Packet switching - Knowledge

350: 338: 2161: 4461:"As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in . The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies." 2699:(NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the NSF beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks, operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3), that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985 to 1995. Initially created to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the 2554: 873:

was a source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET have affected sources on the topic, which has created methodological challenges in the historiography of the Internet. Historian Andrew L. Russell said "'Internet history' also suffers from a third, methodological, problem: it tends to be too close to its sources. Many Internet pioneers are alive, active, and eager to shape the histories that describe their accomplishments. Many museums and historians are equally eager to interview the pioneers and to publicize their stories".

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only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets. In this case, address information is only transferred to each node during the connection setup phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes. When a connection identifier is used, routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection identifier in a table.

1772: 11818: 5317:"Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks ... Kleinrock extended the theoretical approaches of to the early ARPA network." 11828: 2529: 3329:

In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965, Davies forecast today's 'killer app' for his new communication service: 'The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate.'

183: 11807: 38: 11838: 849:), as "crazy" and non-sensical, despite the ARPA team having advocated for it. The reignited debate caused other former BBN employees to make their concerns known, including Alex McKenzie, who followed Davies in disputing that Kleinrock's work was related to packet switching, stating "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization". 47: 6811:

Distributed Communications" in the early 1960's. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960's. ... Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.

601:, it was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control. The BBN "IMP Guys" independently developed significant aspects of the network's internal operation, including the routing algorithm, flow control, software design, and network control. The UCLA NMC and the BBN team also investigated network congestion. The Network Working Group, led by 6417:

with his old colleague Len Kleinrock, who had written about them as early as 1962, as part of his Ph.D. research on communication nets. It requires a great deal of squinting to extract anything resembling packet-switching from Kleinrock's work, however, and no other contemporary textual evidence that I have come across backs the Kleinrock/Roberts account.

1259:. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to use the end-to-end principle and make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture. 587:. After SOSP, and after Roberts' direction to use packet switching, Kleinrock sought input from Baran and proposed to retain Baran and RAND as advisors. The ARPANET working group assigned Kleinrock responsibility to prepare a report on software for the IMP. In 1968, Roberts awarded Kleinrock a contract to establish a Network Measurement Center (NMC) at 1047:(RSVP) create virtual circuits on top of datagram networks. MPLS and its predecessors, as well as ATM, have been called "fast packet" technologies. MPLS, indeed, has been called "ATM without cells". Virtual circuits are especially useful in building robust failover mechanisms and allocating bandwidth for delay-sensitive applications. 639:. It was the first to implement the end-to-end principle of Davies, and make the host computers responsible for the reliable delivery of data on a packet-switched network, rather than this being a service of the network itself. His team was thus first to tackle the highly-complex problem of providing user applications with a reliable 1647:"The experimental packet-switched Nordic telecommunication network SCANNET was implemented in Nordic technical libraries in the 1970s, and it included first Nordic electronic journal Extemplo. Libraries were also among first ones in universities to accommodate microcomputers for public use in the early 1980s." 6416:

The above description of how packet-switching came to be is the most widely-accepted one. However, there is an alternative version. Roberts claimed in later years that by the time of the Gatlinburg symposium, he already had the basic concepts of packet-switching well in mind, and that they originated

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Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network

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Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to

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He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts's decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation

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completed the triad. Over the next several years, in addition to host-to-host interactive connections, the network was enhanced to support terminal-to-host connections, host-to-host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to

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In connectionless mode each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This information eliminates the need for a pre-established path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that

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The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and

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In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who

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they lacked one vital ingredient. Since none of them had heard of Paul Baran they had no serious idea of how to make the system work. And it took an English outfit to tell them. ... Larry Roberts paper was the first public presentation of the ARPANET concept as conceived with the aid of Wesley Clark

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The 1960 challenge was to build a network such that a significant subset of the network could survive a military attack. told us he knew he could design a solution once he realized that, 'given redundant paths, the reliability of the net work could be greater than the reliability of the parts.' ...

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protocols used for setup allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. The packets transferred may include a connection identifier rather than address information and the packet header can be smaller, as it

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to explore the questions of message size and contents for the network, and to write a position paper on the intercomputer communication protocol including “conventions for character and block transmission, error checking and re transmission, and computer and user identification." Roberts revised his

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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Baran describes his working environment at RAND, as well as his initial interest in survivable communications, and the evolution, writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, "On Distributed Communications". Baran discusses his interaction with the group

9381:"Eircom Plc and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Mr Mark Henry and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Eircom Plc and the Department of Finance and Eircom Plc and Office of the Revenue Commissioners. | [2000] IEIC 98114 | Irish Information Commissioner | Judgment | Law | CaseMine" 6172:

The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., ) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... KLEINROCK, L., AND

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BARAN: On Tuesday, 31 October 1967 I see a notation 9:30 AM to 2:00 PM for ARPA's (Elmer) Shapiro, (Barry) Boehm, (Len) Kleinrock, ARPA Network. On Monday, 13 November 1967 I see the following: Larry Roberts to abt (about?) lunch (time?). Art Bushkin = 1:00 PM. Here. Larry Roberts IMP Committee. On

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As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to

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connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to

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for a human user. This addressed a key question about the viability of computer networking. Larry Roberts brought Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in early 1967. Roberts and Taylor recognized the issue of response time was important, but did not apply Kleinrock's methods to assess this

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In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made.

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We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group

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Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze

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designed a private network system for sale as a turnkey package to multi-national organizations. In addition to providing X.25 packet switching, message switching software was also included. Messages were buffered at the nodes adjacent to the sending and receiving terminals. Switched virtual calls

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was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA. In 1969, it began install a network based on minicomputers to connect timesharing terminals to its central computers. The network used store-and-forward and voice-grade lines. Routing was not distributed, rather it was

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on packet switching, carried out in the 1970s, which was an extension of his pioneering work in the early 1960s on the optimization of message delays in communication networks. However, Kleinrock's claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that his work

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Roberts claimed in later years that, by the time of the October 1967 SOSP, he already had the concept of packet switching in mind (although not yet named and not written down in his paper published at the conference, which a number of sources describe as "vague"), and that this originated with his

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Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand Corporation in a study "On

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In June 1999 MCI WorldCom introduced vBNS+ which allowed attachments to the vBNS network by organizations that were not approved by or receiving support from NSF. After the expiration of the NSF agreement, the vBNS largely transitioned to providing service to the government. Most universities and

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for his doctoral dissertation in 1961–62 and published it as a book in 1964. Davies, in his 1966 paper on packet switching, applied Kleinorck's techniques to show that "there is an ample margin between the estimated performance of the system and the stated requirement" in terms of a satisfactory

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Leonard Kleinrock and Lawrence (Larry) Roberts, neither of whom were directly involved in the invention of packet switching ... Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate

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Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his

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to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions. In 1969, the NPL, followed by the ARPANET, were the first two networks to use packet switching. By 1976, 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached, and more were added until the

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governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the

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Before the introduction of X.25 in 1976, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, operating according to the

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The disagreement about Kleinrock's contribution to packet switching dates back to a version of the above claim made on Kleinrock's profile on the UCLA Computer Science department website sometime in the 1990s. Here, he was referred to as the "Inventor of the Internet Technology". The webpage's

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Roberts was already becoming known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. ... And not for nothing was Larry Roberts known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. By the time they got to the airport, the decision had been made .... Once again, the fastest man in the Pentagon made his decision without

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A subsequent version of Kleinrock's biography webpage was copyrighted in 2009 by Kleinrock. He was called on to defend his position over subsequent decades. In 2023, he acknowledged that his published work in the early 1960s was about message switching and claimed he was thinking about packet

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Roberts presented the idea of packet switching to communication industry professionals in the early 1970s. Before ARPANET was operating, they argued that the router buffers would quickly run out. After the ARPANET was operating, they argued packet switching would never be economic without the

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in support of the Air Force initiative. The concept was first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. The reports describe a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed,

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Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the

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Connection-oriented transport layer protocols such as TCP provide a connection-oriented service by using an underlying connectionless network. In this case, the end-to-end principle dictates that the end nodes, not the network itself, are responsible for the connection-oriented behavior.

813:. In it, Kleinrock is described as having "published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964". Many sources about the history of the Internet began to reflect these claims as uncontroversial facts. This became the subject of what 3930:

Roger Scantlebury ... from Donald Davies' team ... presented a detailed design study for a packet switched network. It was the first Roberts had heard of it. ... Roberts also learned from Scantlebury, for the first time, of the work that had been done by Paul Baran at RAND a few years

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also joined the debate, stating that "authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed". Walter Isaacson notes that "until the mid-1990s Kleinrock had credited with coming up with the idea of packet switching".

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utilized virtual call packet switched technology including X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated

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is generally used in IP networks to dynamically negotiate capacity between connections. Packet switching may also increase the robustness of networks in the face of failures. If a node fails, connections do not need to be interrupted, as packets may be routed around the failure.

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UNINETT was a wide-area Norwegian packet-switched network established through a joint effort between Norwegian universities, research institutions and the Norwegian Telecommunication administration. The original network was based on X.25; Internet protocols were adopted later.

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He developed the mathematical theory of data networks, the technology underpinning the Internet, while a graduate student at MIT in the period from 1960-1962. In that work, he also modeled the packetization of messages and solved for a key performance gain that packetization

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interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.

1105:. The NPL network followed by the ARPANET became operational in 1969, the first two networks to use packet switching. Larry Roberts said many of the packet switching networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Donald Davies' original 1965 design. 2067:

was the national X.25 network in France. It was developed locally at about the same time as DATAPAC in Canada. The development was done by the French PTT and influenced by the experimental RCP network. It began operation in 1978, and served commercial users and, after

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minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating ATM, Frame Relay, IP and X.25 technologies.

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wrote that Kleinrock's claims "led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching".

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In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, New York, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service.

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The protocol was designed to be simple, autoconfiguring, and not require servers or other specialized services to work. These benefits also created drawbacks, as Appletalk tended not to use bandwidth efficiently. AppleTalk support was terminated in 2009.

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Larry Roberts presented a paper on early ideas for what was to become ARPAnet. This was based on a store-and-forward method for entire messages, but as a result of that meeting the NPL work helped to convince Roberts that packet switching was the way

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Leonard Kleinrock's research work during the 1970s addressed packet switching networks, packet radio networks, local area networks, broadband networks, nomadic computing, peer-to-peer networks, and intelligent software agents. His theoretical work on

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services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.

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More significantly, Roger Scantlebury ... presents the design for a packet-switched network. This is the first Roberts and Taylor have heard of packet switching, a concept that appears to be a promising receipe for transmitting data through the

965:, packet switching is highly dynamic, allocating channel capacity based on usage instead of explicit reservations. This can reduce wasted capacity caused by underutilized reservations at the cost of removing bandwidth guarantees. In practice, 4132:

the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the

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I actually set up the first meeting between John Wedlake of the British Post Office and of the French PTT which led to X25. There was a problem about virtual calls in EIN, so I called this meeting and that actually did in the end lead to

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Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David

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In addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers, NSFNET provided connectivity to eleven regional networks and through these networks to many smaller regional and campus networks in the United States. The NSFNET regional networks were:

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network, which he presented at SOSP. Roberts was known for making decisions quickly. Immediately after SOSP, he incorporated Davies' and Baran's concepts and designs for packet switching to enable the data communications on the network.

4914:, Internet Hall of Fame "America’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), and the ARPANET received his network design enthusiastically and the NPL local network became the first two computer networks in the world using the technique." 4107:

The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL

9153: 1627:. RCP emphasised terminal-to-host and terminal-to-terminal connection; CYCLADES was concerned with host-to-host communication. RCP influenced the X.25 specification, which was deployed on TRANSPAC and other public data networks. 1061:

Donald Davies' work on data communications and computer network design became well known in the United States, Europe and Japan and was the "cornerstone" that inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following.

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is a high-speed international Internet service connecting research and education networks in the Asia-Pacific region to those in the US. TransPAC3 is part of the NSF's International Research Network Connections (IRNC) program.

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This animation illustrates a network model in which consecutive packets between hosts take differing routes. Out-of-order delivery is however detrimental to the performance of several network protocols, including TCP, so that

2868:(NRL) was launched in September 2003. It is a 12,000-mile high-speed national computer network owned and operated by the US research and education community that runs over fiber-optic lines. It was the first transcontinental 1787:

were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by

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It is more difficult to establish at this time, however, whether Larry intended to switch the fragments as independent packets in the ARPAnet before he heard of the NPL work; certainly he now claims that this was always his

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to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.

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of 2342. British Telecom renamed PSS Global Network Service (GNS), but the PSS name has remained better known. PSS also included public dial-up PAD access, and various InterStream gateways to other services such as Telex.

1827:. Established by Telstra's predecessor Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network and supported applications such as on-line betting, financial applications—the 1001:) also use packet switching. Packet switching is associated with connectionless networking because, in these systems, no connection agreement needs to be established between communicating parties prior to exchanging data. 772:

became critical to the operation of the Internet. Kleinrock published hundreds of research papers, which ultimately launched a new field of research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks.

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would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer's group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).

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to provide better computing facilities than could be afforded individually. The networks were each based on one manufacturer's standards and were mutually incompatible and overlapping. In 1981, the SRC was renamed the

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is a consortium of airlines. Its Data Transport Network adopted X.25 in 1981, becoming the world's most extensive packet-switching network. As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it.

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development, using X.25 protocols to form virtual circuits. It was to replace EIN and established a network in 1979 linking a number of European countries until 1984 when the network was handed over to national PTTs.

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Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn't remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like

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him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.

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The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an

493:. Davies had chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as did Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits. To deal with packet permutations (due to dynamically updated route preferences) and 3763:

all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control ... Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages

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switching. Primary sources and historians recognize Baran and Davies for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the ARPANET and the Internet.

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losses (unavoidable when fast sources send to a slow destinations), he assumed that "all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control", thus inventing what came to be known as the

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The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching.

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due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to the development of the global

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was the UK academic and research network, linking all universities, higher education establishments, and publicly funded research laboratories following its launch in 1984. The X.25 network, which used the

1682:). There were also regional networks centred on Bristol (on which work was initiated in the late 1960s) followed in the mid-late 1970s by Edinburgh, the Midlands and Newcastle. These groups of institutions 3191: 5963:, Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187 4899:

In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this

300:, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as 825:

became a public issue after Donald Davies posthumously published a paper in 2001 in which he denied that Kleinrock's work was related to packet switching. Davies also described ARPANET project manager

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made use of AUSTPAC—and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access was via a dial-up terminal to a

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switches, and ran X.25 links at up to 8 Mbit/s in its final phase before being converted to an IP-based network in 1991. The JANET network grew out of the 1970s SRCnet, later called SERCnet.

1714:'s proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. An IBM customer could acquire hardware and software from IBM and lease private lines from a common carrier to construct a private network. 7444: 2904:

under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with

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The Spanish, dark horses, were the first people to have a public network. They'd got a bank network which they craftily turned into a public network overnight, and beat everybody to the post.

10408: 10342:"NSF Solicitation 93-52-Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program" 5615:

In addition to the NPL Network and the ARPANET, CYCLADES, an academic and research experimental network, also played an important role in the development of computer networking technologies

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NSFNET Traffic 1991, NSFNET backbone nodes are shown at the top, regional networks below, traffic volume is depicted from purple (zero bytes) to white (100 billion bytes), visualization by

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system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface but complicates the network. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.

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concept, using short messages in fixed format with high data transmission rates to achieve rapid communications. He went on to develop a more advanced design for a hierarchical, high-speed

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networking protocols from the 1980s derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP and SPP protocols, respectively which date back to the 1970s. IPX/SPX was used primarily on networks using the

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was a major international provider of information services. The company originally designed a telephone network to serve as its internal (albeit continent-wide) voice telephone network.

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We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).

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Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.

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the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways.

4862: 447:) was instrumental in the development of time-sharing. After conversations with Licklider about time-sharing with remote computers in 1965, Davies independently invented a similar 4716: 4691: 1140:

without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required

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The feasibility studies continued with an attempt to apply queuing theory to study overall network performance. This proved to be intractable so we quickly turned to simulation.

6428: 841:(BBN) who had been involved in building and designing the ARPANET IMP on the one side, and ARPA-related researchers on the other. This earlier dispute is exemplified by BBN's 6646:...there were all sorts of crazy ideas about, and most of them didn't make any sense. There was this 'hot potato' routing which somebody was advocating, which was just crazy. 2106:

VENUS-P was an international X.25 network that operated from April 1982 through March 2006. At its subscription peak in 1999, VENUS-P connected 207 networks in 87 countries.

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Roberts bought the idea and presented a some what vague paper about it at the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating System Principles held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee in late 1967

285:. Packet-based communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (switches and routers). In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 9305: 5585:

In fact, CYCLADES, unlike ARPANET, had been explicitly designed to facilitate internetworking; it could, for instance, handle varying formats and varying levels of service

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designed and proposed a national commercial data network based on packet switching in 1965. The proposal was not taken up nationally but the following year, he designed a

9916: 8110: 7019: 6580: 752:

For a period in the 1980s and early 1990s, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, commonly known as the

4652: 6685: 9307:

Towards a New World in Computer Communication: Eleventh International Conference on Computer Communication, Genova, Italy, 1992 : Proceedings of the Conference

6805: 10041: 8532: 7008:"The advances by Donald Davies, by Paul Baran, and by Vint Cerf, Bob Khan and colleagues had already happened in the 1970s but were only just becoming pervasive." 5653: 2787:, added as part of the upgrade to T3, serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, established in late 1988, operated by 1207:

developed for internal use. It initially had only one host but was designed to support many hosts. BNR later made major contributions to the CCITT X.25 project.

436: 7122: 5528: 5177: 4069:

Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.

8220:

The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.

4292:

The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.

2840:

serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, sold to

2603:

subscription, the distinctions between national networks blurred. The user no longer saw network identifiers such as the DNIC. Some older technologies such as

1658:

is a consortium of airlines. Its High Level Network (HLN) became operational in 1969. Although organised to act like a packet-switching network, it still used

1317:

The European Informatics Network (EIN), originally called COST 11, was a project beginning in 1971 to link networks in Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland and

913:

more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger. The packets are routed individually, sometimes taking different paths resulting in

502:. Davies proposed that a local-area network should be built at the laboratory to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. After a 3048:

Paul Baran, an engineer celebrated as the co-inventor (along with Donald Davies) of the packet switching technology that is the foundation of digital networks

1373:

supplied the hardware and software. The handling of link control messages (acknowledgements and flow control) was different from that of most other networks.

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Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.

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The history of packet-switched networks can be divided into three overlapping eras: early networks before the introduction of X.25; the X.25 era when many

624:

government subsidy. Baran had faced the same rejection and thus failed to convince the military into constructing a packet switching network in the 1960s.

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work on message switching to packet switching in the ARPANET. His work influenced the development of the ARPANET and packet-switched networks generally.

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Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (1997),

5736: 1691:(SERC). In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet research network and based on the 617: 6936:

Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet

1293:-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were 7453: 4990: 261:

depending on the link capacity and the traffic load on the network. Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using

609:, which was approved by Barry Wessler for ARPA, after he ordered certain more exotic elements to be dropped. In 1970, Kleinrock extended his earlier 2916:(622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12 backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production 1396:, Ohio. Very little has been published about the internal details of their network. The design was hierarchical with redundant communication links. 7051: 6616: 6446: 4335: 1636: 1972:

is the Spanish public packet-switched network, providing X.25 services. It was based on RETD which was operational since 1972. Iberpac was run by

6091:... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation. 2684: 3978:

It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized.

7272: 467:, and proposed building a commercial nationwide data network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the 7403: 6464: 1523: 1326: 1094: 370: 155: 9384: 3436: 2872:

network. It operates with an aggregate capacity of up to 1.6 Tbit/s and a 40 Gbit/s bitrate. NLR ceased operations in March 2014.

2160: 1455:(NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host-to-host connection was made between the 11790: 11762: 11757: 10782: 9938: 1224: 936:

Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase to establish the parameters of communication before any packet is transferred. The

162:

and inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept into the design of the

99:. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an 5458: 5328: 4870: 1850:

serving the state of Connecticut. Launched on March 11, 1985, it was the first local public packet-switched network in the United States.

10426: 8833: 5282: 4970: 7736:

Interlinking of Computer Networks: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Bonas, France, August 28 – September 8, 1978

7634:

Barber, D. L. A. and Laws, J. (February 1979). “A basic mail scheme for EIN,” International Network Working Group (INWG), Note no. 192.

7301: 5424: 4722: 9504: 6949: 4683: 3831: 10341: 1097:(NPL) began with a proposal for a wide-area network in 1965, and a local-area network in 1966. ARPANET funding was secured in 1966 by 11877: 9825: 9636: 9125: 478: 10130: 6104: 2301: 2040:

REXPAC was the nationwide experimental packet switching data network in Brazil, developed by the research and development center of

9245: 7259:

Research in packet switching networks at the British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) predates ARPANET, having commenced in 1966.

4631: 3797: 2893: 2654:

led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with

1688: 1132:

computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. AppleTalk included features that allowed

853: 8042: 8022: 5223:

The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications

1554:. It connected sundry hosts at the lab to interactive terminals and various computer peripherals including a bulk storage system. 10159: 5467:

Arpanet had its deficiencies, however, for it was neither a true datagram network nor did it provide end-to-end error correction.

4796: 4480: 3707: 3160: 2896:(vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a NSF sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored 2623:(CSNET) was a computer network funded by the NSF that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits for 1066: 917:. At the destination, the original message may be reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence numbers. Thus a 17: 8062: 7149:

In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.

6073: 5358: 3961: 1893:

was the first operational X.25 network (1976). It covered major Canadian cities and was eventually extended to smaller centers.

737:

In the late 1970s, the monolithic Transmission Control Program was layered as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), atop the

11784: 10579: 8301: 8118: 7214: 5152: 3486: 3404: 2734: 1847: 1551: 1309:

DDX-1 was an experimental network from Nippon PTT. It mixed circuit switching and packet switching. It was succeeded by DDX-2.

805:

old colleague, Kleinrock, who had written about such concepts in his Ph.D. research in 1961-2. In 1997, along with seven other

723:

emerged using X.25 which was developed with participation from France, the UK, Japan, USA and Canada. It was complemented with

8890: 8584:"Fundamental Choices in the Development of RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switching Data Transmission Service of the French PTT" 8232: 7905: 1321:. Six other European countries also participated in the research on network protocols. Derek Barber directed the project, and 510:

began service in 1970. Davies was invited to Japan to give a series of lectures on packet switching. The NPL team carried out

11779: 11769: 11749: 11551: 10664: 10645: 10549: 9364: 9339: 9315: 9190: 7744: 7688: 7619: 7554: 7031: 6929: 6781: 6592: 6244: 6157: 6114: 6083: 6032: 5578: 5500: 5368: 5338: 5048: 4839: 4809: 4610: 4062: 3923: 3841: 3643: 3519: 3277: 3201: 3041: 1985: 388:(SAGE) radar defense system. Recognizing vulnerabilities in this network, the Air Force sought a system that might survive a 7863: 1882:

service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well.

620:(ICCC) in Washington in October 1972. However, fundamental questions about the design of packet-switched networks remained. 8806: 5944: 4660: 3734: 1675: 468: 150:. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Welsh computer scientist 10916: 10560: 10096: 9800: 8980: 8442: 8140: 6260:

Hayward, G.; Gottlieb, A.; Jain, S.; Mahoney, D. (October 1987). "CMOS VLSI Applications in Broadband Circuit Switching".

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as supporting Kleinrock, referring to Roberts' writings online and Kleinrock's UCLA webpage profile as "very misleading".

11841: 11774: 11620: 6776:. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology New series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 153–196. 4529: 4227: 3028: 2696: 2306: 1346: 135: 62:

independently invented the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.

10359:

Jamison, John; Nicklas, Randy; Miller, Greg; Thompson, Kevin; Wilder, Rick; Cunningham, Laura; Song, Chuck (July 1998).

10241: 9603: 7999: 6020: 5307: 4451: 4021: 837:

Davies' paper reignited a previous dispute over who deserves credit for getting the ARPANET online between engineers at

11546: 10711: 10528: 10292: 10056: 9240: 9185:. Materials Development Center, Stout Vocational Rehabilitation Institute, University of Wisconsin-Stout. p. 195. 7771: 7189: 6681: 4100: 4031: 3143: 2582: 2532: 1098: 575: 444: 9763: 9714: 9506:

El Desarrollo de la Red Publica de Datos en Espana (1971-1991): Un Caso de Avance Technologico en Condiciones Adversas

9049: 8382: 7833: 7374: 6173:

KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977).

3861: 3650:. "the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference". 1800:(a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the 11640: 10509: 10480: 10461: 9912: 9733: 9163: 8643: 8613: 8583: 8553: 7661: 7332: 7226: 7215:

National Research Council (U.S.). National Research Network Review Committee, Leonard Kleinrock; et al. (1988).

7133: 7002: 6538: 6487: 6345: 5539: 5315:(PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. 5188: 4935: 4459:(PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. 4349: 4090: 3971: 3133: 1216: 777: 606: 385: 212: 9474: 7471: 215:

of the packet only, and upon completion of the transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other

11867: 11425: 10973: 10775: 9530: 6703: 4563: 2383: 2028: 1285:

network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three

688:

for sharing resources using packet-switching among the nodes. The specifications of the TCP were then published in

8673: 8614:"RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switched Data Transmission Service of the French PTT: History, Connections, Control" 1345:. Barber proposed and implemented a mail protocol for EIN. The transport protocol of the EIN helped to launch the 11536: 8784: 8703: 7803: 6919: 5995: 5139: 2998: 2316: 507: 10753: 8259: 7242: 5117: 4734:

W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.

4366: 3605: 11531: 9272:"Commercialization of packet switching (1975-1985): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications]" 6904: 5705: 5608: 5231: 3174: 2020: 1679: 1674:(SRC) community in the United Kingdom developed beginning in the early 1970s. Each had their own star network ( 1569:

developed a packet switching network for internal use. It was a datagram network with a single switching node.

1362: 937: 8760:

Haarala, Arja-Riitta (2001). "The Role of Libraries in Information Management in Finnish University Setting".

1032:(ATM) is another virtual circuit technology. It differs from X.25 in that it uses small fixed-length packets ( 11556: 10499: 10311: 9016: 6430: 2388: 2366: 1871: 1832: 1271: 1044: 958: 906: 869: 648: 9855: 7934: 4750: 1329:. The contract for its implementation was awarded to an Anglo French consortium led by the UK systems house 11862: 11831: 11592: 11489: 11032: 10827: 10799: 10729: 9873: 4998: 1734: 1707: 1290: 1102: 826: 821:

depictions of Kleinrock's achievements provoked anger among some early Internet pioneers. The dispute over

681: 521: 486: 242: 8412: 7066: 5445: 4778:

Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network

11821: 11328: 10768: 10316:

International Research Network Connections Program (IRNC), U.S. National Science Foundation, October 2011

5930: 5068: 2742: 2346: 1933: 1741:

host interface, but changed it to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29 after their standardization in

1729:

in the United States. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It was founded by

1452: 1297:

with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for

546: 308:

A packet switch has four components: input ports, output ports, routing processor, and switching fabric.

5692: 4653:"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968" 3946: 392:

to enable a response, thus diminishing the attractiveness of the first strike advantage by enemies (see

11872: 11680: 11602: 11541: 11248: 10682: 9658:

Rybczynski, Tony (2009). "Commercialization of packet switching (1975–1985): A Canadian perspective ".

9182:

Technology for Disabled Persons: Conference Papers, Discovery '84, October 1-3, 1984, Chicago, Illinois

8337: 7162: 4704:

network administration 'Interface Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.

3863:

Oral History 189: D. W. Davies interviewed by Martin Campbell-Kelly at the National Physical Laboratory

3010:

Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran

2334: 2231: 1029: 393: 88: 6234: 1109:

end-to-end principle, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. In the

349: 11452: 11413: 11258: 11158: 11087: 11020: 10847: 10704: 7349: 5852: 2600: 2503: 2373: 2296: 2256: 1737:

as CEO as a means of making packet switching technology public. Telenet initially used a proprietary

1480: 838: 10266: 9897: 7570: 6788:

Prominently cites Baran and Davies as sources of inspiration, and nowhere mentions Kleinrock's work.

6659: 6401: 4502: 477:, a member of Davies' team, presented their work (and referenced that of Baran) at the October 1967 341:

The "message block", designed by Paul Baran in 1962 and refined in 1964, is the first proposal of a

11811: 11053: 10988: 10941: 10901: 10409:"Verizon and MCI Close Merger, Creating a Stronger Competitor for Advanced Communications Services" 10391:"MCI WorldCom Introduces Next Generation vBNS+ For All Higher Education And Research Organizations" 10219:

NorthWestNet User Services Internet Resource Guide, NorthWestNet Academic Computing Consortium, Inc

8324:

This was the first digital local network in the world to use packet switching and high-speed links.

7276: 6555: 2784: 2620: 2246: 1730: 1671: 1476: 594: 435:

in February 1959. In June that year, he gave a paper "Time Sharing in Large Fast Computers" at the

238: 7411: 3630: 3425: 2900:

centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by

11650: 11635: 11479: 11430: 11353: 11253: 10931: 10817: 10812: 9380: 7960: 6331: 6209: 6185: 6048: 2965: 2950: 2920:(2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48. 2539: 2493: 2356: 2351: 2064: 2001: 1784: 1692: 1616: 1499:, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually 1110: 1056: 1023: 1011:

standard of 1976, is a notable use of packet switching in that it provides to users a service of

998: 982: 789: 746: 317: 9946: 9833: 4184: 3239: 11572: 11358: 11173: 11118: 11113: 10926: 10891: 8824: 7985: 5629:"Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net Neutrality Debate" 2901: 2833: 2667: 2575: 2226: 1858:

Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as

1789: 1468: 1460: 1443: 1408: 1204: 966: 898: 685: 460: 337: 301: 130:, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the 10743: 9475:"A Private Packet Network and Its Application in A Worldwide Integrated Communication Network" 8791:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. pp. 373–396. Archived from 7678: 7653: 7609: 6528: 5568: 5485:

Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '75

5345:

On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.

5221: 4925: 4829: 4600: 4120: 4052: 3509: 1615:. It was used to gain experience with packet switching technology before the specification of 1018:. These virtual circuits reliably carry variable-length packets with data order preservation. 170:

network in France. The ARPANET and CYCLADES were the primary precursor networks of the modern

11474: 11278: 11243: 11163: 11143: 11065: 10953: 10874: 7810:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. pp. 435–44. Archived from 7734: 7309: 7216: 7045: 6972:

Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible

6610: 5598: 5034: 3166: 2812: 2754: 2727: 2717: 2608: 2261: 2138: 2134: 2114: 1828: 1600: 1577: 914: 845:, who in a 1990 oral history described Paul Baran's packet switching design (which he called 666: 414: 278: 208: 143: 10807: 9513: 8674:"A Public Packet Switching Data Communications Network: Eight Years of Operating Experience" 8091: 7761: 4911: 4639:

On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.

3526:

Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.

1984:

In 1978, X.25 provided the first international and commercial packet-switching network, the

11388: 11348: 11318: 11075: 11010: 10832: 10345: 9801:"UNINETT Packet Switched Network Connecting Universities and Research Institutes in Norway" 8482: 8369:

Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks

6295:

Hui, J.; Arthurs, E. (October 1987). "A Broadband Packet Switch for Integrated Transport".

5778: 3115: 2945: 2848: 2611:. Researchers have created some experimental networks to complement the existing Internet. 2458: 2276: 2266: 2016: 1596: 765: 525: 499: 424: 420: 139: 104: 10148: 10119: 9628: 8762:

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of European University Information Systems

7163:"This is a temporary index for a collection of papers about packet-switching in the 1970s" 6530:

The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

5628: 4927:

The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

2627:

departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to

1187:

was a progenitor network of the Internet and one of the first networks, along with ARPA's

401:

survivable communications network. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of a

8: 11398: 11338: 11097: 11059: 10857: 10842: 9231: 8115:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988

6133:

Feldmann, Anja; Cittadini, Luca; Mühlbauer, Wolfgang; Bush, Randy; Maennel, Olaf (2009).

5463:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988

5429:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988

5157:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988

4477:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988

4317:

Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did

3491:

Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988

2869: 2865: 2795: 2764: 2738: 2663: 2289: 2196: 2085: 1801: 1766: 1726: 1496: 1366: 1070: 1037: 1012: 890: 822: 720: 644: 584: 262: 246: 96: 10613:

A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals

5974: 5960: 2798:, serving Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington, founded in 1987; 1862:). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via 11625: 11582: 11513: 11383: 11313: 11288: 11223: 11070: 10791: 10539: 9994: 9885: 9675: 9106: 8511: 8491: 8360: 8279: 8211: 8048: 8028: 7523: 6882: 6378: 6163: 5506: 4769: 4429: 4386: 4283: 4204: 3913: 3799:

A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals

3077: 2960: 2924:

research centers migrated to the Internet2 educational backbone. In January 2006, when

2341: 1531: 1168: 1133: 978: 846: 515: 456: 448: 440: 428: 274: 250: 92: 69: 10638:

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols: Entrepreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988

8851: 7595:"European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research (COST), 1971-" 6994: 6988: 6848: 6661:

Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking"

6144:. ReArch '09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 43–48. 3796:

Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967).

3711: 3581: 3030:

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols: Entrepreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988

605:, a graduate student of Kleinrock's at UCLA, developed the host-to-host protocol, the 11665: 11587: 11501: 11484: 11447: 11293: 11123: 11092: 10958: 10852: 10690: 10660: 10641: 10612: 10545: 10524: 10505: 10486: 10476: 10457: 10450: 9585: 9455: 9434:"Rethinking legacies in internet history: Euronet, lost (inter)networks, EU politics" 9360: 9335: 9311: 9186: 9159: 9110: 8961: 8871: 8867: 8549: 8458: 8309: 8070: 7906:"A SURVEY OF PRESENT AND PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS" 7767: 7740: 7684: 7657: 7646: 7615: 7550: 7328: 7222: 7190:"A SURVEY OF PRESENT AMD PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS" 7027: 6998: 6957: 6925: 6921:

Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995

6823: 6777: 6588: 6534: 6440: 6341: 6312: 6277: 6240: 6153: 6110: 6079: 6028: 5834: 5728: 5661: 5604: 5574: 5496: 5405: 5364: 5334: 5227: 5044: 4931: 4835: 4805: 4606: 4571: 4510: 4345: 4154: 4096: 4058: 4027: 3967: 3919: 3837: 3833:

Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995

3639: 3559: 3515: 3396: 3373: 3319: 3273: 3197: 3170: 3158: 3139: 3037: 2852: 2774: 2700: 2604: 2568: 2473: 2443: 2361: 2271: 2191: 2052: 1659: 1655: 1448: 1322: 1286: 962: 806: 742: 738: 712: 580: 570: 562: 550: 490: 474: 410: 381: 297: 254: 224: 112: 11333: 10621: 10576: 10521:

Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1982

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From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995

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Transforming computer technology: information processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986

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After going international some years later, GEIS created a network data center near

11670: 11630: 11610: 11577: 11464: 11378: 11233: 11218: 11193: 11168: 11128: 10978: 10837: 10822: 10607:

Transactions on Communications Systems, Vol. CS-12 No. 1, pp. 1–9, March 1964)

10600: 10593:

On Distributed Communications: I Introduction to Distributed Communications Network

10372: 10196: 10104: 9984: 9771: 9667: 9575: 9445: 9414: 9279: 9098: 8951: 8913: 8905: 8863: 8789:

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks

8765: 8554:"RCP, THE EXPERIMENTAL PACKET-SWITCHED DATA TRANSMISSION SERVICE OF THE FRENCH PTT" 8503: 8454: 8352: 8283: 8271: 8201: 8148: 7913: 7910:

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks

7875: 7808:

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks

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Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor

6874: 6738: 6637: 6370: 6304: 6269: 6167: 6145: 5826: 5768: 5720: 5510: 5488: 5397: 5265: 5250: 5095: 4952: 4761: 4421: 4390: 4378: 4273: 4196: 3755: 3551: 3388: 3311: 3265: 3105: 2933: 2841: 2837: 2805: 2788: 2648: 2624: 2321: 2241: 2221: 1797: 1382: 1337:. Work began in 1973 and it became operational in 1976 including nodes linking the 954: 857: 810: 749:

and the associated Internet architecture and governance that emerged in the 1980s.

689: 533: 503: 452: 362: 234: 131: 100: 77: 9450: 9433: 9088:"The history of telenet and the commercialization of packet switching in the U.S." 6631: 5951:, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, 27 March 2003 5089: 809:, Roberts and Kleinrock co-wrote "Brief History of the Internet" published by the 357:

The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored independently by

11298: 11153: 10921: 10896: 10884: 10583: 9180: 8005: 7961:"Maintaining IPX Compatibility During a Migration to TCP/IP on a NetWare Network" 7883: 7542: 6984: 6524: 5948: 5480: 4534:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from 4232:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from 3299: 2659: 2558: 2453: 2186: 2130: 2024: 2005: 1738: 1683: 1620: 1581: 1566: 1141: 1129: 1015: 953:

In telecommunication networks, packet switching is used to optimize the usage of

926: 918: 894: 830: 716: 640: 636: 566: 542: 290: 270: 216: 10717: 6804:(Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183. 6134: 3866:, Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, archived from 3461: 3118: 3099: 1961:

an originating terminal could have a menu of pre-defined destination terminals.

1905:

national network in Germany. The technology was acquired from Northern Telecom.

1255:

packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by

518:

in networks on a scale to provide data communication across the United Kingdom.

481:(SOSP). At the conference, Scantlebury proposed packet switching for use in the 405:

network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into

11496: 11368: 11343: 11303: 11273: 11148: 10983: 10936: 10911: 10869: 10723: 9804: 9779: 9271: 9087: 8991: 8483: 8462: 8427: 8236: 7861: 6798: 6730: 5814: 5781: 5758: 5385: 5254: 3684: 3539: 2897: 2819: 2777:

serving Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota;

2468: 2236: 2216: 2211: 2118: 1940:

and the French company SESA to set up a joint venture in 1975 to undertake the

1662:. As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it. 1584: 882: 731: 693: 389: 229: 127: 108: 82: 10592: 10360: 9775: 9671: 9405:

Dunning, A.J. (1977-12-31). "Origins, development and future of the Euronet".

9283: 9102: 8733: 8507: 7705: 7426: 6878: 6742: 6374: 6361:

Kirstein, Peter T. (2009). "The early history of packet switching in the UK".

6308: 6273: 5724: 5269: 4535: 4233: 4146: 3888: 3392: 3345: 3063: 11856: 11645: 11418: 11408: 11323: 11213: 11208: 11198: 11183: 11005: 10864: 10694: 10214: 9968: 9693: 9607: 9589: 9459: 9357:

The Single European Market and the Information and Communication Technologies

8965: 8875: 8487: 8313: 7862:

Schwartz, Mischa; Boorstyn, Rober R.; Pickholtz, Raymond L. (November 1972).

7763:

A history of international research networking: the people who made it happen

7680:

Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia: Convergences and Complementarities

7090: 6961: 6564:

I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.

6316: 6281: 6025:

A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen

5979: 5838: 5830: 5732: 5665: 5409: 5290:(Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman. p. III-63. 4575: 4514: 4407: 4158: 3857: 3563: 3400: 3323: 2791:

under contract to MIT, BBN assumed responsibility for NEARNET on 1 July 1993;

2760: 2688: 2508: 2463: 2433: 2411: 2201: 1527: 1519: 1456: 1439: 1334: 1294: 1160: 1078: 930: 842: 769: 753: 602: 538: 532:. Roberts met Baran in February 1967, but did not discuss networks. He asked 402: 366: 321: 151: 59: 46: 10622:

The design of a message switching Centre for a digital communication network

10490: 8356: 8275: 7912:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. Archived from 7518: 7501: 7193: 6149: 5913: 5896:"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4" 5796: 5677:

included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.

5600:

Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology

5492: 5401: 4382: 3555: 3315: 3264:, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 141–172, 1771: 1361:

The Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) was an experiment of the UK

265:

buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for

227:

data streams, realized as sequences of short messages in fixed format, i.e.

11523: 11363: 11308: 11238: 11203: 11138: 11037: 11027: 10879: 9057: 8390: 7879: 7841: 7382: 5895: 5877: 5564: 4425: 4226:

Rayner, David; Barber, Derek; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (2001).

4200: 4086: 3867: 2955: 2428: 2423: 2166: 1534:, to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. 1484: 1282: 1278: 1256: 1220: 990: 814: 654: 632: 432: 377: 327: 282: 266: 10176: 9989: 9972: 9741: 8651: 8621: 8591: 8561: 7789:"Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society" 6686:"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim" 4765: 1411:

to serve their time-sharing customers. It became operational in May 1976.

591:

to measure and model the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET.

11723: 11373: 11283: 11268: 11228: 11188: 11047: 9482: 7479: 7410:. Computer Science Department, University of Texas Austin. Archived from 7375:"THE BNR NETWORK: A CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY" 6871:

X.25 Virtual Circuits - TRANSPAC in France - Pre-Internet Data Networking

5745:

S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.

3426:"Reliable Digital Communications Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes" 3221: 2438: 2251: 2206: 1863: 1793: 1542:

network was replaced in 1986. NPL was the first to use high-speed links.

1538: 1338: 1164: 1159:. AppleTalk support was available in most networked printers, especially 1145: 922: 902: 701: 342: 192: 147: 9826:"KDDI to Close VENUS-P International Public Data Communications Service" 6709: 6641: 5099: 4039:... Looking at it now, Roberts paper seems extraordinarily, well, vague. 3269: 2041: 897:

switching. Examples of connectionless systems are Ethernet, IP, and the

11728: 11435: 11133: 11042: 10998: 10968: 10946: 10687:

Computer Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society

9071:

Johnson, Timothy (May 13, 1976). "Electronic post for switching data".

8681: 5281:

Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978).

4969:

Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978).

2811:

JVNCNet, the John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center Network in

2651: 2378: 1973: 1639:. It became operational in 1972 and thus was the first public network. 1635:

Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos (RETD) was a network developed by

1588: 1235: 1156: 1125: 1033: 986: 658: 511: 358: 296:

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm,

258: 119: 55: 37: 10708:

at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.

10610:

D. W. Davies, K. A. Bartlett, R. A. Scantlebury, and P. T. Wilkinson,

10319: 9036:

See "15:00 Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK (Peter Houlder)"

8909: 8792: 8711: 8206: 8189: 7811: 6078:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. 5996:"Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War" 5363:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. 4991:"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967]" 4564:"Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81" 4315:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in. 4278: 4261: 3257: 3159:

National Telecommunication Information Administration (1 April 1997).

1507:

joined the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the

989:

technologies. For example, Ethernet and Frame Relay are common. Newer

11713: 11178: 10993: 10760: 10376: 10097:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 9418: 8260:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)" 7246: 6756: 6337: 5941: 5797:"Comparison of X.25 and TCP Version 4 as Cable-bus Network Protocols" 5773: 5040: 4367:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)" 4341: 4310: 3110: 2880: 2644: 1464: 1393: 1121: 1082: 793: 757: 673: 610: 597:(BBN) won the contract to build the network. Designed principally by 8389:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.: 95–100. Archived from 5105:

Thursday, 16 November 1967 I see 7 PM Kleinrock, UCLA - IMP Meeting.

1022:

in Canada was the first public network to support X.25, followed by

719:. In the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s, national and international 11708: 11698: 11615: 11440: 11263: 10657:

Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks

9580: 9563: 9214: 9024: 8956: 8939: 7984:

Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the

7018:

Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.).

6579:

Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.).

5878:"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Verison 3" 2925: 2801: 2633: 2596: 2152: 1879: 1624: 1370: 1342: 1252: 1074: 974: 886: 677: 662: 628: 598: 494: 188: 182: 171: 167: 111:. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in 9856:"Xerox System Integration Standard - Internet Transport Protocols" 8769: 7446:

Digital Equipment Corporation, Nineteen Fifty-Seven to the Present

7037: 6598: 5634:. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 7, 11 3795: 2887: 11703: 11688: 10906: 10636:

Pelkey, James L.; Russell, Andrew L.; Robbins, Loring G. (2022).

7452:, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1978, p. 53, archived from 7408:

Technical Histories of the Internet & other Network Protocols

4410:(2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000". 3027:

Pelkey, James L.; Russell, Andrew L.; Robbins, Loring G. (2022).

2929: 2829: 2780: 2750: 2746: 2723: 2628: 2448: 2170: 2129:

and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a

2126: 2069: 1969: 1953: 1890: 1843: 1824: 1820: 1780: 1722: 1595:

and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a

1592: 1562: 1493: 1472: 1428: 1420: 1404: 1318: 1184: 1019: 529: 482: 417:

of voice messages using switches that were low-cost electronics.

286: 207:

and transferring of data by means of addressed packets so that a

204: 163: 10149:"Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part One: The Early Years, 1964-1983" 10081: 7372: 6142:

Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet

4225: 2832:, the Southeastern Universities Research Association network in 2767:

serving Michigan, formed in 1966, still in operation as of 2023;

1599:, along with numerous applications. Further developments led to 11733: 11693: 11015: 10748: 10735: 10312:"TransPAC3 - Asia-US High Performance International Networking" 10274: 7020:"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies" 6581:"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies" 2770: 2757:

in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;

2666:(NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with 2599:

connectivity was made available to anyone who could pay for an

2080: 1937: 1921: 1920:. It was launched in 1984, replacing Euronet. Eirpac is run by 1913: 1753: 1508: 1500: 1489: 1424: 1330: 1275: 1267: 1239: 1238:

developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC

1192: 1188: 1152: 876: 8611: 8233:"The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Netowrk" 8141:"The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Network" 7323:

Sidhu, Gursharan; Andrews, Richard; Oppenheiner, Alan (1989).

6132: 3374:"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts" 1916:

is the Irish public switched data network supporting X.25 and

929:

protocol, although the network only provides a connectionless

756:. It was unclear which of the Internet protocol suite and the 146:, exemplified by the development of telecommunications in the 11718: 11655: 10963: 10700: 10616:(ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. October 1967) 10012: 9130: 8782: 7938: 7804:"EXPERIMENTAL PACKET SWITCHING PROJECT OF THE UK POST OFFICE" 7472:"A Survey of the Capabilities of 8 Packet Switching Networks" 7243:"A SURVEY OF THE CAPABILITIES OF 8 PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS" 5280: 4978:(Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman. 4968: 4804:(5th ed.). Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57. 2917: 2913: 2909: 2823: 2655: 2418: 2311: 2122: 1996: 1867: 1809: 1757:

established by a central supervisor on a call-by-call basis.

1742: 1696: 1298: 1008: 253:, packets are received, buffered, queued, and retransmitted ( 10358: 8981:"The Good Old Days: Networking in UK Academia ~25 Years Ago" 8612:

Bache, A.; L. Guillou; H. Layec; B. Long; Y. Matras (1976).

7166: 7106:

is widely known in America which continued his computer work

6924:. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–34. 6495: 5757:

Cerf, Vinton; Dalal, Yogen; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974).

4751:"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication" 3953: 3101:

Multipath Issues in Unicast and Multicast Next-Hop Selection

1124:

is a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by

817:

called a "paternity dispute" in The New York Times in 2001.

760:

would result in the best and most robust computer networks.

138:. His ideas contradicted then-established principles of pre- 11660: 10604: 10473:

How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web

9472: 8891:"Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" 6556:"An Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching" 5815:"Encoding message lengths for data transmission (Corresp.)" 5764: 4758:

Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications

2905: 2855:, serving Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. 2406: 1917: 1805: 1004: 868:

Kleinrock has received many awards for his ground-breaking

785: 781: 724: 708: 588: 10541:

History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present

9734:"TYMNET — A terminal oriented communication network" 8138: 8017: 8015: 7834:"Some Design Aspects of a public packet switching network" 6901:"Interview with the author (of an MPLS-based VPN article)" 6259: 5215: 5213: 5119:

Meeting of the ARPA Computer Network Working Group at UCLA

4333: 4023:

A Brief History of the Future: The origins of the Internet

3918:. Internet Archive. Simon & Schuster. pp. 76–78. 2726:, California Education and Research Federation Network in 9698: 8413:"AN ENGINEERING VIEW OF THE LRL OCTOPUS COMPUTER NETWORK" 8383:"1970 OCTOPUS: THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY NETWORK" 8288:

Transmission of packets of data over the high-speed lines

6950:"Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks" 5487:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 701–707. 4863:"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967" 3778:

A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network

3300:"SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past" 2991:"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable" 1859: 1711: 994: 558: 10619:

R. A. Scantlebury, P. T. Wilkinson, and K. A. Bartlett,

9232:"Graduation Report on X.25 data services in GSM network" 9086:

Mathison, S.L.; Roberts, L.G.; Walker, P.M. (May 2012).

3836:. National Museum of Science and Industry. p. 130. 3632:

The Compatible Time-Sharing System: A Programmer's Guide

3162:

Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms

8644:"C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS" 8035: 8012: 7801: 7322: 6850:

Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet

6485: 5760:

Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol

5219: 5210: 4185:"Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000" 3915:

Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet

2822:, founded during the 150th anniversary of the State of 1835:, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network. 1812:

allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks.

237:

which allocates transmission resources as needed using

8832:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. 8428:"Principles of Design in the Octopus Computer network" 7683:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 505. 7350:"42 Dead Networking Technologies and What Killed Them" 6135:"HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing" 4304: 4302: 4300: 3606:"Computer - Time-sharing, Minicomputers, Multitasking" 2044:, the state-owned public telecommunications provider. 1274:, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two 698:

Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program

10088: 9085: 9047: 7739:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 55. 5914:"Final Report of the Stanford University TCP Project" 1151:

AppleTalk implementations were also released for the

396:). In the early 1960s, Baran invented the concept of 10635: 8527: 8525: 8047:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from 8027:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from 8004:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from 4718:

SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings)

4413:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

4189:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

3959: 3026: 1779:

There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as

799: 353:

Packet-switching cost performance trends, 1960-1980.

27:

Method for transmitting data over a computer network

10587:(RAND Corporation Research Documents, August, 1964) 9878:

AIX Version 4.3 Communications Programming Concepts

9126:"Telstra drops Austpac; reaches for finance market" 8533:"Discussion of Technical Choices made for TRANSPAC" 8494:(April 1980). "Pup: An Internetwork Architecture". 8443:"Packet Switching at Philips Research Laboratories" 7864:"Terminal-Oriented Computer-Communication Networks" 6754: 5853:"Reflections on an Internet pioneer: Roger Camrass" 5459:"8.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976" 4308: 4297: 3775: 2804:, New York State Education and Research Network in 2783:, the New England Academic and Research Network in 2716:BARRNet, the Bay Area Regional Research Network in 1745:. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE. 1623:network in contrast to CYCLADES which was based on 191:attempts to route packets associated with the same 10518: 10449: 9604:"REXPAC-A Brazilian Packet Switching Data Network" 8641: 8440: 7645: 7091:"Treorchy internet pioneer Donald Davies honoured" 6865: 6863: 6771: 6761:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 6705:Leonard Kleinrock - UCLA Dept. of Computer Science 5706:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" 4794: 4684:"A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web" 3889:"UK National Physical Laboratories, Donald Davies" 3776:Scantlebury, R. A.; Bartlett, K. A. (April 1967), 3297: 3251: 3249: 3190:Forouzan, Behrouz A.; Fegan, Sophia Chung (2007). 1823:was an Australian public X.25 network operated by 1325:led the UK technical contribution; both were from 792:) technology led to the development of high-speed 618:International Conference on Computer Communication 10140: 9564:"JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network" 8940:"JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network" 8704:"Architecture, Protocols and Performance of RETD" 8522: 7547:Communications Standards: State of the Art Report 7373:Martel, C. C.; J. M. Cunningham; M. S. Grushcow. 7270: 5972: 5942:"ISI Names Dr. Paul Mockapetris Visiting Scholar" 5756: 5425:"8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972" 5386:"Principles and lessons in packet communications" 4473:"6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972" 4151:The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society 3805:. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 3540:"Principles and lessons in packet communications" 1870:DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public 1381:As General Electric Information Services (GEIS), 901:(UDP). Connection-oriented systems include X.25, 413:switching. Baran's network design was focused on 11854: 10720:, site reviewed by Baran, Roberts, and Kleinrock 10082:"NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World" 9706: 9212: 9017:"6th UK Network Operators' Forum Meeting Agenda" 8852:"Evolution of networks using standard protocols" 8783:Chretien, G.J.; Konig, W.M.; Rech, J.H. (1973). 7831: 7760:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice, eds. (2010). 6755:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). 6629: 6553: 6297:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 6262:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 5920: 5876:Cerf, Vinton G.; Postel, Jon (August 18, 1977). 5682: 5087: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4309:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). 3936: 730:Packet switching was shown to be optimal in the 10470: 10239: 9740:. Vol. 38. pp. 211–16. Archived from 9354: 9216:Establishing a Computer Network for Connecticut 8581: 8162: 7295: 7293: 7273:"Vint Cerf on why TCP/IP was so long in coming" 6860: 6399: 5812: 4795:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011). 4121:"Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber" 3659: 3246: 2888:Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1702: 1611:RCP was an experimental network created by the 948: 289:), the packets may be delivered according to a 10127:NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World 10095:Harris, Susan R.; Gerich, Elise (April 1996). 9904: 9117: 8882: 8710:. IEEE. pp. 28.4.1–28.4.5. Archived from 8680:. IEEE. pp. 39.3.1–39.3.5. Archived from 8299: 8188:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986). 8187: 5935: 5028: 5026: 4953:"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" 4500: 4364: 4260:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986). 4259: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3756:"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3165:. Vol. 1037, Part 3 of Federal Standard. 2047: 1423:(IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) are 10776: 10744:"An Introduction to Packet Switched Networks" 10731:20+ articles on packet switching in the 1970s 9967: 9910: 9278:. Vol. 47, no. 12. pp. 26–31. 9123: 8257: 7786: 7759: 7476:Proceedings of Symposium on Computer Networks 7427:"The Cyclades Experience-Results and Impacts" 6772:Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996). 6701: 6680: 6657: 6109:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. 110–111. 6018: 5481:"An integrated approach to network protocols" 4322: 3960:Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005). 3189: 2576: 1530:using "interface computers", today known as 1524:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) 1289:, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer 10094: 9473:Tomaru, K.; T. Kato; S.I. Yamaguchi (1980). 8139:Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1974). 7997: 7676: 7290: 7067:"Donald W. Davies; Work Led to the Internet" 7050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6633:Oral history interview with William Crowther 6615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6462: 6445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5333:. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 230. 3966:. Vol. 1, A–L. Routledge. p. 574. 3462:"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet" 2658:, built the first Internet2 Network, called 1878:(using the DNIC 2049). And because the main 1670:A number of computer facilities serving the 1591:in the mid-1970s. The entire suite provided 1225:Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge 877:Connectionless and connection-oriented modes 647:, an early contribution to what will be the 398:distributed adaptive message block switching 332: 199:A simple definition of packet switching is: 124:distributed adaptive message block switching 11791:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 10577:On Distributed Communications, Volumes I-XI 10537: 8302:"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history" 8111:"NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971" 7540: 7299: 6983: 6604:claims on the invention of packet switching 6239:. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 81. 6027:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 106–110. 6001:. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 5966: 5926: 5688: 5620: 5435: 5023: 4721:, Stanford University, 1967, archived from 4629: 4074: 3942: 3665: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2875: 2818:SESQUINET, the Sesquicentennial Network in 2706: 1957:were not supported, but through the use of 1369:in the UK when it began operating in 1976. 1270:is a suite of network protocols created by 1195:suite using packet switching technologies. 1101:, and planning began in 1967 when he hired 1050: 439:in Paris where he passed the concept on to 11827: 10783: 10769: 10724:Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet 10519:Norberg, Arthur; O'Neill, Judy E. (2000). 9657: 9531:"1984-2014: 30 years of the Janet network" 9269: 7802:Bright, Roy D.; Smith, Michael A. (1973). 7424: 6799:A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade 6465:"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers" 6294: 6226: 6019:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010). 5875: 5527:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). 5450: 5441: 5416: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5018: 4245:The system first went 'live' early in 1969 3911: 3679:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). 3582:"Computer Pioneers - Christopher Strachey" 3478: 3339: 3337: 3058: 3056: 2662:, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the 2583: 2569: 2528: 1407:was a semi-private network constructed by 118:During the early 1960s, American engineer 80:into short messages in fixed format, i.e. 10680: 10596:(RAND Memorandum RM-3420-PR. August 1964) 10564:(Proceedings of the IEEE, November, 1978) 10471:Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). 10034:"Optical networking: The next generation" 9988: 9579: 9449: 9223: 9151: 8955: 8701: 8380: 8205: 7732: 7517: 7506:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 6488:"Leonard Kleinrock, Professor (archived)" 5772: 5383: 5309:Packet and circuit-switched data networks 5153:"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969" 4527: 4453:Packet and circuit-switched data networks 4277: 3537: 3487:"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969" 3138:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3109: 1580:(PUP or Pup) was one of the two earliest 1227:. It operated from 1974 until the 1980s. 796:packet switching during the 1980s–1990s. 537:initial design, which was to connect the 479:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles 10242:"National LambdaRail Opens for Business" 10146: 10054: 10032:Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2004). 9621: 9431: 9229: 8888: 8731: 8425: 7903: 7703: 7187: 7064: 6533:. 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(1975). 7354:www.pathsolutions.com 6712:on December 5, 2023, 6684:(November 22, 2001), 6190:Internet Hall of Fame 6053:Internet Hall of Fame 5883:. p. iii, 75-87. 5088:Judy O'Neill (1990), 4889:IEEE Computer Society 4766:10.1145/800001.811680 4507:Computer Resurrection 3991:"On packet switching" 3167:Government Institutes 2813:Princeton, New Jersey 2755:University of Chicago 2753:Universities and the 2728:San Diego, California 2718:Palo Alto, California 2682: 2609:fast packet switching 2139:PARC Universal Packet 2115:Xerox Network Systems 1829:Australian Tax Office 1774: 1601:Xerox Network Systems 1578:PARC Universal Packet 1142:inter-network routing 1055:Further information: 915:out-of-order delivery 684:, an internetworking 667:PARC Universal Packet 661:outlined the idea of 463:. He coined the term 415:digital communication 352: 340: 316:Further information: 279:weighted fair queuing 201: 185: 11389:Vladimir K. Zworykin 11349:Almon Brown Strowger 11319:Charles Grafton Page 10974:Prepaid mobile phone 10902:Electrical telegraph 10215:"About NorthWestNet" 6560:The Computer Journal 6406:Creatures of Thought 5545:on December 31, 2018 5073:, November 3, 1967, 4760:. pp. 3.1–3.6. 4663:on December 23, 2022 4587:of today's internet. 3586:history.computer.org 3433:The RAND Corporation 3372:Baran, Paul (2002). 3256:Roberts, L. (1988), 3220:Baran, Paul (1962). 2946:Multi-bearer network 2849:Salt Lake City, Utah 2277:Virtual volunteering 2017:Packet Switch Stream 1678:, UMRCC Manchester, 1597:reliable byte stream 1497:public data networks 1219:was an experimental 1077:era which initially 1071:public data networks 1007:, the international 993:technologies (e.g., 766:hierarchical routing 721:public data networks 526:request for proposal 500:end-to-end principle 421:Christopher Strachey 255:stored and forwarded 105:application software 11863:Computer networking 11339:Johann Philipp Reis 11098:Wireless revolution 11060:The Telephone Cases 10917:Hydraulic telegraph 10574:Paul Baran et al., 10271:National LambdaRail 8672:Cuenca, L. (1980). 8121:on 29 November 2020 7935:"IPSANET Documents" 7433:. Toronto: 465–469. 7139:on 31 December 2018 7026:. ATINER: 123–134. 6824:"Leonard Kleinrock" 6735:IEEE Communications 6702:Leonard Kleinrock, 6587:. ATINER: 123–134. 6186:"Leonard Kleinrock" 6049:"Leonard Kleinrock" 6021:"The Protocol Wars" 5994:Russell, Andrew L. 5194:on 31 December 2018 5122:, November 16, 1967 4725:on February 2, 2020 3270:10.1145/61975.66916 3222:"RAND Paper P-2626" 2870:10 Gigabit Ethernet 2866:National LambdaRail 2860:National LambdaRail 2796:Seattle, Washington 2765:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2739:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2664:National LambdaRail 2649:computer networking 2559:Internet portal 2499:Oldest domain names 2086:asynchronous serial 1802:Deutsche Bundespost 1767:Public data network 1727:public data network 1367:public data network 1365:. It was the first 1134:local area networks 985:using a variety of 979:local area networks 891:connection-oriented 645:best-effort service 585:real-time computing 549:(IMPs) to create a 506:in early 1969, the 469:Ministry of Defence 457:interface computers 425:Oxford University's 263:first-in, first-out 247:networking hardware 11537:Frequency-division 11514:Telephone exchange 11384:Charles Wheatstone 11314:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 11289:Innocenzo Manzetti 11224:Reginald Fessenden 10959:Optical telegraphy 10792:Telecommunications 10582:2011-03-29 at the 10558:Lawrence Roberts, 10415:. January 6, 2006. 9949:on August 28, 2011 9719:The New York Times 9438:Internet Histories 8785:"The SITA Network" 8492:Robert M. Metcalfe 8490:; Edward A. Taft; 7431:IFIP Congress 1977 7379:IFIP Congress 1974 7130:IEEE Invited Paper 6954:The New York Times 6435:, Internet Society 5947:2012-08-26 at the 5536:IEEE Invited Paper 5185:IEEE Invited Paper 4568:The New York Times 4344:. pp. 573–5. 2961:Transmission delay 2908:(45 Mbit/s), 2693: 2342:Domain Name System 2232:Internet phenomena 2072:began, consumers. 1777: 1136:to be established 967:congestion control 847:hot-potato routing 449:data communication 441:J. C. R. Licklider 429:patent application 355: 347: 275:quality of service 197: 70:telecommunications 11873:Network protocols 11850: 11849: 11588:Store and forward 11583:Data transmission 11497:Network switching 11448:Transmission line 11294:Guglielmo Marconi 11259:Internet pioneers 11124:Mohamed M. Atalla 11093:Whistled language 10666:978-1-139-91661-5 10647:978-1-4503-9729-2 10551:978-1-57607-118-2 10322:on 14 August 2013 10013:"About Internet2" 9862:. Stamford. 1981. 9732:TYMES, LA ROY W. 9366:978-1-85293-101-8 9341:978-0-7876-3352-3 9317:978-90-5199-110-9 9192:978-0-916671-61-7 8919:on 10 August 2017 8910:10.1109/85.759368 8447:Computer Networks 8387:Computer Networks 8207:10.1145/6617.6618 7746:978-94-009-9431-7 7690:978-3-540-00559-9 7621:978-0-262-51115-5 7556:978-1-4831-6093-1 7502:"Cost project 11" 7071:Los Angeles Times 7033:978-960-6672-46-0 6931:978-0-901805-94-2 6783:978-0-8018-5152-0 6737:, February 2011, 6594:978-960-6672-46-0 6246:978-0-262-01172-3 6159:978-1-60558-749-3 6116:978-0-471-99750-4 6085:978-0-471-99750-4 6034:978-3-527-32710-2 5580:978-0-262-51115-5 5502:978-1-4503-7919-9 5396:(11): 1320–1329. 5370:978-0-471-99750-4 5340:978-0-262-01172-3 5151:Pelkey, James L. 5050:978-0-2625-1115-5 5039:. Cambridge, MA: 4958:. p. 10, 16. 4841:978-1-953953-36-0 4831:The Dream Machine 4811:978-0-13-212695-3 4798:Computer networks 4612:978-1-953953-36-0 4602:The Dream Machine 4279:10.1145/6617.6618 4064:978-1-953953-36-0 4054:The Dream Machine 3925:978-0-684-81201-4 3860:(17 March 1986), 3843:978-0-901805-94-2 3645:978-0-262-03008-3 3550:(11): 1320–1329. 3521:978-1-953953-36-0 3511:The Dream Machine 3485:Pelkey, James L. 3279:978-0-201-11259-7 3203:978-0-07-296775-3 3104:. November 2000. 3043:978-1-4503-9729-2 2853:Boulder, Colorado 2775:Lincoln, Nebraska 2701:Internet backbone 2605:circuit switching 2593: 2592: 2444:Instant messaging 2362:Internet Protocol 2272:Virtual community 2169:visualization of 2125:, which provided 2023:(later to become 1660:message switching 1449:State of Michigan 1442:, an independent 1323:Roger Scantlebury 1223:developed at the 963:circuit switching 909:(MPLS), and TCP. 807:Internet pioneers 743:Internet pioneers 739:Internet Protocol 734:sense in 1978. 581:store-and-forward 571:message switching 563:Leonard Kleinrock 551:message switching 491:message switching 475:Roger Scantlebury 411:store and forward 382:wide area network 298:circuit switching 225:variable bit rate 113:computer networks 16:(Redirected from 11885: 11840: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11820: 11819: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11681:Notable networks 11671:Wireless network 11611:Cellular network 11603:Types of network 11578:Computer network 11465:Network topology 11379:Thomas A. Watson 11234:Oliver Heaviside 11219:Philo Farnsworth 11194:Daniel Davis Jr. 11169:Charles Bourseul 11129:John Logie Baird 10838:Data compression 10833:Computer network 10785: 10778: 10771: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10739: 10734:, archived from 10714:NPL video, 1970s 10697: 10670: 10651: 10555: 10534: 10515: 10494: 10467: 10455: 10435: 10434: 10431:Verizon Business 10423: 10417: 10416: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10397:. June 23, 1999. 10387: 10381: 10380: 10377:10.1109/6.694354 10356: 10350: 10349: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10318:. Archived from 10308: 10302: 10296: 10295:on 20 June 2013. 10291:. Archived from 10285: 10279: 10278: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10177:"Merit Internet" 10173: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10153: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10124: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10103:. Archived from 10092: 10086: 10085: 10084:. November 2007. 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10044:on 10 July 2012. 10040:. Archived from 10029: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9992: 9971:(October 1983). 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9945:. Archived from 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9881: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9778:. Archived from 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9583: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9512:, archived from 9511: 9503:Infante, Jorge, 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9453: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9419:10.1108/eb046759 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9250: 9236: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9023:. Archived from 9021:www.uknof.org.uk 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8996: 8985: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8959: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8912:. Archived from 8895: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8620:. Archived from 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8461:. Archived from 8438: 8432: 8431: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8270:(3/4): 221–247. 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8239:on 1 August 2020 8229: 8223: 8222: 8209: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8117:, archived from 8106: 8100: 8099: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8069:. Archived from 8059: 8053: 8052: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8019: 8010: 8009: 7995: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7937:. Archived from 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7882:. Archived from 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7651: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7521: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7478:. Archived from 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7451: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7325:Inside AppleTalk 7320: 7314: 7313: 7308:. Archived from 7297: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7275:. Archived from 7268: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7249:on 26 April 2017 7239: 7233: 7232: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7192:. Archived from 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7165:. Archived from 7158: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7132:. Archived from 7127: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7041: 7036:. Archived from 7015: 7009: 7007: 6985:Berners-Lee, Tim 6981: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6968: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6903:. Archived from 6896: 6890: 6889: 6867: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6727: 6718: 6717: 6708:, archived from 6699: 6693: 6692: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6601:on May 2, 2022. 6597:. Archived from 6576: 6567: 6566: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6525:Isaacson, Walter 6521: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6494:. Archived from 6483: 6477: 6476: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6303:(8): 1264–1273. 6292: 6286: 6285: 6268:(8): 1231–1241. 6257: 6251: 6250: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6000: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5939: 5933: 5927:Moschovitis 1999 5924: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5776: 5774:10.17487/RFC0675 5754: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5689:Moschovitis 1999 5686: 5680: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5538:. Archived from 5533: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5272: 5263: 5257: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5187:. Archived from 5182: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5030: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4997:. Archived from 4995:web.stanford.edu 4987: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4873:on 27 June 2015. 4869:. Archived from 4859: 4850: 4849: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4803: 4792: 4781: 4780: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4659:. Archived from 4648: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4479:. Archived from 4468: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4377:(3/4): 221–247. 4362: 4356: 4355: 4331: 4320: 4319: 4306: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3957: 3951: 3943:Moschovitis 1999 3940: 3934: 3933: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3780:, Private papers 3773: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3714:on 24 March 2016 3710:. Archived from 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3687:on 24 March 2016 3683:. Archived from 3676: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3466:RAND Corporation 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3111:10.17487/RFC2991 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3035: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3006: 2997:. Archived from 2987: 2934:Verizon Business 2838:Atlanta, Georgia 2806:Ithaca, New York 2794:NorthWestNet in 2625:computer science 2585: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2556: 2531: 2530: 2163: 2149: 2148: 1936:contracted with 1798:Northern Telecom 1684:shared resources 1558:Philips Research 1503:; additionally, 1383:General Electric 1016:virtual circuits 955:channel capacity 811:Internet Society 717:virtual circuits 569:in the field of 534:Frank Westervelt 504:pilot experiment 465:packet switching 453:computer network 363:RAND Corporation 235:computer network 160:packet switching 134:, funded by the 132:RAND Corporation 101:operating system 74:packet switching 49: 40: 21: 11893: 11892: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11806: 11804: 11796: 11738: 11675: 11597: 11561: 11518: 11467: 11459: 11400: 11393: 11299:Robert Metcalfe 11154:Tim Berners-Lee 11102: 10922:Information Age 10794: 10789: 10752:. May 3, 1988. 10742: 10728: 10677: 10667: 10648: 10632: 10630:Further reading 10584:Wayback Machine 10571: 10569:Primary sources 10552: 10531: 10512: 10483: 10464: 10444: 10439: 10438: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10407: 10406: 10402: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10357: 10353: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10301:, 8 April 2005. 10287: 10286: 10282: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10250: 10248: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10222: 10221:. 24 March 1992 10213: 10212: 10208: 10203:. 14 July 1993. 10195: 10194: 10190: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10162: 10151: 10145: 10141: 10133: 10122: 10116: 10112: 10093: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10053: 10049: 10030: 10026: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10006: 9983:(10): 747–753. 9966: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9909: 9905: 9893: 9892: 9883: 9882: 9880:. October 1997. 9872: 9871: 9867: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9783: 9760: 9756: 9747: 9745: 9730: 9726: 9711: 9707: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9613: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9488: 9486: 9471: 9467: 9430: 9426: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9302: 9298: 9288: 9286: 9268: 9264: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9234: 9228: 9224: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9122: 9118: 9084: 9080: 9069: 9065: 9046: 9042: 9030: 9028: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8781: 8777: 8758: 8754: 8742: 8740: 8730: 8726: 8717: 8715: 8700: 8696: 8687: 8685: 8670: 8666: 8657: 8655: 8640: 8636: 8627: 8625: 8610: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8580: 8576: 8567: 8565: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8481: 8477: 8468: 8466: 8439: 8435: 8424: 8420: 8409: 8405: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8375: 8351:(11): 1307–13. 8340: 8334: 8330: 8318: 8316: 8298: 8294: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8200:(10): 932–971. 8186: 8182: 8167: 8163: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8133: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8092:"Donald Davies" 8090: 8089: 8085: 8076: 8074: 8063:"Donald Davies" 8061: 8060: 8056: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8021: 8020: 8013: 7996: 7992: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7957: 7953: 7944: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7919: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7887: 7874:(11): 1408–23. 7860: 7856: 7847: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7817: 7815: 7800: 7796: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7714: 7712: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7579: 7577: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7539: 7535: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7483: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7423: 7419: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7388: 7386: 7371: 7367: 7358: 7356: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7321: 7317: 7298: 7291: 7282: 7280: 7269: 7265: 7252: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7196:on 2 March 2017 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7169:on 24 July 2017 7159: 7155: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7100: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7073: 7063: 7059: 7043: 7042: 7040:on May 2, 2022. 7034: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6982: 6978: 6966: 6964: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6897: 6893: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6770: 6766: 6758:Computer Freaks 6753: 6749: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6700: 6696: 6679: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6628: 6624: 6608: 6607: 6595: 6577: 6570: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6522: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6498:on Feb 27, 2004 6484: 6480: 6461: 6454: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6423: 6410: 6408: 6398: 6394: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6328: 6324: 6293: 6289: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6160: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6057: 6055: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6017: 6013: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5949:Wayback Machine 5940: 5936: 5925: 5921: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5687: 5683: 5670: 5668: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5503: 5477: 5473: 5457:Pelkey, James. 5455: 5451: 5440: 5436: 5423:Pelkey, James. 5421: 5417: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5304: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5264: 5260: 5249: 5245: 5234: 5218: 5211: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5149: 5145: 5134: 5127: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5086: 5082: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5051: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4801: 4793: 4784: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4728: 4726: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4697: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4651:Pelkey, James. 4649: 4645: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4580: 4578: 4560: 4553: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4499: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4471:Pelkey, James. 4469: 4465: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4405: 4398: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4332: 4323: 4312:Computer Freaks 4307: 4298: 4272:(10): 932–971. 4258: 4251: 4239: 4237: 4224: 4220: 4181: 4177: 4163: 4161: 4143: 4139: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4103: 4084: 4075: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4034: 4018: 4011: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3870:on 29 July 2014 3855: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3677: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3407: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3350:Living Internet 3342: 3335: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3254: 3247: 3236: 3229: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3130: 3126: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3044: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3004: 3002: 2995:Washington Post 2989: 2988: 2979: 2974: 2942: 2890: 2878: 2862: 2709: 2677: 2642: 2617: 2589: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2337: 2327: 2326: 2292: 2282: 2281: 2182: 2174: 2147: 2131:reliable stream 2121:promulgated by 2112: 2104: 2095: 2078: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2025:British Telecom 2014: 2006:GEC 4000 series 1994: 1982: 1967: 1951: 1930: 1911: 1899: 1888: 1856: 1841: 1818: 1769: 1763: 1751: 1739:Virtual circuit 1720: 1705: 1668: 1653: 1645: 1633: 1621:virtual-circuit 1609: 1585:protocol suites 1582:internetworking 1575: 1567:Redhill, Surrey 1560: 1548: 1517: 1459:systems at the 1437: 1417: 1402: 1379: 1359: 1315: 1307: 1265: 1249: 1233: 1213: 1201: 1181: 1130:Apple Macintosh 1119: 1091: 1059: 1053: 1013:flow-controlled 951: 927:transport layer 919:virtual circuit 895:virtual circuit 889:switching, and 879: 831:Walter Isaacson 802: 711:, developed by 641:virtual circuit 637:internetworking 567:queueing theory 407:message blocks; 335: 330: 324: 314: 291:multiple access 271:traffic shaping 180: 66: 65: 64: 63: 52: 51: 50: 42: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11891: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11844: 11834: 11824: 11814: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11685: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11532:Space-division 11528: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11411: 11405: 11403: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11369:Camille Tissot 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11344:Claude Shannon 11341: 11336: 11334:Tivadar Puskás 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11304:Antonio Meucci 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11274:Charles K. Kao 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11249:Harold Hopkins 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11149:Emile Berliner 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11088:Videotelephony 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11063: 11056: 11051: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10986: 10984:Radiotelephone 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10870:Internet video 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10788: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10740: 10726: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10698: 10676: 10675:External links 10673: 10672: 10671: 10665: 10652: 10646: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10617: 10608: 10597: 10588: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10556: 10550: 10535: 10530:978-0801863691 10529: 10516: 10510: 10495: 10481: 10468: 10462: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10418: 10400: 10382: 10351: 10348:on 2016-03-05. 10333: 10303: 10280: 10277:on 2013-09-04. 10258: 10232: 10206: 10188: 10168: 10139: 10110: 10107:on 2013-08-17. 10087: 10073: 10047: 10024: 10004: 9977:Communications 9960: 9930: 9903: 9894:|website= 9865: 9847: 9817: 9792: 9754: 9724: 9705: 9685: 9650: 9629:"SITA History" 9620: 9595: 9581:10.1629/010328 9554: 9522: 9495: 9465: 9424: 9397: 9372: 9365: 9347: 9340: 9323: 9316: 9296: 9262: 9244:. p. 20. 9222: 9205: 9191: 9171: 9164: 9144: 9116: 9078: 9063: 9060:on 2013-10-20. 9040: 9008: 8997:on 28 May 2008 8971: 8957:10.1629/010328 8930: 8881: 8862:(3): 117–122. 8842: 8815: 8798: 8795:on 2013-10-20. 8775: 8752: 8732:Derek Barber. 8724: 8694: 8664: 8634: 8604: 8574: 8541: 8521: 8502:(4): 612–624. 8484:David R. Boggs 8475: 8453:(6): 341–348. 8433: 8418: 8403: 8373: 8328: 8292: 8250: 8224: 8180: 8161: 8131: 8101: 8083: 8054: 8034: 8011: 7990: 7977: 7951: 7926: 7896: 7854: 7824: 7794: 7779: 7773:978-3527327102 7772: 7752: 7745: 7725: 7704:Derek Barber. 7696: 7689: 7669: 7662: 7636: 7627: 7620: 7600: 7586: 7562: 7555: 7533: 7492: 7462: 7436: 7417: 7414:on 2013-09-01. 7395: 7365: 7340: 7333: 7315: 7312:on 2006-10-16. 7289: 7263: 7234: 7227: 7207: 7180: 7153: 7110: 7082: 7057: 7032: 7010: 7003: 6976: 6940: 6930: 6910: 6907:on 2007-09-29. 6891: 6859: 6839: 6815: 6790: 6782: 6764: 6747: 6719: 6694: 6690:New York Times 6673: 6650: 6622: 6593: 6568: 6546: 6539: 6509: 6478: 6469:New York Times 6452: 6421: 6392: 6353: 6346: 6322: 6287: 6252: 6245: 6225: 6201: 6177: 6158: 6125: 6115: 6095: 6084: 6064: 6040: 6033: 6011: 5986: 5965: 5953: 5934: 5919: 5904: 5886: 5868: 5844: 5825:(4): 495–496. 5805: 5787: 5749: 5719:(5): 637–648. 5696: 5681: 5660:. 2013-11-30. 5645: 5619: 5609: 5589: 5579: 5556: 5516: 5501: 5471: 5449: 5434: 5415: 5376: 5369: 5349: 5339: 5319: 5293: 5273: 5258: 5243: 5232: 5209: 5165: 5143: 5125: 5109: 5080: 5060: 5049: 5022: 5011: 4982: 4961: 4943: 4936: 4916: 4904: 4876: 4851: 4840: 4820: 4810: 4782: 4738: 4708: 4674: 4643: 4637:. p. 37. 4622: 4611: 4591: 4551: 4520: 4493: 4463: 4442: 4408:Needham, R. M. 4396: 4357: 4350: 4321: 4296: 4249: 4218: 4175: 4137: 4112: 4102:978-0262261333 4101: 4073: 4063: 4043: 4033:978-1474602778 4032: 4009: 3982: 3972: 3952: 3935: 3924: 3904: 3893:LivingInternet 3880: 3849: 3842: 3822: 3783: 3768: 3743: 3725: 3698: 3664: 3652: 3644: 3621: 3597: 3573: 3530: 3520: 3500: 3477: 3453: 3416: 3361: 3333: 3290: 3278: 3245: 3227: 3209: 3202: 3196:. Huga Media. 3182: 3175: 3151: 3145:978-1461560234 3144: 3124: 3091: 3052: 3042: 3014: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2898:supercomputing 2889: 2886: 2877: 2874: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2827: 2820:Houston, Texas 2816: 2809: 2799: 2792: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2749:, serving the 2731: 2721: 2708: 2705: 2676: 2673: 2641: 2638: 2616: 2613: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2469:World Wide Web 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2237:Net neutrality 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2217:Digital rights 2214: 2212:Digital divide 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2143: 2119:protocol suite 2111: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2077: 2074: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2046: 2037: 2034: 2019:(PSS) was the 2013: 2010: 1993: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1947: 1929: 1926: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1837: 1817: 1814: 1762: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1719: 1716: 1704: 1701: 1667: 1666:SRCnet/SERCnet 1664: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1608: 1605: 1574: 1571: 1559: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1516: 1513: 1436: 1433: 1416: 1413: 1401: 1398: 1378: 1375: 1358: 1355: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1295:open standards 1264: 1261: 1248: 1245: 1232: 1229: 1217:Cambridge Ring 1212: 1211:Cambridge Ring 1209: 1200: 1197: 1180: 1177: 1161:laser printers 1118: 1115: 1090: 1089:Early networks 1087: 1052: 1049: 961:. Compared to 950: 947: 883:connectionless 878: 875: 801: 798: 776:Complementary 732:Huffman coding 680:described the 657:and others at 543:Wesley Clark's 539:host computers 485:and persuaded 390:nuclear attack 380:established a 334: 331: 313: 310: 179: 176: 128:fault-tolerant 54: 53: 44: 43: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11890: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11843: 11835: 11833: 11825: 11823: 11815: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11557:Code-division 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11542:Time-division 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11512: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468:and switching 11466: 11462: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11420: 11419:optical fiber 11417: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11409:Coaxial cable 11407: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11324:Radia Perlman 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11214:Lee de Forest 11212: 11210: 11209:Thomas Edison 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11199:Donald Davies 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11184:Claude Chappe 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11028:Smoke signals 11026: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11006:Semiconductor 11004: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10865:Digital media 10863: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10786: 10781: 10779: 10774: 10772: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10738:on 2009-08-01 10737: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10679: 10678: 10668: 10662: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10573: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10511:9780684832678 10507: 10503: 10502: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10482:0-19-286207-3 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10463:9780262511155 10459: 10456:. MIT Press. 10454: 10453: 10446: 10445: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10365:IEEE Spectrum 10362: 10355: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10307: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10178: 10172: 10161: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10077: 10062: 10058: 10051: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10014: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969:Douglas Comer 9964: 9953:September 30, 9948: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9836:on 2013-09-04 9835: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9807:on 2017-06-09 9806: 9802: 9796: 9782:on 2013-10-20 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9744:on 2013-05-09 9743: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9666:(12): 26–31. 9665: 9661: 9654: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9610:on 2017-06-09 9609: 9605: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9558: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9519:on 2010-04-05 9515: 9508: 9507: 9499: 9485:on 2013-10-20 9484: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9310:. IOS Press. 9309: 9308: 9300: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9233: 9226: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9165:9788131805299 9161: 9157: 9156: 9148: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9073:New Scientist 9067: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9027:on 2007-06-21 9026: 9022: 9018: 9012: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8835: 8828: 8827: 8819: 8808: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8771: 8770:10.18452/1040 8767: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8714:on 2013-10-20 8713: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8684:on 2013-10-20 8683: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8654:on 2013-10-20 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8624:on 2013-10-20 8623: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8594:on 2013-10-20 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8564:on 2013-10-20 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8488:John F. Shoch 8485: 8479: 8465:on 2013-10-20 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8407: 8393:on 2013-10-20 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8151:on 2013-10-20 8150: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8073:on 2020-11-05 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8051:on 2016-01-01 8050: 8046: 8045: 8038: 8031:on 2016-01-01 8030: 8026: 8025: 8018: 8016: 8008:on 2009-02-07 8007: 8003: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7981: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7941:on 2021-02-25 7940: 7936: 7930: 7916:on 2013-10-20 7915: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7886:on 2013-10-20 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7844:on 2013-10-20 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7814:on 2013-10-20 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7722: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7665: 7663:9780471997504 7659: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7640: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7590: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7482:on 2020-08-06 7481: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7459:on 2017-06-30 7455: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7385:on 2013-10-20 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7334:0-201-55021-0 7330: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7306:MacWorld Expo 7303: 7296: 7294: 7279:on 2013-06-21 7278: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7230: 7228:9780309581257 7224: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143:September 10, 7135: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7115: 7107: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7004:0-75282-090-7 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6973: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6682:Robert Taylor 6677: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6540:9781476708690 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6433: 6425: 6418: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6347:9781420041163 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6215: 6214:oac.cdlib.org 6211: 6205: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5980:IEEE Spectrum 5976: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5897: 5890: 5879: 5872: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5658:The Economist 5655: 5649: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5565:Abbate, Janet 5560: 5549:September 10, 5541: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5198:September 10, 5190: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5001:on 2011-08-10 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4937:9781476708690 4933: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4548: 4538:on 2003-08-07 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4483:on 2021-06-17 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4351:9781135455514 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4303: 4301: 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W. 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3638:. MIT Press. 3634: 3633: 3625: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3001:on 2015-05-30 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761:Merit/MichNet 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2689:Merit Network 2686: 2681: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2509:Protocol Wars 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464:Voice over IP 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2434:File transfer 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412:Microblogging 2410: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2202:Data activism 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2171:routing paths 2168: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1959:logical ports 1955: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Larry Roberts 1732: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1640: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528:local network 1525: 1521: 1520:Donald Davies 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479:mainframe at 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:IBM mainframe 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440:Merit Network 1435:Merit Network 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Andrew Karney 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:minicomputers 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1191:, to run the 1190: 1186: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1103:Larry Roberts 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079:competed with 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 968: 964: 960: 957:and increase 956: 946: 942: 939: 934: 932: 931:network layer 928: 924: 920: 916: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 874: 871: 866: 862: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 843:Will Crowther 840: 835: 832: 828: 827:Larry Roberts 824: 818: 816: 812: 808: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 770:Farouk Kamoun 768:with student 767: 761: 759: 755: 754:Protocol Wars 750: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:X.25 protocol 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 672:In May 1974, 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 603:Steve Crocker 600: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 576:response time 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 528:to build the 527: 523: 522:Larry Roberts 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 492: 488: 487:Larry Roberts 484: 480: 476: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:John McCarthy 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 423:, who became 422: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:decentralized 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 367:Donald Davies 364: 360: 351: 344: 339: 329: 323: 322:Protocol Wars 319: 309: 306: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231: 226: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 200: 194: 190: 184: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:Donald Davies 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 84: 79: 75: 71: 61: 60:Donald Davies 57: 48: 39: 30: 19: 11524:Multiplexing 11506: 11399:Transmission 11364:Nikola Tesla 11354:Henry Sutton 11309:Samuel Morse 11239:Robert Hooke 11204:Amos Dolbear 11139:John Bardeen 11058: 11038:Telautograph 10942:Mobile phone 10897:Edholm's law 10880:social media 10813:Broadcasting 10747: 10736:the original 10730: 10686: 10656: 10637: 10620: 10611: 10599:Paul Baran, 10591: 10590:Paul Baran, 10575: 10559: 10544:. ABC-CLIO. 10540: 10520: 10500: 10472: 10451: 10442:Bibliography 10430: 10421: 10412: 10403: 10394: 10385: 10371:(7): 38–46. 10368: 10364: 10354: 10346:the original 10336: 10324:. Retrieved 10320:the original 10315: 10306: 10298: 10293:the original 10283: 10275:the original 10270: 10261: 10249:. Retrieved 10245: 10235: 10223:. Retrieved 10218: 10209: 10200: 10191: 10180:. Retrieved 10171: 10155: 10142: 10126: 10113: 10105:the original 10100: 10090: 10076: 10064:. Retrieved 10060: 10050: 10042:the original 10037: 10027: 10016:. Retrieved 10007: 9980: 9976: 9963: 9951:. Retrieved 9947:the original 9942: 9933: 9921:. Retrieved 9906: 9877: 9868: 9859: 9850: 9838:. Retrieved 9834:the original 9829: 9820: 9809:. Retrieved 9805:the original 9795: 9784:. Retrieved 9780:the original 9767: 9757: 9746:. Retrieved 9742:the original 9737: 9727: 9718: 9708: 9697: 9688: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9641:. Retrieved 9632: 9623: 9612:. 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Retrieved 2999:the original 2994: 2956:Packet radio 2922: 2891: 2879: 2863: 2844:in 1994; and 2733:CICNet, the 2710: 2694: 2643: 2618: 2594: 2538: 2526: 2429:File sharing 2167:Opte Project 2145:Internet era 2117:(XNS) was a 2113: 2105: 2096: 2079: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2015: 1995: 1983: 1968: 1958: 1952: 1941: 1931: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1889: 1875: 1864:leased lines 1857: 1842: 1819: 1778: 1752: 1721: 1706: 1669: 1654: 1646: 1634: 1610: 1576: 1561: 1549: 1536: 1518: 1485:East Lansing 1438: 1418: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1360: 1316: 1308: 1283:peer-to-peer 1266: 1257:Louis Pouzin 1250: 1234: 1221:ring network 1214: 1202: 1182: 1173: 1165:file servers 1150: 1137: 1128:in 1985 for 1120: 1111:virtual call 1107: 1092: 1064: 1060: 1042: 1038:flow control 1028: 1003: 991:mobile phone 972: 952: 943: 935: 911: 880: 867: 863: 851: 836: 819: 815:Katie Hafner 803: 775: 762: 751: 736: 729: 713:Rémi Després 706: 697: 671: 655:Bob Metcalfe 653: 633:Louis Pouzin 626: 622: 615: 593: 556: 545:idea to use 520: 473: 464: 433:time-sharing 419: 406: 397: 378:US Air Force 375: 356: 307: 295: 283:leaky bucket 267:fair queuing 228: 222: 213:transmission 202: 198: 189:the Internet 159: 123: 117: 81: 73: 67: 29: 11724:NPL network 11436:Radio waves 11374:Alfred Vail 11284:Hedy Lamarr 11269:Dawon Kahng 11229:Elisha Gray 11189:Yogen Dalal 11114:Nasir Ahmed 11048:Teleprinter 10912:Heliographs 10625:(IFIP 1968) 10326:3 September 10267:"About NLR" 9943:NSF website 9923:21 December 9840:3 September 9137:21 December 8550:Després, R. 8243:5 September 7970:3 September 7253:5 September 7200:5 September 7173:5 September 6502:28 December 6474:aberration. 5138:, pp. 4164:6 September 3995:Net History 3691:5 September 3084:6 September 3070:6 September 2847:Westnet in 2745:outside of 2267:Vigilantism 2252:Slacktivism 1866:(using the 1794:Bell Canada 1676:ULCC London 1539:NPL network 1339:NPL network 1146:plug-n-play 1144:. It was a 1026:in France. 923:byte stream 921:carrying a 903:Frame Relay 741:(IP). Many 702:Yogen Dalal 343:data packet 193:data stream 148:Bell System 142:of network 115:worldwide. 11857:Categories 11770:Antarctica 11729:Toasternet 11651:Television 11134:Paul Baran 11066:Television 11050:(teletype) 11043:Telegraphy 11021:transistor 10999:Phryctoria 10969:Photophone 10947:Smartphone 10937:Mass media 10182:2023-06-05 10101:ConneXions 10018:2009-06-26 9811:2022-08-30 9786:2013-08-30 9748:2013-08-30 9614:2022-08-30 9489:2013-08-30 9391:2022-06-22 9289:12 January 9198:12 January 9031:2020-02-12 8743:2024-06-05 8718:2013-08-30 8688:2013-08-30 8658:2013-08-30 8628:2013-08-30 8598:2013-08-30 8568:2013-08-30 8469:2013-08-30 8397:2013-08-30 8319:2020-07-31 8155:2013-08-30 8077:2017-08-28 7945:2020-10-22 7920:2013-08-30 7890:2013-08-30 7848:2013-08-30 7818:2013-08-30 7715:2024-06-05 7580:2020-02-05 7486:2020-03-13 7389:2013-08-30 7359:2023-09-23 7283:2013-08-30 7101:2024-07-01 7076:2024-01-21 6967:2020-01-10 6833:2024-01-20 6411:2024-06-21 6388:intention. 6219:2023-04-04 6195:2023-03-13 6058:2023-03-13 5929:, p. 5862:2024-07-01 5691:, p. 5671:2020-04-22 5610:1845426754 5444:, p. 5233:0824729005 5005:2020-02-15 4900:technique. 4894:2020-02-20 4847:hesitation 4729:2020-02-15 4698:2020-02-07 4581:2020-02-20 4542:2024-06-13 4487:2020-02-03 4240:2024-06-13 4000:2024-01-08 3945:, p. 3898:2024-06-05 3816:2020-09-15 3615:2023-07-23 3610:Britannica 3591:2020-01-23 3471:2020-02-15 3355:2008-05-08 3285:2023-11-30 3176:1461732328 3005:2020-02-18 2972:References 2652:consortium 2459:Television 2379:IP address 2290:Governance 2197:Censorship 1974:Telefonica 1765:See also: 1613:French PTT 1589:Xerox PARC 1236:CompuServe 1231:CompuServe 1157:Apple IIGS 1099:Bob Taylor 1040:to users. 987:link layer 959:robustness 858:Bob Taylor 659:Xerox PARC 516:congestion 512:simulation 455:including 359:Paul Baran 326:See also: 277:, such as 259:throughput 140:allocation 120:Paul Baran 56:Paul Baran 11754:Americas 11743:Locations 11714:Internet2 11475:Bandwidth 11179:Vint Cerf 11076:streaming 11054:Telephone 10994:Semaphore 10885:streaming 10695:0958-7403 10061:USA Today 9896:ignored ( 9886:cite book 9643:16 August 9590:1475-3308 9460:2470-1475 9444:: 32–48. 9111:206453987 8966:1475-3308 8876:0140-3664 8314:0261-3077 8067:thocp.net 6962:0362-4331 6715:provides. 6667:April 23, 6338:CRC Press 6317:1558-0008 6282:1558-0008 5839:0018-9448 5733:1558-0857 5666:0013-0613 5410:0018-9219 5041:MIT Press 4576:0362-4331 4515:0958-7403 4420:: 87–96. 4342:Routledge 4195:: 87–96. 4159:0958-7403 3564:0018-9219 3401:0163-6804 3324:0001-0782 2881:TransPAC2 2645:Internet2 2640:Internet2 2257:Sociology 2207:Democracy 1854:Datanet 1 1710:(SNA) is 1625:datagrams 1465:Ann Arbor 1394:Cleveland 1353:in 1979. 1122:AppleTalk 1117:AppleTalk 1083:OSI model 977:and most 938:signaling 933:service. 856:director 794:broadband 758:OSI model 674:Vint Cerf 233:, over a 144:bandwidth 11822:Category 11709:Internet 11699:CYCLADES 11616:Ethernet 11566:Concepts 11490:terminal 11441:wireless 11264:Bob Kahn 11107:Pioneers 10932:Internet 10823:Cable TV 10754:Archived 10580:Archived 10491:43377073 10299:HPC Wire 10201:MIT News 10160:Archived 10131:Archived 9999:11943330 9917:Archived 9680:23243636 9637:Archived 9635:. SITA. 9538:Archived 9536:. Disc. 9385:Archived 9246:Archived 9001:16 April 8834:Archived 8552:(1974). 8516:62684407 8365:26876676 8216:25341056 8175:BBC News 8125:13 April 7528:28994436 7095:BBC News 6987:(1999), 6887:23639680 6806:Archived 6527:(2014). 6441:citation 6383:34735326 6003:Archived 5945:Archived 5737:Archived 5567:(2000). 5140:116, 149 4774:17409102 4692:Archived 4434:72835589 4288:25341056 4214:forward. 4209:72835589 4171:numbers. 4126:13 April 4089:(2000). 3950:ARPAnet. 3931:earlier. 3807:Archived 3718:13 April 3437:Archived 3405:Archived 2940:See also 2802:NYSERNet 2634:Internet 2597:Internet 2504:Pioneers 2454:Shopping 2449:Podcasts 2401:Services 2192:Activism 2153:Internet 2065:TRANSPAC 2060:TRANSPAC 2042:Telebrás 1988:(IPSS). 1949:HIPA-NET 1880:Videotex 1874:service 1785:TRANSPAC 1761:X.25 era 1651:SITA HLN 1617:TRANSPAC 1451:and the 1371:Ferranti 1343:CYCLADES 1253:CYCLADES 1247:CYCLADES 1148:system. 1075:Internet 1024:TRANSPAC 975:Internet 887:datagram 823:priority 686:protocol 678:Bob Kahn 665:and the 663:Ethernet 629:CYCLADES 611:analytic 599:Bob Kahn 495:datagram 384:for the 293:scheme. 172:Internet 168:CYCLADES 11842:Commons 11832:Outline 11785:Oceania 11704:FidoNet 11689:ARPANET 11502:circuit 11071:digital 10800:History 10427:"vBNS+" 10251:June 6, 10246:HPCwire 10066:26 June 9568:Serials 9407:Program 9255:15 June 8944:Serials 8284:8172150 6168:2930578 5511:1689917 4391:8172150 4108:design. 3874:21 July 3446:July 7, 2930:Verizon 2830:SURAnet 2781:NEARNET 2751:Big Ten 2747:Chicago 2724:CERFnet 2660:Abilene 2629:ARPANET 2540:Outline 2488:History 2242:Privacy 2222:Freedom 2181:General 2141:(PUP). 2127:routing 2102:VENUS-P 2093:UNINETT 2070:Minitel 1970:Iberpac 1965:Iberpac 1954:Hitachi 1942:Euronet 1928:Euronet 1903:Datex-P 1897:Datex-P 1891:DATAPAC 1886:DATAPAC 1876:Telepad 1844:ConnNet 1839:ConnNet 1825:Telstra 1821:AUSTPAC 1816:AUSTPAC 1781:DATAPAC 1723:Telenet 1718:Telenet 1643:SCANNET 1603:(XNS). 1593:routing 1563:Philips 1546:Octopus 1532:routers 1522:of the 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