Pain - Knowledge

648: 287:". Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time between onset and resolution; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. Others apply "acute" to pain that lasts less than 30 days, "chronic" to pain of more than six months' duration, and "subacute" to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of "chronic pain", involving no arbitrarily fixed duration, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as " 611: 631:

independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by

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though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, raising issues related to the statistical power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."

9550: 1090: 8358: 8352: 1246:, is pain caused, increased or prolonged by mental, emotional or behavioral factors. Headaches, back pain and stomach pain are sometimes diagnosed as psychogenic. Those affected are often stigmatized, because both medical professionals and the general public tend to think that pain from a psychological source is not "real". However, specialists consider that it is no less actual or hurtful than pain from any other source. 812:

activities may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both the sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate only the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed. (p. 432)

9562: 56: 9108: 1713:, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, wrote that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is unclear. 457:. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. 945:

intermediate descriptors as to avoid marking of scores around a preferred numeric value. When applied as a pain descriptor, these anchors are often 'no pain' and 'worst imaginable pain". Cut-offs for pain classification have been recommended as no pain (0–4mm), mild pain (5–44mm), moderate pain (45–74mm) and severe pain (75–100mm).

1724:, as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel pain simply because of the lack of any pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, and, by extension, a lack of consciousness. Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the 424: 1732:, are known for their "obvious sensory abilities". Nevertheless, no member of the plant kingdom does feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this is that, unlike the members of the 423: 428: 427: 422: 851:

be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors. This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a

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experience several bouts of pain per day, or it may reoccur less often. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb. Phantom limb pain may accompany

568:. Across studies, participants that were subjected to acute physical pain in the laboratory subsequently reported feeling better than those in non-painful control conditions, a finding which was also reflected in physiological parameters. A potential mechanism to explain this effect is provided by the 1515:

effect is more pronounced in people who are prone to anxiety, and so anxiety reduction may account for some of the effect, but it does not account for all of it. Placebos are more effective for intense pain than mild pain; and they produce progressively weaker effects with repeated administration. It

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can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be more emotional and show pain, and men more stoic. As a result, female pain is often stigmatized, leading to less urgent treatment of women based on social expectations of their ability to accurately report it. This leads

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Cultural barriers may also affect the likelihood of reporting pain. Patients may feel that certain treatments go against their religious beliefs. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction, and avoid pain treatment so as not to

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addresses the question of why pain should have the quality of being painful. He describes the alternative as a mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins argues that drives must compete with one another within living beings. The most "fit" creature would

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of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72% of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 67% reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others

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Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (November 2011). "Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily

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in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by

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is used as retribution for an offence, for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In Western societies, the intentional infliction of severe pain (torture) was principally used to extract confession prior to its abolition in the

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Beliefs about pain play an important role in sporting cultures. Pain may be viewed positively, exemplified by the 'no pain, no gain' attitude, with pain seen as an essential part of training. Sporting culture tends to normalise experiences of pain and injury and celebrate athletes who 'play hurt'.

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to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain under some conditions,

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are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.

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Pain, however, does not only wave a "red flag" within living beings but may also act as a warning sign and a call for help to other living beings. Especially in humans who readily helped each other in case of sickness or injury throughout their evolutionary history, pain might be shaped by natural

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evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten percent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the

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Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also. The presence of pain in animals is unknown, but can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions, such as paw withdrawal from various noxious mechanical stimuli in rodents.

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They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive

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theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain. Descartes' work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus

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saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks, or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from

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A survey of 6,636 children (0–18 years of age) found that, of the 5,424 respondents, 54% had experienced pain in the preceding three months. A quarter reported having experienced recurrent or continuous pain for three months or more, and a third of these reported frequent and intense pain. The

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Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. Knowing the time of onset, location, intensity, pattern of occurrence (continuous, intermittent, etc.), exacerbating and relieving factors, and quality (burning, sharp, etc.) of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the

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The way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the same way that a younger person might. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of

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With a non-communicative person, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding (trying to protect part of the body from being bumped or touched) indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in

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The visual analogue scale is a common, reproducible tool in the assessment of pain and pain relief. The scale is a continuous line anchored by verbal descriptors, one for each extreme of pain where a higher score indicates greater pain intensity. It is usually 10 cm in length with no

722:. The paleospinothalamic tract carries the slow, dull, C-fiber pain signal. Some of the paleospinothalamic fibers peel off in the brain stem, connecting with the reticular formation or midbrain periaqueductal gray, and the remainder terminate in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. 430: 2825:

Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N, Dale O, De Conno F, Fallon M, Hanna M, Haugen DF, Juhl G, King S, Klepstad P, Laugsand EA, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Nabal M, Pigni A, Radbruch L, Reid C, Sjogren P, Stone PC, Tassinari D, Zeppetella G (February 2012).

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studies have reported widely varying prevalence rates for chronic pain, ranging from 12 to 80% of the population. It becomes more common as people approach death. A study of 4,703 patients found that 26% had pain in the last two years of life, increasing to 46% in the last month.

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be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain immediately to receive immediate relief.

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A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain. Some health care professionals may underestimate pain severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by

686:) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These A-delta and C fibers enter the spinal cord via 484:

in countries where that disease is prevalent. These individuals are at risk of tissue damage and infection due to undiscovered injuries. People with diabetes-related nerve damage, for instance, sustain poorly-healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.

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The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)

383:. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough 7377:

Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without

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may also indicate the older adult is experiencing pain. They may be reluctant to report pain because they do not want to be perceived as weak, or may feel it is impolite or shameful to complain, or they may feel the pain is a form of deserved punishment.

492:". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy. Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five 1152:

pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

1005:, but lack the language needed to report it, and so communicate distress by crying. A non-verbal pain assessment should be conducted involving the parents, who will notice changes in the infant which may not be obvious to the health care provider. 828:

retraction from the painful stimulus, and tendencies to protect the affected body part while it heals, and avoid that harmful situation in the future. It is an important part of animal life, vital to healthy survival. People with

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article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that the thin C and A-delta (pain) and large diameter A-beta (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the

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in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet liquid by mouth moderately reduces the rate and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.

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and other interventions. Spinal manipulation produces the same outcome as other treatments, such as general practitioner care, pain-relief drugs, physical therapy, and exercise, for acute (short-term) lower back pain.

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Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes".

425: 7557: 7542: 7518: 2990: 1105:), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. 159:

is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.

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Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, Yang SS, Chang SJ (February 2017). "The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

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The administration of torture on bodies othered by the cultural narrative, those observed as not 'full members of society' met a resurgence in the 20th century, possibly due to the heightened warfare.

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Idiopathic pain (pain that persists after the trauma or pathology has healed, or that arises without any apparent cause) may be an exception to the idea that pain is helpful to survival, although some

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Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (March 1985). "Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain".

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If I have matters right, the consequences of pain will include direct physical distress, unemployment, financial difficulties, marital disharmony, and difficulties in concentration and attention…

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may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other severe injury.

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injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of

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is pain experienced in response to a normally painless stimulus. It has no biological function and is classified by characteristics of the stimuli as cold, heat, touch, pressure or a pinprick.

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The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) says that due to a lack of evidence from high quality research, it does not endorse the general use of cannabinoids to treat pain.

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Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (July 2000). "Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience".

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along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which

1269:"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points in the other direction, to chronic pain causing 7475: 3809: 5704: 1657:

Many cultures use painful ritual practices as a catalyst for psychological transformation. The use of pain to transition to a 'cleansed and purified' state is seen in religious

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Physical pain is a universal experience, and a strong motivator of human and animal behavior. As such, physical pain is used politically in relation to various issues such as

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people cannot use words to tell others that they are experiencing pain. However, they may be able to communicate through other means, such as blinking, pointing, or nodding.

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legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

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it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.

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Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003).

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Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's

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and their role in pain, various different body functions were proposed to account for pain. There were several competing early theories of pain among the ancient Greeks:

5908:"Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review" 4546: 2601:

Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (November 1983). "Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation".

2215: 1536:, published in January 2009, concluded there was little difference in the effect of real, fake and no acupuncture. However, more recent reviews have found some benefit. 639:, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact. 4576: 3004: 263:

Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed. But some painful conditions, such as

4977: 4515: 9803: 5625: 659:, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, send 4766: 1634:, a concept that encompasses the "set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy". 994:

and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline, such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited

894:" is the point at which the subject begins to feel pain, and the "pain threshold intensity" is the stimulus intensity at which the stimulus begins to hurt. The " 155:

to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. Most pain resolves once the

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Prkachin KM, Solomon PE, Ross J (June 2007). "Underestimation of pain by health-care providers: towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others".

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Another approach, when pain is suspected, is to give the person treatment for pain, and then watch to see whether the suspected indicators of pain subside.

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of the spinal cord, and that A-beta fiber signals acting on inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn can reduce the intensity of pain signals sent to the brain.

737:(thought to embody, among other things, the affective/motivational element, the unpleasantness of pain), and pain that is distinctly located also activates 7261:

Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR (January 1995). "The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats".

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Urch CE, Suzuki R (26 September 2008). "Pathophysiology of somatic, visceral, and neuropathic cancer pain". In Sykes N, Bennett MI & Yuan C-S (ed.).

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to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull.

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is possible for many with chronic pain to become so absorbed in an activity or entertainment that the pain is no longer felt, or is greatly diminished.

756:, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the much larger, more heavily myelinated A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. 449:

definition of pain, it is possible in some patients to induce a state known as pain asymbolia, described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness, with

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are more likely than others to suffer unnecessarily while in the care of a physician; and women's pain is more likely to be undertreated than men's.

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Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL (October 1998). "The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction?".

547: 501: 6184:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups" 6375:

Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB (January 2016). "Herbal Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review".

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Nociceptive pain may also be classed according to the site of origin and divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain.

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More recently, McCaffery defined pain as "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does."

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For example, lack of food, extreme cold, or serious injuries are felt as exceptionally painful, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort.

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Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals to the

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Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ (May 2002). "The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care".

4670:"Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation" 5867:"Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7646: 2459:

Jensen TS, Finnerup NB (September 2014). "Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms".

1387:. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as 5184:

Jacobson PL, Mann JD (January 2003). "Evolving role of the neurologist in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncancer pain".

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Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C, Tan JS (October 2004).

538:, problem solving, and information processing speed. Pain is also associated with increased depression, anxiety, fear, and anger. 5572: 5515: 2293: 1736:

whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death.

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vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn

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psychologists argue that such pain is psychogenic, enlisted as a protective distraction to keep dangerous emotions unconscious.

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Hart RP, Wade JB, Martelli MF (April 2003). "Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: the significance of stress".

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intensity of chronic pain was higher for girls, and girls' reports of chronic pain increased markedly between ages 12 and 14.

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fibers. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (

504:). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the 175:, problem solving and information processing speed, and are more likely to experience irritability, depression, and anxiety. 4568: 3020: 1067: 825: 6832:

Atkinson M, Young K (2001). "Flesh journeys: neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification".

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neuropathic pain is often described as "burning", "tingling", "electrical", "stabbing", or "pins and needles". Bumping the "

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The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic

5826:"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department" 5387:"Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment" 4507: 11278: 8683: 8587: 7494: 4265:"The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain" 1128:, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. 530:

Experimental subjects challenged by acute pain and patients in chronic pain experience impairments in attention control,

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Pain can be treated through a variety of methods. The most appropriate method depends upon the situation. Management of

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Melzack R, Katz J (2004). "The Gate Control Theory: Reaching for the Brain". In Craig KD, Hadjistavropoulos T (eds.).

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alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

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A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "

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Turk DC, Okifuji A (2001). "Pain terms and taxonomies of pain". In Bonica JJ, Loeser JD, Chapman CR, Turk DC (eds.).

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argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do.

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Encandela JA (1997). "Social Construction of pain and aging: Individual artfulness within interpretive structures".

1754:, the tendency to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events 10696: 9793: 9753: 8599: 1042:

to extended emergency room wait times for women and frequent dismissal of their ability to accurately report pain.

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In pain science, thresholds are measured by gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus in a procedure called

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vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of

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therapy produces the illusion of movement and touch in a phantom limb which in turn may cause a reduction in pain.

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The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology)

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can be used instead of opioids for short-term pain. Pain medications can cause paradoxical side effects, such as

718:. The neospinothalamic tract carries the fast, sharp A-delta signal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the 3326:"Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms" 2920: 2040:

Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A (July 2008).

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Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010).

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which summarized and evaluated numerous studies from various psychological disciplines, found a reduction in

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Encandela JA (March 1993). "Social science and the study of pain since Zborowski: a need for a new agenda".

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Marchand S (2010). "Applied pain neurophysiology". In Beaulieu P, Lussier D, Porreca F, Dickenson A (eds.).

1113:). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal. 807:"cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). 508:. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the 362:, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by 11212: 11078: 10989: 9686: 9445: 9266: 8864: 7639: 4758: 2723:

Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors".

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Breakthrough pain is transitory pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's regular

183: 6051:"Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review" 5573:

Delegates to the International Pain Summit of the International Association for the Study of Pain (2010).

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experience less cancer pain, take less pain medication, report less labor pain and are less likely to use

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Pain has psychological, social, and physical dimensions, and is greatly influenced by cultural factors.

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meaning "punishment, penalty" (also meaning "torment, hardship, suffering" in Late Latin) and that from

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The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983

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Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH (February 2003). "Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update".

2238: 11174: 11116: 10927: 10283: 9480: 9455: 9324: 8897: 8792: 8594: 7235: 1710: 1630:. The deliberate infliction of pain and the medical management of pain are both important aspects of 1180: 999:

Changes in behavior may be noticed by caregivers who are familiar with the person's normal behavior.

927: 852: 753: 734: 695: 414: 148:

experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."

5824:

Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CR, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, et al. (October 2018).

3172: 2858: 1503:

can significantly affect pain intensity. About 35% of people report marked relief after receiving a

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Lasky RE, van Drongelen W (October 2010). "Is sucrose an effective analgesic for newborn babies?".

3883:(1968). "Sensory, Motivational, and Central Control Determinants of Pain". In Kenshalo, Dan (ed.). 2332: 2326: 1465: 715: 505: 17: 6326:"The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4892: 1662: 1472:, and it is unknown if sugar reduces pain for other procedures. Sugar did not affect pain-related 11101: 10477: 10165: 9256: 8967: 8962: 8892: 8807: 8651: 8374: 7866: 7632: 2165:

Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, Gaylord SA, et al. (January 2020).

1490: 979: 957:

state of a person with chronic pain. Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their

569: 1273:. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and 655:

Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others,

11265: 11096: 10706: 10492: 10311: 9251: 9241: 9032: 8987: 8735: 8678: 8542: 8472: 8324: 8063: 7659: 6562:

Hasselström J, Liu-Palmgren J, Rasjö-Wrååk G (2002). "Prevalence of pain in general practice".

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Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG (June 2001). "Pain management in the culture of critical care".

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Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP)".

3699: 3693: 1326: 1220:(but without evidence of real or threatened tissue damage, or without disease or damage in the 1199: 1098: 707: 586: 7612: 7535: 7531: 7527: 6955:"Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research" 6793:"The ritual experience: pain and the transformation of consciousness in ordeals of initiation" 5425: 4633:

Slater EE, DeSanctis RW (May 1976). "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm".

3991: 3901: 3668: 3662: 2432: 801:"sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), 560:

Although pain is considered to be aversive and unpleasant and is therefore usually avoided, a

11303: 10293: 10273: 9998: 9886: 9715: 9554: 9314: 9309: 9116: 9007: 8928: 8822: 8467: 8272: 7701: 7480: 5310: 5052:

Brown AK, Christo PJ, Wu CL (December 2004). "Strategies for postoperative pain management".

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Nursing practice theories related to cognition, bodily pain, and man-environment interactions

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pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels,

1052: 939: 535: 497: 268: 172: 35: 7157:

DeGrazia D, Rowan A (September 1991). "Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans".

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Straube S, Andrew Moore R, Derry S, McQuay HJ (January 2009). "Vitamin D and chronic pain".

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Craig AD (2003). "Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing".

3406:"The effect of acute physical pain on subsequent negative emotional affect: A meta-analysis" 2424: 607:

theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation.

11467: 11164: 11131: 10830: 10545: 10449: 10048: 9909: 9535: 9286: 9126: 9097: 8992: 8834: 8777: 8767: 8755: 8666: 8661: 8646: 8631: 8547: 8497: 8492: 8437: 8297: 8048: 7208: 6049:

Harrison D, Stevens B, Bueno M, Yamada J, Adams-Webber T, Beyene J, Ohlsson A (June 2010).

4681: 3824: 3736: 2732: 1666: 1586: 1384: 1349: 1341: 1314: 1221: 1172: 1070:

brain scanning has been used to measure pain, and correlates well with self-reported pain.

856: 350:

electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.

264: 7304:

Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, et al. (August 2020).

2135:"Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain" 8: 11462: 10820: 10805: 10691: 10630: 10566: 10170: 10084: 9429: 9329: 9206: 9176: 9161: 8782: 8745: 8730: 8700: 8641: 8626: 8582: 8567: 8462: 8452: 8098: 7561: 3152:"AN INTRODUCTORY APPROACH TO PAIN MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA WITH BRIEF HOLISTIC REVIEW" 2083:"Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews" 1646:

has been reserved for offences posing a severe threat to the social fabric (for example,

1638: 1547: 1400: 1330: 1195: 863:

selection to be a credible and convincing signal of the need for relief, help, and care.

767: 730: 699: 687: 477: 178:

Simple pain medications are useful in 20% to 70% of cases. Psychological factors such as

4685: 3828: 2736: 1820:

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020).

323:, or from which the brain no longer receives signals. It is a type of neuropathic pain. 11477: 10904: 10856: 10810: 10749: 10734: 10288: 10155: 10064: 9663: 9593: 9505: 9399: 9339: 9062: 9042: 8740: 8720: 8705: 8695: 8636: 8616: 8577: 8572: 8537: 8522: 8482: 8442: 8314: 8053: 8043: 7691: 7416: 7391: 7361: 7332: 7305: 7286: 7182: 7139: 7092: 7050: 6979: 6954: 6910: 6893: 6849: 6814: 6773: 6765: 6706: 6658: 6633: 6587: 6487: 6439: 6414: 6352: 6325: 6306: 6262: 6208: 6183: 6159: 6134: 6115: 6031: 5983: 5958: 5801: 5776: 5752: 5727: 5651: 5543: 5531: 5417: 5405: 5245: 5220: 5020: 4943: 4918: 4850: 4830: 4728: 4704: 4669: 4289: 4264: 4106: 4081: 3805: 3748: 3615: 3485: 3430: 3405: 3375: 3350: 3325: 3306: 3258: 3233: 3214: 3066: 2970: 2885: 2802: 2775: 2756: 2669: 2626: 2583: 2528: 2503: 2484: 2391: 2191: 2166: 2107: 2082: 1848: 1821: 1763: 1751: 1408: 1334: 1038: 991: 763: 729:(thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other 619: 469: 109: 87: 31: 6694: 6575: 6019: 5135: 5100: 3054: 2846: 2571: 2556:"Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study" 2472: 2014: 1987: 11360: 11329: 11106: 11053: 10984: 10825: 10815: 10571: 10561: 10530: 10434: 10336: 10252: 10175: 10114: 10094: 10074: 9988: 9968: 9861: 9424: 9359: 9334: 9186: 9146: 8725: 8552: 8527: 8504: 8477: 8292: 8282: 8139: 8129: 7996: 7923: 7856: 7826: 7583: 7443: 7421: 7337: 7278: 7274: 7174: 7042: 6984: 6936: 6915: 6872: 6853: 6761: 6698: 6663: 6614: 6579: 6544: 6479: 6444: 6413:

Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012).

6392: 6357: 6298: 6254: 6213: 6164: 6107: 6072: 6023: 5988: 5927: 5888: 5847: 5806: 5757: 5682: 5605: 5547: 5535: 5484: 5471: 5409: 5367: 5318: 5291: 5250: 5201: 5166: 5139: 5104: 5069: 5027: 5004: 4948: 4884: 4842: 4796: 4709: 4650: 4646: 4615: 4433: 4429: 4396: 4368: 4358: 4330: 4294: 4243: 4213: 4184: 4159: 4134: 4111: 4057: 3995: 3984: 3950: 3909: 3884: 3840: 3783: 3740: 3703: 3672: 3641: 3607: 3564: 3539: 3511: 3435: 3384: 3355: 3298: 3263: 3218: 3206: 3132: 3089: 3070: 3058: 3010: 2962: 2958: 2900: 2850: 2807: 2748: 2703: 2661: 2657: 2618: 2614: 2575: 2533: 2476: 2436: 2425: 2400: 2366: 2336: 2266: 2258: 2196: 2142: 2112: 2063: 2019: 1968: 1913: 1886: 1876: 1853: 1757: 1658: 1520: 1504: 1361: 1281:, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved. 1056: 1022: 970: 891: 771: 703: 473: 465: 71: 7566: 7306:"A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales" 7290: 7186: 7096: 6777: 6491: 6310: 6266: 6119: 6035: 5421: 4854: 3752: 3619: 3341: 3310: 2974: 2673: 2630: 2488: 2331:(2 nd ed.). Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain. pp. 2182: 2167:"Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1838: 1702: 1589:

in more than 50% of cases, and is present in 30% of family practice visits. Several

953:

The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the

804:"affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and 627: 615: 11146: 11091: 11023: 10840: 10783: 10686: 10681: 10591: 10540: 10535: 10497: 10444: 10439: 9826: 9676: 9465: 9349: 9276: 9191: 9072: 9022: 8882: 8688: 8656: 8329: 8287: 8203: 8198: 7411: 7403: 7327: 7317: 7270: 7166: 7131: 7084: 7054: 7034: 6974: 6966: 6905: 6841: 6809: 6804: 6792: 6757: 6710: 6690: 6653: 6645: 6571: 6536: 6471: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6384: 6347: 6337: 6290: 6244: 6203: 6195: 6154: 6146: 6103: 6099: 6062: 6015: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5919: 5878: 5837: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5694: 5527: 5476: 5466: 5401: 5359: 5281: 5240: 5232: 5193: 5131: 5096: 5061: 4973: 4938: 4930: 4834: 4826: 4699: 4689: 4642: 4607: 4493:

Chronic Pain Management in the Long Term Care Setting: Clinical Practice Guidelines

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Romanelli P, Esposito V (July 2004). "The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain".

3732: 3597: 3477: 3425: 3417: 3345: 3337: 3290: 3253: 3245: 3198: 3122: 3050: 2954: 2842: 2797: 2787: 2760: 2740: 2653: 2610: 2587: 2567: 2523: 2515: 2468: 2250: 2186: 2178: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2053: 2009: 1999: 1958: 1843: 1833: 1353: 1233: 1211: 1162: 1025:. Depression may also keep older adult from reporting they are in pain. Decline in 883: 794: 711: 683: 660: 342: 284: 156: 113: 7122:

Lockwood JA (1987). "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction".

6934:"The ethics of research involving animals. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics." 6591: 6233:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain" 5602:

Cousins and Bridenbaugh's Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

4156:

Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of person-centered nursing care

4050: 239:

System whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal)

11063: 11004: 10976: 10792: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10716: 10525: 10482: 10429: 10056: 9929: 9896: 9881: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9404: 9344: 9281: 9196: 9156: 9141: 9092: 9082: 9037: 8844: 8812: 8710: 8517: 8509: 8447: 8334: 7953: 7577: 7470: 6388: 5777:"Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults" 4934: 4694: 3836: 3640:. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain Press. pp. 3–26. 3602: 3585: 2554:

Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000).

2311: 1693: 1627: 1607: 1590: 1357: 1322: 1310: 1290: 1262: 995: 987: 922: 907: 847: 834: 565: 380: 164: 5699: 4097: 2776:"Breakthrough cancer pain: review of prevalence, characteristics and management" 346: 11381: 11232: 11184: 10919: 10899: 10625: 10576: 10512: 10460: 10416: 10278: 10160: 10147: 10137: 10040: 9973: 9876: 9743: 9490: 9460: 9389: 9364: 9354: 9201: 9181: 9171: 9057: 8977: 8869: 8802: 8621: 8302: 8262: 8188: 7836: 7407: 6845: 6475: 5452:"The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain" 5286: 5269: 5221:"Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature" 5122:

Rupp T, Delaney KA (April 2004). "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine".

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Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "The classification of pain". In Weiner RS (ed.).

3876: 3801: 1793: 1706: 1619: 1567: 1486: 1453: 1388: 1352:, in the management of all forms of chronic pain including cancer pain, and in 1266: 1191: 1168: 1002: 974: 895: 790: 759: 726: 531: 461: 404: 213: 179: 168: 7588: 7088: 7038: 6150: 5883: 5866: 5350:

Cleeland CS (June 1998). "Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients".

5065: 3779: 3294: 2519: 2254: 1379:, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that 11457: 11451: 11401: 11396: 11350: 11288: 11273: 11169: 10891: 10835: 10650: 10617: 10601: 10520: 10464: 10424: 10373: 10364: 10321: 9871: 9836: 9788: 9748: 9586: 9414: 9409: 9374: 9271: 9261: 9221: 9067: 9002: 8997: 8877: 8562: 8246: 8112: 7964: 7933: 7861: 7766: 7465: 7025:

Griffin DR, Speck GB (January 2004). "New evidence of animal consciousness".

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What animals want: expertise and advocacy in laboratory animal welfare policy

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Smith GF, Toonen TR (April 2007). "Primary care of the patient with cancer".

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problem. For example, chest pain described as extreme heaviness may indicate

1006: 867: 671: 561: 454: 367: 80: 7551: 6540: 6067: 6050: 5236: 2792: 2081:

Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015).

1766:, the legal term for the physical and emotional stress caused from an injury 186:, excitement, or distraction can affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. 11355: 11334: 11319: 11293: 11111: 10932: 10909: 10881: 10876: 10800: 10739: 10502: 10487: 10209: 10198: 9783: 9768: 9763: 9500: 9495: 9379: 9211: 9136: 9087: 9077: 9052: 9047: 9017: 8951: 8849: 8762: 8606: 8058: 7986: 7873: 7736: 7489: 7425: 7392:"Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness" 7341: 7046: 6988: 6919: 6726:

Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78

6702: 6667: 6618: 6583: 6548: 6483: 6448: 6396: 6361: 6302: 6258: 6217: 6168: 6111: 6076: 6027: 5992: 5931: 5907: 5892: 5851: 5810: 5761: 5539: 5488: 5413: 5295: 5254: 5205: 5170: 5143: 5108: 5073: 4952: 4888: 4846: 4713: 4334: 4298: 4217: 4115: 3787: 3744: 3611: 3439: 3359: 3302: 3267: 3210: 3136: 3062: 2854: 2811: 2744: 2579: 2537: 2480: 2270: 2200: 2116: 2067: 2023: 1972: 1857: 1571: 1555: 1469: 1461: 1306: 1250: 1125: 1110: 954: 636: 316: 311: 280: 258: 167:

and general functioning. People in pain experience impaired concentration,

7282: 7178: 6342: 5371: 4654: 4619: 4437: 3844: 3202: 2752: 2665: 2622: 2423:

Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "Classification of pain". In Weiner R (ed.).

1963: 1946: 1253:

frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the

1167:

Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the

1144:

and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include

136:

is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The

11416: 11324: 11298: 11283: 11245: 11068: 11043: 11038: 11028: 11014: 10640: 10596: 10472: 10401: 10129: 9993: 9919: 9904: 9866: 9821: 9778: 9773: 9671: 9645: 9369: 9216: 8416: 8389: 8228: 8166: 8038: 8006: 7928: 7908: 7801: 7607: 6680: 5480: 4280: 3189:

Axelrod FB, Hilz MJ (December 2003). "Inherited autonomic neuropathies".

2966: 2058: 2041: 1643: 1611: 1533: 1376: 1278: 1270: 1217: 1120:(e.g., the heart, liver and intestines) are highly sensitive to stretch, 1084: 915: 911: 664: 600: 596: 384: 363: 288: 272: 7322: 6943:. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010. 6769: 5959:"Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures" 5923: 5516:"The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain" 4355:

Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems

11436: 11391: 11255: 11250: 11222: 11202: 11126: 11086: 11033: 11018: 10942: 10406: 10396: 10303: 10244: 10119: 9942: 9856: 9694: 9630: 9530: 9231: 8854: 8213: 8083: 7893: 7786: 7781: 7681: 7676: 7170: 7143: 5842: 5825: 4838: 3489: 3421: 1500: 1424: 1404: 1190:

Some manifestations of neuropathic pain include: traumatic neuropathy,

1184: 1102: 1009:

are more sensitive to painful stimuli than those carried to full term.

890:, or chemical stimuli applied to the subject to evoke a response. The " 656: 632: 359: 353: 336: 327: 276: 199: 120: 64: 30:

This article is about physical pain. For mental or emotional pain, see

6818: 6294: 6249: 6232: 6199: 4326: 3561:

Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function

1637:

In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of

1539:

Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicines.

1340:

Inadequate treatment of pain is widespread throughout surgical wards,

11048: 10994: 10861: 10391: 10381: 10326: 10316: 10193: 9978: 9947: 9937: 9831: 9758: 9738: 9730: 9702: 9653: 9640: 9475: 9166: 8404: 8379: 8366: 8309: 8255: 8149: 8124: 8093: 8001: 7958: 7938: 7888: 7883: 7821: 7816: 7791: 7731: 7711: 7696: 7686: 6746:"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis" 5957:

Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016).

3249: 2991:"International Association for the Study of Pain | Pain Definitions". 2924: 2160: 2158: 1760:, the branch of philosophy concerned with suffering and physical pain 1670: 1563: 1532:

An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with

1432: 1420: 1396: 1392: 1026: 702:. Before reaching the brain, the spinothalamic tract splits into the 439: 332: 320: 299: 125: 76: 10009: 7510: 7135: 5197: 3481: 1101:

that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (

670:

The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along

279:

pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called "

11217: 11207: 11197: 11136: 11009: 10866: 10664: 9635: 9384: 8399: 8394: 8384: 8319: 8156: 8078: 8068: 8033: 8020: 7903: 7846: 7796: 7776: 6090:

Wark DM (July 2008). "What we can do with hypnosis: a brief note".

3127: 3110: 2921:"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions" 2004: 1988:"What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?" 1631: 1508: 1436: 1428: 1258: 1121: 1089: 887: 886:, thermal (heat or cold), mechanical (pressure, touch, vibration), 749: 719: 604: 450: 392: 152: 7624: 7073:"Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy?" 6561: 6506:"IASP Position Statement on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Pain" 3538:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). London: Lea & Febiger. p. 7. 2155: 2134: 1642:

latter part of the 19th century. Torture as a means to punish the

11386: 11240: 11192: 11154: 11058: 10999: 10331: 9707: 8829: 8409: 8357: 8351: 8277: 8237: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8119: 7979: 7878: 7841: 7811: 7806: 7771: 7751: 7741: 7726: 7668: 7655: 7205:

The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs

6412: 2039: 1745: 1647: 1623: 1512: 1449: 1274: 675: 481: 232:

recommends using specific features to describe a patient's pain:

145: 7004:

The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science

3455:

Linton. Models of Pain Perception. Elsevier Health, 2005. Print.

460:

Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the

10645: 10635: 10341: 8920: 8859: 8193: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8025: 7972: 7831: 7746: 7546: 7522: 7484: 6139:

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

5599: 5270:"Assessment and management of pain in palliative care patients" 4080:

Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016).

3468:

Dallenbach KM (July 1939). "Pain: History and present status".

2722: 2553: 1733: 1721: 1145: 1141: 1117: 1106: 679: 592: 515: 388: 8840:

Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

7390:

Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021).

6461: 5956: 4668:

Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011).

4082:"Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms" 1554:, short-term improvements in pain and function, compared with 1309:

can be difficult and may require the coordinated efforts of a

961:

is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.

898:

threshold" is reached when the subject acts to stop the pain.

434:

A patient and doctor discuss congenital insensitivity to pain.

10871: 10673: 10586: 10581: 10355: 10265: 10240: 8341: 8267: 8161: 8134: 8013: 7948: 7943: 7913: 7851: 7721: 7716: 6374: 4357:(10th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 126. 1792:

Rollin drafted the 1985 Health Research Extension Act and an

510: 283:" or "persistent", and pain that resolves quickly is called " 206: 141: 55: 6885: 5823: 5728:"Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults" 5219:

Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008).

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Bonica JJ (1990). "History of pain concepts and therapies".

2774:

Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009).

2773: 1947:"Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls" 1375:

advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a

11406: 11159: 8144: 8105: 8088: 7991: 7918: 7898: 6932:

Working party of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2005).

4079: 3086:

The gift of pain: why we hurt & what we can do about it

2643: 2600: 9107: 6634:"The epidemiology of pain during the last 2 years of life" 6181: 6048: 5600:

Horlocker TT, Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, Carr DL (2008).

5449: 4815: 4597: 4311: 1873:

Understanding Pain : Exploring the Perception of Pain

1443:(severe generalized pain caused by long-term opioid use). 10386: 8073: 7761: 6631: 6607:

Le Journal Medical Libanais. The Lebanese Medical Journal

4870:"Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" 3586:"Nociceptors – noxious stimulus detectors" 2824: 2164: 1562:

There has been some interest in the relationship between

1473: 1037:

Gender can also be a perceived factor in reporting pain.

797:

described chronic pain in terms of its three dimensions:

752:

have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as

9804:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

7440:

Chasing Pain: The Search for a Neurobiological Mechanism

6866: 6739: 6737: 6735: 3908:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 106. 3759: 3510:. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. 3040: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2314:

on 28 July 2011 – via Online Etymology Dictionary.

220:), generally meaning "price paid, penalty, punishment". 9578: 7303: 7260: 6408: 6406: 6182:

Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).

3108: 2501: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2080: 1419:

Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as

824:

Pain is part of the body's defense system, producing a

694:. These spinal cord fibers then cross the cord via the 236:

Region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs)

7389: 7006:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118. 6526: 6324:

Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015).

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Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology

4395:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 180–192. 3410:

Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

2940: 1179:, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pain. 843:

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6894:"Culture's effects on pain assessment and management" 6869:

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6732: 6415:"Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain" 6330:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

6132: 5604:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5317:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4795:(2d ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 3–12. 4353:

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3376:"The History of Psychoanalytic Ideas Concerning Pain" 3323: 3111:"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections" 2680: 2365:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1979: 1819: 1356:. This neglect extends to all ages, from newborns to 1055:, while chest pain described as tearing may indicate 725:

Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the

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6403: 5864: 4158:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 241. 4052:

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Nociplastic pain is pain characterized by a changed

1175:). Neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral, 445:

Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the

5086: 5003:. American Academy of Pain Management. p. 29. 4964: 4962: 4203: 4017:"An Evolutionary Perspective on Pain Communication" 2986: 2984: 2502:Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN (January 2015). 2296:

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1944: 1875:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. Chapter 1. 1493:during childbirth, or suffer from chest pain after 819: 651:

Regions of the cerebral cortex associated with pain

6871:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 17–20. 6784: 6005: 5950: 5683:"A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic" 5650: 5593: 5019: 4049: 3983: 3374: 2884: 2390: 2128: 2126: 964: 948: 7066: 7064: 6867:Loland S, Skirstad B, Waddington I, eds. (2006). 6135:"Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain" 5674: 5267: 5001:Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians 4490: 4041: 3765: 3403: 3381:Personality Characteristics of Patients With Pain 3366: 2945:Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". 2495: 2427:Pain management: a practical guide for clinicians 2379: 2237:Lavoie, Anne; Toledo, Paloma (1 September 2013). 930:indicating which words best describe their pain. 690:and connect with spinal cord nerve fibers in the 555: 319:is pain felt in a part of the body that has been 11449: 9799:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 8235: 7240:Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 5774: 5313:. In Henretig FM, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S (eds.). 4959: 3940: 3280: 2981: 1945:Debono DJ, Hoeksema LJ, Hobbs RD (August 2013). 1815: 1813: 502:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 6825: 6604: 6279: 6133:Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007). 5905: 5725: 5513: 5038:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach. 4729:"Tool That Measures Pain Objectively Under Way" 4632: 4237: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2549: 2547: 2123: 1373:International Association for the Study of Pain 692:central gelatinous substance of the spinal cord 413:"Painless" redirects here. For other uses, see 230:International Association for the Study of Pain 138:International Association for the Study of Pain 8110: 7061: 6323: 5089:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 5051: 5022:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach 4539:"How Doctors Take Women's Pain Less Seriously" 3685: 3501: 3499: 3231: 2458: 2397:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach 2318: 2141:. East Sussex: Psychology Press. p. 210. 522:) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli. 398: 10225: 10025: 9594: 8936: 7640: 7156: 7018: 6831: 6674: 6598: 6555: 6230: 6083: 5865:Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (June 2019). 5726:Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). 5017: 4998: 4916: 4386: 4384: 4382: 3949:. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 191. 3463: 3461: 3009:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2422: 2418: 2416: 2324: 2035: 2033: 1810: 1748:, a perceptual state of conscious experience. 1187:" elicits acute peripheral neuropathic pain. 1097:Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of 494:hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies 10239: 9471:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring 8414: 8253: 8244: 8011: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7254: 7024: 5507: 5183: 4393:Physical examination & health assessment 4197: 4075: 4073: 3934: 3875: 3563:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 3383:. American Psychological Association (APA). 3317: 3225: 3102: 3027: 2899:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 7. 2544: 2245:. Pain Management in the Peripartum Period. 2239:"Multimodal Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia" 2236: 1062: 855:. This may have maladaptive results such as 599:believed that it was due to an imbalance in 194:First attested in English in 1297, the word 8913:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 7977: 7359: 7014:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 150. 6926: 6419:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6126: 5963:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5781:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5732:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5156: 5121: 4626: 4591: 4131:Health & physical assessment in nursing 3975: 3800: 3794: 3654: 3631: 3629: 3505: 3496: 3232:Raouf R, Quick K, Wood JN (November 2010). 3188: 3083: 2894: 2716: 2697: 2637: 2594: 2360: 2087:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1985: 1255:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1015: 784: 682:), it carries its signal faster (5–30 92:Unpleasant sensory and emotional sensations 10232: 10218: 10032: 10018: 9601: 9587: 8943: 8929: 7647: 7633: 6995: 6625: 6529:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5775:Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015). 5308: 4790: 4569:"Stories of Misunderstanding Women's Pain" 4379: 4183:. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 1716. 3889:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas. 3871: 3869: 3716: 3691: 3660: 3529: 3527: 3467: 3458: 3184: 3182: 3077: 2413: 2388: 2030: 1132:is diffuse, difficult to locate and often 591:Before the relatively recent discovery of 54: 7415: 7348: 7331: 7321: 6978: 6909: 6808: 6657: 6438: 6351: 6341: 6248: 6231:Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS (March 2017). 6207: 6158: 6092:The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 6066: 5982: 5882: 5841: 5800: 5751: 5698: 5680: 5520:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5470: 5394:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5285: 5244: 4942: 4861: 4703: 4693: 4463: 4415: 4288: 4105: 4070: 4032: 4014: 4008: 3601: 3451: 3449: 3429: 3349: 3257: 3126: 2996: 2801: 2791: 2702:(2nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books. 2527: 2190: 2106: 2057: 2013: 2003: 1962: 1938: 1847: 1837: 7474:) is being considered for deletion. See 7121: 6723: 6455: 5906:Fishbain DA, Pulikal A (November 2019). 5349: 5315:Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine 4206:The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 3893: 3635: 3626: 3274: 2283: 1796:amendment to the 1985 Food Security Act. 1585:Pain is the main reason for visiting an 1088: 933: 646: 609: 514:gene, which codes for a sodium channel ( 419: 366:at the level of the spinal cord damage, 7070: 7009: 6891: 6790: 6650:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005 4726: 4536: 4505: 3981: 3866: 3583: 3524: 3372: 3179: 2913: 2882: 1897: 1870: 1570:for such a relationship, other than in 1566:and pain, but the evidence so far from 1527: 1435:, may provide some additional benefit. 1431:when added to pain medications such as 252: 14: 11450: 7001: 6952: 6743: 5656:"Tens of Millions Face Death in Agony" 5626:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" 5384: 4917:Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006). 4809: 4739:from the original on 25 September 2017 4390: 4153: 3737:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131022 3558: 3552: 3533: 3446: 3330:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 3150:Raina*, Triveni; Dash, Bhagya Ranjan. 3149: 3088:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Publ. 3002: 2944: 2392:"General considerations of acute pain" 2213: 1601: 1456:undergoing some medical procedures (a 1109:in a cut or chemicals released during 10450:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 10213: 10039: 10013: 9582: 8924: 7628: 7442:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7437: 7236:"A Question of Pain in Invertebrates" 7233: 5662:from the original on 1 September 2013 4867: 4793:Clinical pain management: Cancer pain 4759:"Feeling pain? The computer can tell" 4348: 4346: 4344: 4262: 4181:Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary 4178: 4128: 4047: 3768:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 3722: 3379:. In Weisberg JN, Gatchel RJ (eds.). 3238:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2454: 2452: 1906:"Taxonomy and classification of pain" 1519:A number of meta-analyses have found 1068:Functional magnetic resonance imaging 525: 10435:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 9561: 7250:from the original on 8 October 2011. 6089: 5938:from the original on 18 January 2021 5554:from the original on 1 November 2019 4784: 4508:"When Doctors Don't Listen to Women" 4454:. 1969, San Francisco, CA:Josey-Bass 3899: 3404:Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018). 2891:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2399:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 2133:Eisenberger NI, Lieberman M (2005). 1770: 7654: 7495:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4234:. Los Angeles: UCLA Students Store. 2887:Measurement of subjective responses 1903: 1468:). Sugar does not remove pain from 958: 24: 10430:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 6911:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d 5532:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00037.x 5495:from the original on 30 March 2021 5406:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x 4877:The Journal of Supportive Oncology 4831:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59 4579:from the original on 15 April 2019 4341: 3963:from the original on 30 March 2021 3943:"The neuroevolution of motivation" 3922:from the original on 30 March 2021 2449: 2431:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2395:. In Panswick CC, Main CJ (eds.). 1926:from the original on 30 March 2021 242:Duration and pattern of occurrence 25: 11494: 10445:Gustatory system (sense of taste) 10440:Olfactory system (sense of smell) 9451:Development of the nervous system 7478:to help reach a consensus. › 7457: 7103:from the original on 7 March 2022 5331:from the original on 11 June 2016 5268:Perron V, Schonwetter RS (2001). 5136:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019 4980:from the original on 14 July 2011 4769:from the original on 17 June 2015 4549:from the original on 17 July 2019 3945:. In Gardner WL, Shah JY (eds.). 3941:Bernston GG, Cacioppo JT (2007). 3904:. In Winlow W, Holden AV (eds.). 3698:. Chichester, UK: Wiley. p. 3283:Current Pain and Headache Reports 2780:Indian Journal of Palliative Care 1661:practices (particularly those of 1383:should have the full status of a 1301:Pain management during childbirth 1171:involved in bodily feelings (the 1045: 223: 10697:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 9794:Congenital insensitivity to pain 9754:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 9560: 9549: 9548: 9106: 8950: 8356: 8350: 7383: 7297: 7227: 7193: 7150: 7115: 6946: 6860: 6762:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x 6728:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. 6717: 6520: 6498: 6368: 6317: 6273: 6224: 6175: 6055:Archives of Disease in Childhood 6042: 5999: 5899: 5858: 5817: 5768: 5719: 5707:from the original on 5 June 2018 5644: 5618: 5566: 5514:Hoffmann DE, Tarzian AJ (2001). 5472:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x 4919:"Mechanisms of neuropathic pain" 4635:The American Journal of Medicine 4491:Lawhorne L, Passerini J (1999). 4133:. Boston: Pearson. p. 173. 3508:Pain: psychological perspectives 2725:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1992:Arthritis Research & Therapy 1910:In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain 1786: 1480: 926:having the patient complete the 831:congenital insensitivity to pain 820:Evolutionary and behavioral role 490:congenital insensitivity to pain 464:. This is usually the result of 409:Congenital insensitivity to pain 10425:Visual system (sense of vision) 6898:The American Journal of Nursing 6237:European Journal of Cancer Care 5443: 5378: 5343: 5302: 5261: 5212: 5177: 5150: 5115: 5080: 5045: 4992: 4910: 4751: 4727:Paddock C (15 September 2011). 4720: 4661: 4561: 4530: 4518:from the original on 9 May 2019 4499: 4484: 4457: 4444: 4409: 4305: 4256: 4224: 4172: 4147: 4122: 3810:"Pain mechanisms: a new theory" 3577: 3397: 3342:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003 3143: 2876: 2818: 2767: 2300: 2277: 2230: 2207: 2183:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917 1839:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939 1777: 1580: 1313:team, which typically includes 965:Assessment in non-verbal people 959:IASP five-category pain profile 949:Multidimensional pain inventory 882:which involves such stimuli as 374: 140:defines pain as "an unpleasant 6810:10.1525/eth.1985.13.2.02a00040 6431:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2 6104:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401640 5975:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5 5871:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5793:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2 5744:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3 5018:Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000). 4238:Pasero C, McCaffery M (1999). 3947:Handbook of Motivation Science 3584:Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). 3470:American Journal of Psychology 3006:Feeling pain and being in pain 2328:Classification of Chronic Pain 2099:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2 2074: 2046:British Journal of Anaesthesia 1864: 1507:injection they believed to be 1495:coronary artery bypass surgery 1452:) when taken by mouth reduces 1277:fall, often to normal levels. 1238:Psychogenic pain, also called 1227: 1205: 1156: 1078: 743:secondary somatosensory cortex 556:On subsequent negative emotion 468:damage to the nerves, such as 100:Typically depends on the cause 13: 1: 10567:Auditory perception (hearing) 9292:Social cognitive neuroscience 7463: 7360:Petruzzello, Melissa (2016). 7201:"Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?" 6695:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4 6576:10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00025-3 6020:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X 5687:Journal of Paramedic Practice 5101:10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30046-7 4537:Fasslet J (15 October 2015). 4418:Social Science & Medicine 4315:Arthritis Care & Research 3725:Annual Review of Neuroscience 3055:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00482-7 2847:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70040-2 2572:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5 2473:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70102-4 1803: 1687: 1675:neo-primitive body suspension 1414: 1284: 1093:Mechanism of nociceptive pain 1073: 901: 873: 733:such as itch and nausea) and 580: 11213:Olfactory reference syndrome 10990:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 9267:Molecular cellular cognition 8865:Social emotional development 7275:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V 7071:Sherwin CM (February 2001). 6389:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310 6283:Neurourology and Urodynamics 5124:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4935:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021 4695:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124 4647:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90496-4 4430:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90039-7 3837:10.1126/science.150.3699.971 3603:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016 3115:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2993:. Retrieved 12 October 2010. 2959:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0 2658:10.1016/0304-3959(85)90090-9 2615:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90097-0 2325:Merskey H, Bogduk N (1994). 1986:Turk DC, Dworkin RH (2004). 880:quantitative sensory testing 294: 189: 184:cognitive behavioral therapy 7: 11412:Sensory processing disorder 10582:Gustation (taste or flavor) 10572:Equilibrioception (balance) 9486:Neurodevelopmental disorder 9461:Neural network (biological) 9456:Neural network (artificial) 8111: 6638:Annals of Internal Medicine 5830:Academic Emergency Medicine 5700:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522 5309:Selbst SM, Fein JA (2006). 4506:Epstein R (19 March 2018). 4098:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010 3667:. New York: Wiley. p. 3084:Brand PW, Yancey P (1997). 2895:Melzack R, Wall PD (1996). 2698:Wall PD, Melzack R (1996). 2389:Coda BA, Bonica JJ (2000). 2363:Bonica's management of pain 1739: 1441:opioid-induced hyperalgesia 1297:Pain management in children 399:Asymbolia and insensitivity 27:Type of distressing feeling 10: 11499: 11366:Supernumerary phantom limb 10702:Infrared sensing in snakes 10562:Visual perception (vision) 9013:Computational neuroscience 7408:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9 6846:10.1080/016396201750065018 6476:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.010 5287:10.1177/107327480100800103 4269:Emergency Medicine Journal 3986:The Greatest Show on Earth 1691: 1294: 1288: 1231: 1209: 1160: 1082: 990:and possibly experience a 968: 937: 905: 754:wide dynamic range neurons 584: 412: 402: 309: 305: 256: 29: 11429: 11374: 11343: 11312: 11264: 11231: 11183: 11145: 11117:Microwave auditory effect 11077: 10975: 10968: 10941: 10918: 10890: 10849: 10791: 10780: 10748: 10725: 10672: 10663: 10616: 10554: 10511: 10458: 10415: 10372: 10363: 10354: 10302: 10284:Transduction (physiology) 10264: 10251: 10186: 10146: 10128: 10105: 10047: 9961: 9928: 9895: 9849: 9814: 9729: 9685: 9662: 9623: 9616: 9544: 9481:Neurodegenerative disease 9438: 9325:Evolutionary neuroscience 9300: 9240: 9115: 9104: 8976: 8958: 8908: 8427: 8365: 8348: 7667: 7598: 7504: 7089:10.1017/S0962728600023551 7039:10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x 6892:Narayan MC (April 2010). 6151:10.1080/00207140701338621 5884:10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019 5575:"Declaration of Montreal" 5159:American Family Physician 5066:10.1016/j.bpa.2004.05.004 5026:. Churchill Livingstone. 4015:Steinkopf L (June 2016). 3780:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.010 3295:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5 3234:"Pain as a channelopathy" 2520:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0 2255:10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.008 1912:. Nova Biomedical Books. 1711:Colorado State University 1063:Physiological measurement 928:McGill Pain Questionnaire 892:pain perception threshold 735:anterior cingulate cortex 696:anterior white commissure 642: 575: 415:Painless (disambiguation) 119: 104: 96: 86: 70: 62: 53: 48: 11122:Music-specific disorders 10478:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9608: 9446:Brain–computer interface 9395:Neuromorphic engineering 9320:Educational neuroscience 9227:Nutritional neuroscience 9132:Clinical neurophysiology 9028:Integrative neuroscience 8798:in virtual communication 7476:templates for discussion 7402:(2). Springer: 239–248. 7124:The Florida Entomologist 6971:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996 6564:European Journal of Pain 5364:10.1001/jama.279.23.1914 5311:"Sedation and analgesia" 4612:10.1001/jama.280.14.1256 4478:10.1525/si.1997.20.3.251 4056:. New York: ReganBooks. 4034:10.1177/1474704916653964 2137:. In Williams KD (ed.). 1552:clinically insignificant 1542:For chronic (long-term) 1466:intramuscular injections 1317:, clinical pharmacists, 1016:Other reporting barriers 785:Three dimensions of pain 716:paleospinothalamic tract 506:autonomic nervous system 11102:Auditory verbal agnosia 10956:Juxtacapillary receptor 10166:Intrafusal muscle fiber 9915:Posteromarginal nucleus 9850:Measurement and testing 9257:Behavioral neuroscience 7366:Encyclopedia Britannica 6953:Rollin BE (June 2007). 6541:10.1053/ajem.2002.32643 6068:10.1136/adc.2009.174227 5186:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4021:Evolutionary Psychology 3990:. Free Press. pp. 3902:"Cutaneous nociceptors" 2793:10.4103/0973-1075.53506 2290:A Greek-English Lexicon 2243:Clinics in Perinatology 1327:occupational therapists 603:. In the 11th century, 570:opponent-process theory 532:working memory capacity 11097:Auditory hallucination 10707:Surface wave detection 10312:Multimodal integration 9252:Affective neuroscience 9033:Molecular neuroscience 8988:Behavioral epigenetics 8415: 8254: 8245: 8236: 8012: 7978: 7362:"Do Plants Feel Pain?" 3692:Skevington SM (1995). 3536:The management of pain 3167:Cite journal requires 2745:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058 2504:"Mechanical allodynia" 2171:JAMA Internal Medicine 1485:Individuals with more 1454:pain in newborn babies 1319:clinical psychologists 1200:postherpetic neuralgia 1094: 708:neospinothalamic tract 652: 623: 587:History of pain theory 553: 435: 34:. For other uses, see 11356:Phantom limb syndrome 11304:Tactile hallucination 10493:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 10294:Active sensory system 9999:Drug-seeking behavior 9887:Visual analogue scale 9315:Cultural neuroscience 9310:Consumer neuroscience 9152:Neurogastroenterology 9008:Cellular neuroscience 5681:Mallinson TE (2017). 5237:10.1093/annonc/mdn419 4765:. 13 September 2011. 4263:Kelly AM (May 2001). 4240:Pain: clinical manual 4230:McCaffery M. (1968). 3661:Skevington S (1995). 3203:10.1055/s-2004-817722 3191:Seminars in Neurology 3023:on 27 September 2008. 2897:The challenge of pain 2700:The challenge of pain 2461:The Lancet. Neurology 2284:Liddell HG, Scott R. 1964:10.7556/jaoa.2013.023 1698:Pain in invertebrates 1346:emergency departments 1315:medical practitioners 1295:Further information: 1092: 1053:myocardial infarction 940:Visual analogue scale 934:Visual analogue scale 650: 613: 540: 498:familial dysautonomia 433: 269:peripheral neuropathy 36:Pain (disambiguation) 11165:Labyrinthine fistula 11132:Spatial hearing loss 10831:Campaniform sensilla 10546:Somatosensory cortex 9910:Anterolateral system 9287:Sensory neuroscience 9127:Behavioral neurology 9098:Systems neuroscience 8835:Group affective tone 7209:Parliament of Canada 7159:Theoretical Medicine 4466:Symbolic Interaction 4281:10.1136/emj.18.3.205 4242:. St. Louis: Mosby. 3638:Pharmacology of pain 2835:The Lancet. Oncology 2042:"Assessment of pain" 1587:emergency department 1528:Alternative medicine 1360:elderly. In the US, 1342:intensive care units 1331:physician assistants 1222:somatosensory system 1173:somatosensory system 1099:sensory nerve fibers 1003:Infants do feel pain 731:homeostatic emotions 265:rheumatoid arthritis 253:Chronic versus acute 10951:Nociceptin receptor 10821:Merkel nerve ending 10806:Mechanotransduction 10171:Nuclear chain fiber 10085:Merkel nerve ending 9430:Social neuroscience 9330:Global neurosurgery 9207:Neurorehabilitation 9177:Neuro-ophthalmology 9162:Neurointensive care 8993:Behavioral genetics 8888:constructed emotion 8558:functional accounts 7323:10.7554/eLife.57258 6724:Foucault M (2007). 6343:10.1155/2015/192808 6014:(9748): 1201–1203. 4686:2011PLoSO...624124B 4092:(9 Suppl): T10–20. 4086:The Journal of Pain 3829:1965Sci...150..971M 2883:Beecher HK (1959). 2737:1996RSPSB.263..377R 2214:Lewis CT, Short C. 1639:corporal punishment 1602:Society and culture 1574:, is inconclusive. 1548:spinal manipulation 1491:epidural anesthesia 1474:electrical activity 1401:palliative medicine 1344:, and accident and 1335:nurse practitioners 1196:diabetic neuropathy 1150:Superficial somatic 1118:Visceral structures 857:supernormal stimuli 768:gate control theory 700:spinothalamic tract 635:and experiments by 478:diabetic neuropathy 63:An illustration of 11483:Symptoms and signs 11313:Nociception (pain) 10905:Olfactory receptor 10857:Photoreceptor cell 10811:Lamellar corpuscle 10735:Photomorphogenesis 10597:nociception (pain) 10289:Sensory processing 10065:Lamellar corpuscle 9989:Philosophy of pain 9664:Respiratory system 9506:Neuroimmune system 9400:Neurophenomenology 9340:Neural engineering 9063:Neuroendocrinology 9043:Neural engineering 8788:in decision-making 8029:(sense of purpose) 7599:External resources 7171:10.1007/BF00489606 7010:Carbone L (2004). 6791:Morinis A (1985). 5843:10.1111/acem.13502 5652:Human Rights Watch 5385:Bonham VL (2001). 5225:Annals of Oncology 4970:"Psychogenic Pain" 4733:Medical News Today 4512:The New York Times 3982:Dawkins R (2009). 3854:on 14 January 2012 3695:Psychology of pain 3664:Psychology of pain 3422:10.1037/per0000248 3373:Merskey H (2000). 2927:on 13 January 2015 2864:on 19 October 2014 2220:A Latin Dictionary 2059:10.1093/bja/aen103 1871:Cervero F (2012). 1764:Pain and suffering 1752:Hedonic adaptation 1409:Human Rights Watch 1366:Hispanic Americans 1148:and broken bones. 1095: 1039:Gender differences 992:decreased appetite 698:and ascend in the 653: 624: 620:Jan Baptist Weenix 536:mental flexibility 526:Functional effects 470:spinal cord injury 436: 173:mental flexibility 32:Psychological pain 11445: 11444: 11430:Biases and errors 11425: 11424: 11361:Somatoparaphrenia 11330:Pain dissociation 11175:Ménière's disease 11107:Cortical deafness 10985:Visual impairment 10964: 10963: 10826:Bulbous corpuscle 10816:Tactile corpuscle 10784:sensory receptors 10776: 10775: 10659: 10658: 10612: 10611: 10577:Olfaction (smell) 10531:Vestibular cortex 10513:Cerebral cortices 10350: 10349: 10337:Motion perception 10207: 10206: 10176:Nuclear bag fiber 10115:Free nerve ending 10095:Bulbous corpuscle 10075:Tactile corpuscle 10041:Sensory receptors 10007: 10006: 9862:Cold pressor test 9845: 9844: 9576: 9575: 9425:Paleoneurobiology 9360:Neuroepistemology 9335:Neuroanthropology 9301:Interdisciplinary 9187:Neuropharmacology 9147:Neuroepidemiology 8918: 8917: 8505:Appeal to emotion 8283:Social connection 7622: 7621: 7234:Smith JA (1991). 7215:on 6 January 2010 7002:Rollin B (1989). 6744:Einolf C (2007). 6295:10.1002/nau.22958 6250:10.1111/ecc.12457 6200:10.1136/bmj.a3115 5924:10.1093/pm/pny231 5918:(11): 2179–2197. 5836:(10): 1086–1097. 5358:(23): 1914–1915. 5231:(12): 1985–1991. 4898:on 7 January 2010 4868:Paice JA (2003). 4825:(18): 1630–1635. 4606:(14): 1256–1263. 4575:. 15 March 2016. 4391:Jarvis C (2007). 4327:10.1002/acr.20543 4321:(S11): S240–252. 4154:Taylor C (2015). 4048:Sarno JE (2006). 3823:(3699): 971–979. 3808:(November 1965). 3559:Finger S (2001). 3244:(11): 3745–3752. 3003:Grahek N (2007). 2731:(1369): 377–386. 1771:Explanatory notes 1758:Pain (philosophy) 1659:self-flagellation 1568:controlled trials 1521:clinical hypnosis 1385:medical specialty 1261:, depression and 1057:aortic dissection 971:Pain and dementia 766:introduced their 474:diabetes mellitus 431: 131: 130: 43:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 11490: 11092:Auditory agnosia 11024:Optic neuropathy 10973: 10972: 10841:Stretch receptor 10789: 10788: 10687:Magnetoreception 10682:Electroreception 10670: 10669: 10592:mechanoreception 10541:Gustatory cortex 10536:Olfactory cortex 10370: 10369: 10361: 10360: 10279:Sensory receptor 10262: 10261: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10011: 10010: 9962:Related concepts 9953:Pain eradication 9711: 9698: 9649: 9621: 9620: 9617:By region/system 9603: 9596: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9564: 9563: 9552: 9551: 9466:Detection theory 9350:Neurocriminology 9277:Neurolinguistics 9192:Neuroprosthetics 9110: 9073:Neuroinformatics 9023:Imaging genetics 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8893:discrete emotion 8793:in the workplace 8689:Empathy quotient 8420: 8360: 8354: 8259: 8250: 8241: 8116: 8017: 7983: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7626: 7625: 7502: 7501: 7453: 7438:Casey K (2019). 7430: 7429: 7419: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7325: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7211:. Archived from 7197: 7191: 7190: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7027:Animal Cognition 7022: 7016: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6982: 6950: 6944: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6834:Deviant Behavior 6829: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6741: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6345: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6252: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5877:(6): e114–e126. 5862: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5738:(12): CD009281. 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5702: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5628:. Archived from 5622: 5616: 5615: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5577:. Archived from 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5474: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5424:. Archived from 5391: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5165:(8): 1207–1214. 5154: 5148: 5147: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5025: 5014: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4974:Cleveland Clinic 4966: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4891:. Archived from 4874: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4697: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4388: 4377: 4376: 4350: 4339: 4338: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4179:Venes D (2013). 4176: 4170: 4169: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4129:Amico D (2016). 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3847:. Archived from 3814: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3605: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3465: 3456: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3433: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3250:10.1172/JCI43158 3229: 3223: 3222: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3130: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3038: 3025: 3024: 3019:. Archived from 3000: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2923:. Archived from 2917: 2911: 2910: 2892: 2890: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2863: 2857:. Archived from 2832: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2695: 2678: 2677: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2430: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2394: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2347: 2346: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2310:. Archived from 2304: 2298: 2297: 2292:. Archived from 2281: 2275: 2274: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2222:. Archived from 2211: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2110: 2093:(11): CD010794. 2078: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2007: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1832:(9): 1976–1982. 1817: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1354:end of life care 1350:general practice 1323:physiotherapists 1234:Psychogenic pain 1212:Nociplastic pain 1163:Neuropathic pain 884:electric current 688:Lissauer's tract 551: 496:(which includes 432: 343:Local anesthetic 157:noxious stimulus 58: 46: 45: 21: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11473:Sensory systems 11448: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11421: 11370: 11339: 11308: 11260: 11227: 11179: 11141: 11073: 11064:Stereoblindness 11005:Color blindness 10960: 10937: 10914: 10886: 10845: 10793:Mechanoreceptor 10782: 10772: 10768:Machine hearing 10763:Computer vision 10758:Robotic sensing 10744: 10721: 10655: 10608: 10550: 10526:Auditory cortex 10507: 10454: 10417:Sensory systems 10411: 10346: 10298: 10256: 10254: 10247: 10238: 10208: 10203: 10182: 10142: 10138:Thermoreceptors 10124: 10101: 10057:Mechanoreceptor 10043: 10038: 10008: 10003: 9957: 9924: 9897:Pathophysiology 9891: 9882:Tail flick test 9841: 9810: 9725: 9709: 9696: 9687:Musculoskeletal 9681: 9658: 9647: 9612: 9607: 9577: 9572: 9540: 9526:Neurotechnology 9521:Neuroplasticity 9516:Neuromodulation 9511:Neuromanagement 9434: 9405:Neurophilosophy 9302: 9296: 9282:Neuropsychology 9243: 9236: 9197:Neuropsychiatry 9157:Neuroimmunology 9142:Neurocardiology 9118: 9111: 9102: 9093:Neurophysiology 9083:Neuromorphology 9038:Neural decoding 8979: 8972: 8954: 8949: 8919: 8914: 8904: 8845:Jealousy in art 8588:in conversation 8510:Amygdala hijack 8423: 8361: 8355: 8346: 8335:sense of wonder 7663: 7653: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7594: 7593: 7513: 7479: 7460: 7450: 7434: 7433: 7388: 7384: 7370: 7368: 7358: 7349: 7302: 7298: 7259: 7255: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7155: 7151: 7136:10.2307/3495093 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7069: 7062: 7023: 7019: 7000: 6996: 6951: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6865: 6861: 6830: 6826: 6789: 6785: 6742: 6733: 6722: 6718: 6679: 6675: 6630: 6626: 6603: 6599: 6560: 6556: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6460: 6456: 6425:(9): CD008880. 6411: 6404: 6373: 6369: 6322: 6318: 6278: 6274: 6229: 6225: 6180: 6176: 6131: 6127: 6088: 6084: 6047: 6043: 6004: 6000: 5969:(2): CD001069. 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5904: 5900: 5863: 5859: 5822: 5818: 5787:(7): CD011509. 5773: 5769: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5693:(12): 522–526. 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5431:on 19 July 2011 5428: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5325: 5307: 5303: 5266: 5262: 5217: 5213: 5198:10.4065/78.1.80 5182: 5178: 5155: 5151: 5120: 5116: 5085: 5081: 5050: 5046: 5034: 5011: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4789: 4785: 4772: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4666: 4662: 4631: 4627: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389: 4380: 4365: 4351: 4342: 4310: 4306: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4127: 4123: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4046: 4042: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3957: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3916: 3900:Lynn B (1984). 3898: 3894: 3886:The Skin Senses 3877:Melzack, Ronald 3874: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3812: 3799: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3634: 3627: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3504: 3497: 3482:10.2307/1416740 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3371: 3367: 3322: 3318: 3279: 3275: 3230: 3226: 3187: 3180: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3082: 3078: 3039: 3028: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2830: 2823: 2819: 2772: 2768: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2696: 2681: 2642: 2638: 2599: 2595: 2552: 2545: 2508:Pflügers Archiv 2500: 2496: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2359: 2350: 2343: 2323: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2282: 2278: 2235: 2231: 2212: 2208: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2131: 2124: 2079: 2075: 2038: 2031: 1984: 1980: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1920: 1904:Raj PP (2007). 1902: 1898: 1883: 1869: 1865: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1742: 1700: 1694:Pain in animals 1692:Main articles: 1690: 1669:), or personal 1628:pain compliance 1608:pain management 1604: 1591:epidemiological 1583: 1550:produces tiny, 1544:lower back pain 1530: 1483: 1417: 1358:medically frail 1311:pain management 1303: 1293: 1291:Pain management 1287: 1263:hypochondriasis 1244:somatoform pain 1236: 1230: 1214: 1208: 1165: 1159: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1065: 1048: 1018: 1007:Pre-term babies 996:range of motion 988:social behavior 977: 967: 951: 942: 936: 923:Margo McCaffery 918: 908:Pain assessment 904: 876: 848:Richard Dawkins 835:life expectancy 822: 787: 645: 589: 583: 578: 566:negative affect 558: 552: 546: 528: 519: 420: 418: 411: 403:Main articles: 401: 381:pain management 377: 314: 308: 297: 291:" or "benign." 261: 255: 226: 205:, in turn from 198:comes from the 192: 165:quality of life 151:Pain motivates 79: 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11496: 11486: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11344:Proprioception 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11189: 11187: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10924: 10922: 10920:Thermoreceptor 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10900:Taste receptor 10896: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10786: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10626:Proprioception 10622: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10517: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10498:Trigeminal (V) 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10469: 10467: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10378: 10376: 10374:Sensory organs 10367: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10270: 10268: 10259: 10249: 10248: 10237: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10214: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10161:Muscle spindle 10158: 10152: 10150: 10148:Proprioception 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10037: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9974:Pain tolerance 9971: 9969:Pain threshold 9965: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9877:Hot plate test 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9744:Pain asymbolia 9741: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9705: 9700: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9606: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9583: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9558: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9536:Self-awareness 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9491:Neurodiversity 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9390:Neuromarketing 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9365:Neuroesthetics 9362: 9357: 9355:Neuroeconomics 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9306: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9202:Neuroradiology 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Neuropathology 9179: 9174: 9172:Neuro-oncology 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9058:Neurochemistry 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8898:somatic marker 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8872: 8870:Stoic passions 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8818:social sharing 8815: 8810: 8808:self-conscious 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8751:thought method 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8716:lateralization 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:classification 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8263:Sentimentality 8260: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8099:at first sight 8096: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7837:Disappointment 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7652: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7580: 7569: 7554: 7539: 7538:(phantom pain) 7514: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505:Classification 7499: 7498: 7487: 7459: 7458:External links 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449:978-0190880231 7448: 7432: 7431: 7382: 7347: 7296: 7253: 7226: 7192: 7165:(3): 193–211. 7149: 7114: 7083:(1): 103–118. 7077:Animal Welfare 7060: 7017: 6994: 6965:(6): 521–525. 6945: 6941:978-1904384106 6925: 6884: 6878:978-0415357043 6877: 6859: 6840:(2): 117–146. 6824: 6803:(2): 150–174. 6783: 6756:(2): 101–121. 6731: 6716: 6673: 6644:(9): 563–569. 6624: 6597: 6570:(5): 375–385. 6554: 6535:(3): 165–169. 6519: 6497: 6470:(1–2): 10–13. 6454: 6402: 6383:(2): 116–133. 6367: 6316: 6289:(2): 474–481. 6272: 6223: 6174: 6145:(3): 275–287. 6125: 6082: 6061:(6): 406–413. 6041: 5998: 5949: 5898: 5857: 5816: 5767: 5718: 5673: 5643: 5632:on 16 May 2008 5617: 5611:978-0781773881 5610: 5592: 5581:on 13 May 2011 5565: 5506: 5465:(3): 277–294. 5442: 5377: 5342: 5324:978-1605471594 5323: 5301: 5274:Cancer Control 5260: 5211: 5176: 5149: 5130:(4): 494–503. 5114: 5095:(2): 151–166. 5079: 5060:(4): 703–717. 5044: 5042: 5041: 5033:978-0443056833 5032: 5010:978-0849322624 5009: 4991: 4958: 4909: 4883:(2): 107–120. 4860: 4808: 4802:978-0340940075 4801: 4783: 4750: 4719: 4660: 4641:(5): 625–633. 4625: 4590: 4560: 4529: 4498: 4483: 4472:(3): 251–273. 4456: 4452:People in Pain 4443: 4424:(6): 783–791. 4408: 4402:978-1455728107 4401: 4378: 4364:978-0323328524 4363: 4340: 4304: 4275:(3): 205–207. 4255: 4249:978-0815156093 4248: 4223: 4196: 4190:978-0803629776 4189: 4171: 4165:978-1451185614 4164: 4146: 4140:978-0133876406 4139: 4121: 4069: 4063:978-0061174308 4062: 4040: 4007: 4001:978-1416594789 4000: 3974: 3956:978-1593855680 3955: 3933: 3915:978-0719009969 3914: 3892: 3881:Casey, Kenneth 3865: 3793: 3774:(3): 257–268. 3758: 3715: 3709:978-0471957737 3708: 3684: 3678:978-0471957737 3677: 3653: 3647:978-0931092787 3646: 3625: 3596:(3): 353–364. 3576: 3570:978-0195146943 3569: 3551: 3545:978-0812111224 3544: 3523: 3517:978-0415650618 3516: 3495: 3476:(3): 331–347. 3457: 3445: 3416:(3): 273–283. 3396: 3390:978-1557986467 3389: 3365: 3336:(3): 475–491. 3316: 3289:(2): 116–126. 3273: 3224: 3197:(4): 381–390. 3178: 3169:|journal= 3142: 3128:10.1086/424846 3121:(7): 885–910. 3101: 3095:978-0310221449 3094: 3076: 3049:(3): 213–219. 3026: 3016:978-0262517324 3015: 2995: 2980: 2953:(3): 247–248. 2912: 2906:978-0140256703 2905: 2875: 2817: 2766: 2715: 2709:978-0140256703 2708: 2679: 2652:(3): 267–278. 2636: 2609:(3): 243–256. 2593: 2543: 2514:(1): 133–139. 2494: 2467:(9): 924–935. 2448: 2442:978-0849322624 2441: 2412: 2406:978-0443056833 2405: 2378: 2372:978-0781768276 2371: 2348: 2342:978-0931092053 2341: 2317: 2299: 2276: 2249:(3): 443–455. 2229: 2206: 2154: 2147: 2122: 2073: 2029: 2005:10.1186/ar1196 1978: 1937: 1918: 1896: 1881: 1863: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794:animal welfare 1785: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1734:animal kingdom 1707:Bernard Rollin 1703:René Descartes 1689: 1686: 1620:animal welfare 1603: 1600: 1582: 1579: 1529: 1526: 1487:social support 1482: 1479: 1416: 1413: 1389:anesthesiology 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1267:neurotic triad 1251:long-term pain 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1210:Main article: 1207: 1204: 1192:tic douloureux 1169:nervous system 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1064: 1061: 1047: 1046:Diagnostic aid 1044: 1017: 1014: 975:Pain in babies 966: 963: 950: 947: 938:Main article: 935: 932: 903: 900: 896:pain tolerance 875: 872: 821: 818: 809: 808: 805: 802: 791:Ronald Melzack 786: 783: 760:Ronald Melzack 727:insular cortex 644: 641: 628:René Descartes 616:René Descartes 582: 579: 577: 574: 557: 554: 548:Harold Merskey 544: 527: 524: 517: 462:nervous system 405:Pain asymbolia 400: 397: 376: 373: 310:Main article: 307: 304: 296: 293: 289:cancer-related 257:Main article: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 225: 224:Classification 222: 191: 188: 180:social support 169:working memory 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 84: 83: 74: 68: 67: 60: 59: 51: 50: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11495: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11402:Hallucination 11400: 11398: 11397:Derealization 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351:Asomatognosia 11349: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11289:Hyperesthesia 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11274:Astereognosis 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11170:Labyrinthitis 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10917: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10892:Chemoreceptor 10889: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850:Photoreceptor 10848: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10836:Slit sensilla 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10652: 10651:Visceral pain 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10603: 10602:thermoception 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10521:Visual cortex 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10483:Olfactory (I) 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10465:spinal nerves 10462: 10457: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10322:Consciousness 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10223: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10028: 10023: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9872:Grimace scale 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9837:Low back pain 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9789:Referred pain 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9749:Pain disorder 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9721:Delayed-onset 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624:Head and neck 9622: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9569: 9568: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420:Neurotheology 9418: 9416: 9415:Neurorobotics 9413: 9411: 9410:Neuropolitics 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9375:Neuroethology 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9272:Motor control 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9262:Chronobiology 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222:Neurovirology 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9114: 9109: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068:Neurogenetics 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9003:Brain-reading 9001: 8999: 8998:Brain mapping 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8941: 8939: 8934: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8912: 8907: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:dysregulation 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8600:interpersonal 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453:in psychology 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8438:consciousness 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247:Schadenfreude 8243: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113:Mono no aware 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7965:Joie de vivre 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7934:Gratification 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7862:Embarrassment 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7767:Belongingness 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7269:(1): 91–102. 7268: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6750:Social Theory 6747: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6243:(2): e12457. 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5912:Pain Medicine 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481:2027.42/73822 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459:Pain Medicine 5453: 5446: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680:(9): e24124. 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4450:Zborowski M. 4447: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4212:(2): 88–106. 4211: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943:Derived from 2942: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841:(2): e58–68. 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177:(1): 91–105. 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2148:9781841694245 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1925: 1921: 1919:9781600210440 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1882:9780262305433 1878: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1795: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:venus flytrap 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677:experiences. 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:animal rights 1613: 1609: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481:Psychological 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460:of the heel, 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:pain medicine 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:Visceral pain 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1086: 1071: 1069: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 983: 981: 976: 972: 962: 960: 956: 946: 941: 931: 929: 924: 917: 913: 909: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 871: 869: 868:psychodynamic 864: 860: 858: 854: 853:poor designer 849: 845: 844: 838: 836: 833:have reduced 832: 827: 817: 813: 806: 803: 800: 799: 798: 796: 795:Kenneth Casey 792: 782: 780: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 649: 640: 638: 634: 629: 621: 617: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 588: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562:meta-analysis 549: 543: 539: 537: 533: 523: 521: 513: 512: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 455:psychosurgery 453:injection or 452: 448: 443: 441: 416: 410: 406: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 372: 369: 368:visceral pain 365: 361: 357: 355: 351: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 329: 324: 322: 318: 313: 303: 301: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 260: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 234: 233: 231: 221: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 187: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 161: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 124: 122: 118: 115: 111: 110:psychological 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 89: 85: 82: 81:Pain medicine 78: 75: 73: 69: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11335:Phantom pain 11320:Hyperalgesia 11294:Hypoesthesia 11112:Hearing loss 10933:TRP channels 10910:Osmoreceptor 10877:Photopigment 10801:Baroreceptor 10740:Gravitropism 10712:Frog hearing 10692:Echolocation 10488:Facial (VII) 10199:Baroreceptor 10106: 10071:Light touch 9784:Phantom pain 9769:Hyperalgesia 9764:Chronic pain 9648:(swallowing) 9646:Odynophagia 9609: 9565: 9553: 9501:Neuroimaging 9496:Neurogenesis 9380:Neurohistory 9345:Neurobiotics 9244:neuroscience 9212:Neurosurgery 9137:Epileptology 9119:neuroscience 9088:Neurophysics 9078:Neurometrics 9053:Neurobiology 9048:Neuroanatomy 9018:Connectomics 8952:Neuroscience 8910: 8850:Meta-emotion 8763:Emotionality 8736:responsivity 8684:and bullying 8679:intelligence 8489:Affectivity 8473:neuroscience 8443:in education 8026: 7987:Homesickness 7963: 7889:Enthrallment 7874:Emotion work 7737:Anticipation 7706: 7606: 7582: 7571: 7556: 7541: 7517: 7493: 7469: 7439: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7376: 7369:. 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Retrieved 4511: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4392: 4354: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4180: 4174: 4155: 4149: 4130: 4124: 4089: 4085: 4051: 4043: 4024: 4020: 4010: 3985: 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3946: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3905: 3895: 3885: 3856:. Retrieved 3849:the original 3820: 3816: 3796: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3694: 3687: 3663: 3656: 3637: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3560: 3554: 3535: 3507: 3473: 3469: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3380: 3368: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3194: 3190: 3160:cite journal 3145: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3085: 3079: 3046: 3042: 3021:the original 3005: 2998: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2929:. Retrieved 2925:the original 2915: 2896: 2886: 2878: 2866:. 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