55:
62:
38:
614:
caldera, while hydrothermal vent deposits are found throughout the edifice. The vents around the horseshoe-shaped caldera may coincide with the margins of the caldera and thus are structurally controlled. Recent hydrothermal deposits around the summit, which was eroded during low sea level, indicate hydrothermal activity during the
727:-containing crusts and nodules occur on Palinuro, which probably formed under hydrothermal influence after a transition from high (which emplaced the sulfides) to low temperature hydrothermal activity. They are often found in spatial coincidence with sulfidic deposits which form chimneys. The crusts and nodules contain
354:
that
Palinuro seamount formed on may be the northern margin of the Calabrian subduction zone ("subduction-transform edge propagator") and continues through Glabro, Enotrio and Ovidio seamounts and then on land as the Cetraro-Rossano Line. This lineament also appears to separate a tectonically stable
242:
The seamount is about 3 km (1.9 mi) high. It has a 50 km (31 mi)-70 km (43 mi) long and 25 km (16 mi) wide east-west elongated shape. It is asymmetric, with the northern slopes less steep as they descend to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) depth than the southern
685:
and lead and silver containing sulfosalts. The sulfide deposits typically have a gel-like appearance and contain bacterial fossils, implying that microbial activity played a major role in their development. They occur in several metres thick deposits, often buried by sediments and in proximity to
613:
emissions have been found at
Palinuro, which form small chimneys, stained rocks, spires reaching 30 cm (12 in) height and warm (>60 °C (140 °F)) muds with sulfide-sulfate deposits. The hydrothermal vents are found on the western side of Palinuro, around the horseshoe-shaped
270:
4 km (2.5 mi) wide sediment-filled caldera at the western end of the volcano. On the eastern end of
Palinuro lies another potential caldera, also filled with sediment, as well as an uneroded crater. In the central area of Palinuro, but still within the eastern sector, lies the summit
2519:
Petersen, S.; Augustin, N.; de
Benedetti, A.; Esposito, A.; Gaertner, A.; Gemmell, B.; Gibson, H.; He, G.; Huegler, M.; Kleeberg, R.; Kuever, J.; Kummer, N. A.; Lackschewitz, K.; Lappe, F.; Monecke, T.; Perrin, K.; Peters, M.; Sharpe, R.; Simpson, K.; Smith, D.; Wan, B. (1 December 2007).
2163:
Hilpold, Andreas; Schönswetter, Peter; Susanna, Alfonso; Garcia-Jacas, NĂșria; Vilatersana, Roser (April 2011). "Evolution of the central
Mediterranean Centaurea cineraria group (Asteraceae): Evidence for relatively recent, allopatric diversification following transoceanic seed dispersal".
284:, which may have formed when sea levels were so low that the summit of Palinuro rose above the sea. Gullies, rocky outcrops and crater remnants are found on the flat-topped cones. Rocky outcrops are scarce in the central part of Palinuro seamount, which is largely covered with sediments.
600:
18,000-20,000 years ago, and seismicity and hydrothermal activity - which tend to weaken volcanic edifices - could contribute to future collapses on the volcano. Some collapse scenarios could generate waves several metres high that would impact Sicily and
Campania.
533:
Palinuro was active between 800,000 and 300,000 years ago. The growth of the seamount was probably protracted and complex and there appears to be a clear distinction between the eastern and western sectors of
Palinuro, and the eastern half may be still active.
279:
2,500 m (8,200 ft) wide. The smaller of which rises to 80 m (260 ft)-70 m (230 ft) depth below sea level; it is the shallowest point of
Palinuro. The flat-topped cones formed through erosion and feature
168:. The shallowest point lies at 80â70 m (260â230 ft) depth and formed an island during past episodes of low sea level. Palinuro was active during the last 800,000 years and is likely the source for a 10,000 years old
328:-like structure, and Palinuro which has an unclear origin but may somehow relate to subduction as well. A 2017 proposal relates the volcanism of Palinuro and neighbouring seamounts except Marsili to the upwelling of
2395:
573:
coast. Seismicity at low depths, perhaps linked to hydrothermal activity, has also been recorded. Microearthquakes between 10â16 km (6.2â9.9 mi) depth may mark a melt storage zone.
494:
and calcareous worm tubes have been dredged from
Palinuro. When it was an emergent island during cold periods, Palinuro may have formed a stepping stone for plants. It still reaches into the
2354:
2353:
Ligi, Marco; Cocchi, Luca; Bortoluzzi, Giovanni; DâOriano, Filippo; Muccini, Filippo; Caratori
Tontini, Fabio; de Ronde, Cornel E. J.; Carmisciano, Cosmo (1 December 2014).
355:
northern domain of Italy from a slowly uplifting southern domain. A second, northeastward trending lineament continues on land as the Palinuro-Sant' Arcangelo lineament.
2437:
Passaro, Salvatore; Milano, Girolamo; D'Isanto, Claudio; Ruggieri, Stefano; Tonielli, Renato; Bruno, Pier Paolo; Sprovieri, Mario; Marsella, Ennio (15 February 2010).
1770:"New records of scleractinian cold-water coral (CWC) assemblages in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (western Mediterranean Sea): Human impacts and conservation prospects"
1768:
Angiolillo, Michela; La Mesa, Gabriele; Giusti, Michela; Salvati, Eva; Di Lorenzo, Bianca; Rossi, Lorenzo; Canese, Simonepietro; Tunesi, Leonardo (1 September 2021).
239:
29 km (18 mi) east of Palinuro. The Palinuro seamount is one of the largest in the Tyrrhenian Sea and is also known as Palinuro-Strabo seamount.
2312:
Ladenberger, Anna; Demetriades, Alecos; Reimann, Clemens; Birke, Manfred; Sadeghi, Martiya; UhlbÀck, Jo; Andersson, Madelen; Jonsson, Erik (1 July 2015).
2264:
236:
2544:
320:
behind the eastward-shifting Ionian subduction, and is a complex geodynamic system. It features several volcanoes, including the Aeolian Islands
2077:
Gallotti, G.; Passaro, S.; Armigliato, A.; Zaniboni, F.; Pagnoni, G.; Wang, L.; Sacchi, M.; Tinti, S.; Ligi, M.; Ventura, G. (15 October 2020).
2759:
2572:"Review of recent trends in ecological studies of deep-sea meiofauna, with focus on patterns and processes at small to regional spatial scales"
347:
674:
690:
are potential sources for metals, both base and precious, and have thus drawn scientific attention. Other reported minerals at Palinuro are
2394:
Marani, MP; Gamberi, F (2004). "Distribuzione e natura della morfologia del vulcanismo sottomarino nel Mar Tirreno: l'arco e retro-arco".
2416:
Milano, G.; Passaro, S.; Sprovieri, M. (December 2012). "Present-day knowledge on the Palinuro Seamount (south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea)".
1811:"Rapid 3-D forward model of potential fields with application to the Palinuro Seamount magnetic anomaly (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)"
678:
670:
2355:"Mapping of Seafloor Hydrothermally Altered Rocks Using Geophysical Methods: Marsili and Palinuro Seamounts, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea"
2782:
2550:(Report). Berichte aus dem Leibniz-Institut fĂŒr Meereswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-UniversitĂ€t zu Kiel. Vol. 30.
116:
2777:
2480:"Quaternary still-stand landforms and relations with flank instability events of the Palinuro Bank (southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea)"
596:
volcano, which killed 437 people. Palinuro seamount shows evidence of past instability - including collapses that post-date the
618:. The active hydrothermal vents are accompanied by chemical anomalies in the water column, and ships have reported a smell of
2743:
2195:
Innangi, Sara; Passaro, Salvatore; Tonielli, Renato; Milano, Girolamo; Ventura, Guido; Tamburrino, Stella (19 October 2016).
2079:"Potential mass movements on the Palinuro volcanic chain (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) and consequent tsunami generation"
2439:"DTM-based morphometry of the Palinuro seamount (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea): Geomorphological and volcanological implications"
54:
1993:
Fanelli, Emanuela; Delbono, Ivana; Ivaldi, Roberta; Pratellesi, Marta; Cocito, Silvia; Peirano, Andrea (October 2017).
2619:
Safipour, Roxana; Hölz, Sebastian; Halbach, Jesse; Jegen, Marion; Petersen, Sven; Swidinsky, Andrei (6 October 2017).
2545:
FS METEOR Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report M73/2 Shallow drilling of hydrothermal sites in the Tyrrhenian Sea (PALINDRILL)
687:
196:
2792:
1995:"Cold-water coral Madrepora oculata in the eastern Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean): Historical and recent findings"
538:
analysis indicates that fresh lavas occur in the eastern half of Palinuro while the western half shows evidence of
2314:"GEMAS: Indium in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe â Its source and geochemical distribution patterns"
2665:"Tephrostratigraphy study for the last 18,000 14C years in a deep-sea sediment sequence for the South Adriatic"
2478:
Passaro, Salvatore; Milano, Girolamo; Sprovieri, Mario; Ruggieri, Stefano; Marsella, Ennio (15 February 2011).
2197:"Seafloor mapping using high-resolution multibeam backscatter: The Palinuro Seamount (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea)"
109:
2807:
2797:
2787:
1912:
517:
have not identified substantial hydrothermal vent-associated communities. Italy has declared Palinuro a
2802:
2239:
312:(Calabrian subduction) and the eastward migration of this subduction. The southern Tyrrhenian Sea is a
2664:
2523:
Drilling of Submarine Shallow-water Hydrothermal Systems in Volcanic Arcs of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
2479:
2438:
2313:
1769:
335:
below the northern margin of the Calabrian subduction zone, and from underneath the descending Ionian
589:
514:
266:
and has been modified by erosion and renewed volcanism at its rim. To its west is another potential,
2143:
342:
The seamount may be located at the margin between the oceanic Marsili basin to the south, and the
2621:"A self-potential investigation of submarine massive sulfides: Palinuro Seamount, Tyrrhenian Sea"
2521:
2148:
1953:
2571:
1852:
Cocchi, Luca; Passaro, Salvatore; Tontini, Fabio Caratori; Ventura, Guido (13 November 2017).
432:
2663:
Siani, Giuseppe; Sulpizio, Roberto; Paterne, Martine; Sbrana, Alessandro (1 December 2004).
2620:
553:
and on land in Italy, has been interpreted to come from Palinuro. It has been dated to 8040
2676:
2635:
2583:
2531:
2491:
2450:
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2325:
2276:
2208:
2090:
2039:
2006:
1994:
1965:
1924:
1865:
1822:
1781:
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2705:
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live there as well. Lower on the slopes algae become rarer and sponges more frequent, and
324:
generated by the Ionian subduction, the Marsili Seamount that appears to have formed on a
160:. It is an elongated 50â70 km (31â43 mi) long complex of volcanoes north of the
8:
1954:"Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enarete and Palinuro seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea"
459:
complete the fauna of Palinuro. There are traces of human disturbances such as abandoned
2680:
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2587:
2535:
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2329:
2280:
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2094:
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2010:
1969:
1928:
1869:
1826:
1785:
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2607:
2300:
2226:
2126:
2065:
1913:"The Palinuro volcano and magmatism of the southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean)"
1894:
1853:
1911:
Colantoni, P.; Lucchini, F.; Rossi, P. L.; Sartori, R.; Savelli, C. (1 January 1981).
2739:
2692:
2651:
2599:
2570:
Rosli, Norliana; Leduc, Daniel; Rowden, Ashley A.; Probert, P. Keith (1 March 2018).
2551:
2507:
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2404:
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2130:
2118:
2103:
2078:
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1981:
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1840:
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1302:
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2108:
2098:
2047:
2014:
1973:
1932:
1889:
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1350:
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1100:
965:
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619:
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408:
396:
332:
232:
212:
2221:
2196:
950:
948:
865:
863:
861:
859:
557:, and may have been emitted from an emergent Palinuro when sea levels were lower.
2503:
2337:
1793:
1449:
1447:
896:
894:
892:
890:
325:
263:
248:
224:
161:
2265:"Manganese and iron micronodules from a volcanic seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea"
1708:
1384:
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1097:
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921:
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along the seamount, especially on its southern flank, and of east-west trending
2735:
2378:
2138:
2052:
2027:
1877:
1732:
1495:
1396:
1058:
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157:
102:
74:
2725:
2595:
1977:
1507:
1483:
1471:
1444:
1155:
887:
195:
activity takes place on Palinuro Seamount, which has led to the deposition of
42:
Aeolian arc, including coastline and depth contour lines for every 500 meters.
2771:
2696:
2655:
2603:
2555:
2511:
2470:
2408:
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1985:
1944:
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506:
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301:
293:
131:
118:
1372:
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1119:
2647:
1903:
1854:"Volcanism in slab tear faults is larger than in island-arcs and back-arcs"
1227:
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1004:
810:
808:
691:
654:
610:
577:
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321:
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192:
2397:
From Seafloor to Deep Mantle: Architecture of the Tyrrhenian Backarc Basin
2255:
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1720:
1624:
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1420:
1326:
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1031:
975:
875:
2240:"Seamounts-characteristics, formation, mineral deposits and biodiversity"
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1810:
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404:
380:
2113:
1602:
1600:
1524:
1522:
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1179:
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1021:
1019:
994:
992:
990:
805:
2186:
2177:
2026:
Fuchs, Sebastian; Hannington, Mark D.; Petersen, Sven (1 August 2019).
698:
638:
566:
416:
376:
309:
305:
254:
At least eight separate volcanoes make up Palinuro. A horseshoe shaped
185:
181:
173:
2162:
1952:
Eckhardt, J.-D.; Glasby, G. P.; Puchelt, H.; Berner, Z. (April 1997).
1809:
Caratori Tontini, F.; Cocchi, L.; Carmisciano, C. (13 February 2009).
1696:
1684:
1308:
505:
Small hydrothermal deposits with the shape of chimneys are covered by
2706:"Paragenesis of complex massive sulfide ores from the Tyrrhenian Sea"
2429:
2018:
1672:
1597:
1561:
1519:
1266:
1203:
1131:
1046:
1016:
987:
748:
732:
728:
724:
666:
658:
565:
Palinuro or its southeastern sector may still be active, as volcanic
510:
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1354:
844:
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789:
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483:
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384:
153:
19:
2311:
1714:
2727:
Atlas of the Mediterranean Seamounts and Seamount-like Structures
2436:
2076:
1808:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1453:
1438:
1402:
1390:
1161:
1110:
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826:
784:
736:
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471:
448:
255:
177:
165:
2724:
WĂŒrtz, Maurizio (2015). Rovere, Marzia; WĂŒrtz, Maurizio (eds.).
2028:"Divining gold in seafloor polymetallic massive sulfide systems"
1087:
1085:
2238:
Iyer, S. D.; Mehta, C. M.; Das, P.; Kalangutkar, N. G. (2012).
1408:
756:
744:
714:
710:
634:
630:
626:
491:
464:
428:
364:
235:
lies about 30 km (19 mi) southwest from Palinuro and
169:
2477:
1992:
1767:
1378:
1245:
1197:
1076:
37:
1910:
1612:
1233:
1082:
479:
456:
403:
grow on Palinuro, the latter particularly around the summit.
2352:
2194:
1591:
1579:
1549:
1337:
1221:
1125:
1040:
1010:
981:
933:
881:
814:
2713:
Mitteilungen der Ăsterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft
1951:
1851:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1630:
1465:
1290:
1284:
1256:
1254:
1185:
1173:
1149:
720:
706:
625:
Hydrothermal activity is responsible for the deposition of
499:
467:
452:
304:, leading to tectonic activity in the region including the
208:
2662:
1426:
554:
200:
2618:
1678:
1528:
1251:
271:
region: Two flat-topped cones known as "Pjotr's cones",
180:
hazard. The volcanic activity may somehow relate to the
2569:
2237:
2025:
1702:
1690:
1539:
1537:
1272:
759:. The iron-manganese crusts have commercial potential.
258:
is located in the western part of the seamount, and is
2415:
1999:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1606:
1567:
1209:
1137:
1052:
1025:
998:
850:
774:
772:
604:
584:
and volcanoes next to the seas can cause devastating
262:
8 km (5.0 mi) wide. It may be related to a
1660:
1648:
1636:
1534:
1360:
2543:Petersen, Sven; Monecke, Thomas, eds. (June 2009).
1314:
832:
769:
203:for rare metals. Italy has declared the seamount a
576:Volcanic edifices are often unstable and prone to
2526:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007.
316:which began to form 11 million years ago through
2769:
2542:
1618:
1555:
1403:Caratori Tontini, Cocchi & Carmisciano 2009
1091:
1065:Caratori Tontini, Cocchi & Carmisciano 2009
955:Caratori Tontini, Cocchi & Carmisciano 2009
901:Caratori Tontini, Cocchi & Carmisciano 2009
2263:Kidd, R. B.; Ărmannson, H. (1 February 1979).
2083:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
560:
218:
2393:
2262:
1296:
939:
2418:Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata
649:deposits. Additional minerals reported are
569:has been detected between Palinuro and the
2758:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
36:
2220:
2185:
2112:
2102:
2051:
1893:
1834:
549:layer, which has been detected in marine
463:and coral colonies damaged by dredging.
1958:Marine Georesources & Geotechnology
176:occurs at the seamount, which may be a
25:Submarine volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea
2770:
2723:
2703:
1703:Fuchs, Hannington & Petersen 2019
1666:
1654:
1642:
1543:
1366:
1320:
1260:
838:
778:
350:to the north. The east-west trending
2530:. Vol. 2007. pp. V34Bâ01.
1607:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
1568:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
1210:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
1138:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
1053:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
1026:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
999:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
851:Milano, Passaro & Sprovieri 2012
622:above the eastern part of Palinuro.
2137:
1414:
799:
528:
498:of the sea, allowing the growth of
18:For the mainland coastal town, see
13:
2318:Journal of Geochemical Exploration
605:Hydrothermal activity and deposits
199:that could be used as a source of
14:
2819:
2269:Journal of the Geological Society
688:seafloor massive sulfide deposits
2104:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107025
197:sulfide deposits in the seafloor
61:
60:
53:
2783:Landforms of the Tyrrhenian Sea
2689:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.004
1815:Journal of Geophysical Research
275:800 m (2,600 ft) and
2778:Seamounts of the Mediterranean
2463:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.041
358:
1:
2222:10.1080/17445647.2015.1071719
762:
346:and sedimentary basin of the
276:
272:
267:
259:
2504:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.08.006
2338:10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.11.020
1937:10.1016/0025-3227(81)90020-7
1794:10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102656
447:dominate at maximum depths.
243:slopes. There are traces of
7:
1619:Petersen & Monecke 2009
1556:Petersen & Monecke 2009
1092:Petersen & Monecke 2009
561:Recent activity and hazards
223:Palinuro lies north of the
219:Geography and geomorphology
10:
2824:
2736:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2015.07.en
2669:Quaternary Science Reviews
2528:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
2379:10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2103
2053:10.1007/s00126-019-00895-3
1878:10.1038/s41467-017-01626-w
1760:
515:remotely operated vehicles
395:Dense and large stands of
390:
300:are converging across the
287:
17:
2596:10.1007/s12526-017-0801-5
1978:10.1080/10641199709379943
1297:Kidd & Ărmannson 1979
940:Marani & Gamberi 2004
686:hydrothermal vents. Such
590:2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
108:
98:
93:
85:
47:
35:
30:
2484:Quaternary International
2289:10.1144/gsjgs.136.1.0071
2144:Global Volcanism Program
1774:Progress in Oceanography
592:caused by a collapse of
521:as part of the European
509:and there are bushes of
172:layer in Italy. Ongoing
164:with multiple potential
2793:Former islands of Italy
2149:Smithsonian Institution
1715:Ladenberger et al. 2015
89:70 m (230 ft)
2704:Tufar, Werner (1991).
2648:10.1190/geo2017-0237.1
1379:Angiolillo et al. 2021
802:, General Information.
433:tube-dwelling anemones
2256:10.1344/105.000001758
1858:Nature Communications
1234:Colantoni et al. 1981
363:Dredging has yielded
132:39.48444°N 14.82889°E
2675:(23â24): 2485â2500.
1836:10.1029/2008JB005907
1751:Eckhardt et al. 1997
1741:, pp. 179, 181.
1739:Eckhardt et al. 1997
1727:Eckhardt et al. 1997
1679:Safipour et al. 2017
1631:Eckhardt et al. 1997
1529:Safipour et al. 2017
1514:Gallotti et al. 2020
1502:Gallotti et al. 2020
1490:Gallotti et al. 2020
1478:Gallotti et al. 2020
1454:Gallotti et al. 2020
1355:Petersen et al. 2007
1285:Eckhardt et al. 1997
1162:Gallotti et al. 2020
598:last glacial maximum
2681:2004QSRv...23.2485S
2640:2017Geop...82A..51S
2588:2018MarBd..48...13R
2576:Marine Biodiversity
2536:2007AGUFM.V34B..01P
2496:2011QuInt.232..228P
2455:2010Geomo.115..129P
2371:2014EcGeo.109.2103L
2330:2015JCExp.154...61L
2281:1979JGSoc.136...71K
2213:2016JMaps..12..736I
2095:2020JVGR..40407025G
2044:2019MinDe..54..789F
2032:Mineralium Deposita
2011:2017ACMFE..27..965F
1970:1997MGG....15..175E
1929:1981MGeol..39M...1C
1870:2017NatCo...8.1451C
1827:2009JGRB..114.2103C
1786:2021PrOce.19702656A
1441:, pp. 130â131.
1439:Passaro et al. 2010
1417:, Eruption History.
1391:Passaro et al. 2010
1309:Hilpold et al. 2011
1263:, pp. 156â157.
1246:Fanelli et al. 2017
1222:Innangi et al. 2016
1198:Passaro et al. 2011
1111:Passaro et al. 2010
1077:Passaro et al. 2011
1011:Innangi et al. 2016
970:Passaro et al. 2010
928:Passaro et al. 2010
916:Passaro et al. 2010
882:Innangi et al. 2016
870:Passaro et al. 2010
827:Passaro et al. 2010
582:submarine volcanoes
128: /
2808:Submarine calderas
2798:Volcanoes of Italy
2788:Holocene volcanoes
2178:10.1002/tax.602019
1466:Cocchi et al. 2017
1186:Cocchi et al. 2017
1174:Cocchi et al. 2017
1150:Cocchi et al. 2017
137:39.48444; 14.82889
2803:Calderas of Italy
2745:978-2-8317-1750-0
1427:Siani et al. 2004
1273:Rosli et al. 2018
641:, in the form of
441:yellow gorgonians
409:melon sea urchins
397:deep water corals
371:, which define a
369:basaltic andesite
352:strike-slip fault
344:continental slope
318:crustal extension
213:deep water corals
150:Palinuro Seamount
147:
146:
2815:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2659:
2625:
2615:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2474:
2433:
2430:10.4430/bgta0042
2412:
2403:. Vol. 64.
2402:
2390:
2365:(8): 2103â2117.
2359:Economic Geology
2349:
2308:
2259:
2234:
2224:
2191:
2189:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2134:
2116:
2106:
2073:
2055:
2022:
2019:10.1002/aqc.2751
1989:
1948:
1907:
1897:
1848:
1838:
1805:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:Iyer et al. 2012
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1592:Ligi et al. 2014
1589:
1583:
1580:Ligi et al. 2014
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1338:Ligi et al. 2014
1335:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1126:Ligi et al. 2014
1123:
1114:
1108:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1041:Ligi et al. 2014
1038:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
985:
982:Ligi et al. 2014
979:
973:
967:
958:
952:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
904:
898:
885:
879:
873:
867:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
815:Ligi et al. 2014
812:
803:
797:
782:
776:
620:hydrogen sulfide
529:Eruption history
278:
274:
269:
261:
233:Marsili Seamount
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
64:
63:
57:
40:
28:
27:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2708:
2623:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2400:
2201:Journal of Maps
2153:
2151:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:, p. 2496.
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
988:
980:
976:
968:
961:
953:
946:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
907:
899:
888:
880:
876:
868:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
806:
798:
785:
777:
770:
765:
607:
563:
531:
401:coralline algae
393:
361:
326:spreading ridge
290:
282:marine terraces
264:sector collapse
237:Glabro Seamount
225:Aeolian Islands
221:
188:farther east.
162:Aeolian Islands
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
43:
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2721:
2701:
2660:
2634:(6): A51âA56.
2616:
2567:
2540:
2516:
2490:(1): 228â237.
2475:
2449:(1): 129â140.
2434:
2424:(4): 403â416.
2413:
2391:
2350:
2309:
2260:
2250:(3): 295â309.
2244:Geologica Acta
2235:
2207:(5): 736â746.
2192:
2172:(2): 528â538.
2160:
2135:
2074:
2038:(6): 789â820.
2023:
2005:(5): 965â975.
1990:
1964:(2): 175â208.
1949:
1917:Marine Geology
1908:
1849:
1821:(B2): B02103.
1806:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:, p. 186.
1743:
1731:
1729:, p. 195.
1719:
1707:
1705:, p. 796.
1695:
1693:, p. 301.
1683:
1671:
1669:, p. 290.
1659:
1657:, p. 282.
1647:
1645:, p. 267.
1635:
1633:, p. 181.
1623:
1611:
1609:, p. 410.
1596:
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 409.
1560:
1548:
1546:, p. 156.
1533:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 137.
1383:
1371:
1369:, p. 157.
1359:
1342:
1325:
1313:
1311:, p. 535.
1301:
1289:
1287:, p. 184.
1277:
1265:
1250:
1248:, p. 966.
1238:
1226:
1224:, p. 737.
1214:
1212:, p. 413.
1202:
1200:, p. 236.
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1140:, p. 403.
1130:
1115:
1113:, p. 130.
1096:
1081:
1079:, p. 231.
1069:
1057:
1055:, p. 408.
1045:
1030:
1028:, p. 406.
1015:
1013:, p. 738.
1003:
1001:, p. 412.
986:
974:
972:, p. 132.
959:
944:
942:, p. 115.
932:
930:, p. 139.
920:
918:, p. 133.
905:
886:
884:, p. 736.
874:
872:, p. 131.
855:
853:, p. 404.
843:
841:, p. 143.
831:
829:, p. 135.
819:
804:
783:
781:, p. 113.
767:
766:
764:
761:
705:and traces of
606:
603:
562:
559:
551:sediment cores
530:
527:
519:protected area
507:microbial mats
425:spiny lobsters
392:
389:
360:
357:
330:asthenospheric
314:back-arc basin
298:Eurasian Plate
289:
286:
229:Tyrrhenian Sea
220:
217:
205:protected area
158:Tyrrhenian Sea
145:
144:
112:
106:
105:
103:Tyrrhenian Sea
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
75:Tyrrhenian Sea
73:
67:
66:
59:
58:
52:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:Geomorphology
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:(1): M1âM12.
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1717:, p. 63.
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1621:, p. 26.
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1594:, p. 21.
1593:
1588:
1582:, p. 20.
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1504:, p. 11.
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1405:, p. 15.
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1381:, p. 17.
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1340:, p. 19.
1339:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1323:, p. 14.
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1299:, p. 72.
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1275:, p. 20.
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. M6.
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1094:, p. 12.
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1067:, p. 14.
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1043:, p. 15.
1042:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
984:, p. 14.
983:
978:
971:
966:
964:
957:, p. 12.
956:
951:
949:
941:
936:
929:
924:
917:
912:
910:
903:, p. 11.
902:
897:
895:
893:
891:
883:
878:
871:
866:
864:
862:
860:
852:
847:
840:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
809:
801:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
780:
775:
773:
768:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:clinopyroxene
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
612:
602:
599:
595:
594:Anak Krakatau
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:mass failures
574:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:calc-alkaline
370:
366:
356:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Mediterranean
299:
295:
294:African Plate
285:
283:
265:
257:
252:
250:
246:
245:mass failures
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
76:
56:
46:
39:
34:
29:
21:
16:
2726:
2716:
2712:
2672:
2668:
2631:
2627:
2582:(1): 13â34.
2579:
2575:
2559:. Retrieved
2527:
2522:
2487:
2483:
2446:
2442:
2421:
2417:
2396:
2362:
2358:
2321:
2317:
2275:(1): 71â76.
2272:
2268:
2247:
2243:
2204:
2200:
2169:
2165:
2152:. Retrieved
2142:
2114:11585/785039
2086:
2082:
2035:
2031:
2002:
1998:
1961:
1957:
1920:
1916:
1861:
1857:
1818:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1681:, p. 2.
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1558:, p. 6.
1551:
1531:, p. 4.
1516:, p. 8.
1509:
1497:
1492:, p. 5.
1485:
1480:, p. 1.
1473:
1468:, p. 8.
1461:
1456:, p. 2.
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1188:, p. 3.
1181:
1176:, p. 2.
1169:
1164:, p. 3.
1157:
1152:, p. 9.
1145:
1133:
1128:, p. 5.
1072:
1060:
1048:
1006:
977:
935:
923:
877:
846:
834:
822:
817:, p. 8.
719:
692:bismuthinite
655:chalcopyrite
624:
611:hydrothermal
608:
575:
564:
547:volcanic ash
544:
542:alteration.
540:hydrothermal
532:
504:
445:black corals
405:Holothurians
394:
375:rock suite.
362:
348:Salerno Gulf
341:
322:volcanic arc
291:
253:
241:
222:
193:hydrothermal
190:
149:
148:
86:Summit depth
15:
2187:10261/50084
1864:(1): 1451.
753:plagioclase
675:melnikovite
523:Natura 2000
513:. However,
496:photic zone
381:plagioclase
377:Phenocrysts
359:Composition
135: /
110:Coordinates
2772:Categories
2719:: 265â300.
2628:Geophysics
2139:"Palinuro"
2089:: 107025.
1780:: 102656.
1667:Tufar 1991
1655:Tufar 1991
1643:Tufar 1991
1544:WĂŒrtz 2015
1367:WĂŒrtz 2015
1321:WĂŒrtz 2015
1261:WĂŒrtz 2015
839:WĂŒrtz 2015
779:WĂŒrtz 2015
763:References
699:tellurides
639:sphalerite
567:seismicity
511:tube worms
488:gastropods
461:long-lines
310:Ionian Sea
306:subduction
186:Ionian Sea
182:subduction
174:seismicity
123:14°49âČ44âłE
120:39°29âČ04âłN
2754:cite book
2730:. Gland.
2697:0277-3791
2656:0016-8033
2604:1867-1624
2556:1614-6298
2512:1040-6182
2471:0169-555X
2409:0536-0242
2387:0361-0128
2346:0375-6742
2324:: 61â80.
2305:128762375
2297:0016-7649
2231:131436997
2131:225373895
2123:0377-0273
2070:198420762
2062:1432-1866
1986:1064-119X
1945:0025-3227
1886:2041-1723
1845:0148-0227
1802:0079-6611
749:muscovite
733:aragonite
729:manganate
725:manganese
679:tennanite
667:marcasite
659:covellite
588:like the
571:Calabrian
545:The PL-1
525:project.
484:echinoids
476:bryozoans
437:tunicates
417:sabellids
413:nematodes
227:, in the
2561:11 April
1904:29129913
1415:GVP 2022
800:GVP 2022
703:stibnite
683:wurtzite
671:luzonite
663:enargite
651:bravoite
616:Holocene
609:Diffuse
586:tsunamis
536:Magnetic
472:bivalves
449:Dolphins
421:serpulid
385:pyroxene
379:include
249:faulting
207:, where
191:Diffuse
166:calderas
154:seamount
99:Location
94:Location
68:Palinuro
31:Palinuro
20:Palinuro
2677:Bibcode
2636:Bibcode
2612:4351098
2584:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2492:Bibcode
2451:Bibcode
2367:Bibcode
2326:Bibcode
2277:Bibcode
2209:Bibcode
2154:9 April
2091:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
2007:Bibcode
1966:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1895:5682279
1866:Bibcode
1823:Bibcode
1782:Bibcode
1761:Sources
737:calcite
696:bismuth
647:sulfate
643:sulfide
492:mussels
429:sponges
423:worms,
391:Biology
308:of the
288:Geology
256:caldera
215:occur.
184:of the
178:tsunami
156:in the
2742:
2695:
2654:
2610:
2602:
2554:
2510:
2469:
2407:
2385:
2344:
2303:
2295:
2229:
2129:
2121:
2068:
2060:
1984:
1943:
1902:
1892:
1884:
1843:
1800:
757:quartz
745:illite
715:silver
711:indium
635:pyrite
631:galena
627:baryte
580:, and
480:corals
465:Fossil
457:sharks
365:basalt
333:mantle
170:tephra
2709:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2608:S2CID
2548:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2301:S2CID
2227:S2CID
2166:Taxon
2127:S2CID
2066:S2CID
731:plus
500:algae
468:algae
209:algae
152:is a
2760:link
2740:ISBN
2693:ISSN
2652:ISSN
2600:ISSN
2563:2022
2552:ISSN
2508:ISSN
2467:ISSN
2405:ISSN
2383:ISSN
2342:ISSN
2293:ISSN
2156:2022
2119:ISSN
2058:ISSN
1982:ISSN
1941:ISSN
1900:PMID
1882:ISSN
1841:ISSN
1798:ISSN
755:and
723:and
721:Iron
713:and
707:gold
637:and
455:and
453:fish
439:and
399:and
383:and
367:and
337:slab
296:and
292:The
211:and
201:ores
2732:doi
2685:doi
2644:doi
2592:doi
2500:doi
2488:232
2459:doi
2447:115
2426:doi
2375:doi
2363:109
2334:doi
2322:154
2285:doi
2273:136
2252:doi
2217:doi
2182:hdl
2174:doi
2109:hdl
2099:doi
2087:404
2048:doi
2015:doi
1974:doi
1933:doi
1890:PMC
1874:doi
1831:doi
1819:114
1790:doi
1778:197
555:BCE
251:.
2774::
2756:}}
2752:{{
2738:.
2717:84
2715:.
2711:.
2691:.
2683:.
2673:23
2671:.
2667:.
2650:.
2642:.
2632:82
2630:.
2626:.
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2590:.
2580:48
2578:.
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