:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6374:
6365:
6361:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6316:
6312:
6301:
6294:
6283:
6276:
6265:
6258:
6247:
6243:
6232:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6179:
6172:
6163:
6144:
6127:
6126:
6109:
6092:
6091:
6080:
6073:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6036:
6027:
6013:
5997:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5934:
5923:
5896:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5834:
5832:
5822:
5815:
5804:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5758:
5754:
5743:
5724:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5628:
5596:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5382:
5341:
5335:
5194:
5189:
5172:
5156:Tenkasi Pandyas
5147:
5121:
4977:Vadakkuvalliyur
4937:
4916:and in 1323 by
4905:was also lost.
4875:
4858:
4825:
4778:
4768:. Hoysala king
4730:
4718:Vira Pandya IV
4616:
4600:Vira Pandya III
4552:Parakramabahu I
4496:
4486:
4475:
4432:
4426:
4229:
4145:Manikkavachakar
4111:
4106:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3869:
3864:Caesar Augustus
3848:Augustus Caesar
3837:
3802:Pliny the Elder
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3537:Foreign sources
3439:Bootha Pāndiyan
3430:Kadalan Valuthi
3417:Nedunjeliyan II
3360:
3301:
3262:
3183:
3177:of the south'.
3146:
3128:. They claimed
3122:
2990:
2902:
2849:Pallava country
2712:
2709:Pandyan dynasty
2701:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2319:
2316:
2314:Colonial states
2306:
2305:
2196:Madurai Kingdom
2169:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2104:Bidar Sultanate
2093:Berar sultanate
2061:Ladakh Kingdom
2051:Gajapati Empire
2031:Garhwal Kingdom
1916:Delhi Sultanate
1889:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1845:Chutiya Kingdom
1815:Zamorin Kingdom
1606:
1602:
1594:Maukhari Empire
1584:Chalukya Empire
1575:
1537:Maitraka Empire
1478:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1445:Vakataka Empire
1425:Sasanian Empire
1376:
1319:
1315:
1297:Kuninda Kingdom
1280:
1277:
1275:Middle Kingdoms
1267:
1266:
1257:Parthian Empire
1248:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1193:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1070:
1053:
964:
961:
951:
950:
869:
866:
856:
855:
807:
792:
789:
779:
778:
769:Edakkal culture
742:
739:
729:
728:
720:Soanian culture
704:
701:
690:
660:
631:
630:
629:
584:
576:
575:
516:Kalabhra Empire
511:
503:
502:
428:
418:
417:
388:
346:
324:
310:
305:Delhi Sultanate
296:
282:
268:
263:Tenkasi Pandyas
231:
221:
191:
178:
165:
134:
107:
64:
52:400 BCE–1618 CE
47:
44:
43:Pandyan dynasty
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11336:
11326:
11325:
11320:
11318:Tamil monarchs
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11298:Pandyan Empire
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11228:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11209:
11204:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11188:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11158:
11152:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11112:
11110:Mannar martyrs
11102:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11085:
11080:
11078:Pandya dynasty
11074:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11062:
11057:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11043:Jaffna kingdom
11034:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11011:
11002:
11001:
10997:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10988:
10987:
10978:
10969:
10955:
10945:
10938:
10937:
10928:
10919:
10910:
10901:
10892:
10883:
10874:
10864:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10829:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10783:
10781:
10776:
10774:
10768:
10767:
10754:
10749:
10747:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10699:
10697:
10695:Indo-Sassanids
10692:
10686:
10685:
10667:
10659:
10658:
10644:
10639:
10637:
10632:
10630:
10621:
10615:
10614:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10588:
10587:
10570:
10568:Varman dynasty
10559:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10535:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10472:
10469:Indo-Parthians
10465:Indo-Scythians
10461:
10455:
10454:
10448:
10447:
10421:
10412:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10356:
10348:
10347:
10321:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10300:
10293:
10285:
10284:
10281:HISTORICAL AGE
10276:
10275:
10273:
10266:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10240:
10235:
10233:
10226:
10220:
10219:
10212:
10183:
10176:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10155:
10150:
10141:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10122:
10104:
10086:
10078:
10070:
10069:
10061:
10060:
10057:
10054:
10044:
10043:
10041:Southern India
10038:
10037:Central India
10035:
10030:
10017:
10005:
10002:
10001:
9994:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9971:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9746:Parama Kamboja
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9351:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9328:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9294:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9275:Pandya coinage
9272:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9242:Flag of Pandya
9239:
9238:
9237:
9227:
9221:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9126:Pandya dynasty
9122:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9099:
9093:
9092:
9078:
9077:External links
9075:
9073:
9072:
9066:
9048:
9042:
9027:
9021:
9006:
8984:
8959:
8937:
8930:
8915:
8892:
8883:
8877:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8841:
8832:
8826:
8813:
8804:
8798:
8785:
8776:
8770:
8757:
8740:
8734:
8721:
8714:
8708:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8678:
8658:
8641:
8606:
8581:
8553:
8546:
8524:
8499:
8492:
8472:
8455:
8448:
8428:
8421:
8401:
8384:
8368:
8351:
8337:
8317:
8303:
8283:
8271:
8264:
8244:
8235:
8226:
8217:
8208:
8199:
8192:
8174:
8167:
8147:
8130:
8115:
8101:
8072:
8047:
8025:
8013:
7996:
7994:, p. 207.
7979:
7977:, p. 212.
7967:
7955:
7943:
7941:, p. 414.
7931:
7929:, p. 412.
7919:
7904:
7889:
7882:
7862:
7845:
7828:
7804:
7801:. p. 186.
7787:
7780:
7760:
7753:
7735:
7728:
7700:
7660:
7653:
7633:
7607:
7600:
7582:
7569:
7550:
7535:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7449:
7437:
7435:, p. 331.
7425:
7390:
7388:, p. 230.
7378:
7353:
7351:, p. 229.
7341:
7329:
7327:, p. 242.
7314:
7312:, p. 231.
7297:
7295:, p. 184.
7285:
7271:
7256:
7242:
7235:
7215:
7208:
7188:
7181:
7161:
7152:
7143:
7126:
7112:
7092:
7075:
7056:
7049:
7029:
7020:
7013:
6993:
6976:
6969:
6949:
6942:
6919:
6912:
6892:
6885:
6865:
6843:
6836:
6816:
6807:
6792:
6785:
6765:
6745:
6738:
6718:
6701:
6679:
6667:
6658:
6642:
6616:
6596:
6581:
6566:
6559:
6541:
6526:
6519:
6501:
6488:
6471:
6464:
6444:
6437:
6419:
6410:
6393:
6386:
6359:
6339:
6332:
6310:
6292:
6274:
6256:
6241:
6217:
6205:
6203:, p. 327.
6190:
6170:
6142:
6107:
6078:
6071:
6052:
6025:
6011:
5988:
5932:
5894:
5876:
5869:
5849:
5813:
5802:
5782:
5772:
5752:
5722:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5574:
5562:Tiruchirapalli
5552:
5551:
5548:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5456:
5381:
5378:
5339:Pandya coinage
5334:
5333:Pandya coinage
5331:
5308:Gulf of Mannar
5243:, present day
5229:Southeast Asia
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:Nelveli Maran
5074:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5022:
4936:
4933:
4929:Jaffna kingdom
4874:
4871:
4857:
4854:
4777:
4774:
4746:Kulothunga III
4729:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:(1190–1216 CE)
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:Kulasekara III
4595:
4594:(1161–1162 CE)
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4579:Vira Pandya II
4577:
4574:
4564:Kulottunga III
4560:Rajadhiraja II
4530:Chola emperor
4442:(12th century)
4425:
4422:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:c. 900–920 CE
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:c. 862–880 CE
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:c. 815–862 CE
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:c. 765–815 CE
4356:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:c. 730–765 CE
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:c. 700–730 CE
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:c. 670–700 CE
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:c. 654–670 CE
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:c. 620–645 CE
4297:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:c. 590–620 CE
4284:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4128:Enthroned god
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4090:Roman Imperial
4057:British Museum
3971:Main article:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3941:
3918:
3907:
3883:
3873:
3841:
3819:
3805:
3799:
3777:
3774:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3501:Mathuraikkanci
3474:Mathuraikkanci
3453:Mathuraikkanci
3444:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:Nedunjeliyan I
3402:
3397:
3396:Mudattirumaran
3359:
3356:
3182:
3179:
3145:
3142:
3121:
3118:
3090:early historic
3074:Silappatikaram
2998:early historic
2989:
2986:
2913:. The city of
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:Maratha Empire
2262:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:Sikkim Kingdom
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:Marava Kingdom
2232:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:Keladi Kingdom
2132:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:Mysore Kingdom
2037:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:Lodi Sultanate
1966:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:Ghurid Dynasty
1902:
1901:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:Hoysala Empire
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:Lohara Kingdom
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:Tibetan Empire
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:Kadamba Empire
1493:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1219:Pallava Empire
1215:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:Seleucid India
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1062:Maha Janapadas
1058:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1006:
999:
998:
997:(1300–1000 BC)
995:
988:
987:
984:
977:
976:
973:
965:
957:
956:
953:
952:
947:
946:
943:
936:
935:
934:(2000–1600 BC)
932:
925:
924:
921:
915:
914:
913:(1900–1300 BC)
911:
904:
903:
902:(2600–1900 BC)
900:
893:
892:
891:(3300–2600 BC)
889:
882:
881:
880:(3300–1300 BC)
878:
870:
867:(3300–1300 BC)
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
851:
848:
842:
841:
840:(1600–1300 BC)
838:
832:
831:
828:
822:
821:
820:(3000–1500 BC)
818:
812:
811:
801:
793:
790:(3500–1500 BC)
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
774:
773:(5000–3000 BC)
771:
765:
764:
763:(7000–3300 BC)
761:
755:
754:
753:(7570–6200 BC)
751:
743:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
724:
722:
716:
715:
713:
705:
697:
696:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
673:
672:
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Tanjore Nayaks
553:
551:Madurai Nayaks
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:Pandyan Empire
523:
521:Pallava Empire
518:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
373:
372:
364:
363:
351:
350:
341:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
321:
319:Jaffna kingdom
315:
314:
307:
301:
300:
293:
287:
286:
279:
273:
272:
265:
256:
253:
252:
247:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
205:Historical era
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
186:
185:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:Nedunjeliyan I
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
122:
115:
113:
109:
108:
106:
105:
99:
97:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:(till 1618 CE)
84:
83:(till 1335 CE)
78:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11335:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11313:Tamil history
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11215:
11214:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11186:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11140:
11126:
11125:1591 invasion
11123:
11121:
11120:1560 invasion
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11049:
11044:
11040:
11032:
11027:
11025:
11020:
11018:
11013:
11012:
11009:
10984:
10979:
10975:
10970:
10966:
10965:
10960:
10956:
10952:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10943:
10932:
10923:
10914:
10905:
10896:
10887:
10878:
10869:
10865:
10863:
10862:
10852:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10748:
10746:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10647:Vishnukundina
10645:
10643:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10607:Vishnukundina
10605:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10529:
10528:
10525:
10522:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10508:Kushan Empire
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10492:
10491:Kushan Empire
10487:
10484:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10429:Sangam period
10425:
10420:
10416:
10415:Shunga Empire
10411:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10388:Brahma Sutras
10385:
10384:Bhagavad Gita
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10364:
10360:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10329:Sangam period
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:
10318:Maurya Empire
10313:
10310:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10292:
10291:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10264:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10189:
10182:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10110:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10092:
10085:
10084:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10034:
10028:
10024:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9999:
9992:
9987:
9985:
9980:
9978:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
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9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
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9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9349:
9344:
9342:
9337:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9326:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9287:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9209:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9120:
9115:
9113:
9108:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9090:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9069:
9063:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9052:Peter Jackson
9049:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9024:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8938:
8933:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8893:
8889:
8884:
8880:
8878:81-208-0018-4
8874:
8870:
8865:
8862:
8861:East and West
8858:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8829:
8827:0-543-94253-8
8823:
8819:
8814:
8811:(4 ed.).
8810:
8805:
8801:
8799:0-8021-3797-0
8795:
8791:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8681:
8679:9780874133998
8675:
8671:
8670:
8662:
8654:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8595:
8591:
8585:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8558:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8528:
8513:
8509:
8503:
8495:
8493:9788120601550
8489:
8485:
8484:
8476:
8468:
8467:
8459:
8451:
8449:9788185151922
8445:
8441:
8440:
8432:
8424:
8422:9788120617520
8418:
8414:
8413:
8405:
8397:
8396:
8388:
8380:
8379:
8372:
8364:
8363:
8355:
8340:
8338:9788120601451
8334:
8330:
8329:
8321:
8306:
8304:9788120601451
8300:
8296:
8295:
8287:
8281:, p. 55.
8280:
8275:
8267:
8265:9788187892069
8261:
8257:
8256:
8248:
8239:
8230:
8221:
8212:
8203:
8195:
8193:9788120725089
8189:
8185:
8178:
8170:
8168:9788120605367
8164:
8160:
8159:
8151:
8144:. p. 89.
8143:
8142:
8134:
8126:
8119:
8111:
8105:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8076:
8061:
8057:
8051:
8035:
8029:
8020:
8018:
8009:
8008:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7940:
7935:
7928:
7923:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7893:
7885:
7883:9781135936747
7879:
7875:
7874:
7866:
7858:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7799:
7791:
7783:
7781:9788122411980
7777:
7773:
7772:
7764:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7729:9788120804364
7725:
7721:
7720:
7719:Ancient India
7715:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7656:
7654:9788122411980
7650:
7646:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7506:
7501:
7495:, p. 89.
7494:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7350:
7345:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7311:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7267:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7236:9788171566181
7232:
7228:
7227:
7219:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7192:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7165:
7156:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7115:
7113:9780670084784
7109:
7105:
7104:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7079:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7050:9788120601611
7046:
7042:
7041:
7033:
7024:
7016:
7014:9788120601611
7010:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6980:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6943:9781317586920
6939:
6935:
6934:
6926:
6924:
6915:
6913:9788170902485
6909:
6905:
6904:
6896:
6888:
6886:9788185692203
6882:
6878:
6877:
6869:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6839:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6820:
6811:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6769:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6741:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6705:
6699:
6698:955-24-0104-6
6695:
6691:
6690:
6687:S. Dhammika,
6683:
6674:
6672:
6662:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6630:
6626:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6560:9781400856923
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6520:9781538106860
6516:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6465:9788120601611
6461:
6457:
6456:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6387:9781317236733
6383:
6379:
6378:
6363:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6306:
6299:
6297:
6289:. p. 57.
6288:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6263:
6261:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6209:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6042:. p. 58.
6041:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6021:
6014:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5993:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5928:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5793:L'Art en Inde
5786:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Karungalakudi
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5192:Early history
5184:
5182:
5178:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5111:
5109:Kollankondan
5108:
5107:
5104:1613–1618 AD
5103:
5100:
5099:
5096:1588–1612 AD
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:1564–1604 AD
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:1552–1564 AD
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:1543–1552 AD
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:1534–1543 AD
5063:
5060:
5059:
5056:1479–1499 AD
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:1473–1506 AD
5047:
5044:
5043:
5040:1429–1473 AD
5039:
5036:
5035:
5032:1422–1463 AD
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:Although the
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:Vijayanagaras
4950:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:and to south
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:Kaveri Valley
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4721:1309–1345 CE
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:1309–1327 CE
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:1268–1310 CE
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4695:1251–1268 CE
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:1238–1251 CE
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:1238–1240 CE
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:1216–1238 CE
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:Pandya ruler
4651:
4650:
4647:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:, Chola king
4490:
4481:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Avanisulamani
4292:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:Pandya ruler
4269:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4257:Telugu-Cholas
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:Chera country
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4118:Vettuvan Koil
4115:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:Kerala Putras
4002:
4001:Satiya Putras
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:Roman emperor
3874:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:Prince Vijaya
3755:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3643:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3442:Arivudainampi
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:were held in
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3304:James Prinsep
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:Chandra-vamsa
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:Tamil legends
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:Chola country
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Chera country
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:and northern
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Uttar Pradesh
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:Mughal Empire
2174:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:Reddy Kingdom
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:Yadava Empire
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:Harsha Empire
1613:
1612:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:Kushan Empire
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:Shunga Empire
1326:
1325:
1310:
1308:
1307:Mitra Dynasty
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1249: AD 500
1245: 250 BC
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228: 250 AD
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211: 300 BC
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1194: 300 BC
1188:
1186:
1185:Chera Kingdom
1183:
1182:
1177: 300 BC
1171:
1169:
1168:Pandya Empire
1166:
1165:
1160: 300 AD
1156: 300 BC
1150:
1148:
1147:Sangam period
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:Maurya Empire
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054: 600 BC
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:(1200–600 BC)
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
989:
986:(1500–600 BC)
985:
983:
979:
978:
975:(1500–500 BC)
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:(1500–200 BC)
960:
955:
954:
945:(1600–500 BC)
944:
942:
938:
937:
933:
931:
927:
926:
923:(2000–500 BC)
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
906:
905:
901:
899:
895:
894:
890:
888:
884:
883:
879:
877:
874:
873:
865:
860:
859:
850:(1400–700 BC)
849:
847:
846:Jorwe culture
844:
843:
839:
837:
836:Malwa culture
834:
833:
830:(1600–750 BC)
829:
827:
826:Pandu culture
824:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
802:
800:
797:
796:
788:
783:
782:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
738:
733:
732:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
700:
695:
694:
689:
684:
683:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
667:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
626:
625:Ancient sites
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
566:Gingee Nayaks
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Chera Kingdom
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Early Pandyas
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:Sangam period
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
384:
383:
379:
375:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:
361:
357:
356:
349:
345:
342:
340:Today part of
338:
322:
320:
317:
316:
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
292:
289:
288:
280:
278:
275:
274:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
255:
254:
251:
248:
246:
245:
241:
237:
233:
227:
223:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
187:
183:
180:
174:
170:
167:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
131:
128:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
104:
101:
100:
98:
94:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
71:
67:
60:
55:
50:
40:
35:
30:
19:
11232:Mantri Manai
11211:
11161:Chandrabhanu
11077:
10982:
10973:
10963:
10950:
10941:
10940:
10931:
10922:
10913:
10904:
10895:
10886:
10877:
10868:
10860:
10859:
10823:Pala dynasty
10809:10th century
10808:
10771:
10739:
10689:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10618:
10591:
10563:Gupta Empire
10561:
10551:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10497:
10485:
10463:
10458:
10451:
10436:Early Cholas
10427:
10404:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10336:Early Cholas
10327:
10316:
10311:
10302:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10279:
10270:Nanda empire
10268:
10256:
10223:
10214:
10185:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10133:
10124:
10109:Vedic Period
10106:
10091:Vedic Period
10088:
10083:Vedic Period
10080:
10074:
10073:
10064:
10027:Sapta Sindhu
10014:Timeline and
9916:Uttara Madra
9781:Pratyagratha
9776:Pragjyotisha
9494:Gopa Rashtra
9355:
9230:Pandya kings
9135:
9125:
9056:
9032:
9011:
8992:
8971:
8967:
8945:
8920:
8911:the original
8897:
8887:
8868:
8860:
8853:
8845:
8836:
8817:
8808:
8789:
8780:
8761:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8725:
8717:
8699:
8668:
8661:
8651:
8644:
8635:
8599:21 September
8597:. Retrieved
8593:
8584:
8572:. Retrieved
8568:
8537:
8527:
8515:. Retrieved
8511:
8502:
8482:
8475:
8465:
8458:
8438:
8431:
8411:
8404:
8394:
8387:
8377:
8371:
8361:
8354:
8342:. Retrieved
8327:
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8293:
8286:
8274:
8254:
8247:
8238:
8233:Holl 2003: 9
8229:
8220:
8211:
8202:
8183:
8177:
8157:
8150:
8140:
8133:
8124:
8118:
8109:
8104:
8092:. Retrieved
8082:
8075:
8063:. Retrieved
8059:
8050:
8038:. Retrieved
8028:
8006:
7999:
7970:
7958:
7946:
7934:
7922:
7913:
7912:K.V. Raman.
7907:
7898:
7892:
7872:
7865:
7855:
7848:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7814:
7807:
7797:
7790:
7770:
7763:
7744:
7738:
7718:
7695:
7643:
7636:
7628:
7591:
7585:
7577:
7572:
7544:
7538:
7530:
7500:
7488:
7480:
7440:
7428:
7381:
7370:
7344:
7332:
7288:
7280:
7274:
7265:
7259:
7251:
7245:
7225:
7218:
7198:
7191:
7171:
7164:
7155:
7146:
7134:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7102:
7095:
7085:
7078:
7063:
7059:
7039:
7032:
7023:
7003:
6996:
6986:
6979:
6959:
6952:
6932:
6902:
6895:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6826:
6819:
6810:
6804:. p. 5.
6801:
6795:
6775:
6768:
6760:
6732:. Springer.
6728:
6721:
6711:
6704:
6688:
6682:
6661:
6653:
6633:. Retrieved
6628:
6619:
6609:
6605:H. K. Sastri
6599:
6590:
6584:
6575:
6569:
6550:
6544:
6535:
6529:
6510:
6504:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6474:
6454:
6447:
6428:
6422:
6413:
6403:
6396:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6323:
6313:
6304:
6286:
6268:
6250:
6244:
6235:
6208:
6183:
6165:
6136:
6132:
6101:
6097:
6061:
6055:
6039:
6001:
5981:21 September
5979:. Retrieved
5975:
5926:
5888:
5859:
5852:
5833:. Retrieved
5829:
5807:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5716:
5712:
5703:
5617:
5616:(2023), and
5611:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5572:Alagar Koyil
5556:
5553:
5534:
5505:
5502:
5482:Alagar Koyil
5458:Architecture
5437:
5426:
5407:
5369:Tamil-Brahmi
5365:
5361:punch-marked
5350:
5325:
5315:
5304:Graeco-Roman
5293:
5237:Graeco-Roman
5222:
5204:trade routes
5177:Vijayanagara
5162:Bukka Raya I
5160:
5139:and Ma'bar.
5122:
5005:
4993:Ambasamudram
4989:Cheranmadevi
4938:
4926:
4907:
4876:
4866:Rajendra III
4859:
4820:
4798:
4762:Rajendra III
4750:Rajaraja III
4731:
4645:
4617:
4568:
4549:
4529:
4513:
4491:
4445:
4440:Chola Empire
4353:
4263:
4254:
4238:Anuradhapura
4223:
4200:
4188:Rashtrakutas
4177:
4154:
4094:
4083:
4079:
4062:
4046:Graeco-Roman
4013:
3987:
3982:Vaigai River
3953:
3929:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3791:
3784:
3751:
3552:
3528:
3524:Netunalvatai
3522:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3480:Netunalvatai
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3448:Nedunjeliyan
3445:
3427:Maran Valudi
3391:
3364:Tamil poetry
3361:
3349:
3335:
3320:Tamil-Brahmi
3316:Nedunjeliyan
3309:
3277:
3267:
3254:
3220:
3215:Satiyaputras
3192:
3171:Arthashastra
3147:
3123:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3025:
3018:hill country
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2951:
2896:Jatavarman I
2884:Maravarman I
2876:Maravarman I
2873:
2869:Chola Empire
2867:against the
2825:Rashtrakutas
2818:
2809:Tamil-Brahmi
2797:Graeco-Roman
2777:early Pandya
2766:
2721:
2708:
2706:
2586:Demographics
2576:Architecture
2356:French India
2346:Danish India
2226:Bengal Subah
2216:Bhoi dynasty
2146:Koch Kingdom
1981:Ahom Kingdom
1855:Deva Kingdom
1547:Huna Kingdom
1487:Gupta Empire
1389:(AD 35–405 )
1348:Kanva Empire
1320: 50 BC
1202:Chola Empire
1167:
1141:(312–303 BC)
1131:(321–184 BC)
1121:(330–323 BC)
1111:(380–321 BC)
1107:Nanda Empire
1101:(424–345 BC)
1083:(550–330 BC)
1039:(684–424 BC)
1029:(799–684 BC)
1019:(700–200 BC)
941:Swat culture
787:Chalcolithic
699:Palaeolithic
615:Inscriptions
595:Architecture
531:Chola Empire
493:Early Cholas
488:Early Cheras
448:Legal system
367:
250:Succeeded by
249:
209:Medieval era
195:Varagunarama
29:
11323:Tirunelveli
11165:Tambralinga
10967:, Routledge
10848:Rashtrakuta
10752:Pala Empire
10745:Kabul Shahi
10628:Kabul Shahi
10602:Alchon Huns
10380:Mahabharata
10303:Pre-history
10216:Pre-history
10126:Pre-history
9911:Uttara Kuru
9651:Maha Chinas
9449:Dakshinatya
9357:Mahabharata
8040:27 November
7106:. Penguin.
5444:Vaishnavism
5312:Megasthenes
5300:Thoothukudi
5245:south India
5233:Middle East
5173: 1370
5148: 1334
5137:Dorasamudra
5001:Pudukkottai
4985:Tirunelveli
4981:Brahmadesam
4965:Tirunelveli
4914:Khusro Khan
4910:South Arcot
4898:Malik Kafur
4894:Ballala III
4826: 1279
4793:Trincomalee
4592:Parakrama I
4509:Parantaka I
4505:Parantaka I
4469:Mutharaiyar
4453:Mutharaiyar
4293:Maravarman
4149:Varaguna II
4074:Alagankulam
4009:Tamraparnis
3938:Kanchipuram
3926:Kanchipuram
3781:Megasthenes
3733:HAN DYNASTY
3670:ARJUNAYANAS
3565:SATAVAHANAS
3410:Puda-pandya
3400:Koon Pandya
3306:translation
3286:Keralaputra
3282:Satiyaputra
3154:Megasthenes
3102:Kudiramalai
3010:new country
3002:old country
2947:Tungabhadra
2903: 1251
2781:Pandya Nadu
2754:South India
2571:Agriculture
2541:South India
2516:Maharashtra
2466:Balochistan
2406:Afghanistan
2380:(1858–1947)
2376:British Raj
2370:(1757–1858)
2366:Company Raj
2360:(1759–1954)
2350:(1620–1869)
2340:(1605–1825)
2336:Dutch India
2330:(1510–1961)
2317:(1510–1961)
2300:(1799–1849)
2296:Sikh Empire
2290:(1729–1947)
2280:(1707–1799)
2270:(1674–1818)
2260:(1650–1948)
2250:(1642–1975)
2240:(1600–1750)
2230:(1576–1757)
2220:(1541–1804)
2210:(1532–1673)
2200:(1529–1736)
2190:(1540–1556)
2180:(1526–1858)
2167:(1526–1858)
2150:(1515–1947)
2140:(1499–1763)
2130:(1518–1687)
2119:(1492–1686)
2108:(1492–1619)
2097:(1490–1574)
2086:(1490–1636)
2075:(1490–1596)
2065:(1470–1842)
2055:(1434–1541)
2045:(1399–1947)
2035:(1358–1803)
2025:(1352–1576)
2015:(1336–1646)
2005:(1325–1448)
1995:(1300–1779)
1985:(1228–1826)
1975:(1451–1526)
1964:(1414–1451)
1953:(1320–1414)
1942:(1290–1320)
1931:(1206–1290)
1920:(1206–1526)
1910:(1170–1206)
1887:(1206–1526)
1868: 1300
1864: 1200
1849:(1187–1673)
1839:(1156–1184)
1819:(1102–1766)
1809:(1083–1323)
1799:(1078–1434)
1789:(1070–1230)
1785:Sena Empire
1779:(1040–1347)
1769:(1003–1320)
1695:Pala Empire
1557:Rai Kingdom
1399:(AD 60–240)
1332:(185–73 BC)
1088:Ror Dynasty
808: 3950
408:Wootz steel
11272:Categories
11242:Yamuna Eri
11207:Setu coins
11088:Kotte rule
10861:References
10814:Ghaznavids
10624:Nezak Huns
9881:Tamraparni
9826:Saurashtra
9756:Parvartaka
9601:Kishkindha
9579:Kimpurusha
9265:Literature
8748:by Yu Huan
8574:22 January
8517:22 January
7159:Hill, John
7150:Keay, p121
6970:0226742210
6677:Keay, p119
6438:9925082196
6377:to CE 1200
5870:0226742210
5835:22 January
5695:References
5486:Tamil Nadu
5404:, Madurai)
5392:, goddess
5337:See also:
5273:Common Era
5225:South Asia
4949:Sultanates
4918:Jauna Khan
4637:city from
4545:Kulottunga
4540:Rajendra I
4532:Rajaraja I
4463:conquered
4461:Vijayalaya
4428:See also:
4250:Kollam Era
4244:and chose
4196:Kumbakonam
4068:industry.
4017:Tamil Nadu
3984:in Madurai
3949:Marco Polo
3947:traveller
3898:Hanyuewang
3854:historian
3594:AUDUMBARAS
3574:MAHAMEGHA-
3553:South Asia
3530:Pattupattu
3486:Purananuru
3468:Purananuru
3296:(of which
3290:Tambapanni
3259:Tamraparni
3126:Lunar Race
3094:"amazonian
2651:Philosophy
2631:Metallurgy
2621:Literature
2546:Tamil Nadu
2411:Bangladesh
2186:Sur Empire
1900:(977–1186)
1866: – c.
1829:(675–1210)
1759:(973–1189)
1749:(942–1244)
1739:(882–1110)
1729:(850–1334)
1719:(800–1327)
1699:(750–1174)
1679:(694–1947)
1659:(650–1036)
1639:(624–1075)
1607: 700
1605: – c.
1603: 550
1576: 500
1521:(350–1100)
1511:(350–1000)
1479: 600
1477: – c.
1475: 250
1458: 500
1456: – c.
1454: 250
1377: 130
1352:(75–26 BC)
1318: – c.
1316: 150
1247: – c.
1213:– AD 1279)
1196:– AD 1102)
1179:– AD 1345)
1158: – c.
1071: 600
1056:– AD 1600)
864:Bronze Age
583:Categories
458:Government
149:Government
140:Demonym(s)
11224:Landmarks
10765:Kalachuri
10557:Kidarites
9931:Vatadhana
9871:Surparaka
9821:Saraswata
9786:Prasthala
9499:Hara Huna
9136:Capitals:
9002:685167335
8980:0377-0443
7135:Geography
6047:help page
6020:help page
5844:help page
5633:Tamilakam
5619:Yaathisai
5499:, Madurai
5394:Meenakshi
5353:Tamilakam
5281:Byzantium
5249:Sri Lanka
5202:Silk Road
4973:Kayatharu
4943:as their
4846:Sri Lanka
4834:Somesvara
4830:Somesvara
4808:Sri Lanka
4770:Somesvara
4742:Thanjavur
4620:Sri Lanka
4525:Aditya II
4465:Thanjavur
4449:Thanjavur
4065:Kharavela
3930:Malakutta
3754:Mahavamsa
3652:BACTRIANS
3603:YAUDHEYAS
3585:SAMATATAS
3492:Agananuru
3462:Akananuru
3421:Nan Maran
3337:Kharavela
3298:Antiochus
3247:Alexander
3239:Antigonos
3231:Antiochos
3130:Pururavas
3110:Meenakshi
3098:Sri Lanka
3086:Alli Rani
2927:Sri Lanka
2919:Somesvara
2911:Sri Lanka
2861:Sinhalese
2853:Sri Lanka
2758:Sri Lanka
2730:Tamilakam
2724:, was an
2601:Education
2591:Dynasties
2511:Rajasthan
2496:Karnataka
2441:Sri Lanka
1709:(753–982)
1689:(736–916)
1669:(661–750)
1649:(632–661)
1629:(618–841)
1619:(606–647)
1588:(543–753)
1561:(489–632)
1551:(475–576)
1541:(475–767)
1531:(420–624)
1501:(345–525)
1491:(280–550)
1439:(230–360)
1429:(224–651)
1419:(210–340)
1409:(170–350)
1372:(AD 21 –
1230:– AD 800)
982:Janapadas
810:–1900 BC)
737:Neolithic
610:Monuments
605:Economies
443:Education
393:Tamiḻakam
348:Sri Lanka
112:Religion
11148:Monarchs
10961:(2002),
10635:Maitraka
10520:kingdom
10518:Kamarupa
10376:Ramayana
10202:Buddhism
10148:Panchala
10139:Gandhara
10099:culture)
10066:IRON AGE
9956:Yaudheya
9946:Vidarbha
9891:Trigarta
9876:Surasena
9771:Pishacha
9751:Parasika
9731:Panchala
9716:Nishadas
9681:Mekhalas
9671:Manipura
9529:Kalakuta
9509:Himalaya
9479:Gandhāra
9469:Dasherka
9464:Dasharna
9280:Religion
9054:(2003).
8990:(1950).
8955:31870180
8907:43502446
8094:10 April
8088:Archived
7716:(1977).
7133:Strabo,
7064:Periplus
6635:10 April
5626:See also
5622:(2023).
5610:(2022),
5604:(2010),
5452:Hinduism
5448:Shaivism
5410:Hinduism
5396:and god
5380:Religion
5326:Periplus
5287:and the
5231:and the
5200:Ancient
5125:Tughluqs
5010:and the
4997:Kalakkad
4957:Nayakars
4754:Hoysalas
4501:Aditya I
4282:Kadungon
4219:Chalukya
4161:Kalabhra
4007:and the
3991:emperor
3945:Venetian
3922:Xuanzang
3858:met, at
3796:Herakles
3630:KUNINDAS
3621:VRISHNIS
3612:PAURAVAS
3465:and the
3323:Mangulam
3312:epigraph
3270:Piyadasi
3197:emperor
3106:her fort
3046:Pandavas
3044:and the
3034:Sanskrit
3030:Sanskrit
3024:meaning
3016:meaning
3008:meaning
2974:nayanars
2970:Kadungon
2939:invasion
2892:Hoysalas
2863:and the
2803:emperor
2740:and the
2734:Pallavas
2666:Timeline
2656:Religion
2636:Military
2626:Maritime
2616:Language
2606:Indology
2436:Pakistan
2426:Maldives
2124: –
2113: –
2102: –
2091: –
2080: –
1969: –
1958: –
1947: –
1936: –
1925: –
1073:–300 BC)
1013: –
1002: –
991: –
980: –
959:Iron Age
939: –
928: –
907: –
896: –
885: –
473:Religion
360:a series
358:Part of
182:Kadungon
153:Monarchy
144:Pandiyar
130:Buddhism
119:Hinduism
18:Pandiyas
11195:Culture
11070:History
10942:Sources
10733:Pallava
10664:Culture
10543:Puranas
10532:Culture
10372:Puranas
10353:Culture
10290:Culture
10206:Ājīvika
10198:Jainism
10173:Culture
10153:Magadha
10075:Culture
9901:Tushara
9886:Tangana
9846:Sinhala
9831:Sauvira
9811:Salveya
9796:Pulinda
9766:Paurava
9761:Parvata
9726:Pallava
9711:Niharas
9701:Nasikya
9696:Mushika
9691:Mudgala
9686:Mleccha
9656:Mahisha
9646:Magadha
9641:Madraka
9616:Kuninda
9606:Konkana
9594:Kingdom
9584:Kinnara
9549:Karusha
9544:Karnata
9539:Kamboja
9534:Kalinga
9524:Kasmira
9489:Gomanta
9474:Dwaraka
9459:Dasarna
9419:Bhārata
9414:Bahlika
9290:Temples
9270:Economy
9163:Origins
9155:History
9147:Tenkasi
9139:Madurai
8344:15 July
8310:15 July
8065:9 April
7119:12 July
5688:Tammuzh
5581:Madurai
5537:Pallava
5440:Jainism
5433:Madurai
5289:Red Sea
5187:Economy
5133:Kampili
5112:(N.A.)
5024:Period
4961:Madurai
4945:capital
4941:Tenkasi
4890:Hoysala
4804:Nellore
4738:Uraiyur
4635:Madurai
4624:Madurai
4169:Uraiyur
4086:Madurai
4029:Uraiyur
4025:Madurai
3989:Mauryan
3962:History
3934:Madurai
3902:Tianzhu
3887:Yu Huan
3860:Antioch
3831:Ptolemy
3792:Pandaia
3767:maidens
3697:PANDYAS
3688:SHUNGAS
3679:MALAVAS
3576:VAHANAS
3555:150 BCE
3518:Madurai
3372:Madurai
3350:Silver
3341:Kalinga
3255:Pandyas
3235:Ptolemy
3227:yojanas
3211:Pandyas
3175:Mathura
3167:Madurai
3163:Krishna
3134:Nahusha
3114:Kannagi
3065:Pandyan
3022:Pallava
2982:Jainism
2966:Madurai
2958:Madurai
2954:Sangams
2907:Nellore
2785:Madurai
2762:Madurai
2596:Economy
2581:Coinage
2501:Kashmir
2481:Gujarat
1578:– 1026)
688:Outline
600:Culture
468:Society
463:Economy
433:Sources
234:1618 CE
224:400 BCE
125:Jainism
87:Tenkasi
81:Madurai
69:Capital
11045:topics
10881:Samuel
10872:Samuel
10679:Tantra
10444:Cheras
10344:Cheras
10250:Assaka
10165:Assaka
10097:Srauta
10023:Punjab
9951:Yavana
9941:Videha
9921:Utkala
9856:Sonita
9841:Sindhu
9836:Shakya
9791:Pundra
9741:Parada
9736:Pandya
9676:Matsya
9666:Malava
9661:Malla
9611:Kosala
9589:Kirata
9574:Kikata
9564:Kerala
9559:Kekeya
9519:Kanchi
9439:Chinas
9404:Avanti
9399:Asmaka
9394:Assaka
9379:Anarta
9374:Andhra
9369:Abhira
9143:Korkai
9128:topics
9064:
9040:
9019:
9000:
8978:
8953:
8928:
8905:
8875:
8824:
8796:
8768:
8732:
8706:
8676:
8544:
8490:
8446:
8419:
8335:
8301:
8262:
8190:
8165:
8112:, 1964
7880:
7778:
7751:
7726:
7651:
7598:
7233:
7206:
7179:
7110:
7047:
7011:
6967:
6940:
6910:
6883:
6834:
6783:
6736:
6696:
6557:
6517:
6462:
6435:
6384:
6330:
6069:
6009:
5867:
5800:
5770:
5529:Gopura
5414:Vishnu
5390:Vishnu
5374:Garuda
5324:. The
5322:Korkai
5296:Korkai
5214:gopura
5119:Legacy
5012:Nayaks
4955:, and
4903:Kerala
4883:Khalji
4840:ruler
4838:Kadava
4816:Kanchi
4812:Kerala
4806:), to
4655:Reign
4273:Reign
4234:Venadu
4215:Badami
4207:Kerala
4182:, the
4165:Cholas
4130:Vishnu
4070:Korkai
4042:Korkai
4034:Sangam
4003:, the
3997:Cholas
3891:Weilüe
3880:Julian
3844:Strabo
3786:Indika
3771:guilds
3724:LOULAN
3715:CHERAS
3706:CHOLAS
3661:MITRAS
3650:GRECO-
3641:GREEKS
3510:Korkai
3339:, the
3284:, and
3278:Pandya
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