Paleolithic - Knowledge

3444:. Christopher Boehm (1999) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have evolved in Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply. Raymond C. Kelly speculates that the relative peacefulness of Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies resulted from a low population density, cooperative relationships between groups such as reciprocal exchange of commodities and collaboration on hunting expeditions, and because the invention of projectile weapons such as throwing spears provided less incentive for war, because they increased the damage done to the attacker and decreased the relative amount of territory attackers could gain. However, other sources claim that most Paleolithic groups may have been larger, more complex, sedentary and warlike than most contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, due to occupying more resource-abundant areas than most modern hunter-gatherers who have been pushed into more marginal habitats by agricultural societies. 1897: 57: 1875: 4040:

caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops. It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods. The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists. It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods, with meat likely taking a back seat to plants. It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were affected by modern

3393:, which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual) and raw materials, as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic. Inter-band trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity (i.e. famine, drought). Like in modern hunter-gatherer societies, individuals in Paleolithic societies may have been subordinate to the band as a whole. Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. 2026: 3121: BP); the invention of these devices brought fish into the human diets, which provided a hedge against starvation and a more abundant food supply. Thanks to their technology and their advanced social structures, Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals—who had a Middle Paleolithic level of technology—appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans. and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons. Nonetheless, Neanderthal use of projectile weapons in hunting occurred very rarely (or perhaps never) and the Neanderthals hunted large game animals mostly by 3258: 2767: 3244: BP). This was a lunar calendar that was used to document the phases of the moon. Genuine solar calendars did not appear until the Neolithic. Upper Paleolithic cultures were probably able to time the migration of game animals such as wild horses and deer. This ability allowed humans to become efficient hunters and to exploit a wide variety of game animals. Recent research indicates that the Neanderthals timed their hunts and the migrations of game animals long before the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. 3492: 3935:", without references to a specific timeframe or locale, is sometimes used with an implication that most humans shared a certain diet during the entire era, that is not entirely accurate. The Paleolithic was an extended period of time, during which multiple technological advances were made, many of which had impact on human dietary structure. For example, humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic, or tools necessary to engage in extensive 3617: 33: 3978:, with the remaining 5% filled with insects, eggs, and baby animals. In some ecosystems, however, chimpanzees are predatory, forming parties to hunt monkeys. Some comparative studies of human and higher primate digestive tracts do suggest that humans have evolved to obtain greater amounts of calories from sources such as animal foods, allowing them to shrink the size of the gastrointestinal tract relative to body mass and to increase the brain mass instead. 3939:. On the other hand, both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic (consequently, allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting). In addition, the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations. During the Lower Paleolithic, ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the 3712: 2485: 3919: 2907: 2607: BP. By the end of the Lower Paleolithic, members of the hominin family were living in what is now China, western Indonesia, and, in Europe, around the Mediterranean and as far north as England, France, southern Germany, and Bulgaria. Their further northward expansion may have been limited by the lack of control of fire: studies of cave settlements in Europe indicate no regular use of fire prior to 4009: BP). It is generally agreed that many modern hunting and fishing tools, such as fish hooks, nets, bows, and poisons, were not introduced until the Upper Paleolithic and possibly even Neolithic. The only hunting tools widely available to humans during any significant part of the Paleolithic were hand-held spears and harpoons. There is evidence of Paleolithic people killing and eating 3881:. However, during the early Upper Paleolithic it was probably more common for all members of the band to participate equally and fully in religious ceremonies, in contrast to the religious traditions of later periods when religious authorities and part-time ritual specialists such as shamans, priests and medicine men were relatively common and integral to religious life. 3847:, and ritually worshipped near a clay bear statue covered by a bear fur with the skull and the body of the bear buried separately. Barbara Ehrenreich controversially theorizes that the sacrificial hunting rites of the Upper Paleolithic (and by extension Paleolithic cooperative big-game hunting) gave rise to war or warlike raiding during the following 3483:

groups probably followed a largely ambilineal approach. At the same time, depending on the society, the residence could be virilocal, uxorilocal, and sometimes the spouses could live with neither the husband's relatives nor the wife's relatives at all. Taken together, most likely, the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers can be characterized as multilocal.

2788:), had limited impact on Paleolithic technology. Making fire was widespread knowledge, and it was possible without an understanding of chemical processes, These types of practical skills are sometimes called crafts. Religion, superstitution or appeals to the supernatural may have played a part in the cultural explanations of phenomena like 3896:, which are abundant in the Upper Paleolithic archaeological record, provide an example of possible Paleolithic sympathetic magic, as they may have been used for ensuring success in hunting and to bring about fertility of the land and women. The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have sometimes been explained as depictions of an 4223:

may have been for religious reasons, and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic. Nonetheless, it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism, and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of

4075:, in Israel. There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago. However, seeds—such as grains and beans—were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis. Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that 4664:

Bennett, Matthew R.; Bustos, David; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Springer, Kathleen B.; Urban, Thomas M.; Holliday, Vance T.; Reynolds, Sally C.; Budka, Marcin; Honke, Jeffrey S.; Hudson, Adam M.; Fenerty, Brendan; Connelly, Clare; Martinez, Patrick J.; Santucci, Vincent L.; Odess, Daniel (23 September 2021).

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Middle Paleolithic societies, unlike Lower Paleolithic and early Neolithic ones, consisted of bands that ranged from 20–30 or 25–100 members and were usually nomadic. These bands were formed by several families. Bands sometimes joined together into larger "macrobands" for activities such as acquiring

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technology which rendered plant foods more digestible, decreased their toxicity, and maximised their nutritional value. Thermally altered rock (heated stones) are easily identifiable in the archaeological record. Stone-boiling and pit-baking were common techniques which involved heating large pebbles

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practices, because the paintings of half-human, half-animal figures and the remoteness of the caves are reminiscent of modern hunter-gatherer shamanistic practices. Symbol-like images are more common in Paleolithic cave paintings than are depictions of animals or humans, and unique symbolic patterns

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lifestyle. In addition, even a large area of land could not support many people without being actively farmed - food was difficult to come by and so groups were prevented from growing too large by the amount of food they could gather. Like contemporary hunter-gatherers, Paleolithic humans enjoyed an

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was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites. Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. However, it

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studies, that at least some Neanderthals may have eaten meat. People during the Middle Paleolithic, such as the Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa, began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and in

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than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them. This was partly because Paleolithic hunter-gatherers accessed a wider variety of natural foods, which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine. Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic (and some modern) farmers were

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humans produced works of art such as cave paintings, Venus figurines, animal carvings, and rock paintings. Upper Paleolithic art can be divided into two broad categories: figurative art such as cave paintings that clearly depicts animals (or more rarely humans); and nonfigurative, which consists of

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may have been caused by the combined effect of climatic change and human hunting. Scientists suggest that climate change during the end of the Pleistocene caused the mammoths' habitat to shrink, resulting in a drop in population. The small populations were then hunted out by Paleolithic humans. The

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in the African Kalahari desert has been denied by the original investigators of the site. Animal cults in the Upper Paleolithic, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults. Animal worship during the Upper Paleolithic was intertwined with

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The origins of music during the Paleolithic are unknown. The earliest forms of music probably did not use musical instruments other than the human voice or natural objects such as rocks. This early music would not have left an archaeological footprint. Music may have developed from rhythmic sounds

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R. Dale Guthrie has studied not only the most artistic and publicized paintings, but also a variety of lower-quality art and figurines, and he identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists. He also points out that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts (powerful beasts,

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and was invented relatively recently in human pre-history. Sexual division of labor may have been developed to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently. Possibly there was approximate parity between men and women during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, and that period may

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suggest that the sexual division of labor in the Paleolithic was relatively flexible. Men may have participated in gathering plants, firewood and insects, and women may have procured small game animals for consumption and assisted men in driving herds of large game animals (such as woolly mammoths

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suggests that the status of women declined with the adoption of agriculture because women in farming societies typically have more pregnancies and are expected to do more demanding work than women in hunter-gatherer societies. Like most modern hunter-gatherer societies, Paleolithic and Mesolithic

3100:, which were the earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp, pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. In addition to improving tool making methods, the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources. For example, 3337:

may have been the first people to invent central campsites or home bases and incorporate them into their foraging and hunting strategies like contemporary hunter-gatherers, possibly as early as 1.7 million years ago; however, the earliest solid evidence for the existence of home bases or central

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Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables (including tubers and roots), fruit, seeds (including nuts and wild grass seeds) and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish. However, there is little direct evidence of the relative proportions of plant and animal foods.

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in some places. Four major glacial events have been identified, as well as many minor intervening events. A major event is a general glacial excursion, termed a "glacial". Glacials are separated by "interglacials". During a glacial, the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats. The minor

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Anthropologists have diverse opinions about the proportions of plant and animal foods consumed. Just as with still existing hunters and gatherers, there were many varied "diets" in different groups, and also varying through this vast amount of time. Some paleolithic hunter-gatherers consumed a

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tool users, according to Robert G. Bednarik, began to engage in symbolic behavior such as art around 850,000 BP. They decorated themselves with beads and collected exotic stones for aesthetic, rather than utilitarian qualities. According to him, traces of the pigment ochre from late Lower

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Human societies from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic farming tribes lived without states and organized governments. For most of the Lower Paleolithic, human societies were possibly more hierarchical than their Middle and Upper Paleolithic descendants, and probably were not grouped into

2193: BP respectively. The Wrangel Island population became extinct around the same time the island was settled by prehistoric humans. There is no evidence of prehistoric human presence on Saint Paul island (though early human settlements dating as far back as 6500 BP were found on the nearby 2749:

For the duration of the Paleolithic, human populations remained low, especially outside the equatorial region. The entire population of Europe between 16,000 and 11,000 BP likely averaged some 30,000 individuals, and between 40,000 and 16,000 BP, it was even lower at 4,000–6,000

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Paleolithic Acheulean archaeological sites suggests that Acheulean societies, like later Upper Paleolithic societies, collected and used ochre to create rock art. Nevertheless, it is also possible that the ochre traces found at Lower Paleolithic sites is naturally occurring.

3866:, though such images may instead indicate shamanistic practices similar to those of contemporary tribal societies. The earliest known undisputed burial of a shaman (and by extension the earliest undisputed evidence of shamans and shamanic practices) dates back to the early 3466:

time in human history. Archaeological evidence from art and funerary rituals indicates that a number of individual women enjoyed seemingly high status in their communities, and it is likely that both sexes participated in decision making. The earliest known Paleolithic

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Anthropologists have typically assumed that in Paleolithic societies, women were responsible for gathering wild plants and firewood, and men were responsible for hunting and scavenging dead animals. However, analogies to existent hunter-gatherer societies such as the

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were likely used for skinning and butchering scavenged animals and sharp-ended sticks were often obtained for digging up edible roots. Presumably, early humans used wooden spears as early as 5 million years ago to hunt small animals, much as their relatives,

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with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago. The invention of fishing allowed some Upper Paleolithic and later hunter-gatherer societies to become sedentary or semi-nomadic, which altered their social structures. Example societies are the

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explains that music may have begun as a hominin mating strategy. Bird and other animal species produce music such as calls to attract mates. This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous hypothesis, but nonetheless provides a possible alternative.

3998:) per day of fruit and vegetables. The relative proportions of plant and animal foods in the diets of Paleolithic people often varied between regions, with more meat being necessary in colder regions (which were not populated by anatomically modern humans until 1947:

formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America, allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas. Africa's collision with Asia created the Mediterranean, cutting off the remnants of the

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years ago). Some scientists have hypothesized that hominins began cooking food to defrost frozen meat, which would help ensure their survival in cold regions. Archaeologists cite morphological shifts in cranial anatomy as evidence for emergence of cooking and

2859:. Although they appear to have used hand axes often, there is disagreement about their use. Interpretations range from cutting and chopping tools, to digging implements, to flaking cores, to the use in traps, and as a purely ritual significance, perhaps in 1908:

epoch of geologic time. Both ended 12,000 years ago although the Pleistocene started 2.6 million years ago, 700,000 years after the Paleolithic's start. This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

2814:, the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago. Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw stone with good flaking qualities and chose appropriate sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting. 3982:

significant amount of meat and possibly obtained most of their food from hunting, while others were believed to have a primarily plant-based diet. Most, if not all, are believed to have been opportunistic omnivores. One hypothesis is that carbohydrate

2875:, and some artifacts are far too large for that. Thus, a thrown hand axe would not usually have penetrated deeply enough to cause very serious injuries. Nevertheless, it could have been an effective weapon for defense against predators. Choppers and 3635:; the abundance of such female imagery has inspired the theory that religion and society in Paleolithic (and later Neolithic) cultures were primarily interested in, and may have been directed by, women. Adherents of the theory include archaeologist 3365:

than in modern humans, who are less polygynous than other primates, which suggests that Lower Paleolithic humans had a largely polygynous lifestyle, because species that have the most pronounced sexual dimorphism tend more likely to be polygynous.

2022:) deep, resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 m (330 ft) or more over the entire surface of the Earth. During interglacial times, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions. 3389: BP), people began to settle down into permanent locations, and began to rely on agriculture for sustenance in many locations. Much evidence exists that humans took part in long-distance trade between bands for rare commodities (such as 2634:

Fates of these early colonists, and their relationships to modern humans, are still subject to debate. According to current archaeological and genetic models, there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling of Eurasia

3685:-like bone pipes as musical instruments, and music may have played a large role in the religious lives of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. As with modern hunter-gatherer societies, music may have been used in ritual or to help induce 3653:. Other explanations for the purpose of the figurines have been proposed, such as Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott's hypothesis that they were self-portraits of woman artists and R.Dale Gutrie's hypothesis that served as "stone age 3751:) societies. According to Fallio, the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans experienced altered states of consciousness and partook in ritual, and ritual was used in their societies to strengthen social bonding and group cohesion. 5966:

Boëda, E.; Geneste, J.M.; Griggo, C.; Mercier, N.; Muhesen, S.; Reyss, J.L.; Taha, A.; Valladas, H. (1999). "A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting".

3743:. Controversial scholars of prehistoric religion and anthropology, James Harrod and Vincent W. Fallio, have recently proposed that religion and spirituality (and art) may have first arisen in Pre-Paleolithic chimpanzees or Early 3060:

were more advanced than previously believed, and may have even spoken an early form of modern language. Supplementary evidence from Neanderthal and modern human sites located around the Mediterranean Sea, such as Coa de sa Multa

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Early dogs were domesticated sometime between 30,000 and 14,000 BP, presumably to aid in hunting. However, the earliest instances of successful domestication of dogs may be much more ancient than this. Evidence from

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produced by daily chores, for example, cracking open nuts with stones. Maintaining a rhythm while working may have helped people to become more efficient at daily activities. An alternative theory originally proposed by

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around 1.8–1.65 million years ago. The Acheulean implements completely vanish from the archaeological record around 100,000 years ago and were replaced by more complex Middle Paleolithic tool kits such as the

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and deer) off cliffs. Additionally, recent research by anthropologist and archaeologist Steven Kuhn from the University of Arizona is argued to support that this division of labor did not exist prior to the

3970:. Chimpanzees are the closest to humans genetically, sharing more than 96% of their DNA code with humans, and their digestive tract is functionally very similar to that of humans. Chimpanzees are primarily 3435:

during the Paleolithic. Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival, regardless of individual abilities. Theories to explain the apparent egalitarianism have arisen, notably the

3068: BP), has also indicated that both Middle and Upper Paleolithic humans used rafts to travel over large bodies of water (i.e. the Mediterranean Sea) for the purpose of colonizing other bodies of land. 5465:

Semaw, Sileshi (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2.6–1.5 Million Years Ago".

3904:, or as representations of a goddess who is the ruler or mother of the animals. James Harrod has described them as representative of female (and male) shamanistic spiritual transformation processes. 3839:

hunting rites. For instance, archaeological evidence from art and bear remains reveals that the bear cult apparently involved a type of sacrificial bear ceremonialism, in which a bear was shot with

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The Paleolithic is often held to finish at the end of the ice age (the end of the Pleistocene epoch), and Earth's climate became warmer. This may have caused or contributed to the extinction of the

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Movius Jr, H.L., 1966. The hearths of the Upper Perigordian and Aurignacian horizons at the Abri Pataud, Les Eyzies (Dordogne), and their possible significance. American Anthropologist, pp.296-325.

4056:, because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity, and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common onset of these conditions. 4028:

bones found in African caves from the same period are typically of very young or very old individuals, and there is no evidence that pigs, elephants, or rhinos were hunted by humans at the time.

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have been part of human diets long before the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic and have certainly been consumed by humans since at least the Middle Paleolithic. For example, the Middle Paleolithic

8237: 3056:. However, this hypothesis is disputed within the anthropological community. The possible use of rafts during the Lower Paleolithic may indicate that Lower Paleolithic hominins such as 2171:

may have made it easier for humans to reach mammoth habitats that were previously frozen and inaccessible. Small populations of woolly mammoths survived on isolated Arctic islands,

5650: 3815:, in addition to their (presumably religious) burial of the dead. In particular, Emil Bächler suggested (based on archaeological evidence from Middle Paleolithic caves) that a 3306: 8950:"Neanderthals' main food source was definitely meat – Isotope analyses performed on single amino acids in Neanderthals' collagen samples shed new light on their debated diet" 7335: 2539:

farming societies and modern industrial societies. At the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic, people began to produce works of art such as

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and a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life". Cut marks on Neanderthal bones from various sites, such as Combe-Grenal and Abri Moula in France, suggest that the

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may have been used in religious events by Upper Paleolithic shamans, as shown by the remains of drum-like instruments from some Upper Paleolithic graves of shamans and the

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may have originated in the Paleolithic, when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal-skin pouches. Paleolithic humans consumed animal

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covered the east. The Fenno-Scandian ice sheet covered northern Europe, including Great Britain; the Alpine ice sheet covered the Alps. Scattered domes stretched across

60: 712:, although the date of the transition varies geographically by several thousand years. During the Paleolithic Age, hominins grouped together in small societies such as 9149: 2959:. Use of fire reduced mortality rates and provided protection against predators. Early hominins may have begun to cook their food as early as the Lower Paleolithic ( 5743: 2014:

excursion is a "stadial"; times between stadials are "interstadials". Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1,500–3,000

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probably began before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of

8138: 3723:. France. Some archaeologists believe that cave paintings of half-human, half-animal beings may be evidence for early shamanic practices during the Paleolithic. 3576:, interpreted the paintings as a form of magic designed to ensure a successful hunt. However, this hypothesis fails to explain the existence of animals such as 3222:

collected by Robert K. Wayne suggests that dogs may have been first domesticated in the late Middle Paleolithic around 100,000 BP or perhaps even earlier.

2627:. Very little fossil evidence is available at known Lower Paleolithic sites in Europe, but it is believed that hominins who inhabited these sites were likewise 1928:) from their present locations to positions only 70 km (43 mi) from their current location. South America became linked to North America through the 5252: 785:. During the end of the Paleolithic Age, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic Age, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and to engage in 6764: 4943: 7672: 7444: 5937: 8350: 7091: 11006: 3613:

risky hunting scenes and the over-sexual representation of women) are to be expected in the fantasies of adolescent males during the Upper Paleolithic.

8945: 2688: BP, left Africa around 50,000 BP, and expanded throughout the planet. Multiple hominid groups coexisted for some time in certain locations. 3378:

may have begun living in small-scale (possibly egalitarian) bands similar to both Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies and modern hunter-gatherers.

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Likewise, some scientists have proposed that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of

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shapes and symbols. Cave paintings have been interpreted in a number of ways by modern archaeologists. The earliest explanation, by the prehistorian

3419:. Some argue that there was no formal leadership during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Like contemporary egalitarian hunter-gatherers such as the 6606: 5009: 9645: 9083: 6795: 5916: 5558:

Roche, Hélène; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Delagnes, Anne; Feibel, Craig; Harmand, Sonia; Kibunjia, Mzalendo; Prat, Sandrine; Texier, Pierre-Jean (2003).

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exists, based on restricting consumption only to those foods presumed to be available to anatomically modern humans prior to the advent of settled

4095:. Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have sometimes practiced rudimentary forms of 9004: 11403: 11144: 10740: 8558: 7287: 4909: 4799: 4766: 8020: 6873: 6153: 5214: 4463: 4362:

Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "21 Overview of Paleolithic Archeology". In Henke, H. C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tatersall, Ian (eds.).

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The population density was very low, around only 0.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (1/sq mi). This was most likely due to low body fat,

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Johns, T.A., Kubo, I. 1988. A survey of traditional methods employed for the detoxification of plant foods. Journal of Ethnobiology 8, 81–129.

8311: 4514: 8837: 6173: 3990:) may have been eaten in high amounts by pre-agricultural humans. It is thought that the Paleolithic diet included as much as 1.65–1.9 2162:

were (at least in part) caused by other factors such as disease and overhunting by humans. New research suggests that the extinction of the

11359: 10868: 3974:, but they could and would consume and digest animal flesh, given the opportunity. In general, their actual diet in the wild is about 95% 6194: 3125:

them and attacking them with mêlée weapons such as thrusting spears rather than attacking them from a distance with projectile weapons.

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and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, and hunting or scavenging wild animals. The Paleolithic Age is characterized by the use of

7912: 7809: 5810: 7398: 6576: 4762: 1575: 7971: 5836: 7913:"The rise of the hominids as an adaptive shift in fallback foods: plant underground storage organs (USOs) and australopith origins" 3313:

for rare commodities and raw materials (such as stone needed for making tools) as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.

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Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (2015-07-22).

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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Revedin, Anna; Aranguren, B.; Becattini, R.; Longo, L.; Marconi, E.; Lippi, M.M.; Skakun, N.; Sinitsyn, A.; et al. (2010).

723:, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including 9383: 8977: 7738: 7163: 5116: 3943:. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, humans greatly expanded their area of settlement, reaching ecosystems as diverse as 2523:

economy. Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food, firewood, and materials for their tools, clothes, or shelters.

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ocean currents were cut off, and the cold Arctic and Antarctic waters lowered temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean.

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The existence of anthropomorphic images and half-human, half-animal images in the Upper Paleolithic may further indicate that

9040: 8358: 8319: 8169: 7655: 7379: 7217: 7023: 6995: 6714: 6650: 6586: 6476: 6366: 6331: 6145: 5898: 5562:[The Plio-Pleistocene archaeological sites of the Nachukui formation, West-Turkana, Kenya: summary report 1997-2001] 5226: 5160: 5106: 4993: 4871: 4558: 4528: 4437: 4383: 3624: 3329:

are likely to have had more complex social structures than chimpanzee societies. Late Oldowan/Early Acheulean humans such as

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as early as 300,000 to 1.5 million years ago and possibly even earlier by the early Lower Paleolithic (Oldowan) hominin

522: 9159: 9030: 5372: 3584:, which were not hunted for food, and the existence of half-human, half-animal beings in cave paintings. The anthropologist 313: 9638: 9203: 7209: 6816: 6698:

Tedlock, Barbara. 2005. The Woman in the Shaman's Body: Reclaiming the Feminine in Religion and Medicine. New York: Bantam.

6338: 5560:"Les sites archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya: bilan synthétique 1997-2001" 5430: 2896: 636: 7199: 6317: 6046: 3104:

or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000–65,000 BP and were essential to the invention of bows and

2563:. Most known hominin fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in 2109: 1964:

on which they sit have probably moved at most 100 km (62 mi) from each other since the beginning of the period.

9366: 8523: 8510: 7773: 5658: 6677: 5618: 5113: 9192: 7628: 7048: 6466: 5096: 4746: 3601:

have evoked similar controversy. Archaeologists and anthropologists have described the figurines as representations of

332: 5181: 4138:, presumably for dietary reasons. For instance, some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised 10769: 9675: 9268: 8610: 8285: 8183: 7100: 6850: 6505: 5528: 5468: 5380: 5043: 4597: 3292: 2889: 2489: 608: 56: 8860:"Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores" 7233: 2750:

individuals. However, remains of thousands of butchered animals and tools made by Palaeolithic humans were found in

10976: 10863: 7415: 5263: 4579:"Sami Prehistory Revisited: transactions, admixture and assimilation in the phylogeographic picture of Scandinavia" 4367: 4187: 3797: 3557:

used as body paint and perhaps in ritual. Undisputed evidence of art only becomes common in the Upper Paleolithic.

3512: 3007:

then transferring the hot stones into a perishable container to heat the water. This technology is typified in the

1535: 8830:"First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation" 4734: 11388: 10779: 9817: 9631: 6772: 6521: 6300: 6256: 4954: 4730: 2631:. There is no evidence of hominins in America, Australia, or almost anywhere in Oceania during this time period. 1745: 885: 479: 17: 8750: 2871:" meant to be thrown at a herd of animals at a waterhole so as to stun one of them. There are no indications of 9607: 9236: 7682: 7452: 6448:

Kelly, Raymond C. Warless societies and the origin of war. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2000.

5945: 4985: 4429: 8502: 11001: 10531: 9791: 6081: 3208: 3185: 889: 655: 9859: 8920: 8608:; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (March 2005). "Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel". 7013: 5060: 2097:

and the Arctic shelf. The northern seas were frozen. During the late Upper Paleolithic (Latest Pleistocene)

10996: 10536: 10009: 9184: 8707: 8462:"Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes?" 6660: 6636: 6077: 5152: 5142: 4269: 3088:

techniques. This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent

1185: 957: 9685: 4578: 4548: 9962: 9448: 6792: 6614: 6497: 6323: 5913: 5520: 4891: 2800:

Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone (primarily deer), and wood. The early paleolithic hominins,

2519:

who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors. The economy of a typical Paleolithic society was a

2159: 1874: 934: 778: 9094: 3609:

imagery, apotropaic amulets used for sympathetic magic, and even as self-portraits of women themselves.

2025: 11264: 11065: 9015: 7920: 4859: 4487: 3620: 3271: 2172: 1975:. The formation of an Arctic ice cap around 3 million years ago is signaled by an abrupt shift in 1638: 1372: 1364: 1356: 774: 699: 8417:

Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O'Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J (2005).

7298: 6881: 6095: 4471: 3958:(fruit eaters) who supplemented their meals with carrion, eggs, and small prey such as baby birds and 11070: 10885: 9543: 9229: 8061: 6137: 6127: 5544: 5218: 5208: 3424: 1476: 754:. Archaeologists classify artifacts of the last 50,000 years into many different categories, such as 515: 245: 157: 9068: 8214: 8152: 6047:"Prehistoric Melanesian Exchange and Interaction: Recent Evidence from the Northern Solomon Islands" 4739:

Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages

917: 11516: 11259: 10351: 9896: 9432: 4520: 4314: 3940: 3266: 2131:(through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous 10423: 10418: 8137:

Eaton, S. Boyd; Eaton III, Stanley B.; Sinclair, Andrew J.; Cordain, Loren; Mann, Neil J. (1998).

6170: 4906:"University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pleistocene epoch(accessed March 25)" 2559:

At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominins were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the

11376: 11286: 10458: 10225: 10044: 9977: 9709: 9403: 9340: 9335: 9188: 8949: 8829: 7878: 5559: 4053: 3081: 1446: 950: 417: 5010:"Phylogeographic Analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnax Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska" 3396:

Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally

1967:

Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.

1936:

fauna. The formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, because warm

1661: 11464: 11338: 10944: 10835: 10823: 10519: 10260: 10099: 9736: 9670: 9654: 8744: 8147: 7620: 4147: 4142:, presumably for their meat or milk, as early as 14,000 BP. Humans also probably consumed 4049: 3913: 3453: 2257: 1405: 897: 735: 679: 629: 7288:"World's Oldest Ritual Site? The "Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana" 7131:

6202: 4863: 4853: 2660:). In the Middle Paleolithic, Neanderthals were present in the region now occupied by Poland. 11203: 11139: 11013: 10706: 10632: 10406: 10401: 10339: 10278: 10215: 10163: 10156: 9702: 9493: 9371: 9330: 8021:"The isotopic ecology of African mole rats informs hypotheses on the evolution of human diet" 6073: 4345: 4204: 4041: 3321:) societies remains largely unknown to scientists, though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as 2876: 2856: 2155: 2086: 2038: 1880: 1177: 472: 294: 276: 10588: 6550: 3382:

mates and celebrations or where resources were abundant. By the end of the Paleolithic era (

11511: 11506: 11469: 11420: 11415: 11398: 11393: 11371: 11161: 10875: 10728: 10620: 10524: 10317: 10002: 9801: 9744: 9612: 9588: 9376: 9347: 8873: 8775: 8660: 8619: 8380: 8229: 7976: 7953: 7929: 7842: 7817: 7765: 7520: 7474: 7286:

Robbins, Lawrence H.; Campbell, Alec C.; Brook, George A.; Murphy, Michael L. (June 2007).

6944: 6403: 5814: 5575: 5477: 5389: 5300: 4680: 4614: 4289: 4279: 4064: 3706: 3649: 3585: 3529:

period. However, the earliest undisputed evidence of art during the Paleolithic comes from

2822: 2677: 2648: 2284: 2226: 1814: 1615: 1462: 1331: 1316: 508: 9972: 8339: 7568:"A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence" 7395: 5889:

Miller, Barbra; Wood, Bernard; Balansky, Andrew; Mercader, Julio; Panger, Melissa (2006).

4770: 3407:, in what is now Russia) may have had more complex and hierarchical organization (such as 3357:

societies as an adaptation to monogamous lifestyles; however, other researchers note that

2888:, Africa. Lower Paleolithic humans constructed shelters, such as the possible wood hut at 2589: BP, groups of hominins began leaving Africa, settling southern Europe and Asia. The 8: 11459: 11124: 10929: 10762: 10295: 10168: 10049: 10024: 9473: 9154: 9088: 9009: 7677: 7616: 6999: 5969: 5840: 5623: 5373:"Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data" 5257: 4948: 4823: 4582: 3496: 3441: 3008: 2811: 2010: 2006: 802: 392: 270: 8877: 8779: 8664: 8623: 7933: 7524: 6407: 5579: 5481: 5393: 5304: 4684: 4618: 3374:, though during the end of the Lower Paleolithic, the latest populations of the hominin 2780:

Some researchers have noted that science, limited in that age to some early ideas about

2167:

global warming that occurred during the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the

82: 11410: 11313: 11215: 11028: 10210: 9940: 9906: 9573: 9517: 9478: 9388: 9293: 9056: 8982: 8896: 8859: 8806: 8763: 8683: 8646: 8527: 8202: 8114: 8087: 8048: 8001: 7882: 7834: 7790: 7609: 6969: 6961: 6546: 6426: 6389: 6133: 5986: 5675: 5600: 5513: 5493: 5323: 5286: 5016: 4978: 4712: 4646: 4304: 4299: 4155: 3824: 3736: 3678: 3530: 3526: 3257: 3093: 2999: 2956: 1725: 790: 404: 173: 9208: 8738: 8582: 8553: 8274: 7543: 7508: 6942:

McDermott, LeRoy (1996). "Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines".

6917: 5731: 4666: 4174:, South Africa around 164,000 BP. Although fishing only became common during the 3400:

and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).

1792: 326: 11452: 11442: 11432: 11381: 11038: 10956: 10250: 10235: 10220: 10200: 10091: 10070: 9881: 9724: 9583: 9556: 9488: 9468: 9456: 9298: 9288: 9036: 8901: 8811: 8793: 8688: 8587: 8483: 8442: 8419:"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century" 8399: 8354: 8315: 8281: 8175: 8165: 8119: 8053: 7993: 7945: 7838: 7651: 7645: 7624: 7589: 7548: 7375: 7369: 7213: 7096: 7044: 7019: 6991: 6973: 6846: 6646: 6582: 6501: 6472: 6431: 6362: 6327: 6275: 6141: 5990: 5894: 5759:

Wrangham, R.W. 2009. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books, New York.

5735: 5524: 5328: 5222: 5156: 5102: 5039: 4989: 4867: 4742: 4716: 4704: 4696: 4671: 4638: 4630: 4605: 4554: 4524: 4433: 4379: 4309: 4232: 4219: 4175: 3967: 3889: 3867: 3859: 3801: 3792:

for (presumably) religious reasons. According to recent archaeological findings from

3785: 3744: 3740: 3674: 3594: 3577: 3568: 3458: 3432: 3412: 3403:

Some Upper Paleolithic societies in resource-rich environments (such as societies in

3358: 3354: 3318: 3230: 3134: 3052: 2941: 2910: 2881: 2864: 2860: 2770: 2751: 2560: 2419: 2392: 2070: 2034: 1929: 1889: 782: 436: 410: 362: 225: 139: 95: 8005: 7794: 7170: 5777:

Speth, J.D., 2015. When did humans learn to boil. PaleoAnthropology, 2015, pp.54-67.

5679: 4650: 3338:

campsites (hearths and shelters) among humans only dates back to 500,000 years ago.

731:; however, due to rapid decomposition, these have not survived to any great degree. 11447: 11354: 11097: 10880: 10680: 10600: 10556: 10356: 10178: 10029: 9989: 9568: 9461: 9398: 9393: 9315: 9252: 9129: 8891: 8881: 8801: 8783: 8719: 8678: 8668: 8627: 8577: 8567: 8531: 8519: 8475: 8461: 8432: 8389: 8246: 8157: 8109: 8099: 8088:"Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants" 8043: 8035: 7985: 7937: 7826: 7782: 7579: 7538: 7528: 7489: 7268: 6953: 6820: 6462: 6421: 6411: 6180:

Contributed by Kathy Schick, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. and Nicholas Toth, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.

5978: 5727: 5667: 5583: 5497: 5485: 5397: 5353: 5318: 5308: 4913: 4688: 4622: 4510: 4371: 4264: 4247: 4135: 3975: 3932: 3901: 3885: 3777: 3534: 3504: 2952: 2802: 2446: 2338: 2194: 1900:

Temperature rise marking the end of the Paleolithic, as derived from ice core data.

1397: 1346: 921: 755: 546: 459: 300: 251: 236: 184: 112: 108: 10939: 10895: 8944: 8340:"Hunter-gatherer diets: wild foods signal relief from diseases of affluence (PDF)" 7742: 6739: 6224: 6005: 5605:

Variability in primary and secondary technologies of the Later Acheulian in Africa

3042: BP) to travel over large bodies of water, which may have allowed a group of 925: 881: 11328: 11298: 11060: 10988: 10966: 10924: 10819: 10789: 10654: 10649: 10300: 10183: 9754: 9563: 9325: 9320: 8788: 8326: 8250: 7941: 7493: 7402: 7205: 6799: 6681: 6373: 6356: 6177: 5920: 5435: 5405: 4795: 4423: 4375: 4080: 4045: 4025: 3893: 3636: 3598: 3463: 3420: 3416: 3003: 2991: 2975: 2725: 2520: 2216: 2082: 2074: 1944: 1917: 1430: 1199: 1155: 386: 282: 43: 8501:

Kaplan, Hillard; Hill, Kim; Lancaster, Jane & Hurtado, A. Magdalena (2000).

3491: 2951:. However, the use of fire only became common in the societies of the following 11437: 11364: 11186: 11151: 11082: 10971: 10843: 10551: 10136: 10126: 9947: 9928: 9578: 9551: 9522: 8865:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8140:

Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic

7970:

Wrangham RW, Jones JH, Laden G, Pilbeam D, Conklin-Brittain N (December 1999).

7086: 5587: 4200: 4171: 4143: 4124: 4108: 3878: 3848: 3812: 3667: 3632: 3397: 2821:, began around 2.6 million years ago. It produced tools such as choppers, 2807: 2590: 2530:, high levels of physical activity among women, late weaning of infants, and a 2231: 2176: 2163: 2117: 2042: 2030: 1961: 1251: 1238: 1168: 1142: 709: 702: 441: 430: 8724: 8631: 8394: 8375: 7371:

The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science

7064: 6657:

the sexes were more equal during Paleolithic millennia than at any time since.

5982: 5401: 4944:"Climate Change, Then Humans, Drove Mammoths Extinct from National Geographic" 3780:, to believe that Middle Paleolithic humans may have possessed a belief in an 3631:

The "Venus" figurines have been theorized, not universally, as representing a

3114:

were invented and used for the first time during the late Middle Paleolithic (

813: 350: 11500: 11323: 11308: 11254: 11232: 11129: 11117: 11033: 10902: 10784: 10745: 10733: 10721: 10433: 10344: 10273: 10014: 9957: 9935: 9844: 9776: 9771: 9749: 8954: 8797: 7899: 7141: 6674: 6642: 5148: 4700: 4634: 3987: 3897: 3835: 3716: 3479: 3341:

Similarly, scientists disagree whether Lower Paleolithic humans were largely

3160: 3105: 2979: 2929: 2914: 2835: 2826: 2540: 2507:

Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic people and way of life comes from

2365: 2211: 2140: 2077:

in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the mountains of

1983: 1770: 1438: 861: 485: 447: 374: 9864: 8886: 8673: 8572: 8503:"A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence and Longevity" 8104: 7584: 7567: 7533: 7272: 6416: 6257:"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" pp. 198–208 5313: 4796:"University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pliocene epoch" 4692: 4626: 4130:

Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced

3211:, demonstrates navigation of some 60 km of open ocean at 30,000 BCcal. 2766: 2646: BP. Around 500,000 BP a group of early humans, frequently called 2488:

An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at

11242: 11198: 11179: 11134: 10934: 10858: 10615: 10610: 10566: 10193: 10075: 10039: 10019: 9871: 9849: 9761: 9483: 8905: 8815: 8692: 8591: 8479: 8446: 8403: 8123: 8057: 8039: 7997: 7949: 7593: 7552: 7365: 6435: 5739: 5489: 5332: 5185: 4708: 4642: 4196: 4096: 4036: 3995: 3816: 3732: 3644: 3538: 3521: 3449: 3371: 3310: 3138: 3089: 2983: 2966: million years ago) or at the latest in the early Middle Paleolithic ( 2947: 2935: 2923: 2810:

have produced thousands of artifacts, and through radioisotopic dating and

2623: 2516: 2493: 2311: 2148: 2113: 1949: 1846: 1420: 1387: 1301: 1225: 1212: 769: 751: 747: 713: 11291: 8764:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming" 8487: 8437: 8418: 8179: 5357: 3962:, and only on rare occasions managed to kill and consume big game such as 3616: 2829:. It was completely replaced around 250,000 years ago by the more complex 801:. Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and 642: 11281: 11271: 11227: 11222: 11174: 11112: 11075: 11048: 10949: 10919: 10794: 10716: 10637: 10625: 10386: 10371: 10361: 10332: 10290: 10205: 10173: 10121: 10054: 9891: 9766: 9623: 8146:. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Vol. 83. pp. 12–23. 7718: 7237: 5348: 5346:

Ewen, Callaway (22 September 2011). "First Aboriginal genome sequenced".

5182:"The Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism by Emily Schultz, et al" 4319: 4294: 4251: 4224: 4131: 4112: 4072: 4014: 3820: 3800:, humans may have begun burying their dead much earlier, during the late 3789: 3694: 3654: 3606: 3573: 3234: 3204: 3012: 2987: 2657: 2527: 2512: 2508: 2136: 2066: 2053:

was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene. The

2019: 2002: 1953: 1905: 1749: 1492: 1116: 691: 380: 338: 7704: 7419: 4832:

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years

4461: 3922:

People may have first fermented grapes in animal skin pouches to create

1885: 758:, engraving tools, sharp knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. 661: 32: 11425: 11318: 11276: 11092: 11055: 11018: 10914: 10501: 10413: 10240: 10141: 10114: 10034: 9832: 9786: 9697: 9665: 9527: 9419: 9305: 9278: 9273: 8605: 6965: 6522:"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 192 6301:"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 198 5671: 4150:

have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods, called

4076: 4068: 3951:, and adapting their diets to whatever local resources were available. 3944: 3863: 3852: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3077: 2841: 2789: 2699: BP years, and engaged in an unknown degree of interbreeding with 2551:

and began to engage in religious behavior such as burials and rituals.

2128: 2090: 2050: 1972: 720: 675: 671: 498: 356: 320: 193: 151: 9135:

10.1002/1099-1212(200009/10)10:5<379::AID-OA558>3.0.CO;2-4

8161: 4596:

Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (14 March 2008).

4111:. In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of 3697:

record of contemporary hunter-gatherer shamanic and ritual practices.

2703:. DNA studies also suggest an unknown degree of interbreeding between 2621:

East Asian fossils from this period are typically placed in the genus

2132: 11333: 11102: 11087: 10685: 10670: 10595: 10578: 10496: 10381: 10322: 10312: 10307: 10230: 10109: 9997: 9923: 9690: 9680: 9310: 9260: 8921:"Isotopes found in bones suggest Neanderthals were fresh meat eaters" 7787:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<11::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-M

7405:", in the essay "The Venus of Willendorf" . Retrieved March 13, 2008. 7295:

NYAME AKUMA, the Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists

6458: 4827: 4667:"Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum" 4228: 3971: 3955: 3781: 3561: 3516: 3200: 3101: 3085: 2830: 2785: 2781: 2709: 2671:

became extinct by the start of the Upper Paleolithic. Descended from

2548: 2536: 2108:

land bridge between Asia and North America was blocked by ice, which

2058: 1991: 1968: 1957: 1933: 1921: 1830: 1507: 905: 824: 786: 662: 643: 424: 368: 344: 205: 133: 38: 7766:"A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution" 6121: 6119: 3804:; but this theory is widely questioned in the scientific community. 3776: BP) have led some anthropologists and archaeologists, such as 11107: 11043: 10890: 10848: 10583: 10491: 10366: 10188: 10151: 10131: 9509: 9221: 7989: 7830: 7723: 6957: 6229: 6010: 4212: 4151: 4139: 4010: 3991: 3963: 3808: 3728: 3720: 3711: 3640: 3550: 3542: 3508: 3226: 2995: 2868: 2852: 2755: 2572: 2568: 2544: 2168: 2121: 2105: 2078: 2062: 1913: 1681: 1129: 1103: 869: 865: 717: 683: 465: 453: 306: 264: 78: 8761: 8276:

The third chimpanzee: the evolution and future of the human animal

7972:"The Raw and the Stolen. Cooking and the Ecology of Human Origins" 7898:

Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind By

7868:"Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans" 3588:

has suggested that Paleolithic cave paintings were indications of

2851:

Lower Paleolithic humans used a variety of stone tools, including

2484: 2005:

climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles during which

11169: 10961: 10907: 10853: 10675: 10481: 10391: 10245: 10146: 10104: 9967: 9886: 9839: 9827: 6116: 4598:"The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" 4284: 4274: 4208: 4191: 4162: 3966:. This view is supported by studies of higher apes, particularly 3936: 3755: 3748: 3602: 3437: 3428: 3229:

region of France demonstrates that members of the European early

3216: 3111: 2885: 2872: 2845: 2818: 2221: 2094: 1995: 1987: 1979: 1937: 1286: 1278: 1264: 1088: 857: 806: 743: 742:

appear in the archaeological record. The first evidence of human

724: 398: 288: 211: 199: 145: 127: 121: 8524:

10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7

7416:"Upper Paleolithic Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind By James Harrod" 5454:. United States: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13. 3918: 2906: 2085:. In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The 1932:, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive 11237: 10774: 10752: 10605: 10541: 10486: 9876: 9854: 9822: 9796: 9427: 8739:

Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated (1994).

8085: 7875:

Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

4116: 4100: 4088: 4060: 4032: 3959: 3948: 3766: 3686: 3589: 3468: 3404: 3122: 3047: 2978:

technologies. These morphological changes include decreases in

2867:

has suggested that some hand axes could have served as "killer

2773: 1976: 835: 798: 794: 258: 8699: 8644: 7507:

Weiss E, Wetterstrom W, Nadel D, Bar-Yosef O (June 29, 2004).

7506: 7117:

Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave

3954:

Another view is that until the Upper Paleolithic, humans were

3427:

rather than by appointing permanent rulers such as chiefs and

1982:

ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic and North

734:

About 50,000 years ago, a marked increase in the diversity of

11303: 11023: 10757: 10711: 10573: 10428: 10376: 9952: 9918: 8598: 8136: 8086:

Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Moore J, Pickering TR (December 2007).

7075:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Biblioteca Científico-Filosófica. 6793:"Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 5914:"Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 5287:"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe" 4240: 4104: 4092: 4084: 3983: 3840: 3682: 3554: 3408: 3390: 3156: 3097: 2564: 2531: 2054: 2015: 864:. By the end of the Upper Paleolithic Age humans had crossed 846: 728: 8647:"Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing" 6069: 6067: 5058: 3715:

Picture of a half-human, half-animal being in a Paleolithic

3305: 809:

periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

761:

Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus

576: 11249: 11210: 10690: 10546: 10476: 10396: 10268: 9781: 9204:

Interactive Timeline Simile/Timemap index of Eurasian sites

9005:"African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution" 7509:"The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains" 6394: 5291: 4663: 4236: 4203:. In some instances (at least the Tlingit), they developed 4199:

as well as some contemporary hunter-gatherers, such as the

4179: 4120: 3923: 3844: 3754:

Middle Paleolithic humans' use of burials at sites such as

3690: 3581: 3546: 3080:

manufacturing spawned a tool making technique known as the

3028: 2515:

comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures such as the

2144: 1925: 763: 682:. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by 600: 564: 561: 555: 61:

Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

8500: 7285: 5888: 3788:—like some contemporary human cultures—may have practiced 3309:

Humans may have taken part in long-distance trade between

10561: 10327: 10285: 8416: 7969: 6064: 5965: 5557: 4161:

In February 2019, scientists reported evidence, based on

3519:, may have been produced by Acheulean tool users such as 3219: 2652:, came to Europe from Africa and eventually evolved into 1863: 739: 678:, and which represents almost the entire period of human 594: 579: 573: 7739:"The Predatory Behavior and Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees" 7164:"Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality by James Harrod" 6607:"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says" 5710: 4595: 4425:

Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction

9213: 9198: 9084:"Neandertals Turned to Cannibalism, Bone Cave Suggests" 8376:"Animal source foods and human health during evolution" 8019:

Yeakel JD, Bennett NC, Koch PL, Dominy NJ (July 2007).

8018: 7664: 6358:

Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War

6171:"Stone Age," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 4888:

Six Degrees Could Change The World Mark Lynas interview

4550:

African Foragers: Environment, Technology, Interactions

4107:

may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in

3727:

According to James B. Harrod humankind first developed

3423:

pygmies, societies may have made decisions by communal

3361:

is more pronounced in Lower Paleolithic humans such as

8741:

Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated

7673:"Chimps, Humans 96 Percent the Same, Gene Study Finds" 7234:"Oldowan Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind by James Harrod" 4855:

New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change

2806:, were the first users of stone tools. Excavations in 8545: 8460:

Thorburn AW, Brand JC, Truswell AS (1 January 1987).

8459: 7611:

From Lucy to Language: Revised, Updated, and Expanded

7445:"First Wine? Archaeologist Traces Drink to Stone Age" 6670: 6668: 6350: 6348: 6346: 3349:. In particular, the Provisional model suggests that 3317:

The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic (

3184: BP) and the oldest example of ceramic art, the 3108:(spear throwers) in the following Upper Paleolithic. 2147:, warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the 674:

that is distinguished by the original development of

609: 588: 582: 549: 9199:

Donsmaps: a vast repository of Paleolithic resources

8552:

Caspari, Rachel & Lee, Sang-Hee (27 July 2004).

6765:"Oldest Jewelry? "Beads" Discovered in African Cave" 6715:"The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race" 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 3593:

might have been trademarks that represent different

2201:

Classifications of Paleolithic geoclimatic episodes

690: 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the 597: 591: 570: 558: 552: 6600: 6598: 6031:J. Chavaillon, D. Lavallée, « Bola », in 5938:"Neanderthals Hunted as Well as Humans, Study Says" 5839:. Mc2.vicnet.net.au. 2 October 2004. Archived from 5837:"First Mariners – National Geographic project 2004" 3503:Early examples of artistic expression, such as the 2758:, dating back between 41,000 and 38,000 years ago. 929: 567: 8946:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 8604: 8554:"Older age becomes common late in human evolution" 8331: 8273: 7608: 7127: 7125: 6665: 6543:Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production 6343: 6195:"Intro to archeology The First People and Culture" 5512: 5038:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. 4977: 4542: 4540: 4357: 4355: 4067:, as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the 3411:with a pronounced hierarchy and a somewhat formal 2913:'s 1920 reconstruction of Magdalenian painters at 2817:The earliest Paleolithic stone tool industry, the 2776:viewed from both its superior and inferior surface 904:, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old 738:occurred. In Africa, bone artifacts and the first 8969: 8858:Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019). 7438: 7436: 6574: 5711:Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N (September 2003). 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5213:. New York: Dorling Kindersley limited. pp. 5079: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 2986:, and decrease in gut volume. During much of the 11498: 6595: 5371:Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre; et al. (2005). 2921:Fire was used by the Lower Paleolithic hominins 2151:to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers. 2143:weakening or heading east, warm air rising near 2061:ice cap. There were glaciers in New Zealand and 1960:were essentially at their modern positions; the 746:is also noted, from artifacts in places such as 8559:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8494: 8345:. In Ungar, Peter S.; Teaford, Mark F. (eds.). 7122: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6638:A Global History from Prehistory to the Present 6251: 6249: 6247: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 5144:A Global History from Prehistory to the Present 4910:University of California Museum of Paleontology 4800:University of California Museum of Paleontology 4790: 4788: 4767:University of California Museum of Paleontology 4537: 4352: 4218:Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that 2535:abundance of leisure time unparalleled in both 27:Prehistoric period, first part of the Stone Age 9118:"Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe" 8851: 7433: 6814: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5285:Roebroeks, Wil; Villa, Paola (14 March 2011). 5284: 5253:"When Did "Modern" Behavior Emerge in Humans?" 5235: 4446: 3076:By around 200,000 BP, Middle Paleolithic 9639: 9237: 9115: 8912: 8410: 8079: 8012: 7963: 7910: 7904: 7807: 7606: 7364: 7279: 6737: 6390:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 5931: 5929: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5449: 5370: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5063:[The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. 4462:Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D. 4366:. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: 3862:humans were the first people to believe in a 3689:. In particular, it appears that animal skin 2158:, although it is also possible that the late 958: 918:Pleistocene § Paleogeography and climate 911: 516: 9028: 8978:"Key Human Traits Tied to Shellfish Remains" 8938: 8712:Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition 8453: 7637: 7565: 6859: 6802:Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D. 6701: 6494:Marxism and History: A Critical Introduction 6244: 6157: 5923:Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D. 5907: 5098:Lifelines from Our Past: A New World History 4785: 4492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4417: 4415: 4063:were part of the human diet long before the 3137:, further inventions were made, such as the 3002:saw the emergence of boiling, an advance in 2600: BP, and northern China was reached by 7757: 7643: 7472: 7259:Wunn, Ina (2000). "Beginning of Religion". 7193: 7191: 7005: 6810: 6808: 6570: 6568: 5706: 5704: 5631: 4505: 4503: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4342:Big History: Between Nothing and Everything 4154:, for an estimated 60,000 years, since the 834: BP, humans lived at 61°N latitude in 708:The Paleolithic Age in Europe preceded the 9653: 9646: 9632: 9244: 9230: 8551: 8467:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8424:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8299: 8297: 7808:Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1995). 7201:New Developments in Consciousness Research 7018:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 265. 6937: 6935: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6762: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6634: 6604: 6457: 6354: 6269: 6267: 6265: 5926: 5855: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5619:"Chimps Observed Making Their Own Weapons" 5450:McClellan, James E.; Dorn, Harold (2006). 5431:"More surprises about Palaeolithic humans" 5250: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5140: 5121: 5094: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4818: 4816: 4468:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 4361: 3843:, finished off by a shot or thrust in the 3499:is one of the most famous Venus figurines. 2089:covered the North American northwest; the 965: 951: 523: 509: 9150:"Prehistoric Dining: The Real Paleo Diet" 9133: 9122:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8895: 8885: 8805: 8787: 8723: 8705: 8682: 8672: 8638: 8581: 8571: 8436: 8393: 8374:Larsen, Clark Spencer (1 November 2003). 8151: 8113: 8103: 8047: 7583: 7542: 7532: 7442: 6941: 6712: 6532: 6530: 6425: 6415: 6311: 6309: 6003: 5322: 5312: 4851: 4509: 4421: 4339: 4190:hunted large 6 ft (1.8 m)-long 3486: 3293:Learn how and when to remove this message 2728:and Indonesia, were radiocarbon dated to 9536: 9441: 9356: 7644:Hart, Donna; Sussman, Robert W. (2005). 7188: 7038: 6805: 6565: 6514: 6383: 6381: 6293: 6222: 6188: 6186: 5893:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 768. 5811:"First Mariners Project Photo Gallery 1" 5701: 4500: 4392: 4211:, and complex social structures such as 3917: 3819:was widespread among Middle Paleolithic 3710: 3615: 3490: 3304: 3084:, that was more elaborate than previous 2905: 2765: 2761: 2716:Hominin fossils not belonging either to 2483: 2024: 1895: 1873: 55: 31: 8976:Wilford, John Noble (18 October 2007). 8975: 8303: 8294: 8271: 8230:"What actually was the stone age diet?" 8221: 7865: 7670: 7607:Johanson, Donald; Blake, Edgar (2006). 7475:"What actually was the Stone Age Diet?" 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7109: 6980: 6932: 6896: 6687: 6262: 6192: 6125: 5798: 5648: 5452:Science and Technology in World History 5206: 5169: 4928: 4813: 4729: 4546: 3864:pantheon of gods or supernatural beings 3700: 2833:industry, which was first conceived by 2049:The effects of glaciation were global. 823: BP, the first humans set foot in 14: 11499: 8857: 8708:"Palaeolithic diet ("stone age" diet)" 8373: 8337: 8227: 7763: 7358: 7197: 7085: 6536: 6527: 6315: 6306: 5935: 5651:"Hunter-gatherers and human evolution" 5607:in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001 5029: 4572: 4570: 3823:. A claim that evidence was found for 3247: 2990:epoch, our ancestors relied on simple 2496:) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic ( 1859: 10817: 10456: 9722: 9627: 9225: 9212: 8347:Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution 7011: 6990:. University of Chicago Press, 2006. 6878:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 6840: 6491: 6387: 6378: 6183: 5616: 5510: 5504: 5464: 4975: 4845: 4576: 3907: 3888:; specifically, it may have involved 3625:Kimberley region of Western Australia 2692:were still found in parts of Eurasia 2479: 943: 670: 'stone'), is a period in human 10818: 9251: 8918: 7911:Laden G, Wrangham R (October 2005). 7316: 7258: 6817:"Beads and the origins of symbolism" 5345: 5036:The Paleolithic settlement of Europe 5032:El poblamiento Paleolítico de Europa 4741:. Williams and Norgate. p. 75. 3251: 2897:List of earliest tools and their use 1802: 1780: 1758: 1734: 1714: 1694: 1670: 1650: 1627: 1604: 1584: 1564: 1544: 1524: 932: 9214:Articles related to the Paleolithic 8228:Gowlet, J. A. J. (September 2003). 7340:Britannica online encyclopedia 2008 6907: 6841:Klein, Richard G. (22 March 2002). 6635:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1991). 6273: 6044: 6006:"The icy truth behind Neanderthals" 5813:. Mc2.vicnet.net.au. Archived from 5141:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1991). 5095:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1997). 4941: 4822: 4567: 4146:plants during the Paleolithic. The 3128: 773:, who used simple stone tools—into 24: 9193:National Museum of Natural History 8840:from the original on 23 April 2022 7881:. pp. 363–383. Archived from 7671:Lovgren, Stefan (31 August 2005). 7142:"About OriginsNet by James Harrod" 7063: 6740:"Cave yields 'earliest jewellery'" 6126:Armesto, Felipe Fernandez (2003). 6093: 6004:Balbirnie, Cameron (10 May 2005). 5207:Armesto, Felipe Fernandez (2003). 5061:"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" 5059:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. 4186:in the region now occupied by the 4031:Paleolithic peoples suffered less 3050:and evolve into the small hominin 1904:The Paleolithic overlaps with the 333:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician 25: 11528: 10770:Megalithic architectural elements 9178: 8611:Journal of Archaeological Science 8238:Journal of Environmental Medicine 7810:"The expensive-tissue hypothesis" 7719:"Chimpanzees 'hunt using spears'" 6581:. London: Yale University Press. 6537:Kiefer, Thomas M. (Spring 2002). 6225:"Finds test human origins theory" 6223:Urquhart, James (8 August 2007). 5469:Journal of Archaeological Science 5381:Journal of Archaeological Science 5184:. Primitivism.com. Archived from 3225:Archaeological evidence from the 3071: 2057:were covered in the south by the 1920:from possibly as far as 250 10457: 9142: 9109: 9081: 9075: 9022: 8997: 8822: 8755: 8732: 8706:Lindeberg, Staffan (June 2005). 8367: 8265: 8130: 7892: 7859: 7801: 7731: 7711: 7705:"Chimp hunting and flesh-eating" 7697: 7600: 7559: 7500: 7466: 7418:. Originsnet.org. Archived from 7408: 7394:Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, " 7388: 7333: 7236:. Originsnet.org. Archived from 5617:Weiss, Rick (22 February 2007). 5065:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata 4553:. Rowman Altamira. p. 285. 4188:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3256: 888:in 1865. It derives from Greek: 856: BP humans were present in 545: 11389:Evolutionary origin of religion 9158:. 22 April 2014. Archived from 9035:. University of Chicago Press. 7252: 7226: 7156: 7134: 7079: 7057: 7041:The Civilization of the Goddess 7032: 6834: 6786: 6756: 6731: 6628: 6485: 6451: 6442: 6388:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). 6216: 6087: 6038: 6025: 5997: 5959: 5829: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5713:"Cooking as a biological trait" 5610: 5594: 5551: 5537: 5458: 5443: 5423: 5364: 5339: 5278: 5200: 5052: 5023: 5002: 4969: 4898: 4880: 4755: 4723: 4246:A modern-day diet known as the 2554: 9608:List of archaeological periods 8919:Yika, Bob (19 February 2019). 7566:Richards, MP (December 2002). 6684:. Retrieved February 13, 2008. 6033:Dictionnaire de la Préhistoire 4986:Johns Hopkins University Press 4657: 4589: 4430:Johns Hopkins University Press 4333: 3834: BCE originates from the 3647:, the author of the 1976 book 3170: BP), the bow and arrow ( 3096:humans to create stone tipped 2884:, have been observed to do in 1916:, continents had continued to 1523: 926:Pliocene § Paleogeography 884:" was coined by archaeologist 13: 1: 11002:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 10532:British megalith architecture 9518:History of ferrous metallurgy 8747:: Grolier Academic Reference. 8304:Russell, Sharman Apt (2006). 6988:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 6675:Museum of Antiquites web site 6492:Rigby, Stephen Henry (1999). 6319:The Nature of Paleolithic art 6082:The Book of General Ignorance 5732:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5 4980:Walker's Mammals of the World 4852:Van Andel, Tjeerd H. (1994). 4751:– via Elibron Classics. 4364:Handbook of Paleoanthropology 4326: 4024: BP. On the other hand, 4018: 3999: 3877: BP) in what is now the 3871: 3828: 3770: 3759: 3541:–South Africa–in the form of 3472: 3383: 3238: 3189: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3149: 3142: 3115: 3062: 3032: 2967: 2960: 2740: 2729: 2693: 2682: 2636: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2579: 2497: 2187: 2180: 2098: 850: 839: 828: 695: 687: 232: 180: 102: 46: 10997:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 10537:Nordic megalith architecture 9185:Human Timeline (Interactive) 8789:10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 8251:10.1080/13590840310001619338 7942:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.05.007 7494:10.1080/13590840310001619338 6738:Jonathan Amos (2004-04-15). 6355:Ehrenreich, Barbara (1997). 6129:Ideas that changed the world 5210:Ideas that changed the world 4519:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4376:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 4270:Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site 2982:and jaw size, thinner tooth 875: 868:and expanded throughout the 7: 8307:Hunger an unnatural history 7198:Fallio, Vincent W. (2006). 6498:Manchester University Press 6471:. London. pp. 71, 87. 6324:University of Chicago Press 6084:". Faber & Faber, 2006. 5521:University of Chicago Press 5101:. New Jersey: M.E. Sharpe. 4892:National Geographic Channel 4257: 4123:has been observed near the 3926:during the Paleolithic age. 3855:or late Upper Paleolithic. 2901: 2065:. The decaying glaciers of 2029:Many giant mammals such as 1860: 1082: 779:behaviourally modern humans 10: 11533: 11145:British Isles and Brittany 11066:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 9116:Pathou-Mathis, M. (2000). 8388:(11, Suppl 2): 3893S–97S. 8338:Milton, Katharine (2002). 7921:Journal of Human Evolution 7764:Milton, Katharine (1999). 6575:Dahlberg, Frances (1975). 6199:Introduction to archeology 6096:"Stalking the ancient dog" 5786:Mousterian Brace 1997: 545 5588:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.001 4860:Cambridge University Press 3911: 3704: 3621:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3525:prior to the start of the 3507:and the patterns found on 3415:) and may have engaged in 2894: 2681:emerged in eastern Africa 2675:, the anatomically modern 2204: 915: 912:Paleogeography and climate 775:anatomically modern humans 654: 635: 11347: 11160: 10987: 10834: 10830: 10813: 10699: 10663: 10512: 10469: 10465: 10452: 10259: 10090: 10063: 9988: 9914: 9905: 9810: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9718: 9661: 9603: 9508: 9418: 9259: 9219: 8725:10.1080/11026480510032043 8632:10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006 8511:Evolutionary Anthropology 7774:Evolutionary Anthropology 7039:Gimbutas, Marija (1991). 6910:"Shamanism in Prehistory" 6843:The Dawn of Human Culture 6520:Christopher Boehm (1999) 6299:Christopher Boehm (1999) 6255:Christopher Boehm (1999) 5983:10.1017/S0003598X00088335 5659:Evolutionary Anthropology 5402:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006 4976:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). 4340:Christian, David (2014). 3431:. Nor was there a formal 3425:consensus decision making 3353:arose in pre-Paleolithic 1892:dated to 430,000 BP. 246:Initial Upper Paleolithic 8652:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 8092:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7449:National Geographic News 7119:, cited by Morley, p. 47 6769:National Geographic News 6611:National Geographic News 6524:Harvard university press 6316:Gutrie, R. Dale (2005). 6303:Harvard University Press 6259:Harvard University Press 5942:National Geographic News 4521:Harvard University Press 4315:Peopling of the Americas 3660: 3623:found in the north-west 3186:Venus of Dolní Věstonice 2795: 975: 651: 'old' and 11377:Evolutionary musicology 10780:Oldest extant buildings 10707:Archaeological features 10226:Prepared-core technique 9341:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 9336:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 8887:10.1073/pnas.1814087116 8674:10.1073/pnas.1006993107 8573:10.1073/pnas.0402857101 8395:10.1093/jn/133.11.3893S 8272:Diamond, Jared (1992). 8105:10.1073/pnas.0707929104 7879:Oxford University Press 7585:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646 7534:10.1073/pnas.0402362101 7374:. Thames & Hudson. 7273:10.1163/156852700511612 6468:The Communist Manifesto 6417:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 5314:10.1073/pnas.1018116108 4763:"The Pleistocene Epoch" 4693:10.1126/science.abg7586 4627:10.1126/science.1153569 4547:Kusimba, Sibel (2003). 4054:cerebrovascular disease 3265:Some of this article's 3082:prepared-core technique 3046:to reach the island of 3018: 2746: BP respectively. 2160:Pleistocene extinctions 2124:to reach the Americas. 2120:from directly crossing 2081:and to the west in the 2045:during the Pleistocene. 1847:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1706:Dispersal beyond Africa 11339:Unchambered long cairn 11187:Mound Builders culture 10520:Neolithic architecture 9655:Prehistoric technology 9269:Prehistoric technology 8745:University of Michigan 8040:10.1098/rspb.2007.0330 7873:. In Ungar, P. (ed.). 7513:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7396:Women in the Stone Age 7336:"Prehistoric religion" 7043:. HarperSanFrancisco. 7012:Stone, Merlin (1978). 6880:. 2007. Archived from 5720:Comp Biochem Physiol A 5649:Marlowe, F.W. (2005). 5490:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 5030:Gamble, Clive (1990). 4370:. pp. 1943–1963. 4231:by carnivores such as 4148:Aboriginal Australians 4050:coronary heart disease 3927: 3914:Pleistocene human diet 3884:Religion was possibly 3724: 3628: 3500: 3487:Sculpture and painting 3478: BP) was female. 3454:Aboriginal Australians 3314: 3023:The Lower Paleolithic 2918: 2777: 2724:species, found in the 2504: 2258:Flandrian interglacial 2241:Flandrian interglacial 2046: 1901: 1893: 978:−10 — 680:prehistoric technology 63: 53: 11014:List of Stone Age art 10216:Microblade technology 10164:Langdale axe industry 9762:Ard / plough 9331:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 9029:Tim D. White (2006). 8438:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 7959:on 11 September 2008. 7095:. Edimat books, S.A. 6500:. pp. 111, 314. 6361:. London: Macmillan. 5545:"Oldowan Stone Tools" 5358:10.1038/news.2011.551 4346:McGraw Hill Education 4205:social stratification 4083:meats, including the 4042:diseases of affluence 3921: 3714: 3619: 3494: 3308: 3233:culture known as the 2909: 2895:Further information: 2769: 2762:Technology and crafts 2718:Homo neanderthalensis 2710:Homo sapiens denisova 2690:Homo neanderthalensis 2669:Homo neanderthalensis 2654:Homo neanderthalensis 2487: 2156:Pleistocene megafauna 2087:Cordilleran Ice Sheet 2028: 1912:During the preceding 1899: 1881:Homo neanderthalensis 1877: 1068:−1 — 1058:−2 — 1048:−3 — 1038:−4 — 1028:−5 — 1018:−6 — 1008:−7 — 998:−8 — 988:−9 — 59: 35: 11421:Prehistoric medicine 11416:Prehistoric counting 11399:Prehistoric religion 11394:Paleolithic religion 11372:Behavioral modernity 10729:Causewayed enclosure 10621:Abri de la Madeleine 9745:Neolithic Revolution 9613:List of time periods 9348:Neolithic Revolution 9018:on January 17, 2006. 8948:(19 February 2019). 8480:10.1093/ajcn/45.1.98 8381:Journal of Nutrition 8067:on 11 September 2008 7977:Current Anthropology 7888:on 27 February 2008. 7866:Cordain, L. (2006). 7818:Current Anthropology 7685:on September 5, 2005 7617:Simon & Schuster 7473:Gowlett JAJ (2003). 7304:on 28 September 2011 7297:(67). Archived from 7015:When God Was a Woman 6945:Current Anthropology 6815:Robert G. Bednarik. 6617:on December 10, 2006 5948:on February 17, 2006 5439:. 29 September 2020. 4824:Scotese, Christopher 4290:Last Glacial Maximum 4280:Japanese Paleolithic 4065:Neolithic Revolution 3794:Homo heidelbergensis 3707:Paleolithic religion 3701:Religion and beliefs 3650:When God Was a Woman 3586:David Lewis-Williams 2705:Homo sapiens sapiens 2701:Homo sapiens sapiens 2678:Homo sapiens sapiens 2649:Homo heidelbergensis 2307:Tirreniense II y III 2227:Mediterranean Europe 2007:continental glaciers 1662:Earliest stone tools 849:was reached, and by 803:interglacial periods 11460:Prehistoric warfare 10206:Magdalenian culture 10169:Levallois technique 10100:Earliest toolmaking 9433:Bronze Age collapse 9155:National Geographic 9097:on December 8, 2006 9089:National Geographic 9032:Once were Cannibals 9010:National Geographic 8878:2019PNAS..116.4928J 8780:2015PLoSO..1031422S 8665:2010PNAS..10718815R 8624:2005JArSc..32..475L 8353:. pp. 111–22. 8098:(49): 19210–19213. 8034:(1619): 1723–1730. 7934:2005JHumE..49..482L 7727:. 22 February 2007. 7678:National Geographic 7525:2004PNAS..101.9551W 6914:Bradshaw foundation 6539:"Anthropology E-20" 6408:2005PNAS..10215294K 6094:Mellot, Christine. 5624:The Washington Post 5580:2003CRPal...2..663R 5482:2000JArSc..27.1197S 5394:2005JArSc..32.1656B 5305:2011PNAS..108.5209R 5258:National Geographic 4949:National Geographic 4942:Johnson, Kimberly. 4685:2021Sci...373.1528B 4679:(6562): 1528–1531. 4619:2008Sci...319.1497G 4583:University of Texas 4166:Middle Paleolithic 3986:(plant underground 3931:Although the term " 3735:beliefs during the 3497:Venus of Willendorf 3462:have been the most 3442:primitive communism 3248:Social organization 3009:Middle Palaeolithic 2994:techniques such as 2812:magnetostratigraphy 2202: 2035:woolly rhinoceroses 2009:pushed to the 40th 1986:beds. Mid-latitude 624:), also called the 11411:Origin of language 11404:Spiritual drug use 11314:Rectangular dolmen 11216:Dartmoor kistvaens 11029:Carved stone balls 10741:Circular enclosure 10700:Other architecture 10643:Alp pile dwellings 10231:Solutrean industry 10142:Gravettian culture 9792:Secondary products 9294:Middle Paleolithic 8983:The New York Times 7482:J Nutr Environ Med 7401:2010-08-01 at the 6798:2009-10-31 at the 6680:2007-11-21 at the 6578:Woman the Gatherer 6547:Harvard University 6276:"Blombos Cave art" 6176:2009-11-01 at the 6134:Dorling Kindersley 6054:Asian Perspectives 6045:Wickler, Stephen. 5919:2008-04-08 at the 5843:on 26 October 2009 5817:on 25 October 2009 5672:10.1002/evan.20046 5511:Klein, R. (1999). 5411:on 20 October 2017 5266:on August 13, 2005 5017:Harvard University 4916:on 7 February 2010 4828:"Paleomap project" 4613:(5869): 1497–502. 4474:on 28 October 2009 4422:McClellan (2006). 4305:Origins of society 4300:Mousterian Pluvial 4233:saber-toothed cats 4156:Middle Paleolithic 3928: 3908:Diet and nutrition 3825:Middle Paleolithic 3737:Middle Paleolithic 3725: 3679:Middle Paleolithic 3629: 3578:saber-toothed cats 3560:Lower Paleolithic 3531:Middle Paleolithic 3527:Middle Paleolithic 3501: 3315: 3094:Middle Paleolithic 3027:possibly invented 3000:Upper Palaeolithic 2957:Middle Paleolithic 2942:Australopithecines 2919: 2778: 2505: 2480:Paleolithic people 2200: 2110:may have prevented 2047: 2018:(4,900–9,800 1902: 1894: 1463:H. heidelbergensis 174:Middle Paleolithic 64: 54: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11433:Prehistoric music 11382:music archaeology 11039:Cup and ring mark 10864:Clothing/textiles 10809: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10251:Yubetsu technique 10236:Striking platform 10201:Lithic technology 10086: 10085: 10071:Game drive system 9990:Projectile points 9882:Mortar and pestle 9621: 9620: 9599: 9598: 9504: 9503: 9414: 9413: 9299:Upper Paleolithic 9289:Lower Paleolithic 9042:978-0-226-74269-4 8872:(11): 4928–4933. 8566:(20): 10895–900. 8360:978-0-89789-736-5 8351:Bergin and Garvey 8321:978-0-465-07165-4 8280:. HarperCollins. 8171:978-3-8055-6694-0 8162:10.1159/000059672 7657:978-0-8133-3936-8 7381:978-0-500-05081-1 7219:978-1-60021-247-5 7092:The origin of man 7025:978-0-15-696158-5 6996:978-0-226-31126-5 6986:R. Dale Guthrie, 6874:"Paleolithic Art" 6775:on April 16, 2004 6652:978-0-13-357005-2 6588:978-0-300-02989-5 6478:978-1-59986-995-7 6463:Engels, Friedrich 6368:978-0-8050-5787-4 6333:978-0-226-31126-5 6147:978-0-7566-3298-4 6136:limited. p. 5900:978-0-205-32024-0 5388:(11): 1656–1668. 5299:(13): 5209–5214. 5228:978-0-7566-3298-4 5162:978-0-13-357005-2 5108:978-0-13-357005-2 4995:978-0-8018-5789-8 4873:978-0-521-44243-5 4773:on 24 August 2014 4577:Weinstock, John. 4560:978-0-7591-0154-8 4530:978-0-674-92183-2 4511:Lieberman, Philip 4488:cite encyclopedia 4464:"Human Evolution" 4439:978-0-8018-8360-6 4432:. pp. 6–12. 4385:978-3-540-32474-4 4310:Palaeoarchaeology 4176:Upper Paleolithic 4099:. In particular, 3941:Great Rift Valley 3890:sympathetic magic 3868:Upper Paleolithic 3860:Upper Paleolithic 3802:Lower Paleolithic 3790:ritual defleshing 3745:Lower Paleolithic 3741:Upper Paleolithic 3675:Upper Paleolithic 3595:Upper Paleolithic 3569:Upper Paleolithic 3459:Upper Paleolithic 3433:division of labor 3413:division of labor 3359:sexual dimorphism 3355:australopithecine 3319:Lower Paleolithic 3303: 3302: 3295: 3231:Upper Paleolithic 3135:Upper Paleolithic 3053:Homo floresiensis 2911:Charles R. Knight 2865:William H. Calvin 2861:courting behavior 2771:Lower Paleolithic 2752:Lapa do Picareiro 2561:Great Rift Valley 2477: 2476: 2420:Cromerian Complex 2173:Saint Paul Island 2071:Mount Kilimanjaro 1930:Isthmus of Panama 1890:Lower Paleolithic 1878:A skull of early 1872: 1871: 1864:million years ago 1823: 1822: 1801: 1800: 1779: 1778: 1771:Earliest rock art 1757: 1756: 1733: 1732: 1726:Earliest language 1713: 1712: 1693: 1692: 1669: 1668: 1649: 1648: 1639:Earliest sign of 1626: 1625: 1616:Earliest sign of 1603: 1602: 1583: 1582: 1563: 1562: 1543: 1542: 1186:Ou. macedoniensis 793:behavior such as 783:Upper Paleolithic 756:projectile points 533: 532: 226:Upper Paleolithic 96:Lower Paleolithic 16:(Redirected from 11524: 11448:Divje Babe flute 11355:Archaeoastronomy 11098:Petrosomatoglyph 10832: 10831: 10815: 10814: 10664:Water management 10467: 10466: 10454: 10453: 10357:Denticulate tool 10179:Lithic reduction 9912: 9911: 9733: 9732: 9720: 9719: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9625: 9624: 9534: 9533: 9439: 9438: 9354: 9353: 9316:Middle Stone Age 9253:Three-age system 9246: 9239: 9232: 9223: 9222: 9210: 9209: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9162:on 4 August 2017 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9093:. Archived from 9079: 9073: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9060: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9014:. Archived from 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8899: 8889: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8791: 8759: 8753: 8748: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8686: 8676: 8659:(44): 18815–19. 8642: 8636: 8635: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8585: 8575: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8507: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8349:. Westport, CN: 8344: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8279: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8234: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8206: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8188: 8182:. Archived from 8155: 8145: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8107: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8060:. Archived from 8051: 8025: 8016: 8010: 8009: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7952:. Archived from 7917: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7847: 7841:. Archived from 7814: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7770: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7741:. Archived from 7735: 7729: 7728: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7681:. Archived from 7668: 7662: 7661: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7614: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7587: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7536: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7479: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455:on July 24, 2004 7451:. Archived from 7440: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7412: 7406: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7342:. Archived from 7331: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7292: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7240:on 10 March 2010 7230: 7224: 7223: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7175: 7169:. Archived from 7168: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7144:. Originsnet.org 7138: 7132: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7009: 7003: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6920:on 30 April 2008 6916:. Archived from 6905: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6884:on 14 March 2008 6870: 6857: 6856: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6819:. Archived from 6812: 6803: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6771:. Archived from 6763:Hillary Mayell. 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6710: 6699: 6696: 6685: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6613:. Archived from 6605:Stefan Lovgren. 6602: 6593: 6592: 6572: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6553:on 10 April 2008 6549:. Archived from 6534: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6455: 6449: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6419: 6402:(43): 15294–98. 6385: 6376: 6372: 6352: 6341: 6337: 6313: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6260: 6253: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6201:. Archived from 6190: 6181: 6168: 6155: 6151: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5977:(280): 394–402. 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5944:. Archived from 5933: 5924: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5886: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5807: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5742:. Archived from 5717: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5682:. Archived from 5655: 5646: 5629: 5628: 5614: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5565: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5518: 5515:The Human Career 5508: 5502: 5501: 5476:(12): 1197–214. 5462: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5404:. Archived from 5377: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5316: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5262:. Archived from 5251:Hillary Mayell. 5248: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5167: 5166: 5138: 5119: 5112: 5092: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4957:on April 5, 2008 4953:. Archived from 4939: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4912:. Archived from 4902: 4896: 4895: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4769:. Archived from 4759: 4753: 4752: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4470:. Archived from 4459: 4444: 4443: 4419: 4390: 4389: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4337: 4265:Abbassia Pluvial 4248:Paleolithic diet 4136:animal husbandry 4023: 4020: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3933:paleolithic diet 3876: 3873: 3833: 3830: 3778:Philip Lieberman 3775: 3772: 3764: 3761: 3535:Middle Stone Age 3505:Venus of Tan-Tan 3477: 3474: 3388: 3385: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3260: 3252: 3243: 3240: 3237:used calendars ( 3198: 3194: 3191: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3129:Other inventions 3120: 3117: 3067: 3064: 3041: 3037: 3034: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2953:Middle Stone Age 2803:Australopithecus 2745: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2684: 2645: 2644: 1,500,000 2641: 2640: 2,000,000 2638: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605: 1,660,000 2603: 2599: 2598: 1,700,000 2596: 2593:was occupied by 2588: 2587: 1,500,000 2584: 2583: 2,000,000 2581: 2502: 2499: 2447:Beestonian stage 2339:Wolstonian Stage 2203: 2199: 2195:Aleutian Islands 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2103: 2100: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1835: 1833: 1817: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1793:Earliest clothes 1786: 1781: 1773: 1764: 1759: 1740: 1735: 1720: 1715: 1700: 1695: 1682:Earliest sign of 1676: 1671: 1656: 1651: 1641:Australopithecus 1633: 1628: 1610: 1605: 1596:Earliest bipedal 1590: 1585: 1576:Chimpanzee split 1570: 1565: 1550: 1545: 1530: 1525: 1511: 1510: 1496: 1495: 1479: 1465: 1451: 1423: 1410: 1390: 1377: 1349: 1347:Australopithecus 1336: 1321: 1304: 1291: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1228: 1215: 1202: 1190: 1171: 1158: 1145: 1133: 1119: 1106: 1093: 1091: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 967: 960: 953: 947: 937: 936:Hominin timeline 930: 922:Pliocene climate 855: 852: 844: 841: 833: 830: 822: 818: 697: 689: 666: 658: 647: 639: 620: 616: 612: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 525: 518: 511: 252:Fertile Crescent 240: 234: 188: 182: 116: 107: 104: 66: 65: 51: 48: 21: 11532: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11521: 11517:Historical eras 11497: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11489: 11476: 11343: 11329:Stone box grave 11299:Megalithic tomb 11204:Cotswold-Severn 11156: 11061:Guardian stones 10989:Prehistoric art 10983: 10826: 10801: 10790:Timber trackway 10695: 10659: 10655:Wattle and daub 10508: 10487:Standing stones 10461: 10440: 10255: 10082: 10059: 9984: 9901: 9811:Food processing 9806: 9755:New World crops 9727: 9714: 9657: 9652: 9622: 9617: 9595: 9532: 9500: 9437: 9410: 9352: 9321:Later Stone Age 9255: 9250: 9215: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9080: 9076: 9064: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9027: 9023: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8927: 8917: 8913: 8856: 8852: 8843: 8841: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8774:(7): e0131422. 8760: 8756: 8737: 8733: 8704: 8700: 8643: 8639: 8603: 8599: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8458: 8454: 8415: 8411: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8270: 8266: 8255: 8253: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8210: 8209: 8200: 8199: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8172: 8153:10.1.1.691.6953 8143: 8135: 8131: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8023: 8017: 8013: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7686: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7650:. Basic Books. 7642: 7638: 7631: 7605: 7601: 7578:(12): 1270–78. 7572:Eur J Clin Nutr 7564: 7560: 7519:(26): 9551–55. 7505: 7501: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7458: 7456: 7443:William Cocke. 7441: 7434: 7425: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7403:Wayback Machine 7393: 7389: 7382: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7346:on 9 April 2008 7332: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7206:Nova Publishers 7196: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7087:Darwin, Charles 7084: 7080: 7073:Work and rhythm 7069:Trabajo y ritmo 7062: 7058: 7051: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7010: 7006: 6985: 6981: 6940: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6908:Clottes, Jean. 6906: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6860: 6853: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6813: 6806: 6800:Wayback Machine 6791: 6787: 6778: 6776: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6746: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6721: 6713:Jared Diamond. 6711: 6702: 6697: 6688: 6682:Wayback Machine 6673: 6666: 6653: 6633: 6629: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6573: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6535: 6528: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6386: 6379: 6369: 6353: 6344: 6334: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6274:Henahan, Sean. 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6184: 6178:Wayback Machine 6169: 6158: 6148: 6124: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6002: 5998: 5964: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5934: 5927: 5921:Wayback Machine 5912: 5908: 5901: 5887: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5749:on 19 May 2005. 5746: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5615: 5611: 5599: 5595: 5568:Palevol Reports 5563: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5509: 5505: 5463: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5436:Cosmos Magazine 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5344: 5340: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5249: 5236: 5229: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5188:on 15 July 2009 5180: 5179: 5170: 5163: 5139: 5122: 5109: 5093: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5028: 5024: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4940: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4821: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4728: 4724: 4662: 4658: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4508: 4501: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4447: 4440: 4420: 4393: 4386: 4360: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4260: 4046:type 2 diabetes 4021: 4006: 4002: 3916: 3910: 3894:Venus figurines 3874: 3831: 3827:animal worship 3773: 3762: 3709: 3703: 3663: 3637:Marija Gimbutas 3599:Venus figurines 3597:ethnic groups. 3489: 3475: 3417:endemic warfare 3386: 3299: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3261: 3250: 3241: 3209:Solomon Islands 3196: 3192: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3152: 3145: 3131: 3118: 3074: 3065: 3039: 3035: 3021: 3011:example of the 3004:food processing 2992:food processing 2976:food processing 2970: 2963: 2904: 2899: 2798: 2764: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2726:Altai Mountains 2696: 2685: 2643: 2639: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2586: 2582: 2557: 2521:hunter-gatherer 2500: 2482: 2454:1,400,000 years 2426:1,100,000 years 2285:Wisconsin Stage 2217:Atlantic Europe 2207: 2190: 2183: 2101: 2083:Atlas Mountains 2075:Ruwenzori Range 2031:woolly mammoths 1962:tectonic plates 1945:Central America 1868: 1867: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831:H o m i n i d s 1829: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1402: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1200:Chororapithecus 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1156:Samburupithecus 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 971: 945: 939: 935: 928: 916:Main articles: 914: 878: 853: 842: 831: 820: 816: 618: 614: 610: 587: 548: 544: 529: 492: 491: 347:(41,000-37,000) 327:Châtelperronian 241: 230: 228: 218: 217: 189: 178: 176: 166: 165: 136:(1.76–0.13 Ma) 117: 105: 100: 98: 49: 44:Heinrich Harder 28: 23: 22: 18:Paleolithic era 15: 12: 11: 5: 11530: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11462: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11438:Alligator drum 11430: 11429: 11428: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11365:lunar calendar 11362: 11351: 11349: 11348:Other cultural 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11152:Venus figurine 11149: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11083:Megalithic art 11080: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11041: 11036: 11034:Cave paintings 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11010: 11009: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10917: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10836:Material goods 10828: 10827: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10714: 10709: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10552:Cliff dwelling 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10484: 10479: 10473: 10471: 10463: 10462: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10271: 10265: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10137:Fire hardening 10134: 10129: 10127:Clovis culture 10124: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10050:Manis Mastodon 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 9994: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9950: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9929:throwing stick 9921: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9741: 9739: 9729: 9728: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9651: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9628: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9523:Iron meteorite 9520: 9514: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9360: 9358: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9328: 9326:Epipaleolithic 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9195:(August 2016). 9180: 9179:External links 9177: 9174: 9173: 9141: 9128:(5): 379–395. 9108: 9074: 9041: 9021: 8996: 8968: 8937: 8911: 8850: 8821: 8754: 8731: 8698: 8637: 8597: 8544: 8493: 8452: 8431:(2): 341–354. 8409: 8366: 8359: 8330: 8320: 8293: 8286: 8264: 8245:(3): 143–147. 8220: 8211:|journal= 8170: 8129: 8078: 8011: 7990:10.1086/300083 7962: 7903: 7891: 7858: 7831:10.1086/204350 7825:(2): 199–221. 7800: 7756: 7745:on 6 June 2013 7730: 7710: 7696: 7663: 7656: 7647:Man the Hunted 7636: 7630:978-0743280648 7629: 7599: 7558: 7499: 7465: 7432: 7407: 7387: 7380: 7357: 7334:Narr, Karl J. 7315: 7278: 7267:(4): 434–435. 7251: 7225: 7218: 7187: 7176:on 27 May 2008 7155: 7133: 7121: 7115:Nelson, D.E., 7108: 7101: 7078: 7056: 7050:978-0062508041 7049: 7031: 7024: 7004: 6979: 6958:10.1086/204491 6952:(2): 227–275. 6931: 6895: 6858: 6851: 6833: 6804: 6785: 6755: 6730: 6700: 6686: 6664: 6651: 6641:. New Jersey: 6627: 6594: 6587: 6564: 6526: 6513: 6506: 6484: 6477: 6450: 6441: 6377: 6367: 6342: 6332: 6305: 6292: 6261: 6243: 6215: 6182: 6156: 6146: 6115: 6086: 6063: 6037: 6024: 5996: 5958: 5925: 5906: 5899: 5854: 5828: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5700: 5689:on 27 May 2008 5630: 5609: 5593: 5574:(8): 663–673. 5550: 5536: 5529: 5503: 5457: 5442: 5422: 5363: 5338: 5277: 5234: 5227: 5199: 5168: 5161: 5147:. New Jersey: 5120: 5107: 5078: 5051: 5044: 5022: 5001: 4994: 4968: 4927: 4897: 4879: 4872: 4844: 4812: 4784: 4754: 4748:978-1421270395 4747: 4722: 4656: 4588: 4566: 4559: 4536: 4529: 4516:Uniquely Human 4499: 4445: 4438: 4391: 4384: 4351: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4172:Pinnacle Point 4144:hallucinogenic 4125:Sea of Galilee 4109:southeast Asia 4022: 100,000 3994:(3.6–4.2 3988:storage organs 3909: 3906: 3879:Czech Republic 3849:Epipaleolithic 3813:animal worship 3774: 100,000 3765: BP) and 3763: 130,000 3705:Main article: 3702: 3699: 3681:) humans used 3677:(and possibly 3668:Charles Darwin 3662: 3659: 3633:mother goddess 3537:sites such as 3488: 3485: 3301: 3300: 3267:listed sources 3264: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3130: 3127: 3073: 3072:Advanced tools 3070: 3066: 300,000 3040: 800,000 3036: 840,000 3020: 3017: 2971: 250,000 2903: 2900: 2827:stitching awls 2808:Gona, Ethiopia 2797: 2794: 2763: 2760: 2686: 300,000 2616: 300,000 2612: 400,000 2591:South Caucasus 2556: 2553: 2541:cave paintings 2501: 400,000 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2232:Central Europe 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2177:Wrangel Island 2164:woolly mammoth 2118:Clovis culture 2104: BP, the 2043:mammoth steppe 2041:inhabited the 1870: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1398:H. rudolfensis 1383: 1382: 1381: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1252:Graecopithecus 1248: 1247: 1246: 1239:Sahelanthropus 1235: 1234: 1233: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1169:Ouranopithecus 1165: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1143:Nakalipithecus 1139: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078:0 — 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 973: 972: 970: 969: 962: 955: 944: 941: 940: 933: 913: 910: 877: 874: 727:and vegetable 710:Mesolithic Age 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 502: 501: 494: 493: 490: 489: 483: 470: 469: 463: 457: 451: 445: 439: 434: 431:Iberomaurusian 428: 415: 414: 408: 402: 396: 390: 389:(15.5–13.1 ka) 384: 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 348: 342: 336: 330: 324: 311: 310: 309:(12.2–10.8 ka) 304: 303:(14.5–11.5 ka) 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 249: 248: 242: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 209: 203: 197: 190: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 155: 149: 143: 131: 125: 118: 94: 93: 90: 89: 74: 73: 42:. Painting by 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11529: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11346: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11324:Simple dolmen 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11309:Passage grave 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11255:Gallery grave 11253: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11170:Burial mounds 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Statue menhir 11128: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11118:Stone carving 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Sewing needle 10955: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10785:Timber circle 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10734:Tor enclosure 10732: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10722:fulacht fiadh 10720: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9958:spear-thrower 9956: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9936:Bow and arrow 9934: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9845:Grinding slab 9843: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777:Domestication 9775: 9773: 9772:Digging stick 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9750:Founder crops 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9691:New Stone Age 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9642: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9145: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9096: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9082:Owen, James. 9078: 9070: 9058: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8957: 8956: 8955:Science Daily 8951: 8947: 8941: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618:(3): 475–84. 8617: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8548: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8518:(4): 156–85. 8517: 8513: 8512: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474:(1): 98–106. 8473: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8287:9780060984038 8283: 8278: 8277: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8204: 8189:on 9 May 2015 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8028:Proc Biol Sci 8022: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7984:(5): 567–94. 7983: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7928:(4): 482–98. 7927: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7900:Peter Corning 7895: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7848:on 2019-05-17 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7706: 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6837: 6823:on 2018-10-26 6822: 6818: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6789: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6643:Prentice Hall 6640: 6639: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6571: 6569: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6507:0-7190-5612-8 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6296: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6205:on 2012-10-09 6204: 6200: 6196: 6193:Nancy White. 6189: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6120: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6079: 6078:Mitchinson, J 6075: 6070: 6068: 6060:(2): 135–154. 6059: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6028: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5756: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570:(in French). 5569: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5530:9780226439631 5526: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149:Prentice Hall 5146: 5145: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5045:84-7423-445-X 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4984:. Baltimore: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858:. Cambridge: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731:Lubbock, John 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4428:. Baltimore: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4348:. p. 93. 4347: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4059:Large-seeded 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4007: 50,000 4003: 30,000 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898:earth goddess 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 30,000 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3836:Tsodilo Hills 3832: 70,000 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3768: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3717:cave painting 3713: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3513:Bilzingsleben 3510: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3481: 3480:Jared Diamond 3476: 30,000 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3387: 10,000 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3331:Homo ergaster 3328: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3297: 3294: 3286: 3283:February 2010 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3242: 30,000 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 25,000 3193: 29,000 3187: 3182: 30,000 3175: 25,000 3168: 30,000 3162: 3161:spear thrower 3158: 3153: 29,000 3146: 22,000 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3119: 90,000 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092:. It allowed 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2939:or by robust 2938: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2930:Homo ergaster 2926: 2925: 2916: 2915:Font-de-Gaume 2912: 2908: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2836:Homo ergaster 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2744: 17,000 2739: BP and 2737: 40,000 2733: 30,000 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 40,000 2691: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2592: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400:750,000 years 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372:580,000 years 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366:Hoxnian Stage 2364: 2362: 2361:Tirreniense I 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2349:Yarmouthiense 2348: 2346:450,000 years 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318:200,000 years 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2295:Sangamoniense 2294: 2292:140,000 years 2291: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2186: BP and 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139:in the south 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127:According to 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Paleo-Indians 2111: 2107: 2102: 18,000 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Pacific Ocean 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952:. During the 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1834: 1832: 1816: 1815:Modern humans 1810: 1805: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1772: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1747: 1746:Earliest fire 1742: 1737: 1736: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1556:Gorilla split 1552: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1509: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1466: 1464: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1431:H. antecessor 1425: 1424: 1422: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1376: 1374: 1373:Au. anamensis 1368: 1366: 1365:Au. afarensis 1360: 1358: 1357:Au. africanus 1351: 1350: 1348: 1335: 1333: 1320: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1290: 1288: 1287:O. tugenensis 1282: 1280: 1268: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1229: 1227: 1216: 1214: 1203: 1201: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1132: 1131: 1120: 1118: 1107: 1105: 1094: 1092: 974: 968: 963: 961: 956: 954: 949: 948: 942: 938: 931: 927: 923: 919: 909: 907: 903: 899: 896:, "old"; and 895: 891: 887: 883: 873: 871: 867: 863: 862:Arctic Circle 859: 854: 27,000 848: 843: 30,000 837: 832: 45,000 826: 821: 40,000 817: 50,000 815: 810: 808: 805:in which the 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771: 766: 765: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 701: 698: 11,650 693: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 667: 665: 657: 653: 650: 648: 646: 638: 634: 631: 630:Ancient Greek 627: 626:Old Stone Age 623: 622: 605: 542: 538: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 500: 496: 495: 487: 486:Afontova Gora 484: 481: 480:Mal'ta–Buret' 478: 477: 476: 474: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 422: 421: 419: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 375:Epigravettian 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 318: 317: 315: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 255: 253: 247: 244: 243: 238: 227: 222: 221: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 186: 175: 170: 169: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 114: 110: 97: 92: 91: 87: 86: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 45: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 11265:wedge-shaped 11250:Funeral pyre 11243:Great dolmen 11199:Chamber tomb 11180:Round barrow 11135:Stone circle 11007:Blombos Cave 10935:Grooved ware 10859:Chalcolithic 10763:Thornborough 10681:Flush toilet 10616:Blombos Cave 10611:Rock shelter 10567:Quiggly hole 10459:Architecture 10434:illustration 10076:Buffalo jump 9897:Storage pits 9860:Aşıklı Höyük 9850:Ground stone 9686:Subdivisions 9484:Chalcolithic 9283: 9164:. Retrieved 9160:the original 9153: 9144: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9099:. Retrieved 9095:the original 9087: 9077: 9046:. Retrieved 9031: 9024: 9016:the original 9008: 8999: 8987:. Retrieved 8981: 8971: 8959:. Retrieved 8953: 8940: 8928:. Retrieved 8924: 8914: 8869: 8863: 8853: 8842:. Retrieved 8834:ScienceDaily 8833: 8824: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8740: 8734: 8718:(2): 75–77. 8715: 8711: 8701: 8656: 8650: 8640: 8615: 8609: 8600: 8563: 8557: 8547: 8537:12 September 8535:. Retrieved 8515: 8509: 8496: 8471: 8465: 8455: 8428: 8422: 8412: 8385: 8379: 8369: 8346: 8333: 8306: 8275: 8267: 8254:. Retrieved 8242: 8236: 8223: 8191:. Retrieved 8184:the original 8139: 8132: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8069:. Retrieved 8062:the original 8031: 8027: 8014: 7981: 7975: 7965: 7954:the original 7925: 7919: 7906: 7894: 7883:the original 7874: 7861: 7850:. Retrieved 7843:the original 7822: 7816: 7803: 7781:(1): 11–21. 7778: 7772: 7759: 7747:. Retrieved 7743:the original 7733: 7722: 7713: 7699: 7687:. 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Retrieved 6280:Science News 6279: 6234:. Retrieved 6228: 6218: 6207:. Retrieved 6203:the original 6198: 6132:. New York: 6128: 6106:. Retrieved 6103:Science news 6102: 6089: 6057: 6053: 6040: 6035:, PUF, 1988. 6032: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6009: 5999: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5950:. Retrieved 5946:the original 5941: 5936:Ann Parson. 5909: 5891:Anthropology 5890: 5845:. Retrieved 5841:the original 5831: 5819:. Retrieved 5815:the original 5791: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5744:the original 5726:(1): 35–46. 5723: 5719: 5691:. Retrieved 5684:the original 5666:(2): 15294. 5663: 5657: 5622: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5571: 5567: 5553: 5539: 5514: 5506: 5473: 5467: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5434: 5425: 5413:. Retrieved 5406:the original 5385: 5379: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5296: 5290: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5264:the original 5256: 5209: 5202: 5190:. Retrieved 5186:the original 5143: 5097: 5069:. Retrieved 5064: 5054: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5004: 4979: 4971: 4959:. Retrieved 4955:the original 4947: 4918:. 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New York: 4341: 4335: 4245: 4217: 4197:Lepenski Vir 4184:Homo sapiens 4183: 4168:Homo sapiens 4167: 4160: 4129: 4097:horticulture 4058: 4037:malnutrition 4030: 3980: 3953: 3929: 3883: 3857: 3821:Neanderthals 3806: 3793: 3786:Neanderthals 3753: 3726: 3695:ethnographic 3673: 3664: 3648: 3645:Merlin Stone 3630: 3611: 3607:pornographic 3567: 3559: 3539:Blombos Cave 3522:Homo erectus 3520: 3502: 3464:gender-equal 3450:Hadza people 3446: 3402: 3395: 3380: 3376:Homo erectus 3375: 3368: 3363:Homo erectus 3362: 3340: 3335:Homo erectus 3334: 3330: 3327:Homo erectus 3326: 3323:Homo habilis 3322: 3316: 3289: 3280: 3269: 3224: 3213: 3132: 3110: 3075: 3058:Homo erectus 3057: 3051: 3044:Homo erectus 3043: 3025:Homo erectus 3024: 3022: 2948:Paranthropus 2946: 2940: 2936:Homo habilis 2934: 2928: 2924:Homo erectus 2922: 2920: 2850: 2848:industries. 2834: 2816: 2801: 2799: 2779: 2754:, a cave in 2748: 2722:Homo sapiens 2721: 2717: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2676: 2673:Homo sapiens 2672: 2668: 2665:Homo erectus 2664: 2662: 2658:Neanderthals 2653: 2647: 2633: 2629:Homo erectus 2628: 2624:Homo erectus 2622: 2620: 2577: 2558: 2555:Homo erectus 2525: 2513:ethnographic 2506: 2494:Nice, France 2468: 2464:Messaudiense 2463: 2457:interglacial 2445: 2435:Beestoniense 2434: 2429: 2414: 2409: 2393:Kansan Stage 2391: 2380: 2375: 2360: 2355: 2337: 2327:Wolstoniense 2326: 2321: 2312:Eemian Stage 2306: 2301: 2298:Ipswichiense 2283: 2272: 2267: 2264:80,000 years 2252: 2247: 2238:10,000 years 2153: 2149:Indian Ocean 2126: 2116:such as the 2048: 2000: 1966: 1950:Tethys Ocean 1942: 1911: 1903: 1879: 1843: 1828: 1684: 1640: 1618:Ardipithecus 1617: 1536:Earlier apes 1493:Neanderthals 1477:Homo sapiens 1474: 1473: 1460: 1444: 1436: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1403: 1395: 1385: 1384: 1370: 1362: 1354: 1344: 1343: 1329: 1314: 1302:Ardipithecus 1299: 1298: 1284: 1276: 1262: 1249: 1236: 1226:Sivapithecus 1223: 1213:Oreopithecus 1210: 1197: 1183: 1175: 1166: 1153: 1140: 1128: 1114: 1101: 1086: 901: 893: 886:John Lubbock 882:Palaeolithic 879: 872:continents. 860:, above the 811: 770:Homo habilis 768: 762: 760: 752:South Africa 748:Blombos cave 733: 707: 663: 659: 652: 644: 640: 633: 625: 541:Palaeolithic 540: 536: 534: 471: 416: 395:(14–12.8 ka) 329:(44.5–36 ka) 312: 291:(18–12.5 ka) 250: 160:(400–220 ka) 154:(424–400 ka) 148:(500–130 ka) 130:(2.6–1.7 Ma) 84: 70: 37: 29: 11512:Pleistocene 11507:Paleolithic 11287:unchambered 11282:Long barrow 11272:Grave goods 11228:Court cairn 11223:Clava cairn 11175:Bowl barrow 11113:Rock cupule 11056:Golden hats 11049:Hill figure 10950:Unstan ware 10930:Cord-marked 10795:Sweet Track 10717:Burnt mound 10638:Stilt house 10626:Sibudu Cave 10419:Tally stick 10387:Quern-stone 10372:Hammerstone 10362:Fire plough 10333:Pesse canoe 10291:Bannerstone 10261:Other tools 10174:Lithic core 10122:Aurignacian 10010:Bare Island 9892:Quern-stone 9589:Scandinavia 9284:Paleolithic 9189:Smithsonian 9065:|work= 8961:21 February 8930:20 February 8606:Lev, Efraim 8312:Basic books 7689:23 December 7619:. pp. 7208:. pp. 6322:. Chicago: 5349:Nature News 5151:. pp. 5067:(in French) 4320:Turkana Boy 4295:Luzia Woman 4252:agriculture 4225:excarnation 4220:cannibalism 4132:pastoralism 4073:Kebara Cave 3976:plant-based 3968:chimpanzees 3900:similar to 3758:, Croatia ( 3655:pornography 3590:shamanistic 3574:Abbe Breuil 3511:bones from 3440:concept of 3398:egalitarian 3270:may not be 3235:Aurignacian 3205:Buku island 3199: BP). 3133:During the 3013:Abri Pataud 2988:Pleistocene 2890:Terra Amata 2882:chimpanzees 2528:infanticide 2509:archaeology 2490:Terra Amata 2473:Donau-Günz 2469:Calabriense 2460:Ludhamiense 2410:Maarifiense 2406:Cromeriense 2273:Devensiense 2253:Versiliense 2248:Mellahiense 2244:Flandriense 2191: 1700 2184: 3700 2137:trade winds 2067:Mount Kenya 2003:Pleistocene 1954:Pleistocene 1906:Pleistocene 1439:H. ergaster 1332:Ar. ramidus 1317:Ar. kadabba 1279:O. praegens 1117:Pleistocene 946:This box: 777:as well as 721:stone tools 692:Pleistocene 676:stone tools 537:Paleolithic 393:Federmesser 381:Magdalenian 351:Périgordian 339:Aurignacian 277:Aurignacian 271:Baradostian 214:(130–10 ka) 208:(130–70 ka) 202:(145–20 ka) 196:(160–40 ka) 71:Paleolithic 50: 1920 11501:Categories 11426:trepanning 11319:Ring cairn 11277:Jar burial 11260:transepted 11192:U.S. sites 11093:Petroglyph 11019:Bird stone 10977:wine press 10650:Stone roof 10633:Roundhouse 10525:long house 10502:Stonehenge 10470:Ceremonial 10414:Stone tool 10241:Tool stone 10211:Metallurgy 10115:Mousterian 10092:Toolmaking 10030:Cumberland 10003:Transverse 9973:Schöningen 9865:Qesem cave 9833:Earth oven 9787:Irrigation 9698:Technology 9666:Prehistory 9528:Metallurgy 9420:Bronze Age 9306:Mesolithic 9279:Flint tool 9274:Stone tool 9101:3 February 9048:2008-02-14 8844:2022-04-23 7877:. Oxford: 7852:2014-06-13 7615:. Berlin: 7459:2008-02-03 7426:2010-01-31 7308:1 December 7244:31 January 7180:31 January 7148:31 January 6827:2008-04-05 6779:2008-03-03 6749:2008-03-12 6724:2008-01-14 6621:2008-02-03 6459:Marx, Karl 6339:pp. 420-22 6209:2008-03-20 5952:2008-02-01 5847:31 January 5821:31 January 5270:5 February 5192:31 January 4920:31 January 4862:. p. 4805:31 January 4327:References 4077:winemaking 4071:layers of 4069:Mousterian 4017:as far as 4005: – c. 3972:frugivores 3956:frugivores 3945:New Guinea 3912:See also: 3886:apotropaic 3853:Mesolithic 3769:, Israel ( 3351:bipedalism 3347:polygynous 3343:monogamous 3195: – c. 3155: BP) 3102:microliths 3078:stone tool 3038: – c. 2964: 1.9 2842:Mousterian 2790:combustion 2735: – c. 2642: – c. 2618: BP. 2614: – c. 2585: – c. 2415:Siciliense 2403:Aftoniense 2356:Anfatiense 2129:Mark Lynas 2091:Laurentide 2073:, and the 2059:Patagonian 2051:Antarctica 2039:cave lions 1992:grasslands 1988:glaciation 1973:Antarctica 1969:Ice sheets 1958:continents 1938:equatorial 1924:(160 1508:Denisovans 1447:Au. sediba 1421:H. erectus 1388:H. habilis 1178:Ou. turkae 880:The term " 845: BP, 819: – c. 672:prehistory 628:(from 499:Mesolithic 488:(21–12 ka} 482:(24–15 ka) 456:(15–11 ka) 450:(15—11 ka) 444:(22–14 ka) 433:(25–11 ka) 427:(42–18 ka) 407:(13–12 ka) 405:Ahrensburg 401:(14–10 ka) 383:(17–12 ka) 377:(20–10 ka) 371:(22–17 ka) 365:(29–25 ka) 359:(33–24 ka) 357:Gravettian 353:(35–20 ka) 341:(43–26 ka) 335:(43–32 ka) 323:(48–40 ka) 321:Bohunician 295:Trialetian 285:(20–10 ka) 279:(35–29 ka) 273:(36–18 ka) 267:(46–42 ka) 261:(50–40 ka) 194:Mousterian 152:Clactonian 106: 3.3 36:Hunting a 11470:symbolism 11334:Tor cairn 11292:Grønsalen 11233:Cremation 11125:Sculpture 11103:Pictogram 11088:Petroform 10908:amber use 10876:Cosmetics 10686:Reservoir 10671:Check dam 10601:Pueblitos 10596:Pit-house 10579:Longhouse 10513:Dwellings 10382:Microlith 10313:Bow drill 10308:Bone tool 10301:prismatic 10110:Acheulean 10025:Cresswell 9998:Arrowhead 9924:Boomerang 9840:Granaries 9802:Terracing 9681:Stone Age 9574:Pre-Roman 9537:Continent 9442:Continent 9357:Continent 9311:Neolithic 9261:Stone Age 9067:ignored ( 9057:cite book 8798:1932-6203 8213:ignored ( 8203:cite book 8148:CiteSeerX 8071:10 August 7839:144317407 6974:144914396 6845:. Wiley. 6108:3 January 5991:163560577 5970:Antiquity 5601:Clark, JD 5415:9 October 4777:22 August 4733:(2005) . 4717:237616125 4701:0036-8075 4635:0036-8075 4229:predation 4213:chiefdoms 4170:sites at 3964:antelopes 3817:bear cult 3798:Atapuerca 3796:sites in 3782:afterlife 3733:spiritual 3729:religious 3603:goddesses 3562:Acheulean 3543:bracelets 3517:Thuringia 3201:Kilu Cave 3123:ambushing 3086:Acheulean 3015:hearths. 2853:hand axes 2831:Acheulean 2786:cosmology 2782:astronomy 2549:jewellery 2537:Neolithic 2517:!Kung San 2503: BP) 2442:Regresión 2439:Regresión 2388:Regresión 2385:Regresión 2381:Angliense 2352:Hoxniense 2334:Regresión 2331:Regresión 2302:Ouljiense 2280:Regresión 2277:Regresión 2268:Wisconsin 1934:marsupial 1888:from the 1406:Au. garhi 906:Stone Age 876:Etymology 825:Australia 791:spiritual 787:religious 767:—such as 736:artifacts 468:(10–8 ka) 462:(15–5 ka) 437:Mushabian 425:Khormusan 413:(11–8 ka) 411:Swiderian 369:Solutrean 363:Pavlovian 345:Szeletian 297:(16–8 ka) 206:Micoquien 140:Madrasian 134:Acheulean 39:Glyptodon 11108:Rock art 11071:painting 11044:Geoglyph 10869:timeline 10849:Beadwork 10589:Mehrgarh 10584:Mudbrick 10492:megalith 10367:Fire-saw 10189:debitage 10184:analysis 10152:Hand axe 10132:Cupstone 9710:Glossary 9671:Timeline 9584:Germanic 9510:Iron Age 9474:Atlantic 9166:3 August 8989:11 March 8925:Phys.org 8906:30782806 8838:Archived 8816:26200895 8768:PLOS ONE 8693:20956317 8592:15252198 8447:15699220 8404:14672287 8124:18032604 8058:17472915 8006:82271116 7998:10539941 7950:16085279 7795:86221120 7724:BBC News 7594:12494313 7553:15210984 7399:Archived 7368:(1996). 7350:28 March 6924:11 March 6888:20 March 6796:Archived 6744:BBC News 6719:Discover 6678:Archived 6557:11 March 6465:(1848). 6436:16129826 6285:12 March 6236:20 March 6230:BBC News 6174:Archived 6074:Lloyd, J 6011:BBC News 5917:Archived 5740:14527628 5693:11 April 5680:53489209 5333:21402905 5114:pp. 9–13 4837:23 March 4709:34554787 4651:36149744 4643:18339930 4513:(1991). 4478:12 March 4368:Springer 4258:See also 4152:bushfood 4140:reindeer 4044:such as 3809:totemism 3721:Dordogne 3643:scholar 3641:feminist 3551:rock art 3509:elephant 3452:and the 3429:monarchs 3272:reliable 3227:Dordogne 3112:Harpoons 2996:roasting 2945:such as 2917:, France 2902:Fire use 2877:scrapers 2869:frisbees 2857:choppers 2844:and the 2756:Portugal 2573:Ethiopia 2569:Tanzania 2545:rock art 2430:Nebraska 2322:Illinois 2208:(before) 2179:, until 2169:Holocene 2122:Beringia 2106:Beringia 2079:Ethiopia 2063:Tasmania 2011:parallel 1996:savannas 1971:grew on 1943:Most of 1914:Pliocene 1886:Miguelón 1130:Hominini 1104:Pliocene 870:Americas 866:Beringia 684:hominins 613:-lee-oh- 466:Magosian 454:Sebilian 307:Khiamian 301:Natufian 265:Ahmarian 158:Mugharan 142:(1.5 Ma) 124:(3.3 Ma) 79:Pliocene 11465:Symbols 11076:pigment 10962:Weaving 10925:Cardium 10920:Pottery 10915:Mirrors 10903:Jewelry 10844:Baskets 10824:culture 10676:Cistern 10482:Pyramid 10424:Weapons 10402:Scraper 10392:Racloir 10352:Cleaver 10340:Chopper 10246:Uniface 10157:Grooves 10147:Hafting 10105:Oldowan 10064:Systems 10015:Cascade 9978:woomera 9968:harpoon 9941:history 9907:Hunting 9887:Pottery 9828:Cooking 9737:Farming 9703:history 9676:Outline 9569:British 9494:Romania 9479:British 9404:British 8897:6421459 8874:Bibcode 8807:4511808 8776:Bibcode 8684:2973873 8661:Bibcode 8620:Bibcode 8532:2363289 8488:3541565 8193:14 June 8180:9648501 8115:2148269 8049:2493578 7930:Bibcode 7749:13 June 7521:Bibcode 7000:Preface 6966:2744349 6427:1266108 6404:Bibcode 6017:1 April 5576:Bibcode 5498:1490212 5478:Bibcode 5390:Bibcode 5324:3069174 5301:Bibcode 5071:10 June 4961:4 April 4681:Bibcode 4672:Science 4615:Bibcode 4606:Science 4285:Lascaux 4275:Caveman 4209:slavery 4201:Tlingit 4192:catfish 4163:isotope 4101:bananas 4089:kidneys 4061:legumes 4026:buffalo 3960:mussels 3937:fishing 3756:Krapina 3749:Oldowan 3687:trances 3438:Marxist 3106:atlatls 2886:Senegal 2873:hafting 2846:Aterian 2819:Oldowan 2532:nomadic 2222:Maghreb 2212:America 2141:Pacific 2133:El Niño 2095:Siberia 1980:isotope 1807:← 1785:← 1763:← 1750:cooking 1739:← 1719:← 1699:← 1675:← 1655:← 1632:← 1609:← 1589:← 1569:← 1549:← 1529:← 1265:Orrorin 1090:Miocene 1073:– 1063:– 1053:– 1043:– 1033:– 1023:– 1013:– 1003:– 993:– 983:– 894:palaios 890:παλαιός 858:Siberia 807:climate 781:by the 744:fishing 725:leather 718:knapped 645:palaiós 637:παλαιός 473:Siberia 460:Eburran 399:Azilian 387:Hamburg 289:Kebaran 283:Zarzian 212:Sangoan 200:Aterian 183:300–50 146:Soanian 128:Oldowan 122:Lomekwi 83:before 11443:flutes 11238:Dolmen 11162:Burial 10972:winery 10945:Linear 10775:Midden 10753:Cursus 10746:Goseck 10606:Pueblo 10557:Dugout 10542:Burdei 10221:Mining 10045:Lamoka 10040:Folsom 10020:Clovis 9877:Metate 9855:Hearth 9823:Basket 9797:Sickle 9564:Europe 9548:Asian 9544:Africa 9489:Nordic 9469:Europe 9457:Levant 9449:Africa 9428:Bronze 9399:Nordic 9394:Poland 9389:Europe 9384:Africa 9039: 8904: 8894: 8814: 8804: 8796: 8691: 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The 3841:arrows 3767:Qafzeh 3553:, and 3469:shaman 3409:tribes 3405:Sungir 3217:canine 3159:, the 3098:spears 3090:flakes 3048:Flores 2998:. The 2984:enamel 2825:, and 2823:burins 2774:biface 2720:or to 2571:, and 2376:Kansas 2112:early 2037:, and 1977:oxygen 1956:, the 1518: 924:, and 902:lithos 836:Europe 799:ritual 795:burial 729:fibers 664:líthos 442:Halfan 418:Africa 314:Europe 259:Emiran 235:50–12 229: 177: 111:– 300 99: 11360:sites 11304:Mummy 11024:Cairn 10940:Jōmon 10891:shoes 10886:Hides 10758:Henge 10712:Broch 10574:Jacal 10429:Wheel 10377:Knife 10323:Canoe 10318:Burin 10296:Blade 10194:flake 10055:Plano 9963:baton 9953:Spear 9919:Arrow 9872:Manos 9725:Tools 9579:Roman 9557:India 9552:China 9462:India 9453:Asia 9377:Japan 9372:India 9367:China 9363:Asia 8528:S2CID 8506:(PDF) 8343:(PDF) 8256:4 May 8233:(PDF) 8187:(PDF) 8144:(PDF) 8065:(PDF) 8024:(PDF) 8002:S2CID 7957:(PDF) 7916:(PDF) 7886:(PDF) 7871:(PDF) 7846:(PDF) 7835:S2CID 7813:(PDF) 7791:S2CID 7769:(PDF) 7621:96–97 7478:(PDF) 7302:(PDF) 7291:(PDF) 7261:Numen 7174:(PDF) 7167:(PDF) 7071:[ 6970:S2CID 6962:JSTOR 6099:(PDF) 6050:(PDF) 5987:S2CID 5747:(PDF) 5716:(PDF) 5687:(PDF) 5676:S2CID 5654:(PDF) 5564:(PDF) 5494:S2CID 5409:(PDF) 5376:(PDF) 5117:p. 70 5034:[ 5013:(PDF) 4713:S2CID 4647:S2CID 4601:(PDF) 4237:lions 4113:emmer 4081:organ 4011:seals 3870:era ( 3845:lungs 3691:drums 3683:flute 3661:Music 3582:lions 3555:ochre 3547:beads 3421:Mbuti 3391:ochre 3372:bands 3311:bands 3157:bolas 3029:rafts 2980:molar 2796:Tools 2663:Both 2565:Kenya 2135:with 2055:Andes 1918:drift 898:λίθος 847:Japan 838:. 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