2013:, with which it developed a commercial interdependence. The non-agriculture tradition of the kingdom became strong as a result of large coastal fishing and boating population and growing opportunities for seaborne commerce. Influential commercial groups, drawn mainly from south Indian mercantile groups as well as other, resided in the royal capital, port, and market centers. Artisan settlements were also established and groups of skilled tradesmen—carpenters, stonemasons, wavers, dryers, gold and silver smiths—resided in urban centers. Thus, a pluralistic socio-economic tradition of agriculture marine activities, commerce and handicraft production was well established.
2663:
1412:
2189:
431:
6585:
3929:தமிழரசர்காலத்திற் போலவே "அதிகாரம்' என்னுந் தலைமைக்காரர் பறங்கியர் காலத்திலும் நியமிக் கப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், வரியறவிடும் முக்கிய தலைமைக் காரர், இறைசுவர் (Recebedor) என்றும், அவர்களுக்குக் கீழுள்ளவர்கள் 'தலையாரிகள்' அல்லது மேயோருல், (Mayora) என்றும் அழைக்கப்பட்டார்கள். உத்தியோகங்களெல்லாம் உயர்ந்த சாதித் தலைவர்களுக்கே கொடுக்கப்பட்டன. தமிழரசர் காலத்தில் கப்பற்படைக்கு அதிபதிகளாயிருந்த கரையார்த் தலைவருக்கும், வேளாளருக்கு உதவியதுபோல் முதலியார்ப் பட்டமுங் கண்ணியமான உத்தியோகங்களுக்கு கொடுக்கப்பட்டன.
2021:, were also paid in cash and the numerous Hindu temples seem not to have owned extensive properties, unlike the Buddhist establishments in the South. Temples and the administrators depended on the king and the worshippers for their upkeep. Royal and Army officials were thus a salaried class and these three institutions consumed over 60% of the revenues of the kingdom and 85% of the government expenditures. Much of the kingdom's revenues also came from cash except the Elephants from the
2242:
6261:
6573:
914:
6561:
638:
2934:
115:
97:
1964:. The annual tribute system was enforced due to the greater distance from Jaffna. During the early and middle part of the 14th century, the Sinhalese kingdoms in western, southern and central part of the island also became feudatories until the kingdom itself was briefly occupied by the forces of Parakramabahu VI around 1450 for about 17 years. Around the early 17th century, the kingdom also administered an
1810:
5343:
6597:
5243:
2974:(market place) and was surrounded by a square fortification around it. There were courtly buildings for the Kings, Brahmin priests, soldiers and other service providers. The old Nallur Kandaswamy temple functioned as a defensive fort with high walls. In general, the city was laid out like the traditional temple town according to Hindu traditions.
1670:
2005:, during his visit in 1344, observed that the kingdom of Jaffna was a major trading kingdom with extensive overseas contacts, who described that the kingdom had a "considerable forces by the sea", testifying to their strong reputed navy. He witnessed a hundred ships of varying sizes belonging to the Jaffna kingdom on the
1525:
of the
Vijayanagar Empire as well as briefly losing its independence under the Kotte kingdom from 1450 to 1467. The kingdom was re-established with the disintegration of Kotte kingdom and the fragmentation of Vijayanagar Empire. It maintained very close commercial and political relationships with the
2826:
or maternal inheritance) was on the females. Just as one dowried sister succeeded another, we had the corresponding rule that if one's brother died instate, his properties devolved upon his brothers to the exclusion of his sisters. The reason being that in a patriarchal family each brother formed a
2754:
is peculiar to Jaffna. A Dutch census taken in 1790 in Jaffna records 196 male adults belonging to Pa’l’livili caste as taxpayers. That means the identity and profession existed until Dutch times. But, Choanakar, with 492 male adults and probably by this time generally meaning the
Muslims, is found
2413:
expelled the
Buddhists of Jaffna, who were all Sinhalese, and destroyed their many places of worship, Buddhism prevailed in the Jaffna kingdom, among the Sinhalese who had remained in the territory. Some important places of Buddhist worship in the Jaffna kingdom, which are mentioned in the Nampota
2969:
Nallur, the capital was built with four entrances with gates. There were two main roadways and four temples at the four gateways. The rebuilt temples that exist now do not match their original locations which instead are occupied by churches erected by the
Portuguese. The center of the city was
2016:
Jaffna kingdom was less feudalized than other kingdoms in Sri Lanka, such as Kotte and Kandy. Its economy was based on more money transactions than transactions on land or its produce. The Jaffna defense forces were not feudal levies; soldiers in the kings service were paid in cash. The king's
1562:
were neutralised. This was followed by two successive conquests. The first war of conquest did not succeed in capturing the kingdom. It was the second conquest dated to 1450 that eventually was successful. Apparently connected with this war of conquest was an expedition to
Adriampet in modern
1505:
invasions, successive
Aryacakravarti rulers made the Jaffna kingdom independent and a regional power to reckon with in Sri Lanka. All subsequent kings of the Jaffna kingdom claimed descent from one Kulingai Cakravarti who is identified with Kalinga Magha by Swami Gnanaprakasar and Mudaliar
1767:
Cankili II was supported by the Kandy rulers. After the fall of the Jaffna kingdom, the two unnamed princesses of Jaffna had been married to
Senarat's stepsons, Kumarasingha and Vijayapala. Cankili II expectably received military aid from the Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom. On his part,
2300:. Major temples were normally maintained by the kings and a salary was paid from the royal treasury to those who worked in the temple, unlike in India and rest of Sri Lanka, where religious establishments were autonomous entities with large endowments of land and related revenue.
1977:
2221:
As the state religion, Hinduism enjoyed all the prerogatives of the establishment during the period of the Jaffna kingdom. The
Aryacakravarti dynasty was very conscious of its duties as a patron towards Hinduism because of the patronage given by its ancestors to the
2813:
in 1707. The rule under earlier customs seemed to have been females succeeded females. But when the structure of the society came to be based on patriarchal system, a corresponding rule was recognized, that males succeeded males. Thus, we see the devolution of
2701:
ethnicities as well as
Sinhalese were in the Kingdom. The kingdom also functioned as a refuge for rebels from the south seeking shelter after failed political coups. According to the earliest historiographical literature of the Kingdom of Jaffna,
1857:
who functioned as judges and interpreters of the laws and customs of the land. It was also their duty to gather information of whatever was happening in the provinces and report to higher authorities. The title was bestowed on the
1908:, persons of authority over a village or a group of villages. They were the custodians of law and order and gave assistance to survey land and collect revenues in the area under their control. The village headman was called
542:
temples were built, including an academy for language advancement. The
Sinhalese Nampota dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Jaffna kingdom, including parts of the modern
1846:
or villages, the smallest unit, was administered on a hierarchical and regional basis. At the summit was the king whose kingship was hereditary; he was usually succeeded by his eldest son. Next in the hierarchy stood the
1290:
5460:
1920:
and he assisted in the collection of taxes and was responsible for the maintenance of order in his territorial unit. The Adappanar were the headmen of the ports. The Pattankaddi and Adappanar were from the maritime
5301:
511:. For a brief period in the early to mid-14th century it was an ascendant power in the island of Sri Lanka, to which all regional kingdoms accepted subordination. However, the kingdom was overpowered by the rival
1625:
that the Kotte kingdom enjoyed that was also of interest to the Portuguese. The Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese officials in Colombo for multiple reasons which included their interference in
1709:
and Senarat during the period 1593–1635 with the intent of securing help from South India to resist the Portuguese. He however maintained autonomy of the kingdom without overly provoking the Portuguese.
2115:. Elephants from the southern Sinhalese kingdoms and the Vanni region were brought to Jaffna to be sold to foreign buyers. They were shipped abroad from a bay called Urukathurai, which is now called
1701:
was installed as the monarch. This arrangement gave the Catholic missionaries freedom and a monopoly in elephant exports to the Portuguese, which the incumbent king however resisted. He helped the
2966:
over the entrance of temple. None of the important religious constructions of this style within the territory that formed the Jaffna kingdom survived the destructive hostility of the Portuguese.
530:
control in 1467, and its subsequent rulers directed their energies towards consolidating its economic potential by maximising revenue from pearls, elephant exports and land revenue. It was less
1772:
of Thanjavur made attempts to recover the Jaffna kingdom for his protege, the Prince of Rameshwaram. However, all attempts to recover the Jaffna kingdom from the Portuguese met with failure.
1280:
1944:
were regions south of the Jaffna peninsula in the present-day North Central and Eastern provinces and were sparsely settled by people. They were ruled by petty chiefs calling themselves
1787:, where he was hanged. The remaining captives were encouraged to become monks or nuns in the holy orders, and as most obliged, it avoided further claimants to the Jaffna throne. In 1620
2157:
coins issued from 1284 to 1410 are found in large quantities in the northern part of Sri Lanka. The obverse of these coins have a human figure flanked by lamps and the reverse has the
1509:
Politically, the dynasty was an expanding power in the 13th and 14th century with all regional kingdoms paying tribute to it. However, it met with simultaneous confrontations with the
2272:
is credited with building the Sattanathar temple, the Vaikuntha Pillaiyar temple and the Veerakaliamman temple. He built a pond called Yamuneri and filled it with water from the
1630:
missionary activities, (which was assumed to be patronizing Portuguese interests) and their support to anti-Portuguese factions of the Kotte kingdom, such as the chieftains from
5717:
5286:
2948:
influence over Sri Lankan art and architecture, though the prolific age of monumental art and architecture seemed to have declined by the 13th century. Temples built by the
2025:
feudatories. At the time of the conquest by the Portuguese in 1620, the kingdom which was truncated in size and restricted to the Jaffna peninsula had revenues of 11,700
1783:
and his 5,000 strong land army which was able to inflict defeat on Cankili II. Cankili, along with every surviving member of the royal family were captured and taken to
1621:
Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 where their initial forays were against the south-western coastal Kotte kingdom due to the lucrative monopoly on trade in
406:
392:
378:
3335:
5291:
6295:
1497:
When Chandrabhanu embarked on a second invasion of the south, the Pandyas came to the support of the Sinhalese king and killed Chandrabhanu in 1262 and installed
582:, a usurper to the throne, confronted the Portuguese but was defeated, thus bringing the kingdom's independent existence to an end in 1619. Although rebels like
4456:
6684:
1346:
1689:
from it. Although the circumstances are unclear, by 1582 the Jaffna king was paying a tribute of ten elephants or an equivalent in cash. In 1591, during the
2370:
temple in Keerimalai along with hundreds of other temples that were scattered over the region. The ceremonies and festivals were similar to those in modern
6639:
2921:
and other regions for the Saraswathy Mahal library. Among other literary works of historic importance compiled before the arrival of European colonizers,
6679:
1995:
until the 15th century. After the 15th century, however, the economy became diversified and commercialized as it became incorporated into the expanding
5867:
962:
1756:
in August–September 1618. Unable to secure Portuguese acceptance of his kingship and to suppress the revolt, Cankili II invited military aid from the
6629:
5493:
5852:
5328:
5323:
1838:
in the west during the pearling season. The kingdom proper, that is the Jaffna peninsula, was divided into various provinces with subdivisions of
5662:
1205:
1165:
4285:
2206:) in Sri Lanka has had continuous history from the early period of settlers from India. Hindu worship was widely accepted even as part of the
1534:
and segments of the Kotte kingdom. This period saw the building of Hindu temples and a flourishing of literature, both in Tamil and Sanskrit.
547:, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattanama (Tamil city). In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the
6288:
5898:
5857:
5759:
5106:
3890:
2803:
of neighboring India also seemed to have affected the customary laws. These customary laws were later codified and put to print during the
1690:
1678:
1610:
1606:
1295:
5776:
1791:, with a troop of Thanjavur soldiers, revolted against the Portuguese and was defeated. A second rebellion was led by a chieftain called
1364:
The origin of the Jaffna kingdom is obscure and still the subject of controversy among historians. Among mainstream historians, such as
5842:
4544:
1339:
1475:. But later on when Chandrabhanu became powerful enough he again invaded the Singhalese kingdom but he was defeated by the brother of
6694:
5600:
5318:
1719:
1079:
331:
6649:
5834:
5636:
5232:
2144:
1127:
4144:
6644:
6634:
6281:
5918:
4790:
871:
3989:
487:
in India. Established as a powerful force in the north, northeast and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute-paying
6223:
6018:
5754:
5537:
2324:
1026:
955:
2382:
was used in worship. The Hindu New Year falling on the middle of April was more elaborately celebrated and festivals, such as
5771:
5486:
5083:
4598:
4554:
4483:
4426:
1332:
2214:
period in Sri Lanka, around the 9th and 10th century, Hinduism gained status as an official religion in the island kingdom.
6624:
5943:
5296:
3343:
2311:, the universal symbol of Shiva, was consecrated in shrines dedicated to him. The other Hindu gods of the pantheon such as
2029:
of which 97% came from land or sources connected to the land. One was called land rent and another called paddy tax called
6689:
6654:
5872:
5824:
5749:
5677:
1467:
invaded Sri Lanka in the 13th century and defeated Chandrabhanu the usurper of the Jaffna kingdom in northern Sri Lanka.
1240:
1185:
6244:
6004:
5814:
4527:
4416:
4399:
2897:
was established in Nallur. This academy performed a useful service in collecting and preserving ancient Tamil works in
2804:
534:
than most of the other regional kingdoms on the island of Sri Lanka of the period. During this period, important local
5210:
2771:
system of governance. These laws seemed to have existed side by side as customary laws to be interpreted by the local
2218:, whose rule followed that of the Cholas is remembered as a Hindu revivalist by the native literature of that period.
1661:. These Catholics were brought from India to Mannar to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings.
6239:
5200:
5181:
5141:
5060:
5037:
5003:
4978:
4942:
4903:
4880:
4836:
4625:
4127:
4040:
3827:
3800:
3727:
3612:
3033:
1724:
With the death of Ethirimana Cinkam in 1617, his 3-year-old son was the proclaimed king with the late king's brother
979:
948:
1463:
was able to repulse the attack, Chandrabhanu moved north and secured the throne for himself around 1255 from Magha.
6674:
6264:
5862:
5819:
5687:
5479:
1275:
1255:
1245:
748:
578:, created political problems. Many of its kings confronted and ultimately made peace with the Portuguese. In 1617,
243:
2264:), who ruled the Jaffna kingdom on behalf of the Kotte kingdom is credited with either building or renovating the
1769:
5847:
3003:
2763:
During the rule of the Aryacakravarti rulers, the laws governing the society was based on a compromise between a
1952:
district usually paid an annual tribute to the Jaffna kingdom instead of taxes. The tribute was in cash, grains,
1638:, located in the central highlands without access to any seaports, as an entrypot for military aid arriving from
1456:
2226:
temple, a well-known pilgrimage center of Indian Hinduism. As noted, one of the titles assumed by the kings was
6669:
6211:
2796:
1642:. Further, due to its strategic location, it was feared that the Jaffna kingdom may become a beachhead for the
1476:
1468:
1464:
935:
681:
1415:
Pandyan tribute paying territories circa 1250, includes what ultimately became the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka
6178:
5804:
5580:
5273:
4588:
3324:
The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.
1117:
1036:
613:
603:
2111:
with its boat services, was one of the chief port, and there were customs check posts at the sand passes of
6664:
6498:
5657:
5308:
5225:
1385:
1160:
484:
5129:
Ancient Jaffna, being a research into the History of Jaffna from very early times to the Portuguese Period
3025:
Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portuguese period
471:, was a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka. It came into existence around the town of
6216:
6009:
5978:
5744:
5427:
5359:
2839:
The kings of the dynasty provided patronage to literature and education. Temple schools and traditional
1818:– The surviving remains of the minister's quarters that was reused by the Portuguese and Dutch colonials
6551:
6468:
6427:
6403:
6120:
5766:
5405:
5258:
5242:
1588:
516:
104:
3817:
2350:
There were many Hindu temples within the kingdom. Some were of great historic importance, such as the
1682:
6448:
6155:
6087:
5799:
5794:
5702:
5682:
5532:
5511:
2620:
castes composed of the agriculturist labours who tilled the land. The weavers were the Paraiyars and
2432:
1547:
1543:
1479:
called Veera Pandyan I and Chandrabhanu lost his life. Sri Lanka was invaded for the 3rd time by the
1308:
1260:
1215:
1200:
6204:
6163:
5913:
2265:
2192:
4571:
4475:
Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600–1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka
6619:
6373:
6304:
5999:
5908:
5893:
5809:
5631:
5351:
5218:
4473:
3790:
2998:
2993:
2151:
The kings also issued many types of coins for circulation. Several types of coins categorized as
1992:
1775:
By June 1619, there were two Portuguese expeditions: a naval expedition that was repulsed by the
1647:
1122:
1054:
1016:
217:
20:
5110:
4615:
4517:
4500:
3894:
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period. A prominent feature of the Madurai style was the ornate and heavily sculptured tower or
1501:, a minister in charge of the invasion, as the king. When the Pandyan Empire became weak due to
6474:
6458:
6438:
6421:
6415:
6379:
6363:
5692:
5585:
5379:
5374:
2953:
2890:
2882:
2862:
2481:
2414:
are: Naga-divayina (Nagadipa, modern Nainativu), Telipola, Mallagama, Minuvangomu-viharaya and
2289:
2269:
1550:. This battle took place in many stages. Firstly, the tributaries to the Jaffna kingdom in the
1492:
1397:
1377:
1210:
1137:
1064:
1006:
705:
693:
383:
317:
278:
185:
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6409:
6397:
6391:
6385:
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6194:
6173:
5641:
5595:
5416:
3178:
2183:
1440:
1270:
1180:
1132:
1107:
842:
657:
4654:
96:
6168:
6130:
5888:
5712:
5455:
5450:
5133:
4056:
K., Arunthavarajah (2014). "The Administration of the Jaffna Kingdom – A Historical View".
2662:
1745:
1706:
1389:
1373:
1285:
1233:
930:
925:
669:
556:
544:
8:
6199:
5610:
5590:
5547:
2983:
2957:
2589:
2549:
2489:
2406:, along with marriages, deaths and coming of age ceremonies were part of the daily life.
1945:
1887:
1863:
1736:, a usurper, and nephew of the late king killed all the princes of royal blood including
1555:
1190:
1155:
1074:
770:
552:
264:
3481:
2606:. The Kudimakkal had ritual importance in the temples and at funerals and weddings. The
2123:(Bay of Elephants). Perhaps a peculiarity of Jaffna was the levy of license fee for the
6135:
5903:
5672:
5557:
5240:
4279:
4148:
2698:
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2336:
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881:
717:
583:
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5388:
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4123:
4036:
4004:
3823:
3796:
3723:
3608:
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or village headmen and landlords of agriculture societies were mostly drawn from the
2415:
2363:
2292:
had the traditional history of the temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, entitled
2281:
2022:
1831:
1694:
1616:
1551:
1265:
1097:
987:
811:
563:
424:
1744:. His cruel actions made him unpopular leading to a revolt by the nominal Christian
1591:
the Aryacakravarti king fled to South India with his family. After the departure of
6577:
6125:
6105:
5667:
5562:
5542:
5440:
4241:
Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658
2629:
2503:
2477:
2418:(modern Kantharodai), of these only the Buddhist temple at Nagadipa survive today.
2332:
2253:
1798:
1757:
1593:
1587:, and elsewhere, may refer to these wars; it is dated between 1449–50 and 1453–54.
1527:
1518:
1424:
1400:
at the time with the help of his soldiers and mercenaries from the Kalinga, modern
1380:
in Jaffna began in 1215 with the invasion of a previously unknown chieftain called
1320:
1170:
1031:
918:
799:
729:
527:
520:
476:
460:
304:
68:
5127:
4991:
Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation
4171:
Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation
3023:
2188:
6589:
6537:
6273:
6145:
6115:
6100:
5615:
5384:
4913:
4714:
4102:
4030:
3917:
3773:
3744:
3717:
2396:
2095:
on clothes (clothes could not be sold privately and had to have official stamp),
1702:
1635:
1531:
1480:
1472:
1393:
1369:
647:
591:
587:
571:
548:
508:
141:
5132:. Everymans Publishers Ltd, Madras (Reprint by New Delhi, AES in 2003). p.
6601:
6352:
6032:
5313:
5281:
4820:
4324:
2854:
2777:
2715:
2442:
2261:
2166:
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persisted. Some inhabitants also had to render unpaid personal services called
2112:
1985:
1793:
1761:
1627:
1498:
1411:
1365:
1112:
852:
789:
624:
535:
492:
452:
411:
291:
151:
46:
1669:
1567:, occasioned according to Valentyn by the seizure of a Lankan ship laden with
6613:
6565:
6326:
6140:
6110:
5021:
4331:
2787:
2711:
2678:
2601:
2517:
2238:
was used in their coins as well as in inscriptions as marker of the dynasty.
2215:
2104:
2052:
2006:
1686:
1658:
1471:
forced Chandrabhanu to submit to the Pandyan rule and to pay tributes to the
1381:
1315:
512:
480:
479:
and was traditionally thought to have been established after the invasion of
397:
256:
204:
5152:
4859:
4248:
4204:
3722:. Annamalai University: Annamalai University Historical Series. p. 80.
3582:
2677:
Mercenaries of various ethnic and caste backgrounds from India, such as the
1933:
had a chief who supervised the performance of caste obligations and duties.
1483:
under the leadership of Arya Cakravarti who established the Jaffna kingdom.
6492:
6346:
5983:
5973:
5435:
5364:
4271:
3749:. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 96.
2949:
2945:
2894:
2893:'s rule, an academy for Tamil language propagation on the model of ancient
2809:
2438:
2437:
The social organization of the people of the Jaffna kingdom was based on a
2367:
2359:
2340:
2280:, which is considered holy by Hindus. He was a frequent the visitor of the
2158:
1996:
1814:
1643:
1514:
1452:
1432:
1428:
1102:
823:
6584:
5471:
3511:
Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations
6336:
6060:
6046:
5697:
5368:
4872:
2898:
2768:
2764:
2670:
2453:
2402:
2371:
2355:
2277:
2010:
1949:
1875:
1639:
1576:
1564:
1460:
1444:
1250:
575:
567:
504:
496:
4064:. University of Jaffna: Department of History: 28–34 – via IJBARR.
6516:
6074:
6053:
5707:
5445:
5410:
5263:
3583:"Short history of Sri Lanka: Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)"
2910:
2767:
system of society that seemed to have had deeper roots overlaid with a
2739:
2686:
2621:
2351:
2344:
2223:
2153:
2135:
2002:
1853:
1823:
1733:
1405:
1220:
579:
349:
229:
5153:"Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)"
4381:
4379:
2241:
1506:
Rasanayagam while maintaining their Pandyan progenitor's family name.
566:
on the island of Sri Lanka in 1505, and its strategic location in the
6560:
6480:
6025:
5173:
5075:
4970:
4895:
4120:
History of Sri Lanka: From earliest times up to the sixteenth century
2870:
2800:
2723:
2472:
2467:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2285:
2124:
2108:
1957:
1654:
1650:
who resisted contacts with the Portuguese and even massacred 600–700
1631:
1021:
1011:
893:
628:
590:
kingdom—tried to recover the kingdom, they were eventually defeated.
488:
260:
3997:
International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review
2130:
Not all payments in kind were converted to cash, offerings of rice,
637:
6039:
5968:
5958:
5948:
5605:
4659:
4376:
2933:
2858:
2846:
2792:
2706:, datable to 14th–15th century, in verse 77 lists the community of
2689:
from the Kerala region were also employed by the king as soldiers.
2572:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2512:
2462:
2379:
2207:
2203:
2060:
2049:
2036:
Apart from the land related taxes, there were other taxes, such as
1941:
1922:
1859:
1835:
1776:
1568:
1559:
1448:
1436:
1420:
1069:
178:
166:
162:
5072:
The Yalpana Vaipava Malai, or The History of the Kingdom of Jaffna
2818:(paternal inheritance) was on the sons, and the devolution of the
1948:. Vannimais just south of the Jaffna peninsula and in the eastern
1752:, the son of Periya Pillai Arachchi) and drove Cankili to hide in
1634:. The Jaffna kingdom also functioned as a logistical base for the
6067:
5963:
5098:
5029:
5013:
4957:
4921:
4851:
4828:
3974:. University of Jaffna: Thillimalar Ragupathy. pp. 167, 210.
3778:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1981. pp. 44–45.
2962:
2918:
2857:) spread basic education in languages such as Tamil language and
2841:
2828:
2694:
2625:
2617:
2596:
2584:
2498:
2375:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2199:
2131:
2064:
2045:
1965:
1926:
1886:
whose duty was to convey messages or proclamations came from the
1830:
historian of note, by 1344, the kingdom had two capitals: one in
1827:
1651:
1597:
to Kotte, Kanakasooriya Cinkaiarian re-took the kingdom in 1467.
500:
114:
2831:, when one of them died his property devolved upon his agnates.
1521:
from the south of Sri Lanka. This led to the kingdom becoming a
5953:
5342:
4995:
4934:
2782:
2743:
2690:
2613:
2612:
were well known as traders and owners of Hindu temples and the
2608:
2578:
2566:
2493:
2308:
2273:
2246:
1883:
1809:
1729:
1622:
1522:
1502:
1401:
1001:
531:
472:
4719:. International Association of Tamil Research. pp. 7–158.
2456:. The Aryacakravarti kings and their immediate family claimed
5938:
4458:
Mātakal Mayilvākan̲ap Pulavar el̲utiya Yāl̲ppāṇa vaipavamālai
4058:
International Journal of Business and Administration Research
2940:– Facade of the palace belonging to the last king Cankili II.
2823:
2731:
2304:
2211:
2116:
2084:
2080:
1976:
1961:
1953:
1930:
1753:
539:
499:
in 1258, gaining independence when the last Pandyan ruler of
4875:: Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society. p. 122.
1882:. They had to keep records and maintain accounts. The royal
1439:, in modern Tamil Nadu, India. During this period (1247), a
5052:
4519:
Sarandib: an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka
4345:
Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna
4243:. Vol. 1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p. 262.
2775:. In some aspects such as in inheritance the similarity to
2507:
2449:
2320:
2139:
1991:
The economy of the kingdom was almost exclusively based on
107:(Nandi Kodi) based on archaeological and literary evidence.
4716:
Aintām Ulakat Tamil̲ Mānāṭu-Karuttaraṅku Āyvuk Kaṭṭuraikaḷ
4617:
The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna
4122:. Colombo: Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. p. 105.
3990:"The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom – A Historical View"
1760:
who sent a troop of 5000 men under the military commander
3393:
1784:
1542:
The Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom was led by king
1455:
invaded the politically fragmented island. Although King
5032:: Women's Education & Research Centre. p. 259.
3412:
3410:
3408:
124: Jaffna kingdom at its greatest extent (circa 1350)
5150:
4461:(in Tamil). Intu Camaya Kalācāra Aluvalkaḷ Tiṇaikkaḷam.
4202:
3580:
3506:
3504:
3502:
2952:
of Indian origin from the 10th century belonged to the
2861:
and religion to the upper classes. During the reign of
2554:
caste. The service providing communities were known as
559:
districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattanama.
4371:
Anusmrti: thoughts on Sinhala culture and civilization
3402:, Volume 1, by Robert Knox and JHO Paulusz, pp. 19–47.
2009:. The kingdom's trades were oriented towards maritime
1851:
who were the provincial administrators. Then came the
1376:, the widely accepted view is that the kingdom of the
6549:
3972:
Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey
3405:
2107:, which connected the Peninsula with the mainland at
5069:
4918:
The Kingdom of Jaffna:Origins and early affiliations
3499:
5095:
The untold story of the ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka
3925:(in Tamil). ஏசியன் எடுகேஷனல் சர்வீசஸ். p. 17.
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
2909:was credited with translating the Sanskrit classic
1673:
The royal family. First from the right is Cankili I
594:, a suburb of modern Jaffna town, was its capital.
6303:
3419:, Volume 1, by Robert Knox and JHO Paulusz, p. 43.
2755:mentioned as a separate community in this census.
2195:– One of the royal temples of Nallur, the capital.
1691:second expedition led by André Furtado de Mendonça
16:Tamil kingdom in present-day Sri Lanka (1215–1619)
4620:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 25.
4145:"Rama Sethu: Historic facts vs political fiction"
2881:) were authored by Karivaiya. During the rule of
2055:were grown and irrigated by water from the well.
1842:meaning property or larger territorial units and
1685:in 1560 failed to subdue the kingdom but wrested
1537:
1431:and ruled as a tribute-paying subordinate of the
6611:
4924:: Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 27.
4502:India in Ceylonese History: Society, and Culture
3098:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
5195:. United States: Greenwood Press. p. 248.
4546:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia
4104:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
4035:. Godage International Publishers. p. 94.
4032:Northern Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 19th century
3443:The untold story of Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka
4613:
4414:
3815:
3715:
3279:
3277:
2734:) and places them under the caste category of
2624:who gave importance to the textile trade. The
6685:States and territories disestablished in 1619
6289:
5487:
5226:
4889:
4028:
4003:(3). University of Jaffna: 32. Archived from
3761:The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon
3576:
3574:
3076:
2925:, written by Vaiyapuri Aiyar, is well known.
1340:
956:
75:
60:
5899:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
4912:
2558:and consisted of various groups such as the
2544:were also engaged in the pearl fishery. The
2374:, with some slight changes in emphasis. The
2323:were also worshipped. At the village level,
1878:came next in line. These were also known as
1862:generals who commanded the navy and also on
1611:Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)
1607:Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1560)
1600:
6640:17th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
5501:
5167:
5125:
5078:: Asian Educational Services. p. 146.
5046:
4964:
4898:: Asian Educational Services. p. 122.
4788:
4712:
4471:
4232:
3927:
3915:
3788:
3417:An historical relation of the island Ceylon
3400:An historical relation of the island Ceylon
3274:
3021:
2917:and Arasakesari collected manuscripts from
2452:) system similar to the caste structure of
53:
38:
6680:States and territories established in 1215
6296:
6282:
5494:
5480:
5233:
5219:
4928:
4845:
4284:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4261:
3822:. Asian Educational Services. p. 91.
3571:
1866:chiefs. Administrators of revenues called
1347:
1333:
963:
949:
113:
5092:
4951:
4679:
4677:
4593:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 184.
4586:
4404:. University of Ruhuna. 1991. p. 35.
4117:
4029:Bastiampillai, Bertram (1 January 2006).
3969:
3885:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
2673:during the 7th century by Arabian sailors
1720:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
1713:
1530:kingdom in southern India as well as the
1486:
332:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
6630:13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
4866:
4819:
4576:. Academy of Tamil Culture. p. 109.
4498:
4100:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3547:
3545:
3245:
3028:. New Delhi Asian Educational Services.
2932:
2827:family unit, but all the brothers being
2661:
2331:whose veneration was common amongst the
2240:
2187:
2075:equivalent to a personal tax from each.
1975:
1808:
1668:
1410:
5919:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
5190:
5020:
4569:
4515:
4455:Pulavar, Mātakal Mayilvākan̲ap (1995).
4454:
4142:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3753:
3742:
3482:"The so-called Tamil Kingdom of Jaffna"
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3065:
2885:, a work on medical sciences, known as
2669:, native to East Africa, introduced in
2327:were popular along with the worship of
1748:Dom Pedro and Dom Luis (also known as
1388:in modern India. He deposed the ruling
6612:
5070:Mayilvakanap Pulavar, Matakal (1884).
4987:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4723:
4695:
4693:
4674:
4655:"Place Name of the Day: Papparappiddi"
4418:Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History
4238:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3290:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2913:into Tamil. Pararasasekaran's brother
1968:in Southern India called Madalacotta.
6277:
5475:
5214:
4542:
4505:. Asia Publishing House. p. 143.
4264:A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon
4136:
3983:
3981:
3862:
3691:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3542:
2795:was noted by later scholars. Further
2245:Yamun Eri filled with water from the
503:was defeated and expelled in 1323 by
5026:Laws and customs of Tamils of Jaffna
4685:Laws and customs of Tamils of Jaffna
4328:Culture of Ceylon in mediaeval times
4255:
3936:
3380:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3120:
2298:Sthala Puranam of Koneshwaram Temple
2284:, as was his son and successor King
2040:from compounds where, among others,
5750:Government of the Northern Province
4769:
4749:
4690:
4590:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
4205:"The Polonaruwa Kings, (1070–1215)"
4176:
3958:
3746:The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638
3617:
3358:
3256:
3186:
3042:
2488:'s formed the palace servants, the
2079:was collected from members of each
1517:, southern India, and a rebounding
515:around 1450 when it was invaded by
13:
5815:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
4549:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195.
4055:
4049:
3978:
3766:
3736:
3709:
3669:
2905:. Singai Pararasasekaran's cousin
14:
6706:
5109:. Eelavar Network. Archived from
4570:Nayagam, Xavier S. Thani (1959).
4358:Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands
3987:
3893:. Eelavar Network. Archived from
3743:DeSilva, Chandra Richard (1972).
3206:
3144:
3115:Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon
3022:Mudaliyar C, Rasanayagam (1993).
2865:rule, a work on medical science (
2658:Foreign mercenaries & traders
1804:
1575:of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of
6695:Transitional period of Sri Lanka
6595:
6583:
6571:
6559:
6260:
6259:
6005:Representations in Indian cinema
5825:Tamil People's National Alliance
5341:
5241:
3988:K, Arunthavarajah (March 2014).
2343:existed, just as in the rest of
2335:in the south as well. Belief in
2210:religious practices. During the
2119:—a shortened form of Portuguese
1427:which was more secured by heavy
912:
636:
429:
404:
390:
376:
95:
6650:Former monarchies of South Asia
5678:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
5126:Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar (1926).
5093:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (2000).
5055:: Westview Press. p. 247.
4998:: Luzac & Co. p. 695.
4791:"Nallur Rajadhani: City Layout"
4736:
4706:
4647:
4634:
4607:
4580:
4563:
4536:
4509:
4492:
4472:Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1996).
4465:
4448:
4435:
4408:
4392:
4387:Evolution of an Ethnic Identity
4363:
4350:
4337:
4318:
4305:
4292:
4219:
4196:
4163:
4111:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4022:
3970:Ragupathy, Ponnampalam (1987).
3909:
3849:
3836:
3809:
3782:
3656:
3643:
3597:
3558:
3529:
3516:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3422:
3328:
3316:
3004:Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka
2928:
2520:and whose chiefs were known as
2516:caste, who also controlled the
1929:communities. In addition, each
1664:
1408:(Tamil Nadu) regions in India.
467:; 1215–1619 CE), also known as
6645:Former countries in South Asia
6635:1619 disestablishments in Asia
4522:. Asiff Hussein. p. 479.
4239:Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983).
3172:
3015:
2099:or levy on items of food, and
1980:Reverse of the Setu coin with
1834:in the north and the other in
1579:who saw the backs of kings at
1538:Kotte conquest and restoration
1477:Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I
1469:Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I
1465:Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I
1423:, he moved the capital to the
305:Jaffna in the kingdom of Kotte
1:
5820:Tamil National People's Front
5805:Tamil United Liberation Front
5176:: Vijitha Yapa. p. 290.
5151:Codrington, Humphry William.
4890:Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003).
4854:: Stamford Lake. p. 66.
4831:: Vijitha Yapa. p. 782.
4812:
4614:Perinbanayagam, R.S. (1982).
4415:Wickramasinghe, Nira (2014).
4313:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism,
4300:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism,
4203:Codrington, Humphry William.
4107:. Kalai Nilayam. p. 140.
3603:Humphrey William Codrington,
3581:Codrington, Humphry William.
2944:There were periodic waves of
2834:
2307:as the primary deity and the
2234:another name for Rameswaram.
2091:consisting of, among others,
1937:Relationship with feudatories
1904:who were in turn assisted by
604:History of the Jaffna kingdom
6499:Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran
4952:Nadarajan, Vasantha (1999).
4931:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
4929:Gunasingam, Murugar (1999).
4892:A Critical History of Jaffna
4764:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
4443:A critical history of Jaffna
4227:A critical history of Jaffna
4191:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
4147:. News Today. Archived from
3953:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
3857:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
3789:Abeyasinghe, Tikiri (1986).
3664:A critical history of Jaffna
3430:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
3388:A critical history of Jaffna
3311:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
3269:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
2169:with a crescent moon above.
538:literature was produced and
526:It gained independence from
130: Jaffna kingdom in 1619
7:
6625:1215 establishments in Asia
6217:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
5745:Northern Provincial Council
5168:Coddrington, H. W. (1996).
5047:Pfaffenberg, Brian (1994).
4965:Coddrington, H. W. (1994).
4848:Jaffna under the Portuguese
4846:Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005).
4642:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
4421:. Oxford University Press.
4089:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
3816:Vriddhagirisan, V. (1995).
3792:Jaffna under the Portuguese
3716:Vriddhagirisan, V. (1942).
3686:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
3638:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
3375:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
3251:Jaffna Under the Portuguese
2977:
2693:traders and sea pirates of
2376:Tamil devotional literature
2177:
1359:
76:
54:
10:
6711:
6690:Tamil empires and kingdoms
6655:Former Portuguese colonies
6469:Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
6428:Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
6404:Gunabhooshana Cinkaiariyan
5767:Eastern Provincial Council
5718:NPC Resolution on Genocide
5637:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
4587:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
4356:De Silva, Chandra Richard
4266:. Jaffna. pp. 43–47.
3795:. Lake House Investments.
2430:
2421:
2181:
2172:
1971:
1779:and another expedition by
1717:
1614:
1604:
1589:Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
1490:
1128:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
601:
597:
507:, the army general of the
469:Kingdom of Aryachakravarti
18:
6526:
6457:
6437:
6362:
6335:
6315:
6257:
6232:
6187:
6154:
6086:
5992:
5931:
5881:
5833:
5795:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
5787:
5737:
5730:
5703:Burning of Jaffna library
5650:
5624:
5571:
5538:Tissamaharama inscription
5533:History of Eastern Tamils
5525:
5518:
5512:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
5509:
5426:
5398:
5350:
5339:
5272:
5254:
5191:Peebles, Patrick (2006).
5170:Ceylon Coins and Currency
4960:: Vasantham. p. 146.
4701:Ceylon Coins and Currency
4478:. Variorum. p. 381.
4262:Navaratnam, C.S. (1964).
3928:
3605:A Short History of Ceylon
3183:by Patrick Peebles, p. 31
3139:Ceylon coins and currency
2901:form in a library called
2433:Caste system in Sri Lanka
1601:Decline & dissolution
1384:, who claimed to be from
1309:History of Eastern Tamils
1216:Burning of Jaffna library
1027:Tissamaharama inscription
464:
456:
355:
345:
341:
328:
314:
301:
290:• Independence from
288:
277:• Pandyas installed
275:
253:
249:
239:
235:
223:
211:
198:
194:
184:
174:
157:
147:
137:
112:
92:
87:
61:
39:
30:
6205:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
5914:Tamil Youth Organisation
5193:The History of Sri Lanka
4954:History of Ceylon Tamils
4731:History of Ceylon Tamils
4713:Arunachalam, M. (1981).
4118:Siriweera, W.I. (2002).
4101:Raghavan, M. D. (1971).
3921:
3916:Rasanayagam, C. (1933).
3775:Journal of Tamil Studies
3180:The History of Sri Lanka
3093:History of Ceylon Tamils
3009:
2889:, was completed. During
2718:in general) along with
2294:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam
2266:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2193:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
682:Anuradhapura from Rohana
570:connecting all interior
205:Kulankayan Cinkai Ariyan
103:A reconstruction of the
6675:Medieval Hindu kingdoms
6374:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
5909:Tamils Against Genocide
5894:Canadian Tamil Congress
5810:Tamil National Alliance
5632:American Ceylon Mission
5503:Sri Lankan Tamil people
4967:Short History of Ceylon
4543:David, Kenneth (1977).
4516:Hussein, Asiff (2007).
4499:Raghavan, M.D. (1964).
4369:Seneviratna, Anuradha
3607:Ayer Publishing, 1970;
3537:Short history of Ceylon
3513:by W.M. Sirisena, p. 57
2999:Sri Lankan Tamil people
2994:List of Jaffna monarchs
2738:who are believed to be
2510:generals were from the
2101:Port and customs duties
1993:subsistence agriculture
1870:or superintendents and
1740:and the powerful chief
1697:was killed and his son
1683:Constantino de Bragança
1392:, a foreigner from the
1123:American Ceylon Mission
263:led to the fall of the
218:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
21:Jaffna (disambiguation)
6475:Singai Pararasasegaram
6459:Aryacakravarti dynasty
6439:House of Siri Sanga Bo
6422:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan
6416:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
6380:Kulotunga Cinkaiariyan
6364:Aryacakravarti dynasty
6156:Languages and dialects
5693:Vaddukoddai Resolution
5380:House of Siri Sanga Bo
5375:Aryacakravarti dynasty
5101:: Kumaran. p. 81.
4825:A History of Sri Lanka
4385:Indrapala, Karthigesu
4076:A History of Sri Lanka
3922:யாழ்ப்பாணச் சரித்திரம்
3704:A History of Sri Lanka
3553:A History of Sri Lanka
3071:A History of Sri Lanka
2941:
2891:Singai Pararasasegaram
2883:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan
2877:) and on mathematics (
2863:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
2674:
2290:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
2270:Singai Pararasasegaram
2250:
2196:
1988:
1819:
1742:Periya Pillai Arachchi
1714:Cankili II the usurper
1674:
1646:landings. It was king
1493:Aryacakravarti dynasty
1487:Aryacakravarti dynasty
1419:After the conquest of
1416:
1398:kingdom of Polonnaruwa
1378:Aryacakravarti dynasty
1211:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1138:Donoughmore Commission
1007:Ancient clans of Lanka
706:Kingdom of Dambadeniya
694:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
586:—with the help of the
384:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
318:Aryacakravarti dynasty
6670:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka
6410:Virodaya Cinkaiariyan
6398:Martanda Cinkaiariyan
6392:Varodaya Cinkaiariyan
6386:Vickrama Cinkaiariyan
6317:Eastern Ganga dynasty
5642:Jaffna Youth Congress
5596:Kotagama inscriptions
5417:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
5049:The Sri Lankan Tamils
3719:The Nayaks of Tanjore
3217:The Sri Lankan Tamils
2936:
2797:Islamic jurisprudence
2746:faith . The caste of
2665:
2409:Until ca. 1550, when
2296:, known today as the
2244:
2191:
2184:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
1979:
1900:. He was assisted by
1896:was the chief of the
1812:
1672:
1414:
1271:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
1133:Jaffna Youth Congress
1108:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
894:Republic of Sri Lanka
843:British Ceylon period
675:437 BCE–1017 CE
658:Kingdom of Tambapanni
148:Common languages
5889:British Tamils Forum
5456:Madawala inscription
5451:Kotagama inscription
5028:(revised ed.).
4973:: AES. p. 290.
4867:Kunarasa, K (2003).
3201:History of Sri Lanka
3167:History of Sri Lanka
2121:Caes dos elephantess
1797:with the support of
1707:Vimaladharmasuriya I
1390:Parakrama Pandyan II
1374:Karthigesu Indrapala
919:Sri Lanka portal
872:Sri Lanka since 1948
670:Anuradhapura kingdom
545:Trincomalee District
519:under the orders of
207:a.k.a. Kalinga Magha
77:Yāpanaya rājadhāniya
19:For other uses, see
6665:Indianized kingdoms
6200:Naguleswaram temple
5601:Portuguese conquest
5591:Jaffna Palace ruins
5548:Ketheeswaram temple
5319:Portuguese conquest
5113:on 22 December 2007
4988:Parker, H. (1909).
4937:: MV. p. 238.
4797:on 25 December 2007
4151:on 23 November 2008
3897:on 22 December 2007
2984:Jaffna Palace ruins
2875:Segarajasekaramalai
2851:Thinnai Pallikoodam
2805:Dutch colonial rule
2781:law of present-day
2634:were formed by the
2202:(a denomination of
2161:symbol, the legend
1681:led by Viceroy Dom
1573:Tenkasi inscription
1396:who was ruling the
1156:Soulbury Commission
1080:Portuguese conquest
771:Kingdom of Sitawaka
749:Transitional period
562:The arrival of the
265:Polonnaruwa kingdom
244:Transitional period
105:Jaffna kingdom flag
5904:Global Tamil Forum
5558:Munneswaram temple
5074:(First ed.).
4869:The Jaffna Dynasty
4744:The Jaffna Dynasty
4441:Gnanaprakasar, S.
4225:Gnanaprakasar, S.
4173:, pp. 65, 115, 148
4010:on 6 December 2017
3844:The Jaffna Dynasty
3662:Gnanaprakasar, S.
3651:The Jaffna Dynasty
3566:The Jaffna Dynasty
3524:The Jaffna Dynasty
3456:The Jaffna Dynasty
3386:Gnanaprakasar, S.
3285:The Jaffna Dynasty
3215:Pfaffenberger, B .
2942:
2681:(known locally as
2675:
2251:
2197:
2017:officials, namely
1989:
1820:
1789:Migapulle Arachchi
1781:Filipe de Oliveira
1750:Migapulle Arachchi
1699:Ethirimanna Cinkam
1675:
1558:chieftains of the
1511:Vijayanagar empire
1417:
1118:Colebrooke-Cameron
899:1972–present
882:Dominion of Ceylon
718:Kingdom of Gampola
584:Migapulle Arachchi
572:Sinhalese kingdoms
55:Yālppāṇa irācciyam
6547:
6546:
6528:Portuguese puppet
6511:Ethirimana Cinkam
6505:Puviraja Pandaram
6487:Puviraja Pandaram
6271:
6270:
6253:
6252:
5927:
5926:
5788:Political parties
5726:
5725:
5553:Koneswaram temple
5469:
5468:
5389:Portuguese puppet
5302:Liberation battle
5085:978-81-206-1362-1
4789:V.N. Giritharan.
4600:978-1-5381-0686-0
4556:978-3-11-080775-2
4485:978-0-86078-579-8
4428:978-0-19-025755-2
3919:History of Jaffna
3819:Nayaks of Tanjore
2989:Sangiliyan Statue
2714:specifically and
2504:palanquin bearers
2282:Koneswaram temple
2059:on trees such as
1695:Puvirasa Pandaram
1617:Portuguese Ceylon
1554:area, namely the
1528:Thanjavur Nayakar
1459:(1236–1270) from
1357:
1356:
1266:Thimpu principles
1150:Post independence
1098:Portuguese Ceylon
988:Sri Lankan Tamils
973:
972:
903:
902:
862:
861:
833:
832:
812:Portuguese Ceylon
780:
779:
739:
738:
663:543–437 BCE
631:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
425:Portuguese Ceylon
417:
416:
225:• 1617–1619
213:• 1277–1284
200:• 1215–1255
132:
32:Kingdom of Jaffna
6702:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6587:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6564:
6563:
6555:
6449:Bhuvanekabahu VI
6298:
6291:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6263:
6262:
6164:Batticaloa Tamil
5990:
5989:
5735:
5734:
5668:Sinhala Only Act
5563:Tenavaram temple
5543:Annaicoddai seal
5523:
5522:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5461:Mural of soldier
5441:Cankilian Thoppu
5345:
5297:Kotte's campaign
5287:Tambralinga rule
5245:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5187:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5147:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5102:
5089:
5066:
5043:
5017:
4984:
4961:
4948:
4925:
4909:
4886:
4863:
4842:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4793:. Archived from
4786:
4767:
4760:
4747:
4740:
4734:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4704:
4699:Coddrington, H.
4697:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4396:
4390:
4389:, (2005), p. 210
4383:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4343:C. Rasanayagam,
4341:
4335:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4236:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4009:
3994:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3956:
3949:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3689:
3682:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3615:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3578:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3478:
3472:
3467:Rasanayagam, M.
3465:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3346:on 1 August 2020
3342:. Archived from
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3247:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3197:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3142:
3137:Coddrington, K.
3135:
3118:
3111:
3096:
3089:
3074:
3067:
3040:
3039:
3019:
2972:Muthirai Santhai
2938:Cankilian Thoppu
2903:Saraswathy Mahal
2476:were the palace
2460:status, meaning
2458:Brahma-Kshatriya
2258:Chempaha Perumal
2254:Sapumal Kumaraya
2230:or protector of
2138:, game meat and
2089:commercial taxes
2077:Professional tax
1799:Raghunatha Nayak
1770:Raghunatha Nayak
1758:Thanjavur Nayaks
1679:first expedition
1659:island of Mannar
1594:Sapumal Kumaraya
1546:'s adopted son,
1544:Parakramabahu VI
1519:Kingdom of Kotte
1513:that ruled from
1457:Parakramabahu II
1425:Jaffna peninsula
1349:
1342:
1335:
1321:Sri Lanka portal
1171:Sinhala Only Act
1032:Pancha Ishwarams
975:
974:
965:
958:
951:
917:
916:
915:
877:
876:
848:
847:
800:Kingdom of Kandy
795:
794:
754:
753:
730:Kingdom of Kotte
653:
652:
640:
622:
608:
607:
528:kingdom of Kotte
521:Parakramabahu VI
477:Jaffna peninsula
466:
458:
433:
432:
421:
420:
408:
407:
394:
393:
380:
379:
373:
372:
357:
356:
170:
129:
123:
119:
117:
99:
79:
72:
64:
63:
57:
50:
42:
41:
28:
27:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6558:
6550:
6548:
6543:
6538:Don Constantine
6530:
6522:
6461:
6453:
6441:
6433:
6366:
6358:
6339:
6331:
6319:
6311:
6302:
6272:
6267:
6249:
6228:
6224:Village deities
6183:
6150:
6082:
6019:Saturday Review
5988:
5944:Genetic studies
5923:
5877:
5835:Militant groups
5829:
5783:
5777:Chief Ministers
5760:Chief Ministers
5722:
5683:Standardisation
5646:
5620:
5616:Demala Hatpattu
5567:
5514:
5505:
5500:
5470:
5465:
5422:
5394:
5385:Don Constantine
5360:Kalinga dynasty
5346:
5337:
5309:Portuguese rule
5268:
5250:
5239:
5209:
5203:
5184:
5158:
5156:
5144:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5086:
5063:
5040:
5006:
4981:
4945:
4914:Pathmanathan, S
4906:
4883:
4839:
4821:de Silva, K. M.
4815:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4787:
4770:
4762:Gunasingam, M.
4761:
4750:
4741:
4737:
4728:
4724:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4640:Abeysinghe, T.
4639:
4635:
4628:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4514:
4510:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4413:
4409:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4297:
4293:
4277:
4276:
4260:
4256:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4201:
4197:
4189:Gunasingam, M.
4188:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4116:
4112:
4099:
4095:
4087:Abeysinghe, T.
4086:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3968:
3959:
3951:Gunasingam, M.
3950:
3937:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3863:
3855:Gunasingam, M.
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3684:Abeysinghe, T.
3683:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3636:Abeysinghe, T.
3635:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3428:Gunasingam, M.
3427:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3373:Abeysinghe, T.
3372:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3322:Indrapala, K –
3321:
3317:
3309:Gunasingam, M.
3308:
3291:
3282:
3275:
3267:Gunasingam, M.
3266:
3257:
3249:Abeysinghe, T.
3248:
3223:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3187:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3145:
3136:
3121:
3112:
3099:
3090:
3077:
3068:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3012:
2980:
2954:Madurai variant
2931:
2915:Segarajasekaran
2887:Pararajasekaram
2867:Segarajasekaram
2837:
2506:. The army and
2502:were the royal
2492:were the royal
2435:
2427:Caste structure
2424:
2325:village deities
2256:(also known as
2186:
2180:
2175:
1974:
1872:kanakkappillais
1807:
1722:
1716:
1703:Kandyan kingdom
1667:
1636:Kandyan kingdom
1619:
1613:
1605:Main articles:
1603:
1540:
1495:
1489:
1481:Pandyan Dynasty
1473:Pandyan Dynasty
1443:chieftain from
1394:Pandyan Dynasty
1370:S. Pathmanathan
1362:
1353:
1301:
1300:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1201:Standardization
1151:
1143:
1142:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1050:
1042:
1041:
997:
969:
940:
913:
911:
905:
904:
896:
887:1948–1972
884:
874:
864:
863:
858:1815–1948
855:
845:
835:
834:
829:1658–1796
826:
817:1597–1658
814:
805:1469–1815
802:
792:
782:
781:
776:1521–1594
773:
764:1232–1620
761:
751:
741:
740:
735:1371–1597
732:
723:1341–1371
720:
711:1232–1341
708:
699:1055–1232
696:
687:1017–1055
684:
672:
660:
650:
648:Sinhala kingdom
617:
606:
600:
588:Thanjavur Nayak
509:Delhi Sultanate
430:
405:
391:
377:
334:
321:
307:
294:
281:
268:
259:'s invasion of
226:
214:
201:
161:
133:
131:
127:
125:
121:
108:
101:
100:
83:
82:
66:
44:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6620:Jaffna kingdom
6605:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6568:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6534:
6532:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6353:Savakanmaindan
6350:
6343:
6341:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6313:
6312:
6309:Jaffna kingdom
6301:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6141:United Kingdom
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6033:Tamil Guardian
6029:
6022:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
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5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5764:
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5762:
5757:
5752:
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5732:
5728:
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5724:
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5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
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5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5586:Aryacakravarti
5583:
5577:
5575:
5573:Jaffna kingdom
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
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5421:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
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5392:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5316:
5314:Mannar martyrs
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5282:Pandya dynasty
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5247:Jaffna kingdom
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5188:
5182:
5165:
5148:
5142:
5123:
5103:
5090:
5084:
5067:
5061:
5044:
5038:
5018:
5004:
4985:
4979:
4962:
4949:
4943:
4926:
4910:
4904:
4887:
4881:
4864:
4843:
4837:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4768:
4748:
4735:
4729:Nadarajan, V.
4722:
4705:
4689:
4673:
4646:
4633:
4626:
4606:
4599:
4579:
4562:
4555:
4535:
4529:978-9559726227
4528:
4508:
4491:
4484:
4464:
4447:
4434:
4427:
4407:
4391:
4375:
4362:
4349:
4336:
4325:Wilhelm Geiger
4317:
4304:
4291:
4254:
4231:
4218:
4195:
4175:
4162:
4135:
4128:
4110:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4048:
4041:
4021:
3977:
3957:
3935:
3908:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3828:
3808:
3801:
3781:
3765:
3752:
3735:
3728:
3708:
3690:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3616:
3596:
3570:
3557:
3541:
3528:
3515:
3498:
3473:
3469:Ancient Jaffna
3460:
3447:
3441:Manogaran, C.
3434:
3421:
3404:
3392:
3379:
3357:
3327:
3315:
3289:
3273:
3255:
3221:
3205:
3185:
3171:
3143:
3119:
3113:Indrapala, K.
3097:
3091:Nadarajan, V.
3075:
3041:
3034:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2930:
2927:
2879:Kanakathikaram
2855:Tamil language
2836:
2833:
2778:Marumakattayam
2761:
2760:
2660:
2659:
2628:also known as
2429:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2303:Most accepted
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2113:Pachilaippalai
1973:
1970:
1939:
1938:
1826:, a traveling
1806:
1805:Administration
1803:
1794:Varunakulattan
1762:Varunakulattan
1715:
1712:
1666:
1663:
1628:Roman Catholic
1602:
1599:
1548:Prince Sapumal
1539:
1536:
1499:Aryacakravarti
1491:Main article:
1488:
1485:
1366:K. M. de Silva
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
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1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:British Ceylon
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Aryacakravarti
1062:
1060:Jaffna kingdom
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
984:
983:
971:
970:
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
922:
907:
906:
901:
900:
897:
892:
889:
888:
885:
880:
875:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
859:
856:
853:British Ceylon
851:
846:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
830:
827:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
807:
806:
803:
798:
793:
790:Kandyan period
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
777:
774:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:Jaffna kingdom
757:
752:
747:
746:
743:
742:
737:
736:
733:
728:
725:
724:
721:
716:
713:
712:
709:
704:
701:
700:
697:
692:
689:
688:
685:
680:
677:
676:
673:
668:
665:
664:
661:
656:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
633:
632:
619:
618:
611:
602:Main article:
599:
596:
517:Prince Sapumal
493:Pandyan Empire
465:යාපනය රාජධානිය
457:யாழ்ப்பாண அரசு
449:Jaffna kingdom
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
427:
418:
415:
414:
412:Pandya dynasty
409:
401:
400:
395:
387:
386:
381:
369:
368:
363:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
329:
326:
325:
322:
315:
312:
311:
308:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:Pandya dynasty
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:Aryacakravarti
276:
273:
272:
269:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
240:Historical era
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
186:Aryacakravarti
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
126:
120:
118:
110:
109:
102:
94:
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
73:
62:යාපනය රාජධානිය
58:
51:
40:யாழ்ப்பாண அரசு
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6707:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6466:
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6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6327:Kalinga Magha
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6266:
6256:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Negombo Tamil
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6146:United States
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
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6044:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Federal Party
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:Post-colonial
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5330:
5329:1591 invasion
5327:
5325:
5324:1560 invasion
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5204:
5202:0-313-33205-3
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5183:81-206-1202-7
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5155:. Lakdiva.org
5154:
5149:
5145:
5143:81-206-0210-2
5139:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5112:
5108:
5107:"Yarl-Paanam"
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5062:0-8133-8845-7
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5039:955-9261-16-9
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5022:Tambiah, H. W
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5005:9788120602083
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4980:81-206-0946-8
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4944:0-646-38106-7
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4905:81-206-1686-3
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4882:955-8455-00-8
4878:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4838:955-8095-92-3
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4742:Kunarasa, K.
4739:
4732:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4627:9780870233746
4623:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4573:Tamil Culture
4566:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4347:, pp. 382–383
4346:
4340:
4333:
4332:Heinz Bechert
4329:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4207:. Lakdiva.org
4206:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4143:V. Sundaram.
4139:
4131:
4129:955-551-257-4
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:9789552088643
4038:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3891:"Yarl-Paanam"
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3842:Kunarasa, K.
3839:
3831:
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3613:0-8369-5596-X
3610:
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3585:. Lakdiva.org
3584:
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3564:Kunarasa, K.
3561:
3555:, pp. 132–133
3554:
3548:
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3522:Kunarasa, K.
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2213:
2209:
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2164:
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2137:
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2128:
2127:of the dead.
2126:
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2105:Columbuthurai
2102:
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2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:Malabar Coast
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
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1880:pandarapillai
1877:
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1687:Mannar Island
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1316:Tamils portal
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541:
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524:
522:
518:
514:
513:Kotte kingdom
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Kalinga Magha
478:
474:
470:
462:
454:
450:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
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410:
403:
402:
399:
398:Chola dynasty
396:
389:
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364:
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257:Kalinga Magha
252:
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91:
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78:
74:
70:
59:
56:
52:
48:
37:
36:
29:
26:
22:
6660:Hindu states
6607:
6493:Periyapillai
6347:Chandrabhanu
6308:
6169:Jaffna Tamil
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
5974:Thesavalamai
5663:Colonisation
5572:
5436:Mantri Manai
5415:
5365:Chandrabhanu
5246:
5192:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5128:
5115:. Retrieved
5111:the original
5094:
5071:
5048:
5025:
4990:
4966:
4953:
4930:
4917:
4891:
4868:
4847:
4824:
4799:. Retrieved
4795:the original
4763:
4743:
4738:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4687:, pp. 18–20.
4684:
4664:. Retrieved
4658:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4616:
4609:
4589:
4582:
4572:
4565:
4545:
4538:
4518:
4511:
4501:
4494:
4474:
4467:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4417:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4386:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4330:, Edited by
4327:
4320:
4312:
4311:Gunasingam,
4307:
4299:
4298:Gunasingam,
4294:
4263:
4257:
4240:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4198:
4190:
4170:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4149:the original
4138:
4119:
4113:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4031:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4005:the original
4000:
3996:
3971:
3952:
3926:
3918:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3895:the original
3856:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3818:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3774:
3768:
3760:
3759:De Queyroz,
3755:
3745:
3738:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3685:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3637:
3604:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3565:
3560:
3552:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3489:. Retrieved
3485:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3348:. Retrieved
3344:the original
3337:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3284:
3268:
3250:
3216:
3200:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3138:
3114:
3092:
3070:
3024:
3017:
2971:
2968:
2961:
2946:South Indian
2943:
2937:
2929:Architecture
2922:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2819:
2815:
2810:Thesavalamai
2808:
2786:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2727:
2720:Kuchchiliyar
2719:
2707:
2704:Vaiyaapaadal
2703:
2682:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2497:
2485:
2471:
2466:who took to
2461:
2457:
2445:
2439:caste system
2436:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2368:Naguleswaram
2360:Ketheeswaram
2349:
2341:evil spirits
2302:
2297:
2293:
2257:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2198:
2162:
2159:Nandi (bull)
2152:
2150:
2143:
2129:
2120:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2001:
1997:Indian Ocean
1990:
1981:
1940:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1821:
1815:Mantri Manai
1813:
1792:
1774:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1723:
1705:under kings
1676:
1665:Client state
1620:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1541:
1515:Vijayanagara
1508:
1496:
1453:Chandrabhanu
1433:Chola empire
1429:Vanni forest
1418:
1363:
1206:Colonisation
1166:Colonisation
1103:Dutch Ceylon
1059:
1037:Early Jaffna
910:
824:Dutch Ceylon
758:
561:
525:
468:
448:
446:
366:Succeeded by
365:
360:
25:
6513:(1591–1616)
6501:(1565-1570)
6489:(1561–1565)
6477:(1478–1519)
6462:(1467–1619)
6418:(1380–1410)
6412:(1371–1380)
6406:(1347–1371)
6388:(1292–1302)
6367:(1277–1450)
6337:Tambralinga
6212:Catholicism
6131:New Zealand
6061:Thinakkural
6047:Tamil Times
5698:Tamil Eelam
5658:Nationalism
5369:Tambralinga
5159:25 November
5117:24 November
4873:Johor Bahru
4733:, pp. 80–84
4666:26 February
4169:Parker, H.
4155:29 November
3901:24 November
3702:de Silva,
3653:, pp. 82–84
3589:25 November
3568:, pp. 73–75
3551:de Silva,
3539:, pp. 91–92
3526:, pp. 65–66
3491:30 November
3486:S. Ranwella
3445:, pp. 22–65
3377:, pp. 58–63
3313:, pp. 64–65
3287:, pp. 73–74
3253:, pp. 29–30
3219:, pp. 30–31
3169:, pp. 31–32
3141:, pp. 74–76
3073:, pp. 91–92
2958:Vijayanagar
2907:Arasakesari
2899:manuscripts
2845:classes in
2769:patriarchal
2765:matriarchal
2752:Pa’l’livili
2748:Pa’l’luvili
2736:Pa’l’luvili
2671:Neduntheevu
2526:Paddankatti
2518:pearl trade
2486:Akampadayar
2454:South India
2443:matrilineal
2397:Sivarattiri
2385:Navarattiri
2372:South India
2356:Trincomalee
2278:North India
2228:Setukavalan
2019:Mudaliayars
2011:South India
1950:Trincomalee
1914:pattankaddi
1890:community.
1876:accountants
1738:Arasakesari
1726:Arasakesari
1640:South India
1565:South India
1461:Dambadeniya
1445:Tambralinga
1251:Tamil Eelam
1161:Nationalism
1049:Middle Ages
996:Ancient era
623:Historical
576:South India
568:Palk Strait
557:Trincomalee
505:Malik Kafur
497:South India
361:Preceded by
6614:Categories
6517:Cankili II
6075:Virakesari
6054:Thinakaran
6010:Literature
5738:Government
5708:Black July
5446:Yamuna Eri
5411:Setu coins
5292:Kotte rule
4813:References
4801:2 December
4373:, Volume 2
4211:6 December
4074:de Silva,
3458:, pp. 1–53
3069:de Silva,
2923:Vaiyapatal
2911:Raghuvamsa
2849:(known as
2835:Literature
2801:Hindu laws
2791:of modern
2740:cavalrymen
2708:Papparavar
2687:Malayalees
2648:Kaltatchar
2622:Sengunthar
2556:Kudimakkal
2470:life. The
2431:See also:
2416:Kadurugoda
2403:Thaiponkal
2362:temple in
2354:temple in
2352:Koneswaram
2345:South Asia
2224:Rameswaram
2182:See also:
2154:Sethu Bull
2136:dried fish
2093:stamp duty
2038:Garden tax
2003:Ibn Batuta
1984:legend in
1902:mudaliyars
1854:mudaliyars
1824:Ibn Batuta
1746:Mudaliyars
1734:Cankili II
1718:See also:
1615:See also:
1577:Tinnevelly
1447:in modern
1281:War crimes
1221:Black July
580:Cankili II
564:Portuguese
553:Mullaitivu
495:in modern
350:Setu coins
230:Cankili II
175:Government
6578:Sri Lanka
6540:(1619–24)
6531:(1619–24)
6519:(1617–19)
6507:(1582–91)
6495:(1565–82)
6483:(1519–61)
6481:Cankili I
6471:(1467–78)
6442:(1450–67)
6430:(1440–50)
6424:(1410–40)
6400:(1325–47)
6394:(1302–25)
6382:(1284–92)
6376:(1277–84)
6355:(1262-77)
6349:(1255-62)
6340:(1255–77)
6320:(1215–55)
6179:Loanwords
6096:Australia
6026:Sudar Oli
5772:Governors
5755:Governors
5713:Civil War
5688:Militancy
5428:Landmarks
5174:New Delhi
5076:New Delhi
5014:81-909073
4971:New Delhi
4896:New Delhi
4683:Tambiah,
4280:cite book
3199:Peebles,
3165:Peebles,
2871:astrology
2847:verandahs
2842:gurukulam
2773:Mudaliars
2724:Gujaratis
2530:Adapannar
2522:Mudaliyar
2473:Madapalli
2411:Cankili I
2391:Deepavali
2333:Sinhalese
2317:Pillaiyar
2286:Cankili I
2276:river of
2125:cremation
2109:Poonakari
1958:elephants
1942:Vannimais
1918:adappanar
1910:talaiyari
1777:Karaiyars
1655:Catholics
1648:Cankili I
1632:Sittawaka
1286:IDP camps
1246:Militancy
1234:Civil war
1196:1974 pact
1191:1964 pact
1186:1957 Pact
1181:1954 pact
1055:Chola Era
1022:Nainativu
1012:Tamilakam
629:Sri Lanka
489:feudatory
320:restored
261:Sri Lanka
158:Religion
88:1215–1619
6590:Monarchy
6305:Monarchs
6265:Category
6245:Football
6195:Hinduism
6188:Religion
6136:Pakistan
6126:Malaysia
6088:Diaspora
6040:TamilNet
5979:Vellalar
5969:Paraiyar
5959:Mukkuvar
5949:Karaiyar
5882:Diaspora
5731:Politics
5625:Colonial
5606:Vannimai
5352:Monarchs
5024:(2001).
4916:(1974).
4860:75481767
4823:(2005).
4660:Tamilnet
4360:, p. 128
4249:12552979
4229:, p. 103
4078:, p. 117
4014:18 March
3706:, p. 166
2978:See also
2859:Sanskrit
2820:chidenam
2816:muthusam
2793:Tulunadu
2716:Africans
2650:and the
2631:Kammalar
2626:artisans
2591:Paraiyar
2573:Kadaiyar
2561:Ambattar
2551:Vellalar
2541:Thimilar
2535:Mukkuvar
2513:Karaiyar
2496:and the
2490:Paraiyar
2478:stewards
2463:Brahmins
2208:Buddhist
2204:Hinduism
2200:Shaivism
2178:Religion
2134:, milk,
2073:Poll tax
2061:palmyrah
2057:Tree tax
2050:arecanut
2042:plantain
2031:arretane
1923:Karaiyar
1906:udaiyars
1888:Paraiyar
1868:kankanis
1864:Vellalar
1860:Karaiyar
1849:adikaris
1836:Puttalam
1828:Moroccan
1569:cinnamon
1560:Vannimai
1449:Thailand
1437:Tanjavur
1421:Rajarata
1360:Founding
1291:UN Panel
1261:Diaspora
1092:Colonial
1070:Vannimai
980:a series
978:Part of
936:Timeline
614:a series
612:Part of
346:Currency
179:Monarchy
167:Shaivism
163:Hinduism
6602:History
6552:Portals
6307:of the
6240:Cricket
6111:Germany
6068:Uthayan
5993:Culture
5964:Nalavar
5932:Society
5611:Vanniar
5581:History
5526:Ancient
5519:History
5399:Culture
5274:History
5099:Chennai
5030:Colombo
4958:Toronto
4922:Colombo
4852:Colombo
4829:Colombo
4766:, p. 64
4703:, p. 74
4445:, p. 96
4272:6832704
4193:, p. 62
4091:, p. 28
3955:, p. 58
3859:, p. 54
3432:, p. 53
3350:2 March
3338:Nampota
3271:, p. 63
3203:, p. 34
3117:, p. 16
3095:, p. 72
2963:gopuram
2919:Madurai
2829:agnates
2728:Choanar
2712:Berbers
2695:Mapilla
2683:Vadugas
2679:Telugus
2644:Tatchar
2640:Thattar
2618:Nalavar
2609:Chettys
2603:Brahmin
2597:Koviyar
2585:Nalavar
2546:Udayars
2499:Siviyar
2494:heralds
2468:martial
2422:Society
2329:Kannaki
2313:Murugan
2288:. King
2173:Culture
2132:bananas
2069:iluppai
2065:margosa
2046:coconut
2027:pardaos
1972:Economy
1966:exclave
1946:Vanniar
1927:Paravar
1894:Maniyam
1884:heralds
1693:, king
1657:in the
1556:Vanniar
1532:Kandyan
1386:Kalinga
1241:Origins
1075:Vanniar
931:History
926:Capital
598:History
501:Madurai
491:of the
485:Kalinga
475:on the
461:Sinhala
330:•
316:•
303:•
255:•
138:Capital
69:Sinhala
6566:Tamils
6106:France
6101:Canada
6000:Cinema
5954:Koviar
5249:topics
5199:
5180:
5140:
5082:
5059:
5036:
5012:
5002:
4996:London
4977:
4941:
4935:Sydney
4902:
4879:
4858:
4835:
4746:, p. 4
4644:, p. 4
4624:
4597:
4553:
4526:
4482:
4425:
4401:Rōhaṇa
4334:, p. 8
4270:
4247:
4126:
4039:
3846:, p. 2
3826:
3799:
3726:
3688:, p. 3
3640:, p. 2
3611:
3032:
2950:Tamils
2869:), on
2783:Kerala
2744:Muslim
2726:) and
2691:Muslim
2685:) and
2667:Baobab
2652:Kannar
2636:Kollar
2614:Pallar
2579:Pallar
2567:Vannar
2532:. The
2484:, the
2441:and a
2400:, and
2364:Mannar
2309:lingam
2274:Yamuna
2249:river.
2247:Yamuna
2145:uliyam
2097:Taraku
1960:, and
1898:parrus
1840:parrus
1832:Nallur
1730:regent
1652:Parava
1623:spices
1585:Anurai
1581:Singai
1571:. The
1523:vassal
1503:Muslim
1451:named
1406:Damila
1402:Kerala
1002:Ravana
625:states
616:on the
592:Nallur
549:Jaffna
532:feudal
473:Jaffna
190:
142:Nallur
128:
122:
65:
43:
6233:Sport
6121:India
6116:Italy
6014:News
5984:Vedar
5939:Eelam
5868:PLOTE
5853:EPRLF
5843:ENDLF
5673:Riots
4315:p. 66
4302:p. 65
4008:(PDF)
3993:(PDF)
3010:Notes
2824:dowry
2732:Arabs
2482:cooks
2337:charm
2305:Shiva
2262:Tamil
2212:Chola
2167:Tamil
2117:Kayts
2085:guild
2081:caste
2053:palms
2023:Vanni
1986:Tamil
1962:ivory
1954:honey
1931:caste
1754:Kayts
1644:Dutch
1552:Vanni
1441:Malay
1382:Magha
1176:Riots
1017:Nakar
540:Hindu
536:Tamil
483:from
453:Tamil
152:Tamil
47:Tamil
5873:TELO
5863:LTTE
5858:EORS
5848:ENLF
5406:Flag
5264:Coin
5259:Flag
5197:ISBN
5178:ISBN
5161:2007
5138:ISBN
5119:2007
5080:ISBN
5057:ISBN
5053:U.S.
5034:ISBN
5010:LCCN
5000:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4939:ISBN
4900:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4856:OCLC
4833:ISBN
4803:2007
4668:2008
4622:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4524:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4423:ISBN
4286:link
4268:OCLC
4245:OCLC
4213:2007
4157:2007
4124:ISBN
4037:ISBN
4016:2018
3903:2007
3824:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3591:2007
3493:2007
3352:2020
3030:ISBN
2799:and
2785:and
2759:Laws
2699:Moor
2697:and
2616:and
2600:and
2538:and
2528:and
2508:navy
2480:and
2450:clan
2446:kudi
2339:and
2321:Kali
2236:Setu
2232:Setu
2163:Setu
2140:curd
2087:and
2071:and
2067:and
2048:and
1982:Setu
1925:and
1677:The
1609:and
1404:and
1372:and
1296:LLRC
1276:ISGA
1256:LTTE
555:and
447:The
337:1619
324:1467
310:1450
297:1323
284:1277
271:1215
5134:390
2956:of
2853:in
2807:as
2750:or
2742:of
2378:of
2260:in
2165:in
2083:or
1916:or
1874:or
1785:Goa
1728:as
1435:of
627:of
574:to
6616::
5172:.
5136:.
5097:.
5051:.
5008:.
4994:.
4969:.
4956:.
4933:.
4920:.
4894:.
4871:.
4850:.
4827:.
4771:^
4751:^
4692:^
4676:^
4657:.
4378:^
4282:}}
4278:{{
4178:^
4060:.
3999:.
3995:.
3980:^
3960:^
3938:^
3864:^
3693:^
3671:^
3619:^
3573:^
3544:^
3501:^
3484:.
3407:^
3360:^
3292:^
3276:^
3258:^
3224:^
3208:^
3188:^
3146:^
3122:^
3100:^
3078:^
3044:^
2654:.
2646:,
2642:,
2638:,
2594:,
2588:,
2582:,
2576:,
2570:,
2564:,
2524:,
2394:,
2388:,
2366:,
2358:,
2347:.
2319:,
2315:,
2268:.
2148:.
2103:.
2063:,
2044:,
2033:.
1999:.
1956:,
1912:,
1844:ur
1801:.
1764:.
1732:.
1583:,
1368:,
982:on
551:,
523:.
463::
459:,
455::
267:.
6554::
6297:e
6290:t
6283:v
5495:e
5488:t
5481:v
5391:)
5387:(
5371:)
5367:(
5234:e
5227:t
5220:v
5205:.
5186:.
5163:.
5146:.
5121:.
5088:.
5065:.
5042:.
5016:.
4983:.
4947:.
4908:.
4885:.
4862:.
4841:.
4805:.
4670:.
4630:.
4603:.
4559:.
4532:.
4488:.
4431:.
4288:)
4274:.
4251:.
4215:.
4159:.
4132:.
4062:2
4045:.
4018:.
4001:2
3905:.
3832:.
3805:.
3732:.
3593:.
3495:.
3354:.
3340:"
3336:"
3038:.
2873:(
2822:(
2730:(
2722:(
2710:(
2448:(
1348:e
1341:t
1334:v
964:e
957:t
950:v
451:(
169:)
165:(
71:)
67:(
49:)
45:(
23:.
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