236:, in order to consolidate Asian activists that they had seen at various political demonstrations of the time. The manner in which the two garnered support for the alliance sheds light on the expressly panethnic approach that was at the core of this new Asian American identity: they went through the roster of the Peace and Freedom Party, a majority white anti-war organization that was protesting the Vietnam War at the time, and telephoned all the individuals they could find with “Asian” surnames. Though the
36:
468:'American,' after all, originated as a panethnic term to unite Northern European whites who had moved to the United States. The endorsement of the panethnic strategy lay behind the acceptance of the notion of the 'melting pot.' 'American' is such a successful panethnic construction that its members have naturalized its contours and ceased to se it as a historical configuration that has changed in the past and will change in the future.
253:
The use of "Asian
American" as a panethnic racial label is often criticized, due to the term only encompassing some of the diverse peoples of Asia, and for grouping together the racially and culturally different South Asians with East Asians as the same “race”. Americans of West Asian descent, such
220:
Mainstream institutions and political policies often play a big role in the labeling of panethnic groups. They often enact policies that deal with specific groups of people, and panethnic groups are one way to group large numbers of people. Public policy might dole out resources or make deals with
653:
But
American culture tends not to think of all regions in Asia as equally Asian. A quick Google search of 'Asian food nearby' is likely to call up Chinese or Japanese restaurants, but not Indian or Filipino. Years after someone posted a thread on College Confidential, a popular college admissions
213:
to unite based on similar historical relations with the US (such as - in some cases - US military presence in their native countries). The Asian
American panethnic identity has evolved to become a means for immigrant groups such as Asian Americans to unite in order to gain political strength in
258:
being geographically part of Asia. As well as West Asians having racial and cultural similarities with South Asians. The common justification for grouping together South and East Asians is because of
Buddhism's origins in India, but the religion has "practically died out" in South Asia.
262:
Although the panethnic term refers to
Americans of East, Southeast and South Asian ancestry, "Asian American" is usually synonymous for people of East Asian ancestry and or appearance, which has caused some to highlight the general exclusion of Southeast Asians and South Asians.
108:) similarities are often used alone or in combination to draw panethnic boundaries. The term panethnic was used extensively during mid-twentieth century anti-colonial/national liberation movements. In the United States,
244:
have accelerated the expansion of the identity. At the time of the U.S. Census of 2000, 88% of Asian
America was made up of six Asian ethnicities: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Indian, and Vietnamese.
654:
forum, titled 'Do
Indians count as Asians?' the SAT in 2016 tweaked its race categories, explaining to test-takers that 'Asian' did include Indian subcontinent and Philippines origin.
614:
224:
Panethnic labels are often, though not always, created and employed by outsiders of the group that is being defined panethnically. In the case of the
46:
144:
More recently the term has also come to be used in contexts outside multiculturalism in US society, as a general replacement for terms like
1248:
1180:
241:
204:
125:
638:"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated"
567:
Park, Jerry Z. (September 2008). "Second-Generation Asian
American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label".
228:
of the 1960s and 1970s, the panethnic label "Asian
American" was not created by outsiders; rather, it was coined by professor
720:
551:
461:
436:
368:
273:
1706:
1185:
772:
1763:
1165:
1160:
1141:
1136:
1123:
80:
1234:
1190:
1170:
480:
Okamoto, Dina G. (4 October 2006). "Institutional
Panethnicity: Boundary Formation in Asian-American Organizing".
1229:
1149:
1359:
1195:
1272:
1219:
1209:
1175:
17:
606:
1324:
1224:
1019:
899:
116:, a racial category composed of disparate peoples having in common only their origin in the continent of
240:
identity was initially not inclusive of many Asian ethnicities, new waves of Asian immigrants since the
1242:
1214:
254:
as Iranian, Israeli, Armenian, and many Arab nationalities, are notably excluded from the term despite
104:
together based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or 'racial' (i.e.
1290:
1004:
1379:
62:
392:
Yamamoto, Eric K. (1995). "Rethinking Alliances: Agency, Responsibility and Interracial Justice".
1261:
1253:
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765:
225:
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832:
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8:
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333:
288:
156:
138:
743:
54:
1666:
1579:
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1549:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1429:
1314:
1304:
1034:
716:
588:
547:
509:
457:
432:
364:
188:
58:
1636:
1631:
1514:
1073:
1056:
1046:
942:
739:
708:
683:
576:
539:
489:
424:
401:
637:
1671:
1617:
1589:
1529:
1464:
1419:
1354:
1088:
1083:
1061:
989:
671:
641:
237:
210:
152:
130:
113:
109:
137:, which are nevertheless perceived as a distinguishable group within the larger
1696:
1686:
1656:
1594:
1574:
1519:
1108:
1078:
937:
904:
857:
852:
847:
672:"Towards a Theory of Panethnicity: Explaining Asian American Collective Action"
313:
308:
278:
214:
numbers. Similarly, one can speak of a "panethnic European American category".
192:
580:
217:
The term "American" has become one of the more widespread panethnic concepts.
112:
popularized the term and coined the nominal term panethnicity in reference to
1752:
1676:
1641:
1434:
1374:
1349:
1344:
1113:
1068:
962:
889:
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172:
168:
164:
1711:
1651:
1534:
1476:
1469:
1424:
1364:
1295:
1103:
1093:
1041:
979:
967:
957:
947:
932:
800:
513:
374:
283:
255:
229:
155:", which similarly groups related ethnicities but in the context of either
101:
712:
543:
493:
428:
1646:
1454:
1439:
1414:
1339:
1009:
984:
974:
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879:
184:
180:
176:
160:
1721:
1716:
1691:
1626:
1559:
1449:
894:
695:
501:
405:
328:
517:
1681:
1554:
1459:
1051:
924:
781:
338:
105:
97:
687:
1369:
1334:
233:
378:
1389:
1319:
361:
Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities
303:
874:
1409:
914:
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
750:
795:
419:
Emigh, Rebecca Jean; Riley, Dylan; Ahmed, Patricia (2016).
117:
133:
can be described as "a panethnicity" of various unrelated
730:
Okamoto, Dina G.; Mora, Cristina (2014). "Panethnicity".
123:
It has since seen some use as a replacement of the term
221:
multiple groups, viewing them all as one large entity.
421:
Changes in Censuses from Imperialist to Welfare States
1750:
418:
766:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
705:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
600:
598:
729:
635:
773:
759:
636:Kambhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020).
607:"Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?"
595:
151:The concept is to be distinguished from "
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
702:
456:. Cornell University Press. p. 27.
454:American Literature and the Culture Wars
391:
358:
669:
479:
394:UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal
205:Race and ethnicity in the United States
14:
1751:
617:from the original on September 5, 2018
604:
536:Rethinking the Asian American Movement
473:
754:
533:
274:Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
566:
529:
527:
242:1965 Immigration and Nationality Act
29:
451:
24:
129:; for example, the aforementioned
25:
1775:
744:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043201
524:
198:
34:
605:Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002).
629:
560:
445:
412:
385:
352:
13:
1:
780:
345:
676:American Sociological Review
248:
7:
363:. Temple University Press.
266:
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1780:
1142:Countries by ethnic groups
1137:Contemporary ethnic groups
732:Annual Review of Sociology
703:Schaefer, Richard (2008).
663:
202:
1764:Race in the United States
1730:
1613:
1485:
1288:
1122:
923:
788:
670:Okamoto, Dina G. (2003).
581:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541
569:Sociological Perspectives
209:Panethnicity has allowed
452:Jay, Gregory S. (2018).
141:North American society.
1254:Torres Strait Islanders
1099:Ethnopsychopharmacology
843:In-group and out-groups
226:Asian American Movement
1500:Cultural appropriation
1400:Lineage-bonded society
359:Espiritu, Yen (2011).
100:used to group various
1525:Ethnic interest group
1360:Ethnicity in censuses
1310:Cultural assimilation
811:Ethnolinguistic group
713:10.4135/9781412963879
544:10.4324/9780203357484
534:Maeda, Daryl (2012).
494:10.1353/sof.2006.0136
429:10.1057/9781137485069
294:Ethnolinguistic group
146:ethnolinguistic group
1738:Minzu (anthropology)
1707:Separatist movements
1570:Ethnographic village
1395:Legendary progenitor
1030:Transidioethnography
833:Hyphenated ethnicity
828:Ethnographic realism
821:Ethnoreligious group
299:Ethnoreligious group
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1605:Multinational state
1600:Model minority myth
1487:Multiethnic society
1405:Linguistic homeland
816:Ethnonational group
27:Political neologism
1585:Middleman minority
1545:Ethnic pornography
1540:Ethnic nationalism
1445:Pantribal sodality
1385:Imagined community
910:Symbolic ethnicity
838:Indigenous peoples
806:Ethnographic group
334:Symbolic ethnicity
289:Ethnographic group
157:ethnic nationalism
1746:
1745:
1667:Ethnic stereotype
1580:Indigenous rights
1565:Ethnographic film
1550:Ethnic theme park
1510:Dominant minority
1505:Diaspora politics
1495:Consociationalism
1430:National language
1315:Cultural identity
1305:Cross-race effect
1249:Aboriginal groups
722:978-1-4129-2694-2
553:978-1-136-59926-2
514:Project MUSE
463:978-1-5017-3127-3
438:978-1-349-55556-7
375:Project MUSE
370:978-1-4399-0556-2
189:civic nationalism
148:or racial group.
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1771:
1637:Ethnic cleansing
1632:Ethnic bioweapon
1515:Ethnic democracy
1124:Groups by region
1074:Ethnomethodology
1057:Ethnomathematics
1047:Ethnolinguistics
943:Ethnoarchaeology
775:
768:
761:
752:
751:
747:
726:
699:
657:
656:
650:
648:
633:
627:
626:
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622:
602:
593:
592:
564:
558:
557:
531:
522:
521:
477:
471:
470:
449:
443:
442:
416:
410:
409:
389:
383:
382:
356:
232:and his spouse,
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1726:
1672:Ethnic violence
1620:
1618:ethnic conflict
1616:
1609:
1590:Minority rights
1530:Ethnic majority
1481:
1465:Detribalization
1420:Nation-building
1355:Ethnic religion
1298:
1294:
1284:
1191:Central America
1118:
1089:Ethnophilosophy
1084:Ethnomusicology
1062:Ethnostatistics
1020:Person-centered
990:Autoethnography
919:
784:
779:
723:
688:10.2307/1519747
666:
661:
660:
646:
644:
634:
630:
620:
618:
613:. Los Angeles.
603:
596:
565:
561:
554:
532:
525:
478:
474:
464:
450:
446:
439:
417:
413:
390:
386:
379:book 45909
371:
357:
353:
348:
343:
269:
251:
211:Asian Americans
207:
201:
153:pan-nationalism
135:peoples of Asia
131:Asian Americans
114:Asian Americans
110:Yen Le Espiritu
96:is a political
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Indigenization
1694:
1689:
1687:Ethnosymbolism
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Ethnic penalty
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Model minority
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Ethnopluralism
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Ethnic enclave
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1230:Southeast Asia
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:Ethnosemiotics
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Ethnomuseology
1076:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
982:
977:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
940:
938:Ethnic studies
935:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
907:
905:Supraethnicity
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
858:Minority group
855:
853:Metroethnicity
850:
848:Meta-ethnicity
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
798:
792:
790:
786:
785:
778:
777:
770:
763:
755:
749:
748:
727:
721:
700:
682:(6): 811–842.
665:
662:
659:
658:
628:
594:
575:(3): 541–561.
559:
552:
523:
472:
462:
444:
437:
411:
384:
369:
350:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Metroethnicity
311:
309:Meta-ethnicity
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:British people
276:
270:
268:
265:
250:
247:
238:Asian American
203:Main article:
200:
197:
193:Pan-Africanism
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1776:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
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1739:
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1715:
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1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Ethnocentrism
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Ethnic hatred
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:National myth
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Folk religion
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Ethnic origin
1348:
1346:
1345:Ethnic option
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Northern Asia
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:South America
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:United States
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:Ethnotaxonomy
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Ethnomedicine
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Institutional
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
969:
966:
964:
963:Ethnomycology
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Polyethnicity
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Monoethnicity
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
787:
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664:Sources
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