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delivered to a pager. Because of this, if a one-way pager is turned off or is not receiving a usable signal at the time a message is transmitted, the message will not be received and the sender of the message will not be notified of this fact. In the mid-1990s, some paging companies began offering a service, which allowed a customer to call their pager-number and have numeric messages read back to them. This was useful for times when the pager was off or out of the coverage area, as it would know what pages were sent to the subscriber even if the subscriber never actually received the page. Other radio bands used for pagers include the 400 MHz band, the
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677:, thereby improving overall system performance. Simulcast systems often use satellite to distribute identical information to multiple transmitters and GPS at each transmitter to precisely time its modulation relative to other transmitters. The coverage overlap, combined with use of satellite communications, can make paging systems more reliable than terrestrial based cellular networks in some cases, including during natural and human-made disaster. This resilience has led public safety agencies to adopt pagers over cellular and other commercial services for critical messaging.
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594:, of a broadcast station. On-site paging systems in hospitals, unlike wide area paging systems, are local area services. Hospitals commonly use on-site paging for communication with staff and increasingly for contacting waiting patients when their appointment is due. These offer waiting patients the opportunity to leave the waiting area, but still be contacted.
351:, most pager customers outside of specialist fields migrated to mobile phones toward the end of the 1990s. While Motorola announced the end of its new pager manufacturing in 2001, pagers remained in use in large hospital complexes. First responders in rural areas with inadequate cellular coverage are often issued pagers.
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As is the case with many new technologies, the functionality of the pager shifted from necessary professional use to a social tool integrated in one's personal life. During the rise of the pager, it became the subject of various forms of media, most notably in the 1990s hip-hop scene. Popular artists
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and SMS. Paging systems also support various types of direct connection protocols, which sacrifice global addressing and accessibility for a dedicated communications link. Automated monitoring and escalation software clients, often used in hospitals, IT departments and alarm companies, tend to prefer
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advantages and disadvantages compared with cellular phones. Since a one-way pager is a passive receiver only (it sends no information back to the base station), its location cannot be tracked. However, this can also be disadvantageous, as a message sent to a pager must be broadcast from every paging
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Restaurant pagers remain in wide use since the 2000s. Customers are given a portable receiver that would usually vibrate, flash, or beep when a table becomes free or when their meal is ready. Pagers have been popular with birdwatchers in Great
Britain and Ireland since 1991, with companies Rare Bird
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in 1947), for which three Bell Labs inventors received a Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1956. Solid-state circuitry enabled the Bellboy pager, about the size of a small TV remote device, to fit into a customer's pocket or purse, quite a feat at that time. The Bellboy was a terminal that notified the user
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FLEX paging networks tend to have stronger in-building coverage than mobile phone networks, commercial paging service providers will work with large institutions to install repeater equipment in the event that service is not available in needed areas of the subscribing institution's buildings. This
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Paging systems are operated by commercial carriers, often as a subscription service and they are also operated directly by end users as private systems. Commercial carrier systems tend to cover a larger geographical area than private systems, while private systems tend to cover their limited area
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Response pagers are alphanumeric pagers equipped with built-in transmitters, with the ability to acknowledge/confirm messages. They also allow the user to reply to messages by way of a multiple-choice response list, and to initiate "canned" messages from pre-programmed address and message lists.
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Alphanumeric pagers contain a more sophisticated LCD capable of displaying text and icons. These devices receive text messages, often through email or direct connection to the paging system. The sender must enter a message, either numeric and push # or, text & push # or a verbal message. The
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In the mid-1980s, tone and voice radio paging became popular among emergency responders and professionals. Tone and voice pagers were activated either by a local base station, or through a telephone number assigned to each individual pager. In the 1990s, pagers became popular among the general
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Unlike mobile phones, most one-way pagers do not display any information about whether a signal is being received or about the strength of the received signal. Since one-way pagers do not contain transmitters, one-way paging networks have no way to track whether a message has been successfully
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One of the first practical paging services was launched in 1950 for physicians in the New York City area. Physicians paid US$ 12 per month and carried a 200-gram (7 oz) pager that would receive phone messages within 40 kilometres (25 mi) of a single transmitter tower. The system was
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Beepers or tone-only pagers are the simplest and least expensive form of paging. They were named beepers because they originally made a beeping noise, but current pagers in this category use other forms of alert as well. Some use audio signals, others light up and some vibrate, often used in
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systems by the emergency services and showed that pagers, with their absence of necessity to transmit an acknowledgement before showing the message, and the related capability to operate on very low signal levels, are not completely outclassed by their successors. Volunteer firefighters, EMS
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to integrate pagers into other parts of their enterprise. A paging system alerts a pager (or group of pagers) by transmitting information over an RF channel, including an address and message information. This information is formatted using a paging protocol, such as 2-tone, 5/6-tone, GOLAY,
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members in
Lebanon and Syria was allegedly committed by Israel, who simultaneously detonated pagers that they were using. Lebanese Health authorities had confirmed at least nine deaths and over 3000 injuries as a result of the explosions. In February, Hezbollah leader
432:. In August 2020, a new procurement framework for clinical communications was launched which was intended to phase out pagers by the end of 2021, replacing them with "dedicated clinical-facing communication and tasks management tools" from 25 approved suppliers.
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in
Florida Gul James Fleming once called them "the most dominant symbol of the drug trade" and schools have previously forbidden students from carrying them because of the ease with which they could be "used to arrange illegal drug sales."
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direct connections because of the increased reliability. Small paging systems, such as those used in restaurant and retail establishments, often integrate a keyboard and paging system into a single box, reducing both cost and complexity.
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involve modem connections directly to a paging network and are less subject to these delays. For this reason, older forms of message submission retain their usefulness for disseminating highly-important alerts to users such as
304:, the U.S. telephone monopoly, presented its Bellboy radio paging system at the Seattle World's Fair. Bellboy was the first commercial system for personal paging. It also marked one of the first consumer applications of the
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display capable of displaying the calling phone number or other numeric information generally up to 10 digits. The display can also convey pager codes, a set of number codes corresponding to mutually understood pre-defined
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and automobile radio technologies to create the first transistorized pager, and from that time, paging technology continued to advance and pager adoption among emergency personnel was still popular as of July 2016.
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Many paging network operators now allow numeric and textual pages to be submitted to the paging networks via email. A significant convenience for users given the widespread adoption of email, and commonalities in
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when someone was trying to call them. When the person received an audible signal (a buzz) on the pager, the user found a telephone and called the service center, which informed the user of the caller's message.
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transmitter in the pager's service area. Thus, if a pager has nationwide service, a message sent to it could be intercepted by criminals or law enforcement agencies anywhere within the nationwide service area.
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The U.S. paging industry generated $ 2.1 billion in revenue in 2008, down from $ 6.2 billion in 2003. In Canada, 161,500 Canadians paid $ 18.5 million for pager service in 2013.
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paramedics and rescue squad members usually carry pagers to alert them of emergency call outs for their department. These pagers receive a special tone from a fire department radio frequency.
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Pagers were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and became widely used by the 1980s through the late 1990s and early 2000s. Later in the 21st century, the widespread availability of
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Heckman, Davin (2006). ""Do You Know the
Importance of a Sky Pager?": Telecommunications, African-Americans, and Popular Culture". In Anandam P. Kavoori; Noah Arceneaux (eds.).
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relays, each relay tuned to one of 33 different frequencies, selectively ringing a particular customer when all three relays were activated at the same time—a precursor of
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In Japan, more than ten million pagers were active in 1996. On 1 October 2019, Japan's last paging service provider shut down radio signals and terminated its service.
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Illicit drug dealers used pagers to great effect during the 1990s to conduct commerce, using them to arrange meetings with buyers. Associate superintendent for
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announced plans in May 2020 to replace pagers and bleepers with "more modern communication tools," accelerated by the pressure placed on the service by the
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more thoroughly and deliver messages faster than commercial systems. In all systems, clients send messages to pagers, an activity commonly referred to as
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keyboards. These pagers allow the user to reply to messages, originate messages and forward messages using free-form text as well as "canned" responses.
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NFPA 1221: Standard for the
Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Systems, 2002 edition, at 1221–23 section 8.4.2.1
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Pagers themselves vary from very cheap and simple beepers, to more complex personal communications equipment, falling into eight main categories.
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Modern paging systems typically use multiple base transmitters to modulate the same signal on the same RF channel, a design approach called
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pager does not automatically record the sender's number; the pager will beep but no message can be seen or heard if none has been entered.
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is especially critical in hospital settings where emergency staff must be able to reliably receive pages to respond to patient needs.
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216:. This resilience has led public safety agencies to adopt pagers over cellular and other commercial services for critical messaging.
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had told the group's members to use pagers instead of cell phones, claiming that Israel had infiltrated their mobile phone network.
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Two-way modems have capabilities similar to one-way modems. They can also confirm messages and transmit their own messages and data.
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are controllers with integrated paging receivers, which are capable of taking local action based on messages and data they receive.
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was thought to have been using over 10% of the remaining pagers in the world (130,000), with an annual cost of £6.6 million.
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Today, companies like
Visiplex offer similar solutions for onsite pager systems in the medical, education and commercial sectors.
280:. Intended for the use of physicians, there was initial resistance to the idea of being permanently on-call, according to Gross.
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and NTT. Past paging protocols include Two-tone and 5/6-tone. In the United States, pagers typically receive signals using the
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stating that the
Skypager "serves an important communicative function for a young professional with a full calendar".
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and ERMES. In Canada and the United States, pagers using the commercial FM band receive a subcarrier, called the
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band and the FM commercial broadcast band (88–108&MHz). Other paging protocols used in the VHF, 400 MHz
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system with a single low power transmitter, to a nationwide system with thousands of high-power base stations.
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Timex
Datalink Beepwear Pro: a wearable pager/watch featuring alphanumeric paging capability. Part of the
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Independent Panel
Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Communications Networks (12 June 2006).
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capability has greatly diminished the pager industry. Nevertheless, pagers continue to be used by some
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Voice/Tone pagers enable pager users to listen to a recorded voice message when an alert is received.
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These devices are sometimes called "1.5-way pagers" or "1.7-way pagers" depending on capabilities.
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Recent Developments in Bell System Relays – Particularly Sealed Contact and Miniature Relays
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in the 900 MHz band. Commercial paging transmitters typically radiate 1000 watts of
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Alert and Birdnet Information offering news of rare birds sent to pagers that they sell.
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line came on the market, and cellular connectivity expanded, and digital phones adopted
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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can also acknowledge, reply to, and originate messages using an internal transmitter.
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manufactured by the Reevesound Company and operated by Telanswerphone. In 1960,
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By early 2002, pager usage was rapidly declining in places like North America.
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Paging systems support several popular direct connection protocols, including
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systems, conceptually attaching pagers to a telephone extension and set up
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Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or more fixed
1684:"Schools Responding to Beeper, Tool of Today's Drug Dealer, by Banning It"
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Original Motorola "Pageboy II" pager, used in New York in the late 1970s.
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This article is about the telecommunications device. For other uses, see
1302:"Old technology: NHS uses 10% of world's pagers at annual cost of £6.6m"
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As prices for mobile phones declined, small form factor phones like the
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combination. The majority of restaurant pagers fall into this category.
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1580:"Hundreds of Hezbollah members wounded in Lebanon in mass pager hack"
986:"Report and Recommendations to the Federal Communications Commission"
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An NEC pager branded by Deutsche Telekom for the Skyper pager service
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41:"Pocket Bell" redirects here. For the Philippine paging company, see
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249:. The reason given is: Prevalence of paging systems needs an update.
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1075:"Doctors and first responders are among those who still use pagers"
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161:(or in the case of response pagers and two-way pagers, one or more
1235:"Hey Gen Z, this is a pager, and in the '90s they were everywhere"
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1475:"Pandemic spurs NHS to 'urgently' speed up elimination of pagers"
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In Russia, the last paging provider was closed in November 2021.
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660:, or NTT. Two-way pagers and response pagers typically use the
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public as a cheaper, smaller, and more reliable alternative to
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909:"BLEEPER | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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A restaurant pager alerting customers to collect their order
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Swissphone RES.Q Hybrid POCSAG pager with GSM and GPS module
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that receives and displays alphanumeric or voice messages.
1633:"Hezbollah members wounded in Lebanon when pagers explode"
1497:"New procurement framework helps phase out archaic pagers"
1418:
AnythingResearch.com report on Paging Industry market size
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The first telephone pager system was patented in 1949 by
950:"Pager services to end Tuesday in Japan after 50 years"
1657:
The Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation
1366:"Rare Bird Alert — Upgrade to the X3 Pager Today"
821:" from Destiny's Child also make reference to pagers.
1073:
Kellman, Laurie; Parvini, Sarah (20 September 2024).
1519:"В России прекращается поддержка пейджинговой связи"
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1714:—Technical information on protocols, carriers, etc.
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321:. Bell System Bellboy radio pagers each used three
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1024:London Ambulance Service – Pager and SMS Procedure
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730:Two-way pagers are response pagers with built-in
2855:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1949
2821:
1420:2003 and 2008 research data used with permission
937:
1072:
1743:
1431:"NHS still reliant on 'archaic' fax machines"
979:
977:
422:Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
200:, can make paging systems more reliable than
165:), as well as a number of pagers carried by
2758:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1499:. Building Better Healthcare. 3 August 2020
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1117:
1056:"When Pagers and Beepers Were All the Rage"
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606:The top of a Motorola "Bravo" numeric pager
480:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1130:popular science 1950 can our jets support.
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889:Wireless Communications Transfer Protocol
500:Learn how and when to remove this message
333:protocol was developed in the mid-1990s.
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1118:Corporation, Bonnier (1 January 1951).
911:. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 25 May 2022
14:
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1723:800Beepers Enhanced Options / Services
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169:users. These systems can range from a
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1477:. Health Service Journal. 11 May 2020
1453:"NHS told to ditch 'outdated' pagers"
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1395:"The Bell is Tolling for the Beeper"
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1111:
478:adding citations to reliable sources
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231:
1631:Bassam, Laila (17 September 2024).
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1538:. SAG Harbor Group. 1 February 2002
1270:, The Bell System Technical Journal
958:. 30 September 2019. Archived from
592:Subsidiary Communications Authority
24:
1682:Sims, Calvin (25 September 1988).
1605:Kent, Lauren (17 September 2024).
1393:Selingo, Jeffrey (11 April 2002).
1291:
1209:Use of Pagers in Crisis Situations
140:wireless telecommunications device
76:Wireless telecommunications device
29:Wireless telecommunications device
25:
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993:Federal Communications Commission
705:Numeric Pagers contain a numeric
531:Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol
146:can only receive messages, while
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2393:Free-space optical communication
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826:Miami-Dade County Public Schools
541:Common paging protocols include
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208:in some cases, including during
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1124:. Bonnier Corporation. p.
586:and 900 MHz bands include
1285:"Why the pager isn't dead yet"
1233:Perry, Alex (31 August 2019).
1191:"Who invented the cell phone?"
1128:– via Internet Archive.
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879:Simple Network Paging Protocol
13:
1:
1161:"The Top Giants in Telephony"
931:"What is pager? – Definition"
894:
680:
2850:Telecommunications equipment
2779:Telecommunication portal
2560:Telecommunications equipment
1143:"John F. Mitchell Biography"
995:. p. 24. Archived from
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430:COVID-19 pandemic in England
409:intend to continue service.
7:
2296:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1712:Note Page technical support
1533:"The Future of Mobile Data"
1342:Tyson, Jeff (6 July 2001),
1310:. London. 9 September 2017.
832:
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689:Beepers or tone-only pagers
96:; 75 years ago
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2000:Telecommunications history
1345:How Restaurant Pagers Work
1100:: CS1 maint: url-status (
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2381:Fiber-optic communication
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2126:Francis Blake (telephone)
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1921:Optical telecommunication
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1661:. Peter Lang Publishing.
1165:historyofthecellphone.com
847:Telecommunications portal
767:On September 17, 2024, a
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245:This section needs to be
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2519:Orbital angular-momentum
1956:Satellite communications
1795:Communications satellite
1558:"Can you track a pager?"
1433:. BBC News. 12 July 2018
1033:Section 3.0. March 2007.
1029:22 February 2014 at the
789:from the era, including
358:resulted in overload of
198:satellite communications
48:Not to be confused with
2865:20th-century inventions
2398:Molecular communication
2221:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2050:Undersea telegraph line
1785:Cable protection system
1718:800Beepers User Manuals
1455:. BBC. 23 February 2019
1215:25 January 2011 at the
414:National Health Service
194:public safety personnel
2540:Communication protocol
2326:Charles Sumner Tainter
2141:Walter Houser Brattain
2086:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1894:Information revolution
1326:londonambulance.nhs.uk
1261:Keller, A. C. (1964),
607:
521:
391:
390:Pagers in Canada, 2024
371:
273:
224:
36:Pager (disambiguation)
2845:Obsolete technologies
2514:Polarization-division
2246:Narinder Singh Kapany
2211:Erna Schneider Hoover
2131:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2111:Alexander Graham Bell
1842:online video platform
605:
515:
389:
369:
288:combined elements of
286:John Francis Mitchell
271:
222:
2840:Consumer electronics
2356:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2316:Almon Brown Strowger
2286:Charles Grafton Page
1941:Prepaid mobile phone
1869:Electrical telegraph
799:A Tribe Called Quest
759:Pagers have certain
474:improve this section
356:2005 London bombings
214:human-made disasters
2860:American inventions
2306:Johann Philipp Reis
2065:Wireless revolution
2027:The Telephone Cases
1884:Hydraulic telegraph
1586:. 17 September 2024
527:delivery assurances
57:
2504:Frequency-division
2481:Telephone exchange
2351:Charles Wheatstone
2281:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2256:Innocenzo Manzetti
2191:Reginald Fessenden
1926:Optical telegraphy
1759:Telecommunications
1688:The New York Times
1584:The Jerusalem Post
1400:The New York Times
1171:on 17 January 2013
1002:on 19 October 2011
809:'s "2-Way Freak,"
784:In popular culture
608:
536:emergency services
522:
392:
372:
274:
225:
190:emergency services
130:, also known as a
55:
2817:
2816:
2555:Store and forward
2550:Data transmission
2464:Network switching
2415:Transmission line
2261:Guglielmo Marconi
2226:Internet pioneers
2091:Mohamed M. Atalla
2060:Whistled language
1668:978-0-8204-7919-4
962:on 1 October 2019
520:family of watches
510:
509:
502:
266:
265:
206:cellular networks
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2872:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2648:Notable networks
2638:Wireless network
2578:Cellular network
2570:Types of network
2545:Computer network
2432:Network topology
2346:Thomas A. Watson
2201:Oliver Heaviside
2186:Philo Farnsworth
2161:Daniel Davis Jr.
2136:Charles Bourseul
2096:John Logie Baird
1805:Data compression
1800:Computer network
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1650:
1641:
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1628:
1622:
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1602:
1596:
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1576:
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1529:
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1471:
1465:
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1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:. Archived from
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
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1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1330:
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1249:
1247:
1230:
1224:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:. Archived from
1157:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1080:Associated Press
1070:
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1021:
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1007:
1001:
990:
981:
972:
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946:
935:
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927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
905:
863:
858:
857:
849:
844:
843:
842:
778:Hassan Nasrallah
572:
505:
498:
494:
491:
485:
454:
446:
338:Motorola StarTAC
261:
258:
252:
240:
239:
232:
117:Current supplier
104:
102:
97:
65:
58:
54:
21:
2880:
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2875:
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2870:
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2820:
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2813:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2705:
2642:
2564:
2528:
2485:
2434:
2426:
2367:
2360:
2266:Robert Metcalfe
2121:Tim Berners-Lee
2069:
1889:Information Age
1761:
1756:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1651:
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1625:
1615:
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1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
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1563:
1561:
1560:. Pagers Direct
1556:
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1541:
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1456:
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1446:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:on 27 May 2015.
1391:
1387:
1380:"BirdNet Pager"
1378:
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1275:
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1259:
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1243:
1231:
1227:
1217:Wayback Machine
1206:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1121:Popular Science
1116:
1109:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1031:Wayback Machine
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
988:
982:
975:
965:
963:
948:
947:
938:
929:
928:
924:
914:
912:
907:
906:
902:
897:
859:
852:
845:
840:
838:
835:
786:
757:
683:
600:
570:
567:effective power
506:
495:
489:
486:
471:
455:
444:
412:In 2017 the UK
384:
278:Alfred J. Gross
262:
256:
253:
250:
241:
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148:response pagers
100:
98:
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68:
53:
46:
39:
30:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2499:Space-division
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2343:
2338:
2336:Camille Tissot
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Claude Shannon
2308:
2303:
2301:Tivadar Puskás
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Antonio Meucci
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
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2243:
2241:Charles K. Kao
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Harold Hopkins
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Emile Berliner
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Videotelephony
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1951:Radiotelephone
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Internet video
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
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1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1706:External links
1704:
1701:
1700:
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1667:
1642:
1623:
1597:
1571:
1549:
1524:
1510:
1488:
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1200:
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1013:
973:
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922:
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898:
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893:
892:
891:
886:
884:Text messaging
881:
876:
871:
865:
864:
850:
834:
831:
785:
782:
769:massive attack
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:Two-way modems
745:
738:
737:One-way modems
735:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
682:
679:
599:
596:
518:Timex Datalink
508:
507:
458:
456:
449:
443:
440:
383:
380:
349:text messaging
264:
263:
244:
242:
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186:text messaging
152:two-way pagers
144:One-way pagers
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:Code-division
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Time-division
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
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2479:
2475:
2472:
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2462:
2458:
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2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
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2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:and switching
2433:
2429:
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2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:optical fiber
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Coaxial cable
2374:
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2363:
2357:
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2299:
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2294:
2292:
2291:Radia Perlman
2289:
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2222:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Lee de Forest
2179:
2177:
2176:Thomas Edison
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Donald Davies
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Claude Chappe
2149:
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2139:
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2036:
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2034:
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2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Smoke signals
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:Semiconductor
1971:
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1962:
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1832:Digital media
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1123:
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1114:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1060:thoughtco.com
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933:. WhatIs.com.
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830:
827:
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811:Sir Mix-A-Lot
808:
807:Three 6 Mafia
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796:
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563:FLEX protocol
560:
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528:
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459:This section
457:
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431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
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405:, Rogers and
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350:
346:
343:
339:
334:
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328:
324:
323:reed receiver
320:
319:mobile phones
314:
311:
308:(invented by
307:
303:
300:In 1962, the
298:
295:
294:walkie-talkie
291:
287:
281:
279:
270:
260:
257:February 2023
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163:base stations
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71:
64:
59:
51:
44:
37:
32:
27:
19:
2835:Radio paging
2491:Multiplexing
2366:Transmission
2331:Nikola Tesla
2321:Henry Sutton
2276:Samuel Morse
2206:Robert Hooke
2171:Amos Dolbear
2106:John Bardeen
2025:
2005:Telautograph
1930:
1909:Mobile phone
1864:Edholm's law
1847:social media
1780:Broadcasting
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
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1636:
1626:
1616:17 September
1614:. Retrieved
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1590:17 September
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1503:19 September
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1425:
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1405:the original
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1349:, retrieved
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1307:The Guardian
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1246:29 September
1244:. Retrieved
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1169:the original
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1086:20 September
1084:. Retrieved
1078:
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1050:
1004:. Retrieved
997:the original
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
953:
925:
913:. Retrieved
903:
861:1990s portal
823:
787:
766:
758:
713:Alphanumeric
684:
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523:
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472:Please help
460:
437:
434:
418:Matt Hancock
411:
396:
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299:
282:
275:
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246:
175:
159:transmitters
156:
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147:
143:
135:
131:
127:
125:
31:
26:
2691:NPL network
2403:Radio waves
2341:Alfred Vail
2251:Hedy Lamarr
2236:Dawon Kahng
2196:Elisha Gray
2156:Yogen Dalal
2081:Nasir Ahmed
2015:Teleprinter
1879:Heliographs
1693:16 February
1459:23 February
955:Japan Today
645:web portals
538:personnel.
302:Bell System
202:terrestrial
182:smartphones
2824:Categories
2737:Antarctica
2696:Toasternet
2618:Television
2101:Paul Baran
2033:Television
2017:(teletype)
2010:Telegraphy
1988:transistor
1966:Phryctoria
1936:Photophone
1914:Smartphone
1904:Mass media
1351:17 January
1195:brophy.net
1175:5 November
1147:brophy.net
1006:14 January
895:References
795:Method Man
696:Voice/tone
681:Categories
675:FM capture
664:protocol.
637:Voice-mail
306:transistor
178:cellphones
171:restaurant
43:PocketBell
2721:Americas
2710:Locations
2681:Internet2
2442:Bandwidth
2146:Vint Cerf
2043:streaming
2021:Telephone
1961:Semaphore
1852:streaming
966:1 October
819:Bug a Boo
773:Hezbollah
710:messages.
670:simulcast
598:Operation
557:, GOLAY,
490:June 2009
461:does not
420:, (then)
345:Series 40
310:Bell Labs
109:Available
91:Inception
2789:Category
2676:Internet
2666:CYCLADES
2583:Ethernet
2533:Concepts
2457:terminal
2408:wireless
2231:Bob Kahn
2074:Pioneers
1899:Internet
1790:Cable TV
1240:Mashable
1213:Archived
1096:cite web
1027:Archived
874:Plectron
833:See also
791:Ice Cube
771:against
755:Security
740:One-way
720:Response
627:, TNPP,
340:and the
290:Motorola
85:Al Gross
81:Inventor
2809:Commons
2799:Outline
2752:Oceania
2671:FidoNet
2656:ARPANET
2469:circuit
2038:digital
1767:History
1637:Reuters
1564:31 July
1542:31 July
1481:28 June
1437:12 July
1221:Archive
869:Minitor
817:" and "
815:Beepers
761:privacy
727:Two-way
702:Numeric
571:900 MHz
482:removed
467:sources
407:PageNet
382:Decline
247:updated
228:History
210:natural
138:, is a
136:bleeper
120:Various
99: (
2830:Pagers
2747:Europe
2717:Africa
2701:Usenet
2661:BITNET
2598:Mobile
2474:packet
1983:MOSFET
1978:device
1775:Beacon
1665:
915:31 May
797:, and
742:modems
732:QWERTY
662:ReFLEX
650:POCSAG
617:e-mail
613:paging
588:POCSAG
555:POCSAG
551:ReFLEX
442:Design
331:ReFLEX
329:. The
204:based
167:mobile
132:beeper
18:Pagers
2730:South
2725:North
2686:JANET
2623:Telex
2613:Radio
2452:Nodes
2447:Links
2368:media
1946:Radio
1931:Pager
1859:Drums
1825:video
1820:image
1810:audio
1536:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
803:Q-Tip
658:ERMES
559:ERMES
399:Telus
360:TETRA
342:Nokia
184:with
128:pager
56:Pager
2742:Asia
2628:UUCP
2588:ISDN
1695:2014
1663:ISBN
1618:2024
1592:2024
1566:2023
1544:2023
1505:2020
1483:2020
1461:2019
1439:2018
1353:2010
1248:2023
1177:2012
1102:link
1088:2024
1008:2018
968:2019
917:2022
813:'s "
654:FLEX
639:and
633:WCTP
631:and
629:SNPP
547:FLEX
465:any
463:cite
426:NHSX
403:Bell
354:The
327:DTMF
212:and
192:and
180:and
150:and
101:1949
94:1949
73:Type
50:page
2633:WAN
2603:NGN
2593:LAN
1874:Fax
1815:DCT
1611:CNN
1126:104
707:LCD
641:PBX
625:TAP
584:UHF
580:VHF
543:TAP
476:by
292:'s
134:or
112:Yes
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