299:. Often, juvenile behaviors are selected for in order to more easily domesticate a species; aggressiveness in certain species comes with adulthood when there is a need to compete for resources. If there is no need for competition, then there is no need for aggression. Selecting for juvenile behavioral characteristics can lead to neoteny in physical characteristics because, for example, with the reduced need for behaviors like aggression, there is no need for developed traits that would help in that area. Traits that may become neotenized due to decreased aggression may be a shorter muzzle and smaller general size among the domesticated individuals. Some common neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals (mainly dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, and even foxes) include floppy ears, changes in the reproductive cycle, curly tails,
307:
295:
than their wild counterparts. The environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a behavioral trait is selected for, a physical trait may also be selected for due to mechanisms like
423:, exhibit partial neoteny. The males of both species retain juvenile plumage into adulthood, losing it when they are fully mature. In some bird species, the retention of juvenile plumage is linked to the molting time in each species. To ensure no overlap between molting and mating times, the birds may exhibit partial neoteny in plumage; males do not attain their bright, adult plumage before the females are prepared to mate. Neoteny is present because there is no need for the males to molt early, and trying to mate with immature females would be energy-inefficient.
368:
447:
available resources more easily. This trend is seen in a comparison of salamander species at lower and higher altitudes; in a cool, high-altitude environment, neotenous individuals survive more and are more fecund than those which metamorphose into adult form. Insects in cooler environments tend to exhibit neoteny in flight because wings have a high surface area and lose heat quickly; it is disadvantageous for insects to metamorphose into adults.
144:
905:"Dann drängt sich die Frage auf, ob das Latenzstadium der Eier, das einerseits bei Fischen, Vögeln and Säugethieren in so höchst überraschenden Formen vorkommt, anderseits das Latenzstadium bei den Wirbellosen ¹) nicht eine Variante derselben Eigenschaft der Organismen sei, welche ich Neotenie genannt habe, und die auf irgend einer Entwichlungsstufe in Kraft treten kann."
430:. Flightlessness in insects has evolved separately a number of times; factors which may have contributed to the separate evolution of flightlessness are high altitude, geographic isolation (islands), and low temperatures. Under these environmental conditions, dispersal would be disadvantageous; heat is lost more rapidly through wings in colder climates. The
907:(Then the question arises whether on the one hand the latency stage of eggs — which occurs in such highly surprising forms in fish, birds and mammals — on the other hand the latency stage in invertebrates ¹) be not a variant of the same property of the organisms, which I have called "neoteny" and which can come into force at any stage of development.)
379:
Neoteny has been observed in many other species. It is important to note the difference between partial and full neoteny when looking at other species, to distinguish between juvenile traits which are advantageous in the short term and traits which are beneficial throughout the organism's life; this
275:
said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women
462:
salamander species which retain their juvenile aquatic form throughout adulthood, examples of full neoteny. Gills are a common juvenile characteristic in amphibians which are kept after maturation; examples are the tiger salamander and rough-skinned newt, both of which retain gills into adulthood.
338:
neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened the human-canine bond." Humans bred dogs to have more "juvenile physical traits" as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes which are associated with puppies because people usually consider these traits to be
294:
Neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice. This is because there are more resources available, less competition for those resources, and with the lowered competition the animals expend less energy obtaining those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly
358:
In 2004, a study that used 310 wolf skulls and over 700 dog skulls representing 100 breeds concluded that the evolution of dog skulls can generally not be described by heterochronic processes such as neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls that resemble the skulls of juvenile
402:
is partially neotenous; it delays maturation during the winter as fewer resources are available; it can find resources more easily in its larval form. This encompasses both of the main causes of neoteny; the energy required to survive in the winter as a newly-formed adult is too great, so the
446:
Two environments which favor neoteny are high altitudes and cool temperatures, because neotenous individuals have more fitness than individuals which metamorphose into an adult form. The energy required for metamorphosis detracts from individual fitness, and neotenous individuals can utilize
442:
are an example of insects which may never develop wings, depending on their environment. If resources are abundant on a host plant, there is no need to grow wings and disperse. If resources become diminished, their offspring may develop wings to disperse to other host plants.
380:
might provide insight into the cause of neoteny in a species. Partial neoteny is the retention of the larval form beyond the usual age of maturation, with possible sexual development (progenesis) and eventual maturation into the adult form; this is seen in the frog
407:
retains its neoteny for a similar reason; however, the retention is permanent due to the lack of available resources throughout its lifetime. This is another example of an environmental cause of neoteny. Several avian species, such as the
1216:
Drake, Abby Grace, "Evolution and development of the skull morphology of canids: An investigation of morphological integration and heterochrony" (January 1, 2004). Doctoral
Dissertations Available from Proquest. Paper AAI3136721.
560:. Typical centrioles form via a step by step process in which a cartwheel forms, then develops to become a procentriole, and further matures into a centriole. The neotenic centriole of fruit fly resembles an early procentriole.
473:
and an evolutionary change in the timing of development. Juveniles became sexually mature before their bodies had fully developed as adults and, due to a selective advantage, the skull's neotenic structure remained.
237:
noted that Bolk's account constituted an attempted justification for "scientific" racism and sexism, but acknowledged that Bolk had been right in the core idea that humans differ from other
263:. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in
528:), environmental conditions – high altitude, in this case – cause neoteny. Neoteny is also found in a few species of the crustacean family
984:
Hall, B.K., Hallgrímsson, B. Monroe, W.S. (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers: Canada.
469:
share many physical characteristics with humans, including neotenous skulls. The shape of their skull does not change into adulthood (only increasing in size), due to
434:
of certain insect groups become sexually mature without metamorphosis, and some do not develop wings. Flightlessness in some female insects has been linked to higher
355:
are an example of selection for neoteny because they exhibit large eyes, pendant-shaped ears and compact feet, giving them a morphology similar to puppies as adults.
651:
556:
exhibit the retention of "juvenile" centriole structure, which can be described as centriolar "neoteny". This neotenic, atypical centriole is known as the
1230:
Drake, Abby Grace (2011). "Dispelling dog dogma: An investigation of heterochrony in dogs using 3D geometric morphometric analysis of skull shape".
1200:
Beck, A.M. & Katcher, A.H. (1996). Between Pets and People: The
Importance of Companionship. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
1618:
Soltani-Mazouni, N.; Bordereau, C. (1987). "Changes in the cuticle, ovaries and colleterial glands during the pseudergate and neotenic molt in
259:, resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by
1078:"Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]"
996:
Das
Problem der Menschwerdung : Vortrag gehalten am 15. April 1926 auf der XXV. Versammlung der anatomischen Gesellschaft zu Freiburg
1191:
McGreevy, P.D. & Nicholas, F.W. (1999). Some
Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding. In Animal Welfare. 8: 329–341.
499:
1680:
Brokeland, W.; Brandt, A. (2004). "Two new species of
Ischnomesidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Southern Ocean displaying neoteny".
2303:
1736:
1024:
935:
220:, which had the meaning he wanted, "to retain", so that the new word would mean "the retaining of youth (into adulthood)".
208:
is either "neotenic" or "neotenous". For the opposite of "neotenic", different authorities use either "gerontomorphic" or "
1077:
674:
2268:
260:
212:". Bogin points out that Kollmann had intended the meaning to be "retaining youth", but had evidently confused the Greek
271:
states a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."
2113:
1841:
975:
Hetherington, R. (2010). The
Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
124:
1723:, Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol. 67, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–15,
1813:
1205:
1000:
The
Problem of Humanization: Lecture held on 15 April 1926 at the 25th Congress of the Anatomical Society at Freiberg
2070:
1856:
1851:
1066:
Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction
Publishers, N.J.
2322:
1786:
893:[The overwintering of European frog- and triton larvae and the transformation of the Mexican axolotl].
2247:
895:
Verhandlungen der
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel (Proceedings of the Natural Science Society of Basel)
2327:
2098:
352:
115:. It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in
17:
2332:
2065:
891:"Das Ueberwintern von europäischen Frosch- und Tritonlarven und die Umwandlung des mexikanischen Axolotl"
303:
coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle.
2257:
2123:
1955:
1950:
594:
359:
wolves. By 2011, the findings by the same researcher were simply "Dogs are not paedomorphic wolves."
1377:
Barbosa, P.; et al. (1989). "Life-history traits of forest-inhabiting flightless Lepidoptera".
890:
289:
744:
540:
Neoteny is usually used to describe animal development; however, neoteny is also seen in the cell
2191:
2128:
2103:
1986:
1906:
685:
557:
521:
2176:
2075:
2060:
2029:
1930:
513:
296:
229:
925:
2287:
2181:
2108:
2007:
1945:
1940:
1871:
1806:
1040:
Shea, Brian T. (1989). "Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered".
768:
159:); postdisplacement, hypomorphosis, and deceleration (blue) all truncate it (paedomorphosis).
152:
809:
306:
2196:
2039:
2034:
1916:
1911:
1898:
1689:
1504:
1163:
382:
335:
323:
116:
646:
8:
2292:
1218:
749:
413:
1693:
1559:
1508:
1428:
1167:
255:
Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human
1981:
1747:
1563:
1520:
1474:
1432:
1394:
1346:
1255:
1097:
842:
331:
97:
1131:
450:
Many species of salamander, and amphibians in general, exhibit environmental neoteny.
2242:
2022:
2017:
1926:
1782:
1752:
1732:
1635:
1603:
1582:
1528:
1354:
1323:"Delayed maturation, neoteny, and social system differences in two manakins of genus
1247:
1243:
1201:
1020:
1014:
931:
703:
470:
459:
403:
organism exhibits neotenous characteristics until it can better survive as an adult.
344:
250:
234:
85:
81:
2226:
1259:
1101:
846:
2252:
2221:
2216:
2171:
1799:
1742:
1724:
1697:
1662:
1631:
1598:
1555:
1512:
1466:
1424:
1386:
1338:
1289:
1239:
1171:
1127:
1089:
1049:
834:
584:
431:
394:
348:
339:
more attractive. Some breeds of dogs with short snouts and broad heads such as the
277:
268:
43:
529:
2262:
2166:
1976:
1717:"The Evolution of Centriole Structure: Heterochrony, Neoteny, and Hypermorphosis"
877:
708:
426:
Neoteny is commonly seen in flightless insects, such as the females of the order
264:
186:
163:
1728:
1118:
Price, E. (1999). "Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication".
1791:
1701:
623:
193:
1721:
The Golgi Apparatus and Centriole: Functions, Interactions and Role in Disease
1716:
966:
Henke, W. (2007). Handbook of paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Springer Books, NY.
689:
155:. Predisplacement, hypermorphosis, and acceleration (red) extend development (
2316:
2230:
2144:
2012:
1846:
1823:
553:
486:
327:
315:
209:
156:
120:
1653:(Baird) during different larval, transforming, and postmetamorphic phases".
1516:
1053:
618:
84:, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found more in
2055:
1876:
1866:
1756:
1358:
1293:
1251:
950:
427:
419:
272:
148:
112:
1583:"Extraordinary sex ratios and the evolution of male neoteny in sib-mating
1532:
1495:
Shea, B. T. (1983). "Paedomorphosis and Neoteny in the Pygmy Chimpanzee".
1154:
Trut, L. N. (1999). "Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment".
1991:
1971:
589:
545:
490:
482:
227:
described neoteny as the major process in humanization. In his 1977 book
132:
31:
1144:
Bertone, J. (2006). Equine geriatric medicine and surgery. Saunders, MI.
276:
by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of
2235:
1935:
1888:
1567:
1524:
1478:
1436:
1398:
1350:
1175:
549:
541:
508:
372:
241:
in becoming sexually mature in an infantile stage of body development.
224:
175:
77:
1715:
Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Turner, Katerina (2019), Kloc, Malgorzata (ed.),
1307:
489:, energy costs result in neoteny; many species in these families have
2186:
2154:
1921:
1827:
1581:
Jordal, B. H.; Beaver, R. A.; Normark, B. B.; Farrell, B. D. (2002).
435:
311:
205:
1666:
1470:
1390:
1342:
1322:
1277:
30:"Paedogenesis" redirects here. For the topic of soil formation, see
2149:
2118:
1093:
838:
599:
574:
497:. Some cricket species shed their wings in adulthood; in the genus
478:
340:
256:
238:
1649:
Eagleson, G.; McKeown, B. (1978). "Changes in thyroid activity of
825:
Whiteman, H.H. (1994). "Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis".
1453:
Snyder, R (1956). "Comparative Features of the Life Histories of
451:
409:
388:
300:
171:
167:
1019:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap (Harvard University Press).
1861:
679:
579:
569:
504:
494:
466:
367:
143:
128:
1271:
1269:
544:. It was suggested that subcellular neoteny could explain why
351:
are more morphologically neotenous than other breeds of dogs.
61:
439:
174:-like aquatic stage complete with gills, unlike other adult
2159:
1266:
733:
Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.
64:
49:
1580:
1546:
Harrison, R (1980). "Dispersal Polymorphisms in Insects".
1415:
Harrison, R (1980). "Dispersal polymorphisms in insects".
1278:"Experiments on the metamorphosis of neotenous amphibians"
780:
166:
created the term "neoteny" in 1885 after he described the
55:
1624:
International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology
455:
1617:
652:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
127:. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of
111:(changing towards forms typical of children), a type of
861:
Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico
794:
503:, males (thought to be the first example of neoteny in
398:, which remain in larval form throughout their lives.
1457:(Baird) from Populations at Low and High Altitudes".
46:
1777:
Bergstorm, Carl T. & Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2012).
1113:
1111:
874:
Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution
745:"Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains"
58:
1372:
1370:
1368:
876:. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988,
151:, a change in the timing or rate of any process in
52:
1714:
1448:
1446:
1108:
1002:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
2314:
1821:
1365:
1138:
930:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–169.
507:) are significantly smaller than females due to
1679:
1648:
1443:
1410:
1408:
322:When the role of dogs expanded from just being
192:, the latter constructed by Kollmann from the
1807:
1490:
1488:
1405:
919:
917:
915:
913:
807:
477:In some groups, such as the insect families
375:, often retaining gills throughout its life.
107:(as having the form typical of children) or
1622:(FABR.) (Isoptera : Kalotermitidae)".
1187:
1185:
765:Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution
1814:
1800:
1611:
1485:
645:
27:Retaining juvenile features into adulthood
1746:
1602:
1591:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1539:
1042:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
910:
729:
727:
1548:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1545:
1417:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1414:
1182:
888:
824:
366:
305:
142:
138:
1376:
1275:
14:
2315:
2304:Index of evolutionary biology articles
1452:
1320:
1069:
1060:
969:
853:
801:
724:
535:
517:, neoteny is seen in molting females.
310:Neoteny and reduction in skull size –
283:
103:Both neoteny and progenesis result in
1795:
1229:
1117:
1075:
1012:
960:
923:
552:. One of the two sperm centrioles of
147:Diagram of the six types of shift in
1494:
1153:
1039:
993:
978:
742:
76:, is the delaying or slowing of the
1560:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.000523
1429:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.000523
362:
261:sexual selection in human evolution
170:'s maturation while remaining in a
24:
2114:Evolutionary developmental biology
1771:
532:, which live in deep ocean water.
125:evolutionary developmental biology
25:
2344:
2071:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1604:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00025.x
1244:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00470.x
1120:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
957:. 2011. Accessed April 30, 2011.
743:Choi, Charles Q. (1 July 2009).
204:, "to stretch, to extend"). The
42:
1708:
1673:
1642:
1574:
1314:
1300:
1282:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1223:
1210:
1194:
1147:
1076:Jones, D.; et al. (1995).
1033:
1006:
987:
944:
882:
866:
818:
88:compared to other primates. In
1842:Genotype–phenotype distinction
787:
773:
757:
736:
709:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
696:
667:
639:
611:
520:In other species, such as the
353:Cavalier King Charles spaniels
13:
1:
2099:Regulation of gene expression
1132:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00087-8
655:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
605:
2269:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2049:Evolution of genetic systems
1857:Gene–environment correlation
1852:Gene–environment interaction
1636:10.1016/0020-7322(87)90022-5
280:for neotenous female faces.
244:
7:
2248:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1729:10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_1
1655:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1379:American Midland Naturalist
1232:Evolution & Development
1013:Gould, Stephen Jay (1977).
827:Quarterly Review of Biology
767:. Springer-Verlag: Berlin,
563:
371:The axolotl is a neotenous
10:
2349:
2124:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2001:Developmental architecture
1702:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.034
386:. Full neoteny is seen in
287:
248:
29:
2301:
2280:
2209:
2137:
2091:
2084:
2048:
2000:
1964:
1951:Transgressive segregation
1897:
1834:
1682:Deep-Sea Research Part II
763:Volkenstein, M. V. 1994.
624:Dictionary.com Unabridged
595:Neotenic complex syndrome
927:Patterns of Human Growth
392:and some populations of
290:Domestication of animals
200:, "young") and τείνειν (
2129:Notch signaling pathway
2104:Gene regulatory network
1987:Dual inheritance theory
1517:10.1126/science.6623093
1054:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505
686:Oxford University Press
558:Proximal Centriole-Like
522:northwestern salamander
2177:cis-regulatory element
2085:Control of development
1965:Non-genetic influences
1931:evolutionary landscape
1620:Kalotermes flavicollis
1294:10.1002/jez.1400360402
1016:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
514:Kalotermes flavicollis
376:
319:
297:linkage disequilibrium
230:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
178:like frogs and toads.
160:
2323:Developmental biology
2288:Nature versus nurture
2192:Cell surface receptor
2109:Evo-devo gene toolkit
2008:Developmental biology
1946:Polygenic inheritance
1872:Quantitative genetics
924:Bogin, Barry (1999).
889:Kollmann, J. (1885).
808:Ridley, Mark (1985).
682:US English Dictionary
493:, neotenous wings or
370:
309:
288:Further information:
185:is borrowed from the
153:embryonic development
146:
139:History and etymology
2328:Evolutionary biology
2197:Transcription factor
1912:Genetic assimilation
1899:Genetic architecture
1688:(14–16): 1769–1785.
1308:"Ambystoma tigrinum"
1276:Swingle, W. (1922).
1082:Current Anthropology
994:Bolk, Louis (1926).
872:Ginetsinskaya, T.A.
414:Chiroxiphia linearis
400:Lithobates clamitans
383:Lithobates clamitans
117:evolutionary biology
2293:Morphogenetic field
2210:Influential figures
1694:2004DSRII..51.1769B
1509:1983Sci...222..521S
1321:Foster, M. (1987).
1168:1999AmSci..87.....T
955:The Free Dictionary
750:Scientific American
536:Subcellular neoteny
420:Chiroxiphia caudata
389:Ambystoma mexicanum
284:In domestic animals
273:Delbert D. Thiessen
131:traits, as seen in
2333:Taxonomy (biology)
1982:Genomic imprinting
1176:10.1511/1999.2.160
1156:American Scientist
903:From pp. 397–398:
783:. 21 January 2022.
405:Ambystoma tigrinum
395:Ambystoma tigrinum
377:
332:selective breeding
320:
161:
98:sexual development
2310:
2309:
2243:Eric F. Wieschaus
2205:
2204:
2023:Pattern formation
1927:Fitness landscape
1738:978-3-030-23173-6
1651:Ambystoma gracile
1503:(4623): 521–522.
1455:Ambystoma gracile
1026:978-0-674-63940-9
937:978-0-521-56438-0
712:. Merriam-Webster
526:Ambystoma gracile
511:. In the termite
471:sexual dimorphism
460:perennibranchiate
330:, humans started
251:Neoteny in humans
235:Stephen Jay Gould
16:(Redirected from
2340:
2253:William McGinnis
2222:Richard Lewontin
2217:C. H. Waddington
2089:
2088:
2066:Neutral networks
1816:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1750:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1661:(6): 1377–1381.
1646:
1640:
1639:
1630:(3–4): 221–225.
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
948:
942:
941:
921:
908:
902:
886:
880:
870:
864:
857:
851:
850:
822:
816:
815:
805:
799:
798:
791:
785:
784:
777:
771:
761:
755:
754:
740:
734:
731:
722:
721:
719:
717:
700:
694:
693:
688:. Archived from
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
615:
585:Larviform female
363:In other species
349:Maremma Sheepdog
278:sexual selection
269:J. B. S. Haldane
100:is accelerated.
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
21:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2276:
2263:Sean B. Carroll
2201:
2133:
2080:
2044:
1996:
1977:Maternal effect
1960:
1893:
1830:
1820:
1774:
1772:Further reading
1769:
1761:
1759:
1739:
1713:
1709:
1678:
1674:
1667:10.1139/z78-190
1647:
1643:
1616:
1612:
1579:
1575:
1544:
1540:
1493:
1486:
1471:10.2307/1439242
1451:
1444:
1413:
1406:
1391:10.2307/2425912
1375:
1366:
1343:10.2307/2409256
1319:
1315:
1310:. Amphibia Web.
1306:
1305:
1301:
1274:
1267:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1116:
1109:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1048:(S10): 69–101.
1038:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1007:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
949:
945:
938:
922:
911:
887:
883:
871:
867:
858:
854:
823:
819:
806:
802:
793:
792:
788:
779:
778:
774:
762:
758:
741:
737:
732:
725:
715:
713:
702:
701:
697:
673:
672:
668:
658:
656:
644:
640:
630:
628:
617:
616:
612:
608:
566:
538:
365:
292:
286:
265:human evolution
253:
247:
216:with the Latin
164:Julius Kollmann
141:
72:), also called
45:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2227:François Jacob
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1956:Sequence space
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1781:, W.W. Norton
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1737:
1707:
1672:
1641:
1610:
1597:(3): 353–360.
1573:
1538:
1484:
1442:
1404:
1385:(2): 262–274.
1364:
1337:(3): 547–558.
1313:
1299:
1288:(4): 397–421.
1265:
1238:(2): 204–213.
1222:
1209:
1193:
1181:
1162:(2): 160–169.
1146:
1137:
1126:(3): 245–271.
1107:
1094:10.1086/204427
1088:(5): 723–748.
1068:
1059:
1032:
1025:
1005:
986:
977:
968:
959:
943:
936:
909:
881:
865:
863:, 1985, pg. 22
859:Schell, S. C.
852:
839:10.1086/418540
833:(2): 205–221.
817:
800:
797:. 6 June 2022.
786:
781:"Paedomorphic"
772:
756:
735:
723:
695:
692:on 2020-03-22.
666:
638:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
565:
562:
548:have atypical
537:
534:
364:
361:
326:to also being
285:
282:
249:Main article:
246:
243:
140:
137:
109:paedomorphosis
74:juvenilization
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2345:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:Jacques Monod
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Homeotic gene
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:Morphogenesis
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Reaction norm
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1206:1-55753-077-7
1203:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1001:
997:
990:
981:
972:
963:
956:
952:
947:
939:
933:
929:
928:
920:
918:
916:
914:
906:
900:
897:(in German).
896:
892:
885:
878:
875:
869:
862:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
813:
812:
804:
796:
790:
782:
776:
769:
766:
760:
752:
751:
746:
739:
730:
728:
711:
710:
705:
699:
691:
687:
683:
681:
676:
670:
654:
653:
648:
642:
627:(Online). n.d
626:
625:
620:
614:
610:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
530:Ischnomesidae
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:
416:
415:
411:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:
374:
369:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:Saint Bernard
342:
337:
336:morphological
333:
329:
325:
317:
313:
308:
304:
302:
298:
291:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
158:
157:peramorphosis
154:
150:
145:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:domestication
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:paedomorphism
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:modern humans
83:
79:
78:physiological
75:
69:
39:
33:
19:
2267:
2160:eyeless gene
2056:Evolvability
2030:Segmentation
1907:Canalisation
1881:
1877:Heterochrony
1867:Heritability
1835:Key concepts
1778:
1760:, retrieved
1720:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1500:
1496:
1465:(1): 41–50.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1420:
1416:
1382:
1378:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1196:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1123:
1119:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1062:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1015:
1008:
999:
995:
989:
980:
971:
962:
954:
946:
926:
904:
898:
894:
884:
873:
868:
860:
855:
830:
826:
820:
814:. Blackwell.
810:
803:
789:
775:
764:
759:
748:
738:
714:. Retrieved
707:
698:
690:the original
678:
669:
657:. Retrieved
650:
641:
629:. Retrieved
622:
613:
539:
525:
519:
512:
498:
476:
465:
449:
445:
428:Strepsiptera
425:
418:
412:
404:
399:
393:
387:
381:
378:
357:
324:working dogs
321:
293:
254:
228:
222:
217:
213:
201:
197:
189:
182:
180:
162:
149:heterochrony
113:heterochrony
108:
104:
102:
94:paedogenesis
93:
89:
73:
37:
36:
18:Paedomorphic
2258:Mike Levine
2167:Distal-less
1992:Polyphenism
1972:Epigenetics
1824:development
1325:Chiroxyphia
795:"Morphosis"
590:Moe (slang)
546:sperm cells
495:none at all
483:Delphacidae
210:peramorphic
133:salamanders
32:Pedogenesis
2317:Categories
2236:Lac operon
2061:Robustness
2040:Modularity
2035:Metamerism
1941:Plasticity
1936:Pleiotropy
1889:Heterotopy
1787:039391349X
1762:2023-10-12
1554:: 95–118.
1423:: 95–118.
901:: 387–398.
606:References
550:centrioles
542:organelles
509:inbreeding
373:salamander
328:companions
225:Louis Bolk
176:amphibians
90:progenesis
2187:Morphogen
2172:Engrailed
2155:Pax genes
2076:Tinkering
1922:Epistasis
1917:Dominance
1828:phenotype
1779:Evolution
1331:Evolution
811:Evolution
716:April 21,
704:"neoteny"
675:"neoteny"
659:April 21,
647:"neoteny"
631:April 21,
619:"neoteny"
554:fruit fly
487:Carabidae
436:fecundity
334:dogs for
316:chihuahua
312:grey wolf
245:In humans
223:In 1926,
206:adjective
181:The word
2150:Hox gene
2138:Elements
2119:Homeobox
1757:31435789
1587:beetles"
1585:Ozopemon
1359:28563802
1260:20893501
1252:21410876
1102:52840802
847:83500486
600:Neotenin
575:Cuteness
564:See also
500:Ozopemon
479:Gerridae
410:manakins
341:Komondor
257:primates
239:primates
190:Neotenie
2281:Debates
2092:Systems
2018:Eyespot
1882:Neoteny
1748:7576685
1690:Bibcode
1568:2096904
1533:6623093
1525:1691380
1505:Bibcode
1497:Science
1479:1439242
1437:2096904
1399:2425912
1351:2409256
1164:Bibcode
951:Neoteny
505:beetles
467:Bonobos
452:Axolotl
432:females
301:piebald
214:teínein
202:teínein
183:neoteny
172:tadpole
168:axolotl
82:somatic
38:Neoteny
2182:Ligand
1862:Operon
1785:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1566:
1531:
1523:
1477:
1459:Copeia
1435:
1397:
1357:
1349:
1258:
1250:
1204:
1100:
1023:
934:
845:
680:Lexico
580:Kawaii
570:Ageing
440:Aphids
318:skulls
218:tenere
196:νέος (
187:German
129:larval
123:, and
1564:JSTOR
1521:JSTOR
1475:JSTOR
1433:JSTOR
1395:JSTOR
1347:JSTOR
1256:S2CID
1098:S2CID
998:[
843:S2CID
491:small
194:Greek
80:, or
1822:The
1783:ISBN
1753:PMID
1733:ISBN
1529:PMID
1463:1956
1355:PMID
1248:PMID
1219:link
1202:ISBN
1021:ISBN
932:ISBN
718:2019
661:2019
633:2019
485:and
458:are
454:and
417:and
347:and
314:and
198:neos
1826:of
1743:PMC
1725:doi
1698:doi
1663:doi
1632:doi
1599:doi
1556:doi
1513:doi
1501:222
1467:doi
1425:doi
1387:doi
1383:122
1339:doi
1290:doi
1240:doi
1172:doi
1128:doi
1090:doi
1050:doi
835:doi
456:olm
92:or
2319::
2229:+
1751:,
1741:,
1731:,
1719:,
1696:.
1686:51
1684:.
1659:56
1657:.
1628:16
1626:.
1595:75
1593:.
1589:.
1562:.
1552:11
1550:.
1527:.
1519:.
1511:.
1499:.
1487:^
1473:.
1461:.
1445:^
1431:.
1421:11
1419:.
1407:^
1393:.
1381:.
1367:^
1353:.
1345:.
1335:41
1333:.
1329:.
1286:36
1284:.
1280:.
1268:^
1254:.
1246:.
1236:13
1234:.
1184:^
1170:.
1160:87
1158:.
1124:65
1122:.
1110:^
1096:.
1086:36
1084:.
1080:.
1046:32
1044:.
953:,
912:^
841:.
831:69
829:.
747:.
726:^
706:.
684:.
677:.
649:.
621:.
481:,
438:.
343:,
267:.
233:,
135:.
119:,
96:,
62:ən
1929:/
1815:e
1808:t
1801:v
1727::
1704:.
1700::
1692::
1669:.
1665::
1638:.
1634::
1607:.
1601::
1570:.
1558::
1535:.
1515::
1507::
1481:.
1469::
1439:.
1427::
1401:.
1389::
1361:.
1341::
1327:"
1296:.
1292::
1262:.
1242::
1178:.
1174::
1166::
1134:.
1130::
1104:.
1092::
1056:.
1052::
1029:.
940:.
899:7
879:.
849:.
837::
770:.
753:.
720:.
663:.
635:.
524:(
68:/
65:i
59:t
56:ɒ
53:ˈ
50:i
47:n
44:/
40:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
