1455:. The alpha male is the highest-ranking male that controls the group and maintains order during disputes. In chimpanzee society, the 'dominant male' sometimes is not the largest or strongest male but rather the most manipulative and political male that can influence the goings on within a group. Male chimpanzees typically attain dominance by cultivating allies who will support that individual during future ambitions for power. The alpha male regularly displays by puffing his normally slim coat up to increase view size and charge to seem as threatening and as powerful as possible; this behaviour serves to intimidate other members and thereby maintain power and authority, and it may be fundamental to the alpha male's holding on to his status. Lower-ranking chimpanzees will show respect by submissively gesturing in
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two studies in 1923 and 1926 by a biologist named John Bauman. These studies were refuted in 1943 and an adult male chimpanzee was found to pull about the same weight as an adult man. Corrected for their smaller body sizes, chimpanzees were found to be stronger than humans but not anywhere near four to eight times. In the 1960s these tests were repeated and chimpanzees were found to have twice the strength of a human when it came to pulling weights. The reason for the higher strength seen in chimpanzees compared to humans are thought to come from longer skeletal muscle fibers that can generate twice the work output over a wider range of motion compared to skeletal muscle fibers in humans.
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1278:, or walk on all fours, clenching their fists and supporting themselves on the knuckles. Chimpanzees are better suited for walking than orangutans, because the chimp's feet have broader soles and shorter toes. The bonobo has proportionately longer upper limbs and walks upright more often than does the common chimpanzee. Both species can walk upright on two legs when carrying objects with their hands and arms.
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1810:. This typically involved basic, practical tests on laboratory chimpanzees, which required a fairly high intellectual capacity (such as how to solve the problem of acquiring an out-of-reach banana). Notably, Yerkes also made extensive observations of chimpanzees in the wild which added tremendously to the scientific understanding of chimpanzees and their behaviour. Yerkes studied chimpanzees until
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1841:, which produced evidence of chimpanzees becoming sick from viral infectious diseases they had likely contracted from humans. Molecular, microscopic and epidemiological investigations demonstrated the chimpanzees living at Mahale Mountains National Park have been suffering from a respiratory disease that is likely caused by a variant of a human
1418:. Bonobos frequently have sex, sometimes to help prevent and resolve conflicts. Different groups of chimpanzees also have different cultural behaviour with preferences for types of tools. The common chimpanzee tends to display greater aggression than does the bonobo. The average captive chimpanzee sleeps 9 hours and 42 minutes per day.
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food, form coalitions, and cooperate in hunting and border patrolling. Sometimes, chimpanzees have adopted young that come from unrelated groups. And in some rare cases, even male chimpanzees have been shown to take care of abandoned infant chimpanzees of an unrelated group, though in most cases they would kill the infant.
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mattress, which is supported by strong branches for a foundation, and then lined with softer leaves and twigs; the minimum diameter is 5 metres (16 ft) and may be located at a height of 3 to 45 metres (10 to 150 ft). Both day and night nests are built, and may be located in groups. A study in 2014 found that the
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mainly seek dominant status for its associated mating privileges and sometimes violent domination of subordinates, females seek dominant status to acquire resources such as food, as high-ranking females often have first access to them. Both genders acquire dominant status to improve social standing within a group.
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of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring throughout large communities. Fruit is the most important component of a chimpanzee's diet; but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even other chimpanzees or monkeys. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity.
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The chimpanzee is tailless; its coat is dark; its face, fingers, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet are hairless. The exposed skin of the face, hands, and feet varies from pink to very dark in both species, but is generally lighter in younger individuals and darkens with maturity. A University
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The most obvious differences are that chimpanzees are somewhat larger, more aggressive and male-dominated, while the bonobos are more gracile, peaceful, and female-dominated. Their hair is typically black or brown. Males and females differ in size and appearance. Both chimpanzees and bonobos are some
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Chimpanzees make tools and use them to acquire foods and for social displays; they have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation, influence and rank; they are status conscious, manipulative and capable of deception; they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language
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Chimpanzees communicate in a manner that is similar to that of human nonverbal communication, using vocalizations, hand gestures, and facial expressions. There is some evidence that they can recreate human speech. Research into the chimpanzee brain has revealed that when chimpanzees communicate, an
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Female chimpanzees also have a hierarchy, which is influenced by the position of a female individual within a group. In some chimpanzee communities, the young females may inherit high status from a high-ranking mother. Dominant females will also ally to dominate lower-ranking females: whereas males
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Chimpanzees are known for possessing great amount of muscle strength, especially in their arms. However, compared to humans the amount of strength reported in media and popular science is greatly exaggerated with numbers of four to eight times the muscle strength of a human. These numbers stem from
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Certain activities involving chimpanzees will be prohibited without a permit, including import and export of the animals into and out of the United States, "take" (defined by the ESA as harm, harass, kill, injure, etc.) within the United States, and interstate and foreign commerce. Permits will be
1941:
At the onset of thunderstorms or sudden wind gusts chimpanzee males' hair bristles; they perform spectacular aggression displays, charging, waying back and forth, breaking off and brandishing branches. Such displays are performed more often toward the beginning of the rainy season... Rain dance is
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Community female acceptance is necessary for alpha male status; females must ensure that their group visits places that supply them with enough food. A group of dominant females will sometimes oust an alpha male which is not to their preference and back another male, in whom they see potential for
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The chimpanzee's arms are longer than its legs. The male common chimp stands up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) high. Male adult wild chimps weigh between 40 and 60 kg with females weighing between 27 and 50 kg. When extended, the common chimp's long arms span one and a half times the body's
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behaviour within groups. Some researchers have suggested that chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members, but a more recent study of wild chimpanzees found that both male and female adults would adopt orphaned young of their group. Also, different groups sometimes share
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dates back at least 4,300 years (about 2,300 BC). One example of chimpanzee tool usage behavior includes the use of a large stick as a tool to dig into termite mounds, and the subsequent use of a small stick altered into a tool that is used to "fish" the termites out of the mound. Chimpanzees are
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Nest-building, sometimes considered to be a form of tool use, is seen when chimpanzees construct arboreal night nests by lacing together branches from one or more trees to build a safe, comfortable place to sleep; infants learn this process by watching their mothers. The nest provides a sort of
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Chimpanzees and bonobos are equally humanity's closest living relatives. They use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. Their learning abilities have been extensively studied. There may even be distinctive cultures within
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issued for these activities only for scientific purposes that benefit the species in the wild, or to enhance the propagation or survival of chimpanzees, including habitat restoration and research on chimpanzees in the wild that contributes to improved management and recovery.
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of
Chicago Medical Centre study has found significant genetic differences between chimpanzee populations. A bony shelf over the eyes gives the forehead a receding appearance, and the nose is flat. Although the jaws protrude, a chimp's lips are thrust out only when it pouts.
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The London
Magazine 465, September 1738. "A most surprising creature is brought over in the Speaker, just arrived from Carolina, that was taken in a wood at Guinea. She is the Female of the Creature which the Angolans call chimpanze, or the mockman." (cited after
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701:, are found almost exclusively in the heavily forested regions of Central and West Africa. With at least four commonly accepted subspecies, their population and distribution is much more extensive than the bonobos, in the past also called 'pygmy chimpanzee'.
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in 1925 (which is coincidentally when Yerkes began his analyses), eventually concluding, "chimpanzees manifest intelligent behaviour of the general kind familiar in human beings ... a type of behaviour which counts as specifically human" (1925).
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are unusually large for its body size, with a combined weight of about 4 oz (110 g) compared to a gorilla's 1 oz (28 g) or a human's 1.5 ounces (43 g). This relatively great size is generally attributed to
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Chimpanzees, as well as other apes, had also been purported to have been known to ancient writers, but mainly as myths and legends on the edge of
European and Near Eastern societal consciousness. Apes are mentioned variously by
1798:. Her discovery that chimpanzees made and used tools was groundbreaking, as humans were previously believed to be the only species to do so. The most progressive early studies on chimpanzees were spearheaded primarily by
1806:, both of whom were renowned psychologists. Both men and their colleagues established laboratory studies of chimpanzees focused specifically on learning about the intellectual abilities of chimpanzees, particularly
1730:), is probably the first written document to acknowledge that chimpanzees built their own rudimentary tools. The first of these early transcontinental chimpanzees came from Angola and were presented as a gift to
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The US Fish and
Wildlife Service finalized a rule on June 12, 2015, creating very strict regulations, practically barring any activity with chimpanzees other than for scientific, preservation-oriented purposes.
1738:", and noted the animals' distinct similarities to humans. The next two decades, a number of the creatures were imported into Europe, mainly acquired by various zoological gardens as entertainment for visitors.
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390:. The two species were formerly collectively called "chimpanzees" or "chimps"; if bonobos were recognized as a separate group at all, they were referred to as "pygmy" or "gracile chimpanzees". Together with
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In the 20th century, a new age of scientific research into chimpanzee behaviour began. Before 1960, almost nothing was known about chimpanzee behaviour in their natural habitats. In July of that year,
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height. The bonobo is slightly shorter and thinner than the common chimpanzee, but has longer limbs. In trees, both species climb with their long, powerful arms; on the ground, chimpanzees usually
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The chimpanzee's brain on the left and the human brain on the right have been scaled to the same size to show the relative proportions of their parts. These drawings were in a book made in 1904 by
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The brain of a chimpanzee has been measured at a general range of 282–500 cm. The human brain, in contrast, is about three times larger, with a reported average volume of about 1330 cm.
2593:"Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event"
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In the 1970s, reports of chimpanzees using rocks or sticks as weapons were anecdotal and controversial. However, a 2007 study claimed to reveal the use of spears, which common chimpanzees in
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1451:. Chimpanzees live in a leaner hierarchy wherein more than one individual may be dominant enough to dominate other members of lower rank. Typically, a dominant male is referred to as the
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It is suspected that human observers can influence chimpanzee behaviour. For this reason researchers sometimes prefer camera traps and remote microphones rather than human observers.
2058:"Bonobo anatomy reveals stasis and mosaicism in chimpanzee evolution, and supports bonobos as the most appropriate extant model for the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans"
1430:) may suggest, chimpanzees do not typically spend their time in caves, but there have been reports of some of them seeking refuge in caves because of the heat during daytime.
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Fruth, B.; Hickey, J. R.; André, C.; Furuichi, T.; Hart, J.; Hart, T.; Kuehl, H.; Maisels, F.; Nackoney, J.; Reinartz, G.; Sop, T.; Thompson, J.; Williamson, E. A. (2016) .
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1779:(see image, left). By the end of the 19th century, chimpanzees remained very much a mystery to humans, with very little factual scientific information available.
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tree is favoured for nest building by chimpanzees in Uganda due to its physical properties, such as bending strength, inter-node distance, and leaf surface area.
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4079:"Chimpanzees preferentially select sleeping platform construction tree species with biomechanical properties that yield stable, firm, but compliant nests"
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between human beings and chimpanzees. For some time, research modified that finding to about 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in
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1447:, which are called communities. Within a community, the position of an individual and the influence the individual has on others dictates a definite
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Adult common chimpanzees, particularly males, can be very aggressive. They are highly territorial and are known to kill others of their species.
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454:), which lives south of it, were once considered to be the same species, but since 1928 they have been recognized as distinct. In addition,
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1614:"; "rain dances"; appreciation of natural beauty (such as a sunset over a lake); curiosity and respect towards other wildlife (such as the
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as the only official name of the genus in 1895, though the "cave-dweller" connection was able to be included, albeit at the species level (
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in 1816. While Oken did not give a rationale for his choice, it is generally thought to have been inspired by the name of the Greek god
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or reaching out their hands while grunting. Female chimpanzees will show deference to the alpha male by presenting their hindquarters.
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2304:"Chimpanzee, the name of an Angolan animal In the year 1738, we had one of these creatures brought over into England." (cited after
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1398:. Yet sexual and social behaviours are markedly different. The common chimpanzee has a troop culture based on beta males led by an
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in 1640, and were followed by a few of its brethren over the next several years. Scientists described these first chimpanzees as "
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Teelen, S. (2008). "Influence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at Ngogo, Kibale
National Park, Uganda".
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2015:
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1618:, which is neither a threat nor a food source to chimpanzees); altruism toward other species (such as feeding turtles); and
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2641:
3161:
4208:; Brosnan, S. F.; Vonk, J.; et al. (2005). "Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members".
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1512:, concepts of number and numerical sequence; and they are capable of spontaneous planning for a future state or event.
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4785:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service finalizes rule listing all chimpanzees as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act"
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between roughly five to twelve million years ago, making them humanity's closest living relative. Research by
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habitual at Tai Forest and
Budongo and customary at Gombe, Mahale-M, Mahale-K and Kibale (Whiten et al 1999).
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Carvalho, S.; et al. (2008). "Chaînes Opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (
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in relation to their environment. However, in 2005, chimpanzee fossils were discovered and described by
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and colleagues. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and
Central Africa are separate from the major
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2711:"What is the latest theory of why humans lost their body hair? Why are we the only hairless primate?"
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also known to use smaller stones as hammers and a large one as an anvil in order to break open nuts.
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3913:. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 3. New York, USA: Academic Press. pp. 195–249.
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in 1809, for "cave-dweller", reflecting the tendency of some wrens to forage in dark crevices. The
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418:, while only the chimpanzee is also found further north in West Africa. Both species are listed as
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The bonobo, in the past also referred to as the "pygmy chimpanzee", was given the species name of
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observed the use of tools among chimpanzees. Recent research indicates that chimpanzees' use of
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In the wild, chimpanzees live to their 30s, while some captured chimps have reached an age of
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Bauman, J. E. (1926). "Observations on the strength of the chimpanzee and its implications".
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Schoenemann, P. T. (2006). "Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain".
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area in the brain is activated which is in the same position as the language center called
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Diagram of brain – topography of the main groups of foci in the motor field of chimpanzee
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in 1738, glossed as meaning "mockman" in a language of "the
Angolans" (apparently from a
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Gibbons, A. (2007). "Primate behavior. Spear-wielding chimps seen hunting bush babies".
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645:("On the natural varieties of the human genus") in 1776, Linnaeus 1758 had already used
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Prior to the discovery of tool use by chimpanzees, humans were believed to be the only
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The chimpanzee fossil record has long been absent and thought to have been due to the
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forest to live among the chimpanzees, where she primarily studied the members of the
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Hockings, K. J.; Humle, T.; Anderson, J. R.; et al. (2007). Brosnan, S. (ed.).
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1671:. Males who acquire the meat may share it with females to have sex or for grooming.
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An MRI study of the relationship between human neuroanatomy and behavioral ability
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In
February 2013, a study found that chimpanzees solve puzzles for entertainment.
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3770:"4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology"
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Modern human brain sizes vary widely, but average ~1330 cc (Dekaban 1978, Garby
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4390:"Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality: a concise synthesis of the literature"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Gibbons, A. (June 13, 2012). "Bonobos join chimps as closest human relatives".
2768:"Tiny genetic differences between humans and other primates pervade the genome"
2511:
Humle, T.; Maisels, F.; Oates, J. F.; Plumptre, A.; Williamson, E. A. (2018) .
2339:
2123:
2082:
1770:
1758:
1745:
1509:
587:
542:
249:
4624:
4595:
4521:
4430:
3909:
Van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1971). Lehrman, D. S.; Hinde, R. A.; Shaw, E. (eds.).
3737:
3712:
3659:
2591:
Israfil, H.; Zehr, S. M.; Mootnick, A. R.; Ruvolo, M.; Steiper, M. E. (2011).
2319:
1765:(published in 1859) spurred scientific interest in chimpanzees, as in much of
1654:
Common chimpanzee with hunted bushbuck on a tree in Gombe Stream National Park
1402:, and highly complex social relationships. The bonobo, on the other hand, has
9345:
9174:
9034:
8939:
8774:
8765:
8494:
8464:
8414:
8384:
8226:
8192:
8124:
8046:
7996:
7955:
7934:
7533:
7493:
7214:
7177:
7133:
7126:
7076:
7052:
6672:
6595:
6362:
5748:
5324:
5305:
4845:
4353:
3566:
2947:
2903:
2521:
2467:
2091:
1968:
1803:
1663:
Chimpanzees also engage in targeted hunting of smaller primates, such as the
1611:
1456:
1181:
609:
591:
299:
9188:
4770:
3796:
3634:
Georgiev, A. V.; Russell, A. F.; Thompson, M. E.; Otali, E.; Muller, M. N.;
3214:
2895:
2878:
Uehara, S.; Nishida, T. (March 1, 1987). "Body weights of wild chimpanzees (
1992:
9159:
8971:
8900:
8811:
8788:
8736:
8719:
8689:
8531:
8479:
8333:
8114:
8067:
7972:
7907:
7897:
7887:
7797:
7679:
7641:
7526:
7373:
7366:
7274:
7012:
6998:
6931:
6810:
6580:
6538:
6336:
5875:
5566:
5551:
5526:
4740:
4700:
4633:
4572:
4529:
4371:
4304:
4237:
4183:
4162:
Bradley, B. (1999). "Levels of selection, altruism, and primate behavior".
4122:
4056:. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Harvard University Press. pp. 115–125.
3895:
3815:
3746:
3448:
3233:
3134:
2831:
2687:
2637:
2109:
1977:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 182–3.
1964:
1905:
1900:
1811:
1783:
1529:
1499:
1482:
1444:
1310:
1244:
1205:
816:: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers,
706:
510:
415:
201:
9119:
2911:
1208:
sites in East Africa; however, chimpanzee fossils have been reported from
9261:
9168:
9102:
8060:
7941:
7924:
7688:
7294:
7204:
7069:
7032:
6952:
6891:
6612:
6065:
5561:
5516:
4874:
4259:
Boesch, C.; Bolé, C.; Eckhardt, N.; Boesch, H. (2010). Santos, L. (ed.).
4000:
3970:"ISU anthropologist's study is first to report chimps hunting with tools"
3620:
1890:
1880:
1664:
1411:
1403:
1392:
1326:
1243:
Human and chimpanzee skulls and brains (not to scale), as illustrated in
741:
715:
711:
633:
530:
447:
192:
4898:
4648:
4258:
4229:
2823:
2679:
1650:
9253:
8353:
8145:
7472:
7459:
7409:
7345:
7284:
7187:
7170:
7062:
7005:
6978:
6941:
6911:
6901:
6626:
6352:
6234:
5938:
5883:
5835:
5790:
5710:
5401:
5241:
5082:
4749:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
4501:
3972:. Iowa State University News Service. February 22, 2007. Archived from
3408:
3373:
1910:
1615:
1533:
1520:
1452:
1407:
1399:
1169:
924:
843:
692:
616:
485:
459:
439:
379:
233:
125:
4930:
4318:
Zuberbühler, K.; Langergraber, K.; Schel, A. M.; Hobaiter, C. (2014).
3886:
1814:, while Köhler concluded five years of study and published his famous
1719:
10:22), but the word may refer to a monkey rather than an ape proper.
1485:, with each male and female possibly having multiple sexual partners.
1164:, to which humans also belong. The lineages of chimpanzees and humans
795:
9266:
9235:
8822:
8752:
8726:
8595:
8545:
8182:
8172:
8095:
7948:
7838:
7737:
7503:
7257:
7160:
6374:
6136:
5852:
5700:
5443:
5162:
5111:
5092:
5043:
4205:
3713:"Spontaneous planning for future stone throwing by a male chimpanzee"
3028:
2859:. The new science library, v. 5. J. A. Hill and Company. p. 78.
1700:
1388:
1161:
650:
534:
403:
399:
155:
145:
75:
9064:
4317:
3400:
3365:
3338:
3249:"Advanced age influences chimpanzee behavior in small social groups"
2658:
Wakeley, J. (2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".
2249:
1822:
1237:
9240:
9153:
9087:
9053:
8888:
8864:
8657:
8616:
8562:
8501:
8074:
7224:
7117:
6817:
6742:
6642:
6227:
5867:
5808:
5669:
5210:
5101:
5064:
5041:
4849:
4175:
3767:
3099:
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro (2021). "Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees".
2802:
McBrearty, S.; Jablonski, N. G. (2005). "First fossil chimpanzee".
2294:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011.
1875:
1855:
Animal testing on non-human primates § Chimpanzees in the U.S.
1837:
reported results of a year-long study of chimpanzees in Tanzania's
1787:
1607:
1602:
According to a literature summary by James W. Harrod, evidence for
1595:
1301:
165:
95:
32:
28:
3317:
Bauman, J. E. (1923). "The strength of the chimpanzee and orang".
2363:
De generis hvmani varietate nativa liber. Cvm figvris aeri incisis
8949:
8842:
8569:
8209:
8138:
7390:
7383:
7245:
7140:
6922:
6803:
6749:
6569:
6430:
6387:
5820:
5664:
5647:
5414:
5172:
5076:
4950:
2205:
1974:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1766:
1735:
1716:
1619:
1552:
1541:
1297:
817:
395:
224:
115:
3278:
10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:2<111::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-5
8519:
8343:
8152:
8053:
7774:
6971:
6687:
6517:
6504:
6456:
5814:
5802:
5481:
5391:
5232:
5070:
5058:
4912:
2395:
Lewis, C. T.; Short, C. (1879). "A little Pan, a rural deity".
1668:
1384:
1185:
768:
673:
493:
391:
386:. Taxonomically, these two ape species are collectively termed
383:
239:
175:
135:
105:
85:
9227:
2055:
5846:
5759:
5730:
5720:
5372:
5271:
4716:"Chimps solve puzzles for the thrill of it, researchers find"
3768:
Mercader, J.; Barton, H.; Gillespie, J.; et al. (2007).
2124:"Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection"
1383:
Anatomical differences between the common chimpanzee and the
1354:
1209:
946:
522:
4979:
3633:
2734:(Doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
612:"chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.
8929:
7962:
5725:
5366:
5256:
4481:
4593:
3640:"The foraging costs of mating effort in male chimpanzees (
414:, chimpanzees and bonobos are currently both found in the
9041:
8312:
8299:
8249:
5347:
3186:
Colchero, F.; Rau, R.; Jones, O. R.; et al. (2016).
2590:
2510:
2305:
2277:
1177:
637:(literally "cave-goers"), an African people described by
557:
was not available, as it had been given as the name of a
3387:
Finch, G. (1943). "The bodily strength of chimpanzees".
3185:
3162:"Why did humans evolve big penises but small testicles?"
2456:
988:
5316:
2992:"Gene study shows three distinct groups of chimpanzees"
2732:
Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution
1300:
between the age of eight and ten years. A chimpanzee's
1285:
Comparison of size of adult chimpanzee and adult human.
573:– the common chimpanzee) for one of the two species of
4967:
The Predatory Behavior and Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees
4261:"Altruism in forest chimpanzees: the case of adoption"
1726:(1506), preserved in the Portuguese National Archive (
1443:
Chimpanzees live in large multi-male and multi-female
9018:
4654:
4320:"'Adoption' by maternal siblings in wild chimpanzees"
3997:"Chimps learned tool use long ago without human help"
3831:"Chimps shown using not just a tool but a "tool kit""
2932:. Mankato, MN, USA: Compass Point Books. p. 14.
2394:
2182:
Sacred and Mythological Animals: A Worldwide Taxonomy
945:: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and
580:
The first use of the name "chimpanze" is recorded in
8967:
8956:
8945:
8935:
8917:
8907:
8896:
8848:
8830:
8762:
8732:
8715:
8705:
8695:
8685:
8675:
8665:
8642:
8632:
8622:
8612:
8575:
8551:
8527:
8445:
8430:
8420:
8410:
8400:
8390:
8380:
8369:
8359:
8349:
8339:
8329:
8215:
8198:
8188:
8178:
8168:
8158:
8120:
8110:
8080:
7985:
7968:
7930:
7920:
7903:
7893:
7883:
7873:
7863:
7846:
7785:
7770:
7610:
7581:
7551:
7514:
7499:
7489:
7379:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7270:
7253:
7230:
7220:
7210:
7200:
7183:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7102:
7092:
7082:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7018:
6994:
6984:
6960:
6937:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6726:
6660:
6623:
6592:
6576:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6534:
6436:
6419:
6409:
6369:
6358:
6348:
5848:
4040:
2882:) of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania".
2292:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2234:(Mammalia, Carnivora): available as from Oken, 1816"
1629:
1594:
Studies have shown chimpanzees engage in apparently
433:
4863:"Humans, Chimps Not as Closely Related as Thought?"
4587:
3944:"Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution"
2968:. National Geographic. May 10, 2011. Archived from
563:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
3908:
3043:
2801:
949:, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs
3293:"Meet one of the oldest chimpanzees in captivity"
3050:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
2506:
2504:
2360:
1622:, or "pretend play", when chimpanzees cradle and
1544:sharpen with their teeth and use to stab and pry
1212:, indicating that both humans and members of the
710:, are found only in Central Africa, south of the
9343:
5109:
2489:
2433:
430:selected the chimpanzee for special protection.
4204:
3617:"Chimps spotted using caves, like early humans"
3193:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2930:Jane Goodall: Primatologist and Animal Activist
2375:
2143:
2141:
2008:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
1682:
688:, both previously called simply chimpanzees:
474:species diverged around one million years ago.
4746:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
3454:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2536:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15933A17964454.en
2501:
2482:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en
2206:Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009).
1555:to make and use tools; however, several other
1478:leading the group as a successful alpha male.
594:, a Zone H Bantu language, has the comparable
5775:
5332:
5027:
4771:"Researchers find human virus in chimpanzees"
4198:
3457:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3351:
3316:
2877:
2747:"Humans and chimps: close but not that close"
2744:
2584:
2543:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2147:
3911:Tool-using in primates and other vertebrates
3851:
3424:"Watched chimps change their hunting habits"
3127:
3023:. New York, USA: Columbia University Press.
2223:
2138:
978:
963:
834:
4814:
4550:
4544:
4311:
3614:
3608:
3441:
3060:
2795:
2729:
2495:
2439:
2056:Diogo, R.; Molnar, J. L.; Wood, B. (2017).
2030:
1481:The mating system within each community is
679:
6515:
5782:
5768:
5339:
5325:
5034:
5020:
4976:university of Southern California. 2002(?)
4817:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
4507:
4464:. Season 1. Episode 7. September 14, 2008.
4387:
4383:
4381:
4137:"Human-like altruism shown in chimpanzees"
4076:
3102:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology
3016:
2445:
2160:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
248:
40:
8310:
8248:
7470:
7408:
4925:
4690:
4680:
4623:
4361:
4343:
4294:
4284:
4112:
4102:
3885:
3828:
3805:
3795:
3736:
3508:
3386:
3267:
3223:
3213:
3098:
2927:
2884:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2708:
2627:
2549:
2534:
2480:
2099:
2081:
1581:
1375:(video) Female chimpanzee at Tobu Zoo in
1227:
4945:
4713:
4046:
4024:. Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from
3543:. Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from
3477:
3188:"The emergence of longevous populations"
2780:
2405:
2005:
1821:
1740:
1686:
1649:
1585:
1519:
1498:
1461:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1280:
649:for a hypothetical mixture of human and
643:De generis humani varietate nativa liber
480:
4739:
4733:
4378:
4161:
3941:
3599:
3565:
3447:
3075:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123210
2786:
2657:
2411:
2219:
2217:
1013:gibbons (family Hylobatidae)
973:
53:: chimpanzee (left) and bonobo (right)
9344:
4861:Pickrell, John. (September 24, 2002).
3994:
3710:
3159:
2852:
2365:. Goettingae: Vandenhoeck. p. 36.
2178:
2035:. Elsevier Science. pp. 114–115.
1963:
1916:Prostitution among animals#Chimpanzees
1421:Contrary to what the scientific name (
9069:
9068:
8297:
7457:
6502:
5833:
5763:
5675:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
5320:
5015:
4879:"On the Origin of Humans' Generosity"
4594:Pruetz, J. D.; Bertolani, P. (2007).
4474:
3290:
3246:
3111:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.50
2923:
2921:
2759:
2600:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
763:IUCN status and estimated population
5685:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
3648:International Journal of Primatology
3600:Holland, J. S. (2011). "40 winks?".
3421:
2765:
2572:from the original on August 30, 2023
2214:
992:Phylogeny of superfamily Hominoidea
933:: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long
804:: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long
378:consists of two extant species: the
4657:"Chimpanzees share forbidden fruit"
4077:Samson, D. R.; Hunt, K. D. (2014).
3688:. February 23, 2000. Archived from
3087:1980a, Pakkenberg & Voigt 1964)
2745:Minkel, J. R. (December 19, 2006).
2522:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2468:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2254:Bulletin of zoological nomenclature
2238:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1957:
1438:
718:(a tributary of the Congo), in the
684:There are two species of the genus
424:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
5680:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
5612:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
5006:National Museum of Natural History
4839:
2918:
2738:
2317:
1332:
641:. Blumenbach first used it in his
14:
9398:
9362:Extant Pliocene first appearances
5690:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
4891:
4477:"Why the Stamford chimp attacked"
2376:Schultes, F. W. (June 11, 2011).
1732:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
1722:The diary of Portuguese explorer
1713:English translations of the Bible
1674:
1630:Communication between chimpanzees
1249:Histoire naturelle des mammifères
602:is found in a 1758 supplement to
434:Chimpanzee and bonobo: comparison
9052:
9040:
9028:
9002:
8280:
7440:
6484:
5744:
5743:
5495:
5301:
5300:
4911:
4897:
4787:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3995:Whipps, H. (February 12, 2007).
2226:"Opinion 1368 The generic names
2208:The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals
1562:
1255:
1236:
962:
923:
847:
833:
794:
772:
509:were pioneered by primatologist
62:
6503:
5622:Great Apes Survival Partnership
5572:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
4777:
4763:
4707:
4475:Walsh, B. (February 18, 2009).
4468:
4451:
4414:
4252:
4164:The Quarterly Review of Biology
4155:
4129:
4070:
4014:
3988:
3962:
3935:
3902:
3845:
3829:Bijal, T. (September 6, 2004).
3822:
3761:
3704:
3674:
3627:
3593:
3559:
3533:
3502:
3471:
3415:
3380:
3345:
3310:
3284:
3240:
3179:
3160:Maslin, M. (January 25, 2017).
3153:
3135:"Why are rat testicles so big?"
3092:
3054:
3010:
2984:
2954:
2871:
2846:
2723:
2702:
2651:
2388:
2369:
2354:
2332:
2311:
2298:
2283:
2269:
1934:
1848:
1835:American Journal of Primatology
1524:Common chimpanzee using a stick
1488:
754:Scientific name and subspecies
428:Convention on Migratory Species
8298:
7458:
5834:
5789:
4714:Gray, R. (February 24, 2013).
3642:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
3615:Choi, C. Q. (April 11, 2007).
3020:The Brain in Hominid Evolution
2880:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
2766:Wong, K. (September 1, 2014).
2199:
2172:
2116:
2049:
2024:
2006:Wood, B.; et al. (2013).
1999:
1839:Mahale Mountains National Park
1433:
505:populations. Field studies of
1:
4902:The dictionary definition of
4871:. Archived September 7, 2017.
4850:"How Strong Is a Chimpanzee?"
4565:10.1126/science.315.5815.1063
3942:Fox, M. (February 22, 2007).
3919:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60157-6
3711:Osvath, M. (March 10, 2009).
3579:. New York: Riverhead Books.
3478:Guernsey, P. (July 4, 2009).
3063:Annual Review of Anthropology
2010:(paperback ed.). Wiley.
1950:
1833:The August 2008 issue of the
1796:Kasakela chimpanzee community
1642:
1548:out of small holes in trees.
1188:at just about 1%–1.2% again.
1099:chimpanzees (genus
4998:Human Timeline (Interactive)
4682:10.1371/journal.pone.0000886
4345:10.1371/journal.pone.0103777
4286:10.1371/journal.pone.0008901
4104:10.1371/journal.pone.0095361
3946:. Yahoo News. Archived from
3878:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005
3604:. Vol. 220, no. 1.
3291:Segal, K. (April 21, 2012).
1683:Chimpanzees in human history
1416:sexually receptive behaviour
1341:
1320:
1176:in 1973 found 99% identical
985:History of hominoid taxonomy
724:Democratic Republic of Congo
446:), which lives north of the
402:they are part of the family
7:
4388:Harrod, J. (May 10, 2007).
3044:Schoenemann, P. T. (1997).
2620:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.005
2325:Online Etymology Dictionary
2031:Muehlenbein, M. P. (2015).
1863:
1763:theory of natural selection
1515:
882:Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee
625:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
216:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
16:Genus of African great apes
10:
9403:
5695:List of fictional primates
5547:Neanderthal genome project
4815:Kingdon, Jonathan (2015).
4807:
3858:Journal of Human Evolution
3422:Gill, V. (June 23, 2017).
2709:Pagel, M. (June 4, 2007).
2401:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2361:Blumenbach, J. F. (1776).
2342:. Dictionary.reference.com
2185:. McFarland. p. 148.
2083:10.1038/s41598-017-00548-3
1852:
1658:
1590:Chimpanzee mother and baby
1566:
1508:including some relational
1492:
1468:Gombe Stream National Park
1216:clade were present in the
1191:
982:
921:Central and western Africa
627:in 1776. The species name
9377:Taxa named by Lorenz Oken
9143:
9077:
8999:
8887:
8872:
8863:
8821:
8761:
8750:
8656:
8608:
8604:
8593:
8518:
8444:
8325:
8321:
8306:
8293:
8278:
8244:
8094:
8029:
8020:
7837:
7784:
7766:
7755:
7678:
7651:
7624:
7592:
7580:
7550:
7513:
7485:
7481:
7466:
7453:
7438:
7404:
7328:
7244:
7116:
6951:
6921:
6853:
6842:
6786:
6759:
6737:
6725:
6659:
6622:
6591:
6530:
6526:
6511:
6498:
6481:
6455:
6386:
6344:
6335:
6331:
6293:
6103:
5976:
5900:
5862:
5842:
5829:
5797:
5739:
5640:
5627:International Primate Day
5590:
5577:Borneo Orangutan Survival
5532:Chimpanzee genome project
5504:
5493:
5354:
5296:
5254:
5218:
5209:
5170:
5161:
5100:
5091:
5053:
5042:Extant species of family
4773:. Newswise. June 3, 2008.
4625:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042
4522:10.1007/s10329-007-0062-1
3738:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.010
3682:"Chimpanzee intelligence"
3660:10.1007/s10764-014-9788-y
3509:Laird, C. (Spring 2004).
2550:Shefferly, Nancy (2005).
2033:Basics in Human Evolution
1886:Chimpanzee genome project
1569:Nest-building in primates
1160:is part of the subfamily
1096:
1079:
1072:
1055:
1048:
1031:
1024:
1011:
1004:
991:
979:Evolutionary relationship
842:
767:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
276:
269:
256:
247:
230:
223:
207:
200:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
23:
5346:
1971:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1927:
1694:: 62-year-old chimpanzee
1081:humans (genus
680:Distribution and habitat
529:was first introduced by
516:
261:(common chimpanzee) and
5653:List of individual apes
5632:Nonhuman Rights Project
4990:genome assembly in the
4958:Encyclopædia Britannica
3797:10.1073/pnas.0607909104
3215:10.1073/pnas.1612191113
2896:10.1002/ajpa.1330720305
2415:(2004). "Chimpanzees".
2179:Byghan, Yowann (2020).
2126:. BBC. October 28, 2017
1033:orangutans (genus
639:Greco-Roman geographers
466:is undivided. Based on
27:Temporal range: Middle
24:Chimpanzees and bonobos
9382:Taxa described in 1816
5542:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
4972:June 29, 2010, at the
4938:Encyclopedia Americana
4596:"Savanna chimpanzees,
3319:The Scientific Monthly
2966:nationalgeographic.com
2928:Jankowski, C. (2009).
2853:Huxley, T. H. (1904).
2566:University of Michigan
2529:: e.T15933A129038584.
2475:: e.T15932A102331567.
2148:Shefferly, N. (2005).
1830:
1755:
1724:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
1695:
1655:
1591:
1582:Altruism and emotivity
1525:
1504:
1470:
1466:Common chimpanzees in
1380:
1359:
1286:
1228:Anatomy and physiology
666:Greek-style diminutive
631:is a reference to the
501:
9314:Paleobiology Database
9128:Paleobiology Database
5557:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
4887:. September 11, 2018.
4821:Bloomsbury Publishing
4598:Pan troglodytes verus
3692:on September 17, 2016
3547:on September 27, 2007
3511:"Social organization"
3480:"What do chimps eat?"
3247:Baker, K. C. (2000).
2856:Man's Place in Nature
2224:Tubbs, P. K. (1985).
1825:
1744:
1690:
1653:
1589:
1567:Further information:
1523:
1502:
1493:Further information:
1465:
1387:are slight. Both are
1374:
1357:
1350:Chimpanzee vs. bonobo
1313:nature of chimpanzee
1284:
1057:gorillas (genus
983:Further information:
484:
458:is divided into four
49:Members of the genus
5537:Human Genome Project
5145:Tapanuli orangutan (
5127:Sumatran orangutan (
4922:at Wikimedia Commons
4858:. February 25, 2009.
4489:on February 19, 2009
3950:on February 24, 2007
3841:on October 10, 2004.
3571:"Apes in the family"
3490:on November 18, 2019
3389:Journal of Mammalogy
3354:Journal of Mammalogy
2730:King, M.-C. (1973).
2561:Animal Diversity Web
2419:. Houghton Mifflin.
2158:Animal Diversity Web
1921:The Third Chimpanzee
1896:Great ape personhood
1606:includes display of
1604:chimpanzee emotivity
1391:adapted to a mainly
974:Evolutionary history
939:: Forest and savanna
888:P. t. schweinfurthii
820:, fungus, and honey
605:Chamber's Cyclopædia
590:; reportedly modern
406:(the great apes, or
8163:Paradolichopithecus
5582:Primate archaeology
5136:Bornean orangutan (
4992:UCSC Genome Browser
4965:Stanford, Craig B.
4868:National Geographic
4819:(Second ed.).
4673:2007PLoSO...2..886H
4616:2007CBio...17..412P
4336:2014PLoSO...9j3777H
4277:2010PLoSO...5.8901B
4230:10.1038/nature04243
4222:2005Natur.437.1357S
4095:2014PLoSO...995361S
4053:Chimpanzee cultures
3870:2008JHumE..55..148C
3835:National Geographic
3788:2007PNAS..104.3043M
3729:2009CBio...19.R190O
3602:National Geographic
3521:on February 9, 2007
3331:1923SciMo..16..432B
3206:2016PNAS..113E7681C
3200:(48): E7681–E7690.
3166:theconversation.com
3017:Tobias, P. (1971).
2972:on October 18, 2016
2865:2027/uva.x000705538
2824:10.1038/nature04008
2816:2005Natur.437..105M
2773:Scientific American
2752:Scientific American
2716:Scientific American
2680:10.1038/nature06805
2672:2008Natur.452....3W
2612:2011MolPE..58..447I
2417:The Ancestor's Tale
2074:2017NatSR...7..608D
1754:("Ape with skull").
1703:. The English word
1264:Thomas Henry Huxley
747:
583:The London Magazine
470:, these two extant
9372:Tool-using mammals
9367:Primates of Africa
7789:Victoriapithecidae
7731:Plesiopliopithecus
7669:Platodontopithecus
5512:Great ape language
5470:Tapanuli orangutan
5450:Sumatran orangutan
4952:"Chimpanzee"
4932:"Chimpanzee"
4884:The New York Times
4600:, hunt with tools"
4432:Chimpanzee talking
3976:on August 16, 2007
3686:Indiana University
3484:All About Wildlife
2398:A Latin Dictionary
2062:Scientific Reports
1831:
1826:Chimpanzee at the
1756:
1707:translates Hebrew
1696:
1656:
1592:
1557:tool-using species
1546:Senegal bushbabies
1526:
1505:
1471:
1381:
1360:
1327:70 years and older
1296:Chimpanzees reach
1287:
1222:Middle Pleistocene
1220:Valley during the
912:Western chimpanzee
902:Central chimpanzee
892:Eastern chimpanzee
730:
726:of Central Africa.
502:
450:, and the bonobo (
426:, and in 2017 the
412:sub-Saharan Africa
9339:
9338:
9071:Taxon identifiers
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
8997:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8746:
8745:
8589:
8588:
8289:
8288:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7653:Dionysopithecidae
7555:Propliopithecidae
7449:
7448:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7400:
7399:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6494:
6493:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6451:
6450:
6327:
6326:
5757:
5756:
5617:Great Ape Project
5460:Bornean orangutan
5314:
5313:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5265:
5226:
5197:Western gorilla (
5188:Eastern gorilla (
5181:
5157:
5156:
5120:
5047:
4947:Lydekker, Richard
4927:Ingersoll, Ernest
4916:Media related to
4830:978-1-4729-2531-2
4756:978-0-674-11649-8
4458:"Communication".
4439:. August 17, 2007
4063:978-0-674-11663-4
3856:) nut cracking".
3586:978-1-59448-196-3
3464:978-0-674-11649-8
3120:978-0-19-023655-7
2426:978-1-155-16265-2
2380:Simia troglodytes
2318:Harper, Douglas.
2192:978-1-4766-7950-1
2017:978-1-1186-5099-8
1816:Mentality of Apes
1639:in human brains.
1626:rocks or sticks.
1528:In October 1960,
1495:Primate cognition
1372:
1307:sperm competition
1218:East African Rift
1198:preservation bias
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1002: Hominoidea
971:
970:
898:P. t. troglodytes
865:
789:
760:Size and ecology
745:
714:and north of the
621:Simia troglodytes
541:was suggested by
537:. An alternative
468:genome sequencing
370:
369:
364:
356:
348:
347:Reichenbach, 1862
340:
332:
319:
311:
303:
291:
265:(bonobo, in red)
210:Simia troglodytes
196:
9394:
9332:
9331:
9322:
9321:
9309:
9308:
9296:
9295:
9283:
9282:
9270:
9269:
9257:
9256:
9244:
9243:
9231:
9230:
9218:
9217:
9205:
9204:
9192:
9191:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9136:
9135:
9123:
9122:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9066:
9065:
9057:
9056:
9045:
9044:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9007:
9006:
8969:
8958:
8947:
8937:
8919:
8912:Australopithecus
8909:
8898:
8870:
8869:
8850:
8832:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8734:
8717:
8707:
8697:
8687:
8677:
8667:
8644:
8634:
8624:
8614:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8577:
8553:
8529:
8449:Dendropithecidae
8447:
8432:
8422:
8412:
8402:
8392:
8382:
8371:
8361:
8351:
8341:
8331:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8308:
8307:
8295:
8294:
8284:
8246:
8245:
8217:
8200:
8190:
8180:
8170:
8160:
8122:
8112:
8082:
8027:
8026:
7987:
7970:
7932:
7922:
7905:
7895:
7885:
7875:
7865:
7851:Cercopithecoides
7848:
7821:Victoriapithecus
7787:
7772:
7764:
7763:
7758:Cercopithecoidea
7612:
7590:
7589:
7583:
7553:
7516:
7501:
7491:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7467:
7455:
7454:
7444:
7406:
7405:
7381:
7302:
7292:
7282:
7272:
7255:
7232:
7222:
7212:
7202:
7185:
7168:
7158:
7148:
7104:
7094:
7084:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
6996:
6986:
6962:
6939:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6851:
6850:
6761:Proteopithecidae
6735:
6734:
6728:
6662:
6625:
6594:
6578:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6536:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6513:
6512:
6500:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6438:
6421:
6411:
6371:
6360:
6350:
6342:
6341:
6333:
6332:
5860:
5859:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5831:
5830:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5747:
5746:
5716:Mythic humanoids
5499:
5474:P. tapanuliensis
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5264:
5261:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5180:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5147:P. tapanuliensis
5119:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5045:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5012:
4962:
4961:(11th ed.).
4954:
4942:
4934:
4915:
4901:
4834:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4627:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4485:. Archived from
4472:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4395:. Archived from
4394:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4347:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4216:(7063): 1357–9.
4202:
4196:
4195:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4106:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3837:. Archived from
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3799:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3740:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3654:(3–4): 725–745.
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3541:"Chimp behavior"
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3517:. Archived from
3515:Davidson College
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3486:. Archived from
3475:
3469:
3468:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2998:. April 20, 2007
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2640:. Archived from
2631:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2262:Internet Archive
2245:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1871:Anthropopithecus
1776:Affe mit Schädel
1751:Affe mit Schädel
1449:social hierarchy
1439:Social structure
1373:
1315:mating behaviour
1259:
1240:
1174:Mary-Claire King
1168:in a process of
1075:
1074:
1051:
1050:
1027:
1026:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
989:
966:
965:
956:
927:
859:
851:
837:
836:
827:
798:
784:
776:
748:
740:
729:
647:Homo troglodytes
598:). The spelling
362:
354:
346:
338:
327:
324:Anthropopithecus
317:
309:
297:
282:
257:Distribution of
252:
191:
67:
66:
44:
21:
20:
9402:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9327:
9325:
9317:
9312:
9304:
9299:
9291:
9286:
9278:
9273:
9265:
9260:
9252:
9247:
9239:
9234:
9226:
9221:
9213:
9208:
9200:
9195:
9187:
9182:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9139:
9131:
9126:
9118:
9116:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9073:
9063:
9051:
9039:
9029:
9027:
9019:
9017:
9008:
9001:
8977:
8883:
8859:
8835:Chororapithecus
8817:
8804:Pierolapithecus
8796:Hispanopithecus
8755:
8742:
8680:Gigantopithecus
8652:
8598:
8585:
8580:Yuanmoupithecus
8514:
8509:Turkanapithecus
8440:
8435:Samburupithecus
8405:Nacholapithecus
8315:
8302:
8285:
8264:
8232:
8203:Procynocephalus
8090:
8022:Cercopithecinae
8016:
7868:Dolichopithecus
7833:
7805:Nsungwepithecus
7780:
7760:
7743:
7696:Barberapithecus
7674:
7662:Dionysopithecus
7647:
7635:Epipliopithecus
7620:
7598:Krishnapithecus
7585:Pliopithecoidea
7576:
7571:Propliopithecus
7564:Aegyptopithecus
7546:
7518:Oligopithecidae
7509:
7475:
7462:
7445:
7424:
7396:
7324:
7240:
7112:
7087:Proteropithecia
6947:
6917:
6847:
6830:
6825:Ucayalipithecus
6782:
6755:
6730:Parapithecoidea
6721:
6702:Myanmarpithecus
6664:Amphipithecidae
6655:
6650:Phenacopithecus
6618:
6587:
6520:
6507:
6490:
6483:
6471:
6447:
6382:
6323:
6289:
6099:
5979:Anaptomorphinae
5972:
5896:
5856:
5838:
5825:
5793:
5788:
5758:
5753:
5735:
5706:Human evolution
5636:
5593:
5586:
5522:Birutė Galdikas
5500:
5491:
5431:Western gorilla
5421:Eastern gorilla
5357:
5350:
5345:
5315:
5310:
5280:
5262:
5260:
5250:
5224:
5205:
5178:
5176:
5153:
5117:
5115:
5087:
5049:
5040:
4974:Wayback Machine
4894:
4842:
4840:Further reading
4837:
4831:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4720:Daily Telegraph
4712:
4708:
4653:
4649:
4604:Current Biology
4592:
4588:
4549:
4545:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4473:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4429:
4426:Wayback Machine
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4402:on May 27, 2008
4399:
4392:
4386:
4379:
4316:
4312:
4257:
4253:
4203:
4199:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4143:. June 25, 2007
4135:
4134:
4130:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4048:Wrangham, R. W.
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4028:on May 20, 2007
4020:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3907:
3903:
3854:Pan troglodytes
3850:
3846:
3827:
3823:
3766:
3762:
3717:Current Biology
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3636:Wrangham, R. W.
3632:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3416:
3401:10.2307/1374806
3385:
3381:
3366:10.2307/1373587
3350:
3346:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3285:
3269:10.1.1.694.6985
3251:
3245:
3241:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3139:ratbehavior.org
3133:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3097:
3093:
3059:
3055:
3039:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2940:
2926:
2919:
2876:
2872:
2851:
2847:
2810:(7055): 105–8.
2800:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2764:
2760:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2707:
2703:
2656:
2652:
2647:on May 7, 2012.
2644:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2554:Pan troglodytes
2548:
2544:
2515:Pan troglodytes
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2455:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2410:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2270:
2252:corrigendum in
2222:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:Pan troglodytes
2146:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1985:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1828:Los Angeles Zoo
1808:problem-solving
1800:Wolfgang Köhler
1685:
1677:
1661:
1645:
1632:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1559:are now known.
1518:
1497:
1491:
1441:
1436:
1362:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1333:Muscle strength
1323:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1230:
1202:Sally McBrearty
1194:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
987:
981:
976:
960:
954:
941:
940:
935:
934:
922:
918:
917:
874:
873:
872:Four subspecies
867:
866:
858:
831:
825:
812:
811:
806:
805:
793:
783:
698:Pan troglodytes
682:
668:of the theonym
571:Pan troglodytes
519:
507:Pan troglodytes
490:Pan troglodytes
436:
259:Pan troglodytes
237:
234:Pan troglodytes
219:
213:
190:
61:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9400:
9390:
9389:
9387:Primate genera
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9323:
9310:
9297:
9284:
9271:
9258:
9245:
9232:
9219:
9206:
9193:
9180:
9165:
9149:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9124:
9114:
9099:
9083:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9062:
9061:
9049:
9037:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8975:
8965:
8961:Sahelanthropus
8954:
8943:
8933:
8926:
8922:Graecopithecus
8915:
8905:
8893:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8857:
8853:Nakalipithecus
8846:
8839:
8827:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8808:
8800:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8770:
8768:
8756:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8730:
8723:
8713:
8710:Lufengpithecus
8703:
8700:Khoratpithecus
8693:
8683:
8673:
8670:Ankarapithecus
8662:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8647:Ouranopithecus
8640:
8637:Nakalipithecus
8630:
8627:Graecopithecus
8620:
8609:
8599:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8488:Rangwapithecus
8484:
8476:
8473:Nyanzapithecus
8469:
8461:
8458:Dendropithecus
8453:
8451:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8428:
8418:
8408:
8398:
8395:Morotopithecus
8388:
8378:
8374:Kamoyapithecus
8367:
8364:Griphopithecus
8357:
8347:
8337:
8326:
8316:
8311:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8223:
8220:Soromandrillus
8213:
8206:
8196:
8186:
8176:
8166:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8118:
8108:
8100:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8040:Allenopithecus
8035:
8033:
8031:Cercopithecini
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8011:Trachypithecus
8007:
8000:
7993:
7983:
7976:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7928:
7918:
7911:
7901:
7891:
7881:
7871:
7861:
7854:
7843:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7828:Zaltanpithecus
7824:
7817:
7809:
7801:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7767:
7761:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7727:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7657:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7638:
7630:
7628:
7626:Pliopithecidae
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7520:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7486:
7476:
7471:
7464:
7463:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7377:
7370:
7367:Leontopithecus
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7334:
7332:
7330:Callitrichidae
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7298:
7288:
7278:
7268:
7261:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7228:
7218:
7208:
7198:
7191:
7181:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7100:
7090:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7056:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6992:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6927:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6895:
6885:
6875:
6865:
6854:
6848:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6792:
6790:
6788:Parapithecidae
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6770:Proteopithecus
6765:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6668:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6574:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6531:
6521:
6516:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6434:
6427:
6417:
6414:Hesperotarsius
6407:
6400:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6367:
6356:
6345:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6172:Gunnelltarsius
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6038:Pseudotetonius
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5982:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5904:
5902:Microchoerinae
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5872:
5863:
5857:
5847:
5840:
5839:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5488:: Hylobatidae)
5479:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:P. troglodytes
5399:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:P. troglodytes
5239:
5229:
5227:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5104:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5008:(August 2016).
4995:
4982:
4977:
4963:
4943:
4923:
4909:
4893:
4892:External links
4890:
4889:
4888:
4872:
4859:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4776:
4762:
4755:
4732:
4706:
4647:
4586:
4559:(5815): 1063.
4543:
4500:
4467:
4450:
4413:
4377:
4330:(8): e103777.
4310:
4251:
4197:
4176:10.1086/393070
4170:(2): 171–194.
4154:
4128:
4069:
4062:
4039:
4013:
3987:
3961:
3934:
3927:
3901:
3864:(1): 148–163.
3844:
3821:
3760:
3703:
3673:
3626:
3607:
3592:
3585:
3558:
3532:
3501:
3470:
3463:
3440:
3414:
3395:(2): 224–228.
3379:
3344:
3325:(4): 432–439.
3309:
3283:
3262:(2): 111–119.
3239:
3178:
3152:
3126:
3119:
3091:
3069:(1): 379–406.
3053:
3037:
3009:
2983:
2953:
2938:
2917:
2890:(3): 315–321.
2870:
2845:
2794:
2779:
2758:
2737:
2722:
2701:
2666:(7184): E3–4.
2650:
2606:(3): 447–455.
2583:
2542:
2500:
2488:
2444:
2432:
2425:
2404:
2387:
2368:
2353:
2331:
2310:
2297:
2290:"chimpanzee".
2282:
2268:
2260:: 304. (1988)
2213:
2198:
2191:
2171:
2137:
2115:
2048:
2041:
2023:
2016:
1998:
1983:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1850:
1847:
1771:Hugo Rheinhold
1759:Charles Darwin
1746:Hugo Rheinhold
1728:Torre do Tombo
1684:
1681:
1676:
1675:Puzzle solving
1673:
1660:
1657:
1644:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1583:
1580:
1564:
1561:
1517:
1514:
1490:
1487:
1483:polygynandrous
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1311:polygynandrous
1261:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1193:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
968:
955: EN
950:
928:
919:
916:
915:
905:
895:
885:
871:
870:
869:
868:
856:P. troglodytes
853:
840:
839:
826: EN
821:
799:
792:Central Africa
790:
778:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
746:– two species
728:
727:
702:
681:
678:
588:Bantu language
518:
515:
456:P. troglodytes
444:P. troglodytes
435:
432:
410:). Native to
368:
367:
366:
365:
357:
349:
344:Pseudanthropus
341:
333:
320:
312:
304:
292:
274:
273:
267:
266:
254:
253:
245:
244:
228:
227:
221:
220:
214:
205:
204:
198:
197:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9399:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9330:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9181:
9176:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9110:
9104:
9100:
9095:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9067:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9036:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9005:
8974:
8973:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8940:Kenyanthropus
8934:
8932:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8854:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8777:
8776:
8775:Anoiapithecus
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8766:Dryopithecini
8760:
8757:
8754:
8749:
8739:
8738:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8592:
8582:
8581:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8495:Rukwapithecus
8492:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8465:Micropithecus
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8415:Otavipithecus
8409:
8407:
8406:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8385:Kenyapithecus
8379:
8376:
8375:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8292:
8283:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8229:
8228:
8227:Theropithecus
8224:
8222:
8221:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8193:Procercocebus
8187:
8185:
8184:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8125:Gorgopithecus
8119:
8117:
8116:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:Cercopithecus
8051:
8049:
8048:
8047:Allochrocebus
8044:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7997:Semnopithecus
7994:
7992:
7991:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7980:Rhinopithecus
7977:
7975:
7974:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7935:Parapresbytis
7929:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7878:Kuseracolobus
7872:
7870:
7869:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7754:
7740:
7739:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7724:Laccopithecus
7721:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7710:Egarapithecus
7707:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7541:Talahpithecus
7538:
7536:
7535:
7534:Oligopithecus
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7494:Micropithecus
7488:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7452:
7443:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7215:Protopithecus
7209:
7207:
7206:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7077:Plecturocebus
7074:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7053:Miocallicebus
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6841:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6716:Siamopithecus
6713:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:Bugtipithecus
6677:
6675:
6674:
6673:Amphipithecus
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:Afrotarsiidae
6590:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:Aseanpithecus
6554:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6404:Cephalopachus
6401:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6376:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:Afrotarsiidae
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6295:Tarkadectinae
6292:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:Ekwiiyemakius
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:Ageitodendron
6113:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:Anaptomorphus
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5659:Apes in space
5657:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5594:social status
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:Study of apes
5503:
5498:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5307:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4980:ChimpCARE.org
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4908:at Wiktionary
4907:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4780:
4772:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
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4582:
4578:
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4523:
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4511:
4504:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4438:
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4433:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
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4351:
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4341:
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4325:
4321:
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4274:
4270:
4266:
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4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4193:
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4177:
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4169:
4165:
4158:
4142:
4141:Science Daily
4138:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:(4): e95361.
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3928:9780120045037
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:(9): 3043–8.
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:(5): R190–1.
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3576:Our Inner Ape
3572:
3568:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3520:
3516:
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3505:
3489:
3485:
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3216:
3211:
3207:
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3167:
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3116:
3112:
3108:
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3103:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
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3049:
3048:
3040:
3038:9780231035187
3034:
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3022:
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3013:
2997:
2993:
2987:
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2963:
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2941:
2939:9780756540548
2935:
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2272:
2266:
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2259:
2255:
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2239:
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2220:
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2194:
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2144:
2142:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2042:9780128026526
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:0-801-88221-4
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:Wilson, D. E.
1966:
1965:Groves, C. P.
1960:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1843:paramyxovirus
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Robert Yerkes
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
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1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:romantic love
1610:; "incipient
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1563:Nest-building
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:body language
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:social groups
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:noncoding DNA
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
986:
967:
958:
957:
951:
948:
944:
938:
932:
929:
926:
920:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:P. t. ellioti
876:
875:
863:
857:
854:
852:
850:
845:
841:
838:
829:
828:
822:
819:
815:
809:
803:
800:
797:
791:
787:
782:
779:
777:
775:
770:
766:
749:
743:
738:
737:
736:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
700:
699:
694:
691:
690:
689:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Ernst Schwarz
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
610:colloquialism
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:Vili (Civili)
589:
585:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:genus of wren
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Theranthropus
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
499:
495:
492:) (left) and
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
361:
358:
355:Haeckel, 1866
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:
321:
316:
313:
310:Brookes, 1828
308:
307:Theranthropus
305:
301:
298:Leach, 1820 (
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
246:
243:
242:
241:
236:
235:
229:
226:
222:
217:
212:
211:
206:
203:
199:
194:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
9144:
9078:
8972:Paranthropus
8970:
8959:
8948:
8938:
8928:
8920:
8910:
8901:Ardipithecus
8899:
8877:
8876:
8851:
8841:
8833:
8812:Rudapithecus
8810:
8802:
8794:
8789:Dryopithecus
8787:
8780:
8773:
8737:Sivapithecus
8735:
8725:
8720:Meganthropus
8718:
8708:
8698:
8690:Indopithecus
8688:
8678:
8668:
8645:
8635:
8625:
8615:
8578:
8570:Symphalangus
8568:
8561:
8554:
8544:
8537:
8532:Bunopithecus
8530:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8480:Oreopithecus
8478:
8471:
8463:
8456:
8433:
8423:
8413:
8403:
8393:
8383:
8372:
8362:
8352:
8342:
8334:Afropithecus
8332:
8225:
8218:
8208:
8201:
8191:
8181:
8171:
8161:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8123:
8115:Dinopithecus
8113:
8103:
8085:Nanopithecus
8083:
8073:
8068:Erythrocebus
8066:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7978:
7973:Rhinocolobus
7971:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7942:Piliocolobus
7940:
7933:
7923:
7913:
7908:Microcolobus
7906:
7898:Mesopithecus
7896:
7888:Libypithecus
7886:
7876:
7866:
7856:
7849:
7826:
7819:
7813:Prohylobates
7811:
7803:
7798:Noropithecus
7796:
7773:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:Crouzeliidae
7667:
7660:
7642:Pliopithecus
7640:
7633:
7613:
7603:
7596:
7569:
7562:
7539:
7532:
7527:Catopithecus
7525:
7502:
7492:
7389:
7382:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7275:Dolichocebus
7273:
7263:
7256:
7233:
7223:
7213:
7203:
7193:
7186:
7176:
7169:
7159:
7149:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7105:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7051:
7043:Mazzonicebus
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7004:
6999:Cebupithecia
6997:
6987:
6977:
6970:
6965:Antillothrix
6963:
6940:
6930:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6880:
6872:Perupithecus
6870:
6860:
6823:
6816:
6811:Parapithecus
6809:
6802:
6795:
6775:
6768:
6748:
6741:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6678:
6671:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6611:
6604:
6581:Phileosimias
6579:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6539:Altiatlasius
6537:
6441:Xanthorhysis
6439:
6429:
6424:Oligotarsius
6422:
6412:
6402:
6395:
6372:
6361:
6351:
6337:Tarsiiformes
6316:
6309:
6302:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6200:Macrotarsius
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6052:Strigorhysis
6050:
6045:Sphacorhysis
6043:
6036:
6029:
6024:Chlororhysis
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5925:Microchoerus
5923:
5916:
5909:
5889:
5882:
5876:Altiatlasius
5874:
5866:
5607:Research ban
5567:Elgin Center
5552:Willie Smits
5527:Jane Goodall
5473:
5463:
5453:
5442:
5434:
5424:
5413:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5384:
5376:
5365:
5273:
5255:
5243:
5242:Chimpanzee (
5234:
5220:
5219:
5198:
5189:
5171:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5118:(Orangutans)
5110:
5046:(great apes)
4986:
4956:
4936:
4918:
4904:
4882:
4875:Zimmer, Carl
4866:
4853:
4816:
4796:
4789:. Retrieved
4779:
4765:
4745:
4735:
4725:February 24,
4723:. Retrieved
4719:
4709:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4610:(5): 412–7.
4607:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4491:. Retrieved
4487:the original
4480:
4470:
4460:
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4436:
4431:
4422:Ghostarchive
4420:Archived at
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4397:the original
4327:
4323:
4313:
4271:(1): e8901.
4268:
4264:
4254:
4213:
4209:
4200:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4140:
4131:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4052:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3964:
3954:February 22,
3952:. Retrieved
3948:the original
3937:
3910:
3904:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3839:the original
3834:
3824:
3779:
3773:
3763:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:the original
3676:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3629:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3575:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3514:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:the original
3483:
3473:
3453:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:
3417:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:
3286:
3259:
3255:
3242:
3197:
3191:
3181:
3171:December 22,
3169:. Retrieved
3165:
3155:
3145:September 1,
3143:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3101:
3094:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3046:
3019:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2965:
2962:"Chimpanzee"
2956:
2929:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2855:
2848:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2789:Science/AAAS
2782:
2771:
2761:
2750:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2704:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2642:the original
2603:
2599:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2559:
2553:
2545:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2491:
2472:
2466:
2461:Pan paniscus
2460:
2435:
2416:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2334:
2323:
2320:"chimpanzee"
2313:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2210:. JHU Press.
2207:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2157:
2151:
2128:. Retrieved
2118:
2068:(608): 608.
2065:
2061:
2051:
2032:
2026:
2007:
2001:
1973:
1959:
1940:
1936:
1906:List of apes
1901:Jane Goodall
1858:
1849:Conservation
1834:
1832:
1815:
1812:World War II
1784:Jane Goodall
1781:
1774:
1767:life science
1757:
1749:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1678:
1662:
1646:
1637:Broca's area
1633:
1601:
1593:
1572:
1550:
1539:
1530:Jane Goodall
1527:
1506:
1489:Intelligence
1480:
1476:
1472:
1442:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1382:
1345:
1336:
1324:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1276:knuckle-walk
1272:
1248:
1213:
1206:human fossil
1195:
1157:
1155:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1080:
1058:
1056:
1034:
1032:
1012:
959:
953:
942:
936:
930:
907:
897:
887:
877:
855:
846:
830:
824:
813:
807:
801:
780:
771:
751:Common name
734:
733:
732:
720:humid forest
707:Pan paniscus
705:
696:
685:
683:
669:
657:
655:
646:
642:
632:
628:
620:
614:
603:
599:
595:
581:
579:
574:
570:
566:
554:
546:
538:
526:
520:
511:Jane Goodall
506:
503:
498:Pan paniscus
497:
489:
476:
471:
463:
455:
451:
443:
437:
416:Congo jungle
407:
387:
374:
373:
371:
363:DePauw, 1905
359:
351:
343:
339:Gloger, 1841
336:Hylanthropus
335:
322:
318:Voight, 1831
314:
306:
294:
279:
263:Pan paniscus
262:
258:
240:Pan paniscus
238:
232:
231:
208:
202:Type species
186:
185:
132:Infraorder:
50:
18:
9357:Chimpanzees
9352:Pan (genus)
9262:iNaturalist
9169:Wikispecies
9103:Wikispecies
8520:Hylobatidae
8210:Rungwecebus
8075:Miopithecus
8061:Chlorocebus
7990:Sawecolobus
7925:Paracolobus
7689:Anapithecus
7605:Paidopithex
7360:Leontocebus
7295:Panamacebus
7205:Paralouatta
7141:Brachyteles
7033:Insulacebus
6953:Pitheciidae
6892:Canaanimico
6845:Platyrrhini
6797:Abuqatrania
6613:Afrotarsius
6518:Simiiformes
6505:Simiiformes
6457:Simiiformes
6311:Tarkadectes
6151:Diablomomys
6130:Brontomomys
6066:Teilhardina
6010:Arapahovius
6003:Anemorhysis
5967:Vectipithex
5960:Quercyloris
5953:Pseudoloris
5932:Nannopithex
5918:Melaneremia
5697:(non-human)
5661:(non-human)
5655:(non-human)
5562:Ian Redmond
5517:Dian Fossey
5464:P. pygmaeus
5425:G. beringei
5396:P. paniscus
5358:ape species
5235:P. paniscus
5190:G. beringei
5138:P. pygmaeus
5002:Smithsonian
4846:Hawks, John
4741:Goodall, J.
4667:(9): e886.
4516:(1): 41–9.
4406:January 28,
4206:Silk, J. B.
4001:LiveScience
3621:LiveScience
3567:de Waal, F.
3449:Goodall, J.
3256:Zoo Biology
3141:. 2003–2004
2413:Dawkins, R.
2130:October 30,
1891:Dian Fossey
1881:Chimp Haven
1786:set out to
1748:'s c. 1893
1669:bush babies
1665:red colobus
1534:stone tools
1434:Chimpanzees
1427:troglodytes
1412:matriarchal
1404:egalitarian
1393:frugivorous
1309:due to the
908:P. t. verus
781:P. paniscus
716:Kasai River
712:Congo River
693:Chimpanzees
634:Troglodytae
629:troglodytes
555:Troglodytes
531:Lorenz Oken
464:P. paniscus
452:P. paniscus
448:Congo River
300:preoccupied
288:preoccupied
284:E. Geoffroy
280:Troglodytes
152:Subfamily:
136:Simiiformes
9346:Categories
8354:Equatorius
8313:Hominoidea
8300:Hominoidea
8259:see below↓
8250:Hominoidea
8146:Mandrillus
8132:Lophocebus
8105:Cercocebus
7956:Procolobus
7717:Fanchangia
7473:Catarrhini
7460:Catarrhini
7419:see below↓
7410:Catarrhini
7346:Callithrix
7285:Killikaike
7188:Mohanamico
7171:Chilecebus
7097:Soriacebus
7063:Nuciruptor
7023:Homunculus
7013:Chiropotes
7006:Cheracebus
6989:Carlocebus
6979:Callicebus
6942:Tremacebus
6912:Lagonimico
6902:Branisella
6882:Szalatavus
6709:Pondaungia
6627:Eosimiidae
6466:see below↓
6353:Archicebus
6235:Shoshonius
6179:Hemiacodon
6158:Dyseolemur
6144:Chumashius
6087:Trogolemur
6080:Tetonoides
5989:Absarokius
5939:Necrolemur
5884:Bownomomys
5836:Haplorhini
5791:Haplorhini
5711:Monkey Day
5701:Great apes
5602:Personhood
5435:G. gorilla
5402:Chimpanzee
5377:H. sapiens
5274:H. sapiens
5199:G. gorilla
5179:(Gorillas)
5083:Haplorhini
5081:Suborder:
5044:Hominidae
4905:chimpanzee
4791:August 30,
4443:August 28,
4147:August 11,
4032:August 11,
4022:"Tool use"
4006:August 11,
3980:August 11,
3887:10316/3758
3551:August 11,
3360:(1): 1–9.
3302:October 7,
2996:EurekAlert
2576:August 24,
2244:: 365–370.
2164:August 11,
1951:References
1911:Monkey Day
1853:See also:
1643:Aggression
1596:altruistic
1453:alpha male
1408:nonviolent
1400:alpha male
1389:omnivorous
1170:speciation
1156:The genus
862:Blumenbach
844:Chimpanzee
664:(1929), a
619:was named
617:chimpanzee
600:chimpanzee
547:Chimpansee
486:Chimpanzee
460:subspecies
440:chimpanzee
420:endangered
400:orangutans
380:chimpanzee
372:The genus
329:Blainville
315:Chimpansee
172:Subtribe:
126:Haplorhini
122:Suborder:
8823:Gorillini
8753:Homininae
8596:Hominidae
8546:Hylobates
8425:Proconsul
8183:Pliopapio
8173:Parapapio
8096:Papionini
7963:Pygathrix
7949:Presbytis
7839:Colobinae
7738:Pliobates
7703:Crouzelia
7504:Saadanius
7339:Callimico
7258:Acrecebus
7235:Stirtonia
7178:Lagothrix
7161:Cartelles
7107:Xenothrix
6862:Parvimico
6388:Tarsiidae
6375:Omomyidae
6270:Washakius
6256:Uintanius
6207:Nesomomys
6137:Chipetaia
6123:Asiomomys
6106:Omomyinae
6059:Tatmanius
6017:Aycrossia
5946:Paraloris
5911:Indusomys
5853:Omomyidae
5801:Kingdom:
5592:Legal and
5454:P. abelii
5444:Orangutan
5163:Homininae
5129:P. abelii
5093:Hominidae
5057:Kingdom:
4984:View the
4354:1932-6203
3696:March 24,
3525:March 10,
3494:April 22,
3264:CiteSeerX
3083:1993, Ho
3029:2246/6020
3002:April 23,
2976:March 21,
2948:244481732
2904:0002-9483
2092:2045-2322
1709:קוף (qof)
1701:Aristotle
1342:Behaviour
1321:Longevity
1302:testicles
1166:separated
1162:Homininae
704:Bonobos,
651:orangutan
596:ci-mpenzi
545:1828 and
500:) (right)
404:Hominidae
156:Homininae
146:Hominidae
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
9293:12100796
9154:Wikidata
9117:BioLib:
9094:Q3305022
9088:Wikidata
9059:Primates
8889:Hominina
8865:Hominini
8782:Danuvius
8658:Ponginae
8617:Buronius
8563:Nomascus
8502:Simiolus
7391:Saguinus
7353:Cebuella
7305:Patasola
7225:Solimoea
7127:Alouatta
7118:Atelidae
7070:Pithecia
6818:Qatrania
6743:Arsinoea
6643:Eosimias
6277:Wyomomys
6242:Steinius
6228:Rooneyia
6186:Jemezius
6094:Walshina
6073:Tetonius
6031:Gazinius
5891:Kohatius
5868:Altanius
5821:Primates
5815:Mammalia
5809:Chordata
5807:Phylum:
5803:Animalia
5749:Category
5670:Bushmeat
5306:Category
5263:(Humans)
5233:Bonobo (
5211:Hominini
5102:Ponginae
5077:Primates
5071:Mammalia
5065:Chordata
5063:Phylum:
5059:Animalia
4970:Archived
4949:(1911).
4929:(1920).
4743:(1986).
4701:17849015
4661:PLOS ONE
4642:16551874
4634:17320393
4581:40430973
4573:17322034
4538:19914188
4530:17906844
4510:Primates
4424:and the
4372:25084521
4324:PLOS ONE
4305:20111704
4265:PLOS ONE
4238:16251965
4192:11432622
4184:10412224
4123:24740283
4083:PLOS ONE
4050:(1996).
3896:18359504
3816:17360606
3747:19278627
3668:17692801
3638:(2014).
3569:(2006).
3451:(1986).
3433:June 23,
3428:BBC News
3234:27872299
2832:16136135
2688:18337768
2638:21074627
2570:Archived
2232:Panthera
2110:28377592
1993:62265494
1967:(2005).
1876:Bili ape
1864:See also
1788:Tanzania
1692:Gregoire
1608:mourning
1516:Tool use
961:Unknown
832:Unknown
818:truffles
810:: Forest
672:used by
658:paniscus
565:adopted
462:, while
408:hominids
396:gorillas
382:and the
286:, 1812 (
271:Synonyms
166:Hominini
142:Family:
116:Primates
106:Mammalia
96:Chordata
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
29:Pliocene
9329:5757366
9254:2436437
9047:Mammals
9021:Portals
8950:Orrorin
8843:Gorilla
8539:Hoolock
7915:Nasalis
7858:Colobus
7384:Micodon
7319:Sapajus
7312:Saimiri
7246:Cebidae
7195:Oreonax
7151:Caipora
6972:Cacajao
6923:Aotidae
6804:Apidium
6777:Serapia
6750:Biretia
6636:Bahinia
6606:Afrasia
6570:Nosmips
6550:Amamria
6431:Tarsius
6397:Carlito
6318:Tarkops
6284:Yaquius
6249:Stockia
6221:Ourayia
6193:Loveina
5819:Order:
5813:Class:
5665:Bigfoot
5648:Primate
5641:Related
5415:Gorilla
5272:Human (
5173:Gorilla
5075:Order:
5069:Class:
4987:panTro4
4808:Sources
4692:1964537
4669:Bibcode
4612:Bibcode
4553:Science
4493:June 6,
4437:YouTube
4363:4118915
4332:Bibcode
4296:2811728
4273:Bibcode
4246:8440378
4218:Bibcode
4114:3989313
4091:Bibcode
3866:Bibcode
3807:1805589
3784:Bibcode
3755:1669313
3725:Bibcode
3409:1374806
3374:1373587
3327:Bibcode
3225:5137748
3202:Bibcode
2912:3578495
2840:4423286
2812:Bibcode
2696:4367089
2668:Bibcode
2629:3046308
2608:Bibcode
2498:, p. 95
2496:Kingdon
2442:, p. 97
2440:Kingdon
2346:June 6,
2340:"chimp"
2250:BioStor
2101:5428693
2070:Bibcode
1736:pygmies
1717:1 Kings
1659:Hunting
1620:animism
1576:muhimbi
1553:species
1542:Senegal
1379:, Japan
1377:Saitama
1298:puberty
1245:Gervais
1192:Fossils
1186:bonobos
1059:Gorilla
937:Habitat
864:, 1775)
808:Habitat
786:Schwarz
722:of the
543:Brookes
422:on the
360:Fsihego
295:Mimetes
225:Species
182:Genus:
162:Tribe:
112:Order:
102:Class:
33:present
9326:uBio:
9280:572838
9241:1PANZG
9160:Q80174
9133:397855
9120:619796
9109:Panina
9079:Panina
9035:Africa
8344:Ekembo
8139:Macaca
8004:Simias
7775:Alophe
7134:Ateles
6695:Krabia
6688:Ganlea
6263:Utahia
6214:Omomys
5486:family
5482:Gibbon
5392:Bonobo
5356:Extant
4827:
4753:
4699:
4689:
4640:
4632:
4579:
4571:
4536:
4528:
4461:Evolve
4370:
4360:
4352:
4303:
4293:
4244:
4236:
4210:Nature
4190:
4182:
4121:
4111:
4060:
3925:
3894:
3814:
3804:
3753:
3745:
3666:
3583:
3461:
3407:
3372:
3337:
3266:
3232:
3222:
3117:
3085:et al.
3081:et al.
3035:
2946:
2936:
2910:
2902:
2838:
2830:
2804:Nature
2694:
2686:
2660:Nature
2636:
2626:
2423:
2189:
2108:
2098:
2090:
2039:
2014:
1991:
1981:
1616:python
1510:syntax
1385:bonobo
1358:Bonobo
947:resins
788:, 1929
769:Bonobo
757:Range
744:, 1816
731:Genus
674:Cicero
608:. The
553:1831.
494:bonobo
398:, and
392:humans
388:panins
384:bonobo
352:Engeco
331:, 1839
218:, 1776
195:, 1816
176:Panina
9319:97177
9267:43576
9228:42004
8727:Pongo
8556:Junzi
8153:Papio
7265:Cebus
6932:Aotus
6304:Tarka
5731:Yowie
5721:Yeren
5373:Human
5112:Pongo
4855:Slate
4638:S2CID
4577:S2CID
4534:S2CID
4400:(PDF)
4393:(PDF)
4242:S2CID
4188:S2CID
3751:S2CID
3664:S2CID
3405:JSTOR
3370:JSTOR
3335:JSTOR
3252:(PDF)
2836:S2CID
2692:S2CID
2645:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
1928:Notes
1792:Gombe
1624:groom
1210:Kenya
1035:Pongo
551:Voigt
525:name
523:genus
517:Names
9306:9596
9301:NCBI
9275:ITIS
9249:GBIF
9236:EPPO
9215:6D2G
9202:4520
9197:BOLD
8930:Homo
7615:Kapi
7374:Mico
5726:Yeti
5367:Homo
5348:Apes
5257:Homo
4825:ISBN
4793:2016
4751:ISBN
4727:2013
4697:PMID
4630:PMID
4569:PMID
4526:PMID
4495:2009
4482:TIME
4445:2015
4408:2011
4368:PMID
4350:ISSN
4301:PMID
4234:PMID
4180:PMID
4149:2007
4119:PMID
4058:ISBN
4034:2007
4008:2007
3982:2007
3956:2007
3923:ISBN
3892:PMID
3812:PMID
3743:PMID
3698:2008
3581:ISBN
3553:2007
3527:2008
3496:2013
3459:ISBN
3435:2017
3339:6455
3304:2017
3230:PMID
3173:2018
3147:2009
3115:ISBN
3033:ISBN
3004:2007
2978:2017
2944:OCLC
2934:ISBN
2908:PMID
2900:ISSN
2828:PMID
2684:PMID
2634:PMID
2578:2023
2527:2016
2473:2016
2421:ISBN
2348:2009
2230:and
2187:ISBN
2166:2007
2132:2017
2106:PMID
2088:ISSN
2037:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1802:and
1667:and
1396:diet
1083:Homo
943:Diet
931:Size
814:Diet
802:Size
742:Oken
615:The
521:The
438:The
193:Oken
9288:MSW
9223:EoL
9210:CoL
9189:Pan
9184:ADW
9175:Pan
9145:Pan
8878:Pan
5386:Pan
5221:Pan
4919:Pan
4687:PMC
4677:doi
4620:doi
4561:doi
4557:315
4518:doi
4358:PMC
4340:doi
4291:PMC
4281:doi
4226:doi
4214:437
4172:doi
4109:PMC
4099:doi
3915:doi
3882:hdl
3874:doi
3802:PMC
3792:doi
3780:104
3733:doi
3656:doi
3397:doi
3362:doi
3297:CNN
3274:doi
3220:PMC
3210:doi
3198:113
3107:doi
3071:doi
3025:hdl
2892:doi
2861:hdl
2820:doi
2808:437
2676:doi
2664:452
2624:PMC
2616:doi
2531:doi
2477:doi
2306:OED
2278:OED
2265:BHL
2247:BHL
2228:Pan
2096:PMC
2078:doi
1790:'s
1773:'s
1761:'s
1711:in
1705:ape
1423:Pan
1214:Pan
1178:DNA
1158:Pan
1101:Pan
735:Pan
695:or
686:Pan
670:Pan
660:by
623:by
577:.
575:Pan
567:Pan
549:by
535:Pan
527:Pan
472:Pan
375:Pan
187:Pan
51:Pan
9348::
9316::
9303::
9290::
9277::
9264::
9251::
9238::
9225::
9212::
9199::
9186::
9171::
9156::
9130::
9105::
9090::
5004:,
5000:–
4955:.
4935:.
4881:.
4877:.
4865:.
4852:.
4848:.
4823:.
4795:.
4718:.
4695:.
4685:.
4675:.
4663:.
4659:.
4636:.
4628:.
4618:.
4608:17
4606:.
4602:.
4575:.
4567:.
4555:.
4532:.
4524:.
4514:49
4512:.
4479:.
4435:.
4428::
4380:^
4366:.
4356:.
4348:.
4338:.
4326:.
4322:.
4299:.
4289:.
4279:.
4267:.
4263:.
4240:.
4232:.
4224:.
4212:.
4186:.
4178:.
4168:74
4166:.
4139:.
4117:.
4107:.
4097:.
4085:.
4081:.
3999:.
3921:.
3890:.
3880:.
3872:.
3862:55
3860:.
3833:.
3810:.
3800:.
3790:.
3778:.
3772:.
3749:.
3741:.
3731:.
3721:19
3719:.
3715:.
3684:.
3662:.
3652:35
3650:.
3646:.
3644:)"
3619:.
3573:.
3513:.
3482:.
3426:.
3403:.
3393:24
3391:.
3368:.
3356:.
3333:.
3323:16
3321:.
3295:.
3272:.
3260:19
3258:.
3254:.
3228:.
3218:.
3208:.
3196:.
3190:.
3164:.
3137:.
3113:.
3105:.
3077:.
3067:35
3065:.
3031:.
2994:.
2964:.
2942:.
2920:^
2906:.
2898:.
2888:72
2886:.
2834:.
2826:.
2818:.
2806:.
2770:.
2749:.
2713:.
2690:.
2682:.
2674:.
2662:.
2632:.
2622:.
2614:.
2604:58
2602:.
2598:.
2568:.
2564:.
2558:.
2525:.
2519:.
2503:^
2471:.
2465:.
2447:^
2322:.
2258:45
2256:,
2242:42
2240:.
2236:.
2216:^
2156:.
2140:^
2104:.
2094:.
2086:.
2076:.
2064:.
2060:.
1987:.
1845:.
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1329:.
1317:.
1247:'
1224:.
1085:)
1061:)
1037:)
914:)
904:)
894:)
884:)
739:–
676:.
653:.
513:.
394:,
31:–
9023::
8968:†
8964:?
8957:†
8953:?
8946:†
8936:†
8925:?
8918:†
8908:†
8904:?
8897:†
8856:?
8849:†
8838:?
8831:†
8807:?
8799:?
8763:†
8733:†
8716:†
8706:†
8696:†
8686:†
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