PY Ta 641 - Knowledge

1016: 871: 1128: 1197:." In 1958, Beattie alleged that Ventris had seen a copy or photograph of PY Ta 641 before finalising his decipherment, and then fraudulently presented the tablet as independent evidence of its validity. Blegen, however, affirmed that the tablet had been locked away until late July, after Ventris had stated his conviction of the Greek solution to Linear B in June, and had remained illegible until the following year. Finally, in 1959, Beattie claimed that Ventris had seen, and subsequently destroyed, a similar tablet to PY Ta 641 prior to making his decipherment – a claim which the Mycenaean philologists 369:

was pressed into a flat sheet, which was then folded. The left and right sides of the folded tablet were flattened, either by pushing them against a flat surface, folding them again or by pressing them between the fingers and palm to produce a narrow, rounded edge. The writing surface was then smoothed, probably by pressing it against a flat surface, and the back of the tablet, which would have joins from where the tablet had previously been folded, was itself smoothed out. In some cases, the tablet was formed around a piece of straw or string, which helped to keep it together if it were later broken.

397:('last year'). It has been suggested that their contents were, in normal circumstances, transferred to other materials such as papyrus for long-term storage. It is thought that the clay tablets would normally have been discarded after such a transfer was complete, and in any case that they were not generally intended to be archived or kept for an extended period: indeed, the site of Pylos is unusual in providing evidence for the systematic sorting and storage of these tablets. 293: 1160:, changed his mind by October 1952 after Ventris and Bennett shared with him the news of PY Ta 641: he was particularly influenced by the fact that Ventris had completed his decipherment before seeing the tablet, and that Blegen had been the only person to see the tablet when he had used Ventris's sign-values to read it. Chadwick is quoted as saying "Greeks should be grateful to this tiny piece of charred clay, because it proved that the Linear B language is Greek." 31: 378: 988:

was filled with loose earth and stones which Blegen considered to be the remains of a wall, dismantled at some point between the medieval and modern period. The "chasm" itself contained around thirty to forty tablets, and a further forty fragments of tablets were found in an extension of the cutting beyond where Blegen considered the original wall to have been.

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shapes and conditions of vessels has been taken as evidence for the concern paid by the palatial administration to the accuracy of this inventory, as well as for the expertise of Mycenaean scribes in such matters. The record of tripods of "Cretan workmanship" indicates trade connections between Pylos and Crete in the LH IIIB period.

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most ubiquitous people in the central palatial building", since they seem to have moved around most rooms in the northern part of the palace, including the upper floor. Hand 2 may also have been responsible for the training of other, more junior scribes, who were responsible for a more limited range of activities.

1115:, including the line "I think I've deciphered Linear B". In this letter, Ventris restated his conviction that the language of Linear B was Greek, and gave an account of some of its spelling rules and of certain transliterations between Classical Greek and Linear B. On 1 July, he announced the decipherment on 938:

has used the relative success with which PY Ta 641 renders a text with a high "social level" (that is, a rich, specialised vocabulary) as evidence for the flexibility of the Linear B script, and its suitability for much longer texts with broader functions than the accounting notes preserved

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Linear B tablets divide into larger page-shaped and smaller, wider palm-leaf tablets. PY Ta 641 is a palm-leaf tablet, which were generally used to record small amounts of information, in contrast to page-shaped tablets, which summarised multiple records. To make palm-leaf tablets, wet clay

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method of identifying them by handwriting. They are considered to have been professional scribes. PY Ta 641 was written by Hand 2, the third-most attested author in the Pylian corpus, who was also responsible for assessments of taxation and debts (the Ma series) and of allocations of bronze

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which conceded that "this text has probably done more than anything else to convince classical scholars that Mr. Ventris's decipherment is right." Beattie argued that "the apparent correspondence between words and ideograms is due to chance", and an artefact of the multiple possibilities offered by

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On 16 May 1953, Blegen sent Ventris a copy of PY Ta 641, in which he drew attention to the correspondence between the ideograms used for vases on the tablet and the corresponding adjectives given by reading the tablet with Ventris's values for the syllabograms. In his letter, he wrote "all

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Ventris's announcement was largely met with scepticism from the scholarly community, including from John Chadwick, who later wrote that he had been "completely taken aback" by the idea that Linear B had been used to write Greek, which he had considered "preposterous". In particular, scholars such as

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Variants of the Linear B ideogram *202VAS used on the tablet PY Ta 641, with the Linear B adjective used for each. The correspondence between these symbols and adjectives was crucial evidence in favour of Ventris and Chadwick's decipherment of Linear B, which was published before they were

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suspended excavations at Pylos until 1952. PY Ta 641 was discovered in the same year, in two parts: the first was found on 4 June, and the second on 10 June. The tablet was found in what Blegen called the "chasm", an area running along the right-hand edge of the Archives Complex. This area

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It is unclear whether the writers of Linear B tablets made the tablets themselves: matching palm-prints have been found on tablets attributed to different scribal hands, suggesting that they were made by a single person but written by at least one additional person, while other tablets show evidence

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Hand 2 worked primarily in an upstairs storeroom above Room 38 in the eastern part of the palace, along with Hands 4, 41 and S1203 Cii, who all recorded different types of perfumed oil – an industry with which Hand 2 was closely connected. However, Kyriakidis has described Hand 2 as "one of the

347:), an official recorded on another tablet of the same series (PY Ta 711) as carrying out an inspection of similar vessels for a festival, may also have written the tablets that documented the results of that inspection. Since PY Ta 711 was also written by Hand 2, that would make 312:

Hand 2 seems to have been a senior administrator, one of four known to scholarship as "chief scribes" (Hands 1, 2, 21 and 41). They may have been subordinate to the main "archivist" (Hand 1), or may have operated separately: Evangelos Kyriakidis has suggested that Hand 2 was responsible for matters

209:

Along with all other surviving tablets from Pylos, PY Ta 641 was accidentally fired when the Palace of Nestor was burned down around 1180 BCE, less than a year after the tablet's production. It has been used as evidence for the workings of the palatial administration, as well as about feasting

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It has also been suggested that the broken vessels may have been recorded on the tablet so that they could be repaired, mirroring the tentative evidence for the repair of armour using new pieces of metal in other Pylian tablets. The attention to detail paid by Hand 2 in recording the quantities,

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Chadwick responded to Beattie's article in 1957, with a riposte, later described as "brief but effective", in the same journal. He rejected Beattie's objections, wrote of the "rapidity and unanimity" with which the decipherment had been accepted among the scholarly community, and concluded with

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PY Ta 641 catalogues an inventory of luxury items, specifically tripods and other vessels. It forms part of the Ta series, which catalogue similar luxury items – furniture, metal vessels and sacrificial implements – of which Hand 2 made an account when the ruler

202:). It is categorised as a palm-leaf tablet – a relatively small tablet used to record a single entry of information – and was probably intended to act as a short-term memory aid, perhaps before its information was transferred to a more permanent means of storage, such as 400:

Linear B tablets were not intentionally fired, but were left to dry in the sun. Those Linear B tablets which survive today were accidentally burned during the destruction of the palace in which they happened to be: in the case of Pylos, this destruction happened late in the

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depicting the vessels it describes, which closely matched the translation of the associated text predicted by Ventris's decipherment. While the facts of its discovery and translation were disputed throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, particularly by the Scottish classicist

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Along with the rest of the Ta series, PY Ta 641 was found in an area of the Archives Complex used to house tablets which had not yet been processed and filed, making it likely one of the last tablets to enter the archives at Pylos. After being excavated, it was coated in

2663:. Vol. I: The Hieroglyphic and Primitive Linear Classes with an Account of the Discovery of the Pre-Phoenician Scripts, their Place in Minoan Story and their Mediterranean Relations: with Plates, Tables and Figures in the Text. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1110:

between 1940 and 1952, with a particular "critical period" between 1948 and 18 June 1952. On 1 June, Ventris published a 'Work Note' to a group of Mycenaean scholars arguing that Linear B was used to write Greek. On 18 June, he wrote a letter to

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on Crete on 30 March 1900. By the end of the year, he had categorised the writing system of the tablets as a "linear script", as opposed to what he called the "hieroglyphic or conventionalized pictographic script" now known as

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and other vessels used in ritual feasting. It was inscribed around 1180 BCE by a senior scribe working for the palatial administration at Pylos, known to scholarship as 'Hand 2' and possibly named

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used in the text, and was used to group the tablets before the Linear B script was deciphered. The "a" further subdivides the tablets based on their subject matter and was added after the decipherment.

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Linear B tablets were not intended for long-term storage or use, but primarily used as short-term aides-memoire. They were retained for at most a year, as evidenced by the frequent use of words like

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of being physically reworked during the writing process – for example, being squeezed so as to slightly expand the writing surface, when the scribe realised that additional space was needed.

1141:: since Ventris had not tested his decipherment on any unseen material, it would have been possible for him to shape his solution in order to fit the available data, whether or not it was correct. 2863:

Karagianni, Angeliki (2015). "Linear B Administration: The Communicative Aspects of Written Media and the Organisation of the Mycenaean Bureaucracy". In Sauer, Rebecca; Enderwitz, Susanne (eds.).

2733: 996:, stored in a locked box and transported in late July to Athens. The tablet would not be cleaned sufficiently to make it legible until 1953, at which point the first photographs of it were taken. 1243:, who disputed it into the 1960s. By the 1980s, the decipherment was almost universally accepted, though it continued to be controversial in German-speaking scholarship until the early 1990s. 1087:

I. Evans published a selection of them in 1935, allowing serious efforts at decipherment to begin. To these were added, after 1939, the first tablets excavated at Pylos. The later decipherers

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Beattie's arguments attracted only small-scale support, primarily in Scotland. By 1960, English-speaking scholars generally accepted the decipherment, though the pro-decipherment linguist

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wine-jars: 3 jars; a vessel of larger size with four handles: one vessel; vessels of larger size, with three handles: two vessels; a vessel of smaller size, with four handles: one vessel.

1156:" in charting the development of the Greek language between Mycenaean and the better-known Archaic and Classical dialects. Another early sceptic of the idea that Linear B encoded Greek, 3029:

Kyriakidis, Evangelos (2011). "The Smell of Big Cheese: Perfume Production and the Differing Spheres of Influence of High Scribes H1 and H2 at Pylos". In Kyriakidis, Evangelos (ed.).

416:). Given that the tablets were normally retained for less than a year, it can be inferred that this destruction took place within months of the creation of PY Ta 641. 3230: 3263: 246:, the tablet provided an important early indication of the correctness of the decipherment, and contributed to its general acceptance among Anglophone scholars by the 1980s. 3485:"An Archaeologist's Translation of Pylos Tablet Ta 641-1952 (Ventris), with an Introduction to Supersyllabograms in the Vessels and Pottery Sector in Mycenaean Linear B" 962: 3305: 1225:" as to whether the matter could be considered proven. It remained more controversial among continental European scholars, such as the German philologist 2741: 3484: 3126: 2713:

Judson, Anna P. (2017). "The Decipherment: People, Process, Challenges". In Galanakis, Yannis; Christophilopoulou, Anastasia; Grime, James (eds.).

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within the palace, while Hand 1 had responsibility for those outside it. In most cases, the names of the Linear B scribes are unknown. However,

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Proceedings of the International Colloquium 'The inner workings of Mycenaean bureaucracy', University of Kent, Canterbury, 19-21 September 2008

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The Inner Workings of Mycenaean Bureaucracy: Proceedings of the International Colloquium University of Kent, Canterbury, 19-21 September 2008

1198: 928: 2941: 976:. The excavation's first trench happened upon an area later known as the Archives Complex, which contained over 600 tablets and fragments. 1015: 3412:

Tomas, Helena (2013). "Saving on Clay: The Linear B Practice of Cutting Tablets". In Piquette, Kathryn E.; Whitehouse, Ruth D. (eds.).

3043: 2804: 2617: 3239: 764:

qe-to *203VAS 3 di-pa, me-zo-e, qe-to-ro-we *202VAS 1 di-pa-e, me-zo-e, ti-ri-o-we-e *202VAS 2 di-pa, me-wi-jo, qe-to-ro-we *202VAS 1

3285: 1203: 3585: 2612: 2495: 3122: 602:-ke-u, ke-re-si-jo, we-ke *201VAS 2 ti-ri-po, e-me, po-de, o-wo-we *201VAS 1 ti-ri-po, ke-re-si-jo, we-ke, a-pu, ke-ka-u-me-ṇọ[ 163: 107: 1174:

publicising the decipherment, most Anglophone scholars accepted it as correct. A minority, notably Chadwick's former lecturer

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The tablet catalogues drinking and storage vessels from the palace at Pylos. A transcription and translation is given below:

882: IIIC period – approximately contemporary with the destruction of the palace at Pylos and the writing of PY Ta 641 609:, of Cretan workmanship: 2 tripods; a tripod with one foot and one hand: 1 tripod; a tripod of Cretan workmanship burnt from 3177: 3265:

Thalassa: L'Égée préhistorique et la mer. Actes de la troisième Rencontre égéenne internationale de l'Université de Liège

870: 2578: 139: 3357: 2949: 3339:

Palaima, Thomas G. (1995). "The Last Days of the Pylos Polity". In Laffineur, Robert; Niemeier, Wolf-Dietrich (eds.).

3320: 3534: 3431: 3402: 3380: 3279: 3159: 2882: 2766: 2703: 2473: 2454: 2345: 2277: 3348:

Palaima, Thomas G. (2011). "Scribes, Scribal Hands and Paleography". In Duhoux, Yves; Morpurgo Davies, Anna (eds.).

972:. These were the first Linear B tablets discovered on the mainland of Greece; all previous finds had taken place on 2983: 2691: 2528: 2445:

Floreant studia Mycenaea: Akten des X. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Salzburg vom 1.–5. Mai 1995

2360: 2292: 1184: 1182: – continued to doubt its validity. Shortly after Ventris's death in 1956, Beattie published an article in 1040:, and correctly realised that it was written from left to right. He categorised its signs as "for the most part 861:

a vessel of smaller size, with three handles: one vessel; a vessel of smaller size, without handles: one vessel.

2332:(2001). "Agency and Bureaucracy: Thoughts on the Nature and Extent of Administration at Bronze-Age Pylos". In 1095:, however, considered little of the work done towards a decipherment before 1944 to be of substantial value. 135: 1357: 1323: 3499: 1240: 2241: 296:

The reverse of PY Cn 1287, a page-shaped tablet found at Pylos. The scribe (known as Hand 31) has drawn a

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tablets from Pylos were discovered on 3 April 1939, during excavations led by the American archaeologist

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This line was written above line .1b after the scribe ran out of space; its content follows on from .1b.

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Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: With Special Reference to the Archives of Knossos

1152:, and become convinced of its accuracy. On 13 July, he wrote to Ventris, offering his help as a "mere 595:𐀴𐀪𐀡𐀆 𐁁𐀑𐀄 𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍 𐀸𐀐 𐃠 𐄈 𐀴𐀪𐀡 𐀁𐀕 𐀡𐀆 𐀃𐀺𐀸 𐃠 𐄇 𐀴𐀪𐀡 𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍 𐀸𐀐 𐀀𐀢 𐀐𐀏𐀄𐀕𐀜 3020:

Kyriakidis, Evangelos (1998). "Some Aspects of the Role of Scribes in Pylian Palace Administration".

1099: 175: 2829: 2497:

Atti e memorie del secondo Congresso internazionale di micenologia, Roma-Napoli, 14–20 ottobre 1991

267:: the "series", itself broken into a capital letter and a lower-case letter. The "T" refers to the 57:

15 cm × 4 cm × 1 cm (5.91 in × 1.57 in × 0.39 in)

35:

The Linear B tablet PY Ta 641, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens

1179: 980:, who was supervising the digging, spent several days along with Blegen excavating them by hand. 977: 2958: 2565:

Duhoux, Yves (2011). "How Were the Mycenaean Scribes Taught?". In Kyriakidis, Evangelos (ed.).

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The remains of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos, Messenia, where the tablet was discovered in 1952

117: 1005: 3590: 3390: 2483: 2438: 2265: 1218: 1112: 761:𐀤𐀵 𐃢 𐄉 𐀇𐀞 𐀕𐀿𐀁 𐀤𐀵𐀫𐀸 𐃡 𐄇 𐀇𐀞 𐀕𐀿𐀁 𐀴𐀪𐀃𐀸𐀁 𐃡 𐄈 𐀇𐀞 𐀕𐀹𐀍 𐀤𐀵𐀫𐀸 𐃡 𐄇 337: 2812: 2937: 2287: 1211: 1194: 1175: 243: 3467: 3106: 2865:

Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies

2668:

Haskell, Halford W. (2004). "Wanax to Wanax: Regional Trade Patterns in Mycenaean Crete".

8: 2658: 1063:, which had been discovered in July 1908, and similarly-unpublished tablets excavated by 3558: 3471: 3463: 3446: 3205: 3197: 3110: 3102: 3085: 3068: 3060: 3008: 3000: 2917: 2679: 2670: 2642: 2634: 2596: 2553: 2545: 2486:(1996). "On the Negative Aspects of the Mycenaean Palace System". In de Miro, Ernesto; 2425: 2417: 2385: 2377: 2317: 2309: 1170: 1138: 1037: 129: 3178:"Ins and Outs of the Archives Rooms at Pylos: Form and Function in a Mycenaean Palace" 2504: 3605: 3530: 3475: 3427: 3398: 3376: 3353: 3275: 3209: 3169: 3155: 3114: 3072: 3038: 3012: 2921: 2894: 2878: 2844: 2762: 2718: 2699: 2646: 2557: 2469: 2450: 2429: 2389: 2341: 2321: 2273: 1064: 908: 2778:"Learning to Spell in Linear B: Orthography and Scribal Training in Mycenaean Pylos" 3455: 3441: 3417: 3259: 3189: 3094: 3080: 3052: 2992: 2907: 2868: 2789: 2754: 2626: 2588: 2537: 2409: 2369: 2301: 1231: 984: 912: 167: 155: 86: 3549: 3518: 3173: 1291: 1149: 1107: 1092: 1083:

Most of the Knossos tablets, which numbered around 3500, remained unpublished in

230: 222: 215: 2895:"Reading 'KERESIJO WEKE' and Other Designations of Tripods on Mycenaean Tablets" 226: 3595: 3459: 3213: 3098: 2333: 933: 328: 304:

The writers of Linear B tablets are known in scholarship as "hands", after the

195: 3395:

Mycenaeans and Minoans: Aegean Prehistory in the Light of the Linear B Tablets

3056: 2794: 2777: 2630: 3574: 3522: 3368: 2848: 2397: 1088: 1060: 1049: 993: 879: 402: 234: 1384: 1382: 3083:(2012). "Prestige and Interest: Feasting and the King at Mycenaean Pylos". 2654: 2608: 2574: 2523: 2491: 2487: 1157: 1148:

By early July, Chadwick had obtained a copy of Ventris's decipherment from

1068: 1028: 1010: 305: 2912: 2873: 2758: 915:

has suggested that this may have been a feast to celebrate or commemorate

182:, it has been described as "probably the most famous tablet of Linear B". 2978: 2734:"Tripods, Tables, and Tablets – Or, How to Prepare for a Mycenaean Feast" 2355: 1379: 1295: 1237: 1222: 1153: 1116: 1103: 1041: 958: 858:

di-pa, me-wi-jo, ti-ri-jo-we *202VAS 1 di-pa, me-wi-jo, a-no-we *202VAS 1

179: 97: 3562: 3313:

Discovery: Research and Scholarship at the University of Texas at Austin

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Palaima, Thomas G. (1991). "Maritime Matters in the Linear B Texts". In

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The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B: Interpretation and Scribal Practices

2638: 2503:. Vol. 2. Rome: Incunabula Graeca. pp. 715–728. Archived from 1268:. For the inscription in full epigraphic format, with bibliography, see 30: 2683: 2600: 2135: 2133: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 3201: 3152:

Women in Mycenaean Greece: The Linear B Tablets from Pylos and Knossos

3004: 2549: 2421: 2381: 2313: 2584:

Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

297: 292: 2592: 2181: 2130: 1821: 1122: 3193: 2996: 2613:"Knossos: Summary Report of the Excavations in 1900: I: The Palace" 2541: 2413: 2373: 2305: 2290:(1956). "Mr. Ventris' Decipherment of the Minoan Linear B Script". 1072: 1045: 954: 405: IIIB period, around the transition to LH IIIC (that is, 287: 268: 238: 159: 3422: 1204: 1127: 2437:

Chadwick, John (1999). "Linear B: Past, Present, and Future". In

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calls "a ceremonial and ritually important banqueting ceremony":

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The designation "PY Ta 641" is made up of three parts:

203: 3041:(1997). "The Destruction of the Palace at Pylos Reconsidered". 2249: 2090: 1445: 186: 3350:

A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World

3121: 1388: 3444:(2018). "The Acceptance of the Greek Solution for Linear B". 2217: 1979: 1746: 1342: 1308: 1044:", though asserted that "a certain number are unquestionably 973: 916: 902: 896: 888: 392: 386: 348: 318: 211: 210:

in the Mycenaean world and the connections between Pylos and

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Writing as Material Practice: Substance, Surface and Medium

2358:(1953). "The Palace of Nestor Excavations at Pylos, 1952". 1362: 1328: 1168:

By April 1954, when both Ventris and Dow wrote articles in

890: 44: 3229:

Palaima, Thomas G. (1985). "Appendix". In Sjőquist (ed.).

1734: 1697: 1695: 1145:

this seems too good to be true. Is coincidence excluded?"

377: 1991: 1712: 1710: 1536: 1500: 1488: 1399: 1397: 3133:. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Archived from 2449:. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences. pp. 29–38. 2008: 2006: 1919: 1682: 1680: 1596: 1011:

The discovery and classification of Linear B (1886–1909)

166:. Discovered in the so-called "Archives Complex" of the 2169: 1861: 1859: 1692: 1665: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1628: 1626: 1613: 1611: 1163: 999: 2042: 1943: 1871: 1775: 1773: 1758: 1707: 1572: 1548: 1524: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1394: 2935: 2338:

Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palatial States

2187: 2157: 2139: 2106: 2003: 1967: 1955: 1838: 1785: 1722: 1677: 1457: 1409: 1189:

Ventris for the pronunciation of each Linear B sign.

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Linear B was first identified as a writing system by

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Politeia: State and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age

2205: 2193: 2145: 2066: 1883: 1856: 1809: 1638: 1623: 1608: 1560: 2118: 1931: 1907: 1895: 1770: 1584: 1469: 1433: 855:𐀇𐀞 𐀕𐀹𐀍 𐀴𐀪𐀍𐀸 𐃡 𐄇 𐀇𐀞 𐀕𐀹𐀍 𐀀𐀜𐀸 𐃡 𐄇 342: 3352:. Vol. 2. Louvain: Peeters. pp. 33–136. 2976: 2893: 2340:. Cambridge Philological Society. pp. 25–37. 2078: 2054: 2030: 2018: 1803: 1512: 1421: 3033:. Rome: Fabrizio Serra editore. pp. 127–139. 2717:. Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum. pp. 15–29. 2696:Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers 1123:The role of PY Ta 641 in proving the decipherment 237:. PY Ta 641 includes easily-recognised 3572: 1106:, the decipherment of Linear B was completed by 277:: an identifying number, unique within the site. 3550:Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 3517: 1985: 1265: 3482: 2811:. The British School at Athens. Archived from 2482: 2223: 1752: 1193:"Professor Beattie underestimates the size of 3375:. Oxford University Press. pp. 356–372. 3373:The Oxford Companion to the Bronze Age Aegean 3168: 1850: 1075:" and that of the Knossos tablets "Class B". 1055:In 1909, Evans published the first volume of 1031:, who excavated the first Linear B tablet at 3416:. London: Ubiquity Press. pp. 175–191. 2830:""Recycling" of Raw Materials 1500 Years BC" 2443: 1294:, is obscure: it is generally held to be a 1078: 1071:. Evans named the script of these tablets " 178:in June 1952 by the American archaeologist 3529:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3367:Palaima, Thomas G. (2012). "Linear B". In 3044:The Annual of the British School at Athens 3028: 3019: 2862: 2618:The Annual of the British School at Athens 1602: 1542: 1506: 1006:Linear B § Discovery and decipherment 3421: 3274:. University of Liège. pp. 273–310. 2911: 2891: 2872: 2827: 2793: 2441:; Hiller, Stefan; Panagl, Oswald (eds.). 1740: 1403: 1137:Bennett worried about the possibility of 3343:. University of Liège. pp. 623–634. 3079: 3037: 2690: 2436: 2396: 2264: 2175: 2048: 1716: 1671: 1659: 1463: 1290:The interpretation of this word, in the 1126: 1014: 869: 376: 291: 3366: 3347: 3338: 3303: 3257: 3228: 2802: 2775: 2667: 2286: 2163: 2151: 2096: 2012: 1997: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1877: 1764: 1728: 1590: 1578: 1554: 1530: 1494: 1451: 1415: 907:). These items were to be used in what 419: 140:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 3573: 3389: 2981:(1939). "Excavations at Pylos, 1939". 2900:Humanities and Social Science Research 2867:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 25–60. 2748: 2731: 2712: 2564: 2463: 2354: 2328: 2239: 2199: 1937: 1889: 1865: 1815: 1791: 1701: 1686: 1647: 1632: 1617: 1518: 1482: 1269: 1059:, which included the then-unpublished 1023:among the ruins and finds from Knossos 164:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 108:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3543: 3440: 3411: 3149: 2803:Judson, Anna P. (22 September 2022). 2653: 2607: 2587:. XXX (New Series, III) (90): 91–93. 2573: 2246:DAMOS (Database of Mycenaean at Oslo) 2211: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2036: 2024: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1779: 1566: 1427: 221:The tablet was first published after 54: 2732:Judson, Anna P. (7 September 2019). 2400:(1957). "Minoan Linear B: A Reply". 1341:Written in Linear B syllabograms as 1307:Written in Linear B syllabograms as 1251: 1164:Objections to Ventris's decipherment 1000:Role in the decipherment of Linear B 261:: a site label; PY stands for Pylos. 3547:(1965). "Is Linear B Deciphered?". 2522: 2270:Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch 1439: 1389:National Archaeological Museum 2019 1195:the windmill at which he is tilting 949:Palace of Nestor § Excavations 357:the author of PY Ta 641. 13: 3154:. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. 3131:. Palace of Ano Englianos (Pylos)" 2950:Proceedings of the British Academy 14: 3617: 2272:(in German). Heidelberg: Winter. 2188:Killen & Morpurgo Davies 2002 2140:Killen & Morpurgo Davies 2002 1839:Killen & Morpurgo Davies 2002 1214:later described as "outrageous". 1019:Arthur Evans, painted in 1907 by 895:) of Pylos appointed a man named 865: 3483:Vallance Janke, Richard (2014). 3232:Pylos: Palmprints and Palmleaves 2466:A Brief History of Ancient Greek 29: 16:Linear B tablet made c. 1180 BCE 3586:1952 archaeological discoveries 3397:(2nd ed.). London: Faber. 3182:American Journal of Archaeology 3127:"Linear B Tablet, Known as the 2984:American Journal of Archaeology 2782:The Cambridge Classical Journal 2715:Codebreakers and Groundbreakers 2529:American Journal of Archaeology 2361:American Journal of Archaeology 2293:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 2232: 1335: 1301: 1284: 1275: 1258: 1185:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 372: 3123:National Archaeological Museum 2892:Kenanidis, Ioannis K. (2019). 2753:. Cambridge University Press. 1804:Kourouniotis & Blegen 1939 1098:Building on important work by 874:A bronze tripod cauldron from 249: 1: 3306:"Michael Ventris's Blueprint" 1373: 1221:wrote in 1965 of widespread " 406: 281: 162:, currently displayed in the 73: 3601:Mycenaean Greek inscriptions 3581:12th-century BC inscriptions 3527:Documents in Mycenaean Greek 2977:Kourouniotis, Konstantinos; 1363: 1343: 1329: 1309: 1246: 1178: – then in post at the 942: 917: 903: 897: 889: 393: 387: 349: 319: 7: 3304:Palaima, Thomas G. (1993). 2942:"John Chadwick (1920–1998)" 2579:"Crete: Systems of Writing" 2402:Journal of Hellenic Studies 1986:Ventris & Chadwick 2015 343: 130:Linear B Unicode characters 10: 3622: 3468:10.2972/hesperia.87.1.0001 3460:10.2972/hesperia.87.1.0001 3107:10.2972/hesperia.81.1.0001 3099:10.2972/hesperia.81.1.0001 2837:Journal of Young Scientist 2526:(1954). "Minoan Writing". 2240:Aurora, Frederico (2015). 1352: 1318: 1003: 946: 939:in the surviving tablets. 901:as a provincial governor ( 285: 225:proposed, in June 1952, a 3498:: 133–162. Archived from 3057:10.1017/S0068245400016658 2957:: 133–165. Archived from 2828:Kaczmarek, Beata (2016). 2805:"Making Linear B Tablets" 2795:10.1017/S1750270522000057 2776:Judson, Anna P. (2022a). 2631:10.1017/S0068245400001908 1851:Palaima & Wright 1985 1266:Ventris and Chadwick 2015 1132:able to view this tablet. 963:Konstantinos Kourouniotis 332: 199: 158:clay tablet inscribed in 150:, sometimes known as the 142: instead of Linear B. 113: 103: 93: 80: 69: 61: 50: 40: 28: 23: 3262:; Basch, Lucien (eds.). 2749:Judson, Anna P. (2020). 2464:Colvin, Stephen (2014). 2242:"PY Ta(-) 641 (Chasm;2)" 1264:The translation follows 1079:Decipherment (1909–1952) 227:decipherment of Linear B 3492:Archaeology and Science 3319:: 20–26. Archived from 3150:Olsen, Barbara (2014). 2336:; Killen, John (eds.). 1180:University of Edinburgh 3039:Mountjoy, Penelope Ann 2484:Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid 2444: 2439:Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid 1133: 1024: 883: 382: 301: 185:The tablet catalogues 128:This article contains 2938:Morpurgo Davies, Anna 2913:10.30560/hssr.v2n1p35 2874:10.1515/9783110371758 2759:10.1017/9781108859745 2698:. Chichester: Wiley. 2468:. Chichester: Wiley. 1130: 1113:Emmett L. Bennett Jr. 1018: 873: 447:*2̣0̣1̣VAS: a tripod. 380: 295: 2738:It's All Greek To Me 2671:Hesperia Supplements 1212:Anna Morpurgo Davies 983:The outbreak of the 420:Text and translation 414: 1180 BCE 3291:on 11 November 2022 3245:on 16 February 2023 2815:on 28 February 2023 2224:Deger-Jalkotzy 1996 1928:, pp. viii–ix. 1753:Vallance Janke 2014 1497:, pp. 100–101. 1347:, reconstructed as 1313:, reconstructed as 317:has suggested that 148:PY Ta 641 24:PY Ta 641 3391:Palmer, Leonard R. 3326:on 1 November 2022 3170:Palaima, Thomas G. 3137:on 7 December 2022 2964:on 3 December 2022 2692:Horrocks, Geoffrey 2569:. pp. 95–118. 2288:Beattie, Arthur J. 2252:on 29 January 2023 2000:, pp. 20, 24. 1171:The New York Times 1139:circular reasoning 1134: 1038:Cretan hieroglyphs 1025: 884: 391:('this year') and 383: 309:(the Jn series). 302: 231:Mycenaean language 3442:Tracy, Stephen V. 3260:Laffineur, Robert 3081:Nakassis, Dimitri 3024:. 31–32: 201–229. 2724:978-1-910731-09-3 2266:Bartoněk, Antonín 1743:, pp. 39–40. 1704:, pp. 38–39. 1442:, pp. 87–88. 1361: 1327: 1252:Explanatory notes 1176:Arthur J. Beattie 1065:Federico Halbherr 341: 244:Arthur J. Beattie 233:was a dialect of 136:rendering support 123: 122: 3613: 3566: 3540: 3519:Ventris, Michael 3514: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3489: 3479: 3437: 3425: 3408: 3386: 3363: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3284:. Archived from 3273: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3238:. Archived from 3237: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3212:. Archived from 3174:Wright, James C. 3165: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3118: 3076: 3034: 3025: 3016: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2946: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2915: 2897: 2888: 2876: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2799: 2797: 2772: 2745: 2744:on 3 March 2023. 2740:. Archived from 2728: 2709: 2687: 2664: 2655:Evans, Arthur J. 2650: 2609:Evans, Arthur J. 2604: 2575:Evans, Arthur J. 2570: 2561: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2479: 2460: 2447: 2433: 2393: 2351: 2325: 2283: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2248:. Archived from 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2115:, pp. 9–10. 2110: 2104: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1636: 1630: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1454:, p. 145, n. 64. 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1392: 1386: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1262: 1236:and the Belgian 1235: 1209: 1206: 1021:William Richmond 985:Second World War 971: 937: 921:'s appointment. 920: 913:Dimitri Nakassis 906: 900: 894: 415: 411: 408: 396: 390: 356: 346: 336: 334: 326: 201: 168:Palace of Nestor 118:Mycenaean Greece 104:Present location 89:, Pylos, Greece. 87:Palace of Nestor 75: 56: 33: 21: 20: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3537: 3508: 3506: 3505:on 16 July 2021 3502: 3487: 3434: 3405: 3383: 3360: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3308: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3271: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3219: 3217: 3216:on 3 March 2023 3162: 3140: 3138: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2944: 2926: 2924: 2885: 2853: 2851: 2832: 2818: 2816: 2769: 2725: 2706: 2593:10.2307/2842725 2513: 2511: 2510:on 3 March 2023 2507: 2500: 2476: 2457: 2348: 2334:Voutsaki, Sofia 2280: 2255: 2253: 2235: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2075:, pp. 6–7. 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794:, pp. 6–7. 1790: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1639: 1631: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1603:Karagianni 2015 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1543:Kyriakidis 1998 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1507:Kyriakidis 2011 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1340: 1336: 1306: 1302: 1292:nominative case 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1229: 1201: 1166: 1150:R. A. B. Mynors 1125: 1108:Michael Ventris 1093:Michael Ventris 1081: 1013: 1008: 1002: 965: 951: 945: 931: 868: 863: 853: 845: 837: 829: 821: 813: 805: 797: 789: 781: 773: 769: 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 687: 679: 671: 663: 655: 647: 639: 631: 623: 615: 611: 601: 593: 585: 577: 569: 561: 553: 545: 537: 529: 521: 513: 505: 497: 489: 481: 473: 470: 461: 453: 449: 441: 438: 429: 422: 413: 409: 375: 353: 323: 290: 284: 252: 223:Michael Ventris 216:Late Bronze Age 145: 144: 143: 134:Without proper 85: 65:Linear B script 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3619: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3568: 3567: 3557:(3): 512–542. 3545:Young, Douglas 3541: 3535: 3523:Chadwick, John 3515: 3480: 3438: 3432: 3409: 3403: 3387: 3381: 3364: 3359:978-9042924031 3358: 3345: 3336: 3301: 3280: 3255: 3226: 3194:10.2307/504328 3188:(2): 251–262. 3166: 3160: 3147: 3119: 3077: 3035: 3026: 3017: 2997:10.2307/498982 2991:(4): 557–576. 2974: 2936:Killen, John; 2933: 2889: 2883: 2860: 2825: 2800: 2773: 2767: 2746: 2729: 2723: 2710: 2704: 2688: 2665: 2651: 2605: 2571: 2562: 2542:10.2307/500110 2520: 2480: 2474: 2461: 2455: 2434: 2414:10.2307/629358 2408:(2): 202–204. 2398:Chadwick, John 2394: 2374:10.2307/501233 2352: 2346: 2326: 2306:10.2307/629549 2284: 2278: 2262: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2226:, p. 715. 2216: 2214:, p. 513. 2204: 2192: 2190:, p. 149. 2180: 2178:, p. 204. 2168: 2156: 2144: 2142:, p. 147. 2129: 2117: 2105: 2099:, p. 22; 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 357. 1942: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1880:, p. 624. 1870: 1855: 1853:, p. 252. 1843: 1841:, p. 148. 1820: 1808: 1806:, p. 564. 1796: 1784: 1769: 1767:, p. 151. 1757: 1755:, p. 141. 1745: 1741:Kaczmarek 2016 1733: 1721: 1706: 1691: 1689:, p. 109. 1676: 1674:, p. 285. 1664: 1662:, p. 135. 1652: 1637: 1622: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1581:, p. 103. 1571: 1569:, p. 117. 1559: 1557:, p. 101. 1547: 1545:, p. 216. 1535: 1533:, p. 102. 1523: 1511: 1509:, p. 140. 1499: 1487: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1418:, p. 274. 1408: 1404:Kenanidis 2019 1393: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1334: 1300: 1283: 1274: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1241:Henri Grégoire 1219:Leonard Palmer 1165: 1162: 1124: 1121: 1080: 1077: 1012: 1009: 1001: 998: 961:and the Greek 947:Main article: 944: 941: 909:Thomas Palaima 878:, used in the 867: 866:Interpretation 864: 846: 838: 830: 822: 814: 806: 798: 790: 782: 774: 771: 770: 752: 744: 736: 728: 720: 712: 704: 696: 688: 680: 672: 664: 656: 648: 640: 632: 624: 616: 613: 612: 599: 598:ti-ri-po-de, a 591:ke-ka-u-me-ṇọ[ 586: 578: 570: 562: 554: 546: 538: 530: 522: 514: 506: 498: 490: 482: 474: 468: 462: 454: 451: 450: 442: 436: 430: 427: 426: 421: 418: 394:pe-ru-si-nu-wo 374: 371: 351: 321: 283: 280: 279: 278: 272: 262: 251: 248: 138:, you may see 126: 125: 124: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3618: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3536:9781107503410 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3433:9781909188242 3429: 3424: 3423:10.5334/bai.i 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3404:9780571062546 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3382:9780199873609 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3287: 3283: 3281:9781991048011 3277: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3161:9781317747956 3157: 3153: 3148: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3129:Tripod tablet 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2884:9783110413007 2880: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2814: 2810: 2809:www.bsa.ac.uk 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2768:9781108859745 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2705:9781118785157 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:(2): 77–129. 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2524:Dow, Sterling 2521: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492:Sacconi, Anna 2489: 2488:Godart, Louis 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475:9781405149259 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2456:9783700127871 2452: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2347:9780906014264 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279:9783825314354 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2202:, p. 62. 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2176:Chadwick 1957 2172: 2166:, p. 17. 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2127:, p. 12. 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2051:, p. 33. 2050: 2049:Chadwick 1999 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2015:, p. 20. 2014: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1994: 1988:, p. 12. 1987: 1982: 1976:, p. 23. 1975: 1970: 1964:, p. 22. 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1916:, p. 92. 1915: 1910: 1904:, p. 18. 1903: 1898: 1892:, p. 25. 1891: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1868:, p. 63. 1867: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1818:, p. 53. 1817: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1782:, p. 13. 1781: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1731:, p. 69. 1730: 1725: 1719:, p. 17. 1718: 1717:Nakassis 2012 1713: 1711: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1672:Bartoněk 2003 1668: 1661: 1660:Mountjoy 1997 1656: 1650:, p. 13. 1649: 1644: 1642: 1635:, p. 14. 1634: 1629: 1627: 1620:, p. 29. 1619: 1614: 1612: 1605:, p. 48. 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1485:, p. 31. 1484: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1466:, p. 12. 1465: 1464:Horrocks 2014 1460: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1430:, p. 43. 1429: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1406:, p. 35. 1405: 1400: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1365: 1359: 1350: 1349:Ancient Greek 1345: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1316: 1315:Ancient Greek 1311: 1304: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1278: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1227:Ernst Grumach 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1102:and later by 1101: 1100:Arthur Cowley 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089:John Chadwick 1086: 1085:Scripta Minoa 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:Phaistos Disc 1058: 1057:Scripta Minoa 1053: 1051: 1050:determinative 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1017: 1007: 997: 995: 989: 986: 981: 979: 978:Bill McDonald 975: 969: 964: 960: 956: 950: 940: 935: 930: 926: 922: 919: 914: 910: 905: 899: 893: 892: 881: 877: 872: 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 844: 841: 836: 833: 828: 825: 820: 817: 812: 809: 804: 801: 796: 793: 788: 785: 780: 777: 768: 765: 762: 758: 755: 750: 747: 742: 739: 734: 731: 726: 723: 718: 715: 710: 707: 702: 699: 694: 691: 686: 683: 678: 675: 670: 667: 662: 659: 654: 651: 646: 643: 638: 635: 630: 627: 622: 619: 610: 608: 603: 596: 592: 589: 584: 581: 576: 573: 568: 565: 560: 557: 552: 549: 544: 541: 536: 533: 528: 525: 520: 517: 512: 509: 504: 501: 496: 493: 488: 485: 480: 477: 472: 465: 460: 457: 448: 445: 440: 433: 425: 417: 404: 398: 395: 389: 379: 370: 366: 362: 358: 355: 345: 339: 330: 325: 316: 310: 307: 306:palaeographic 299: 294: 289: 276: 273: 270: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 255: 247: 245: 240: 236: 232: 229:and that the 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 207: 205: 197: 193: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:Tripod Tablet 149: 141: 137: 133: 131: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 94:Discovered by 92: 88: 83: 79: 76:1180 BCE 72: 68: 64: 60: 53: 49: 46: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3591:Clay tablets 3554: 3548: 3526: 3507:. 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Retrieved 2250:the original 2245: 2233:Bibliography 2219: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2164:Beattie 1956 2159: 2154:, p. 9. 2152:Beattie 1956 2147: 2120: 2108: 2103:, p. 6. 2097:Palaima 1993 2092: 2087:, p. 3. 2080: 2068: 2063:, p. 4. 2056: 2044: 2039:, p. 1. 2032: 2027:, p. 2. 2020: 2013:Palaima 1993 1998:Palaima 1993 1993: 1981: 1974:Palaima 1993 1969: 1962:Palaima 1993 1957: 1950:Palaima 2012 1945: 1940:, p. 5. 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1878:Palaima 1995 1873: 1846: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1765:Haskell 2004 1760: 1748: 1736: 1729:Palaima 2011 1724: 1667: 1655: 1598: 1591:Judson 2022b 1586: 1579:Palaima 1985 1574: 1562: 1555:Palaima 1985 1550: 1538: 1531:Palaima 1985 1526: 1514: 1502: 1495:Palaima 1985 1490: 1459: 1452:Judson 2022a 1447: 1435: 1423: 1416:Palaima 1991 1411: 1337: 1303: 1286: 1277: 1260: 1216: 1191: 1183: 1169: 1167: 1158:Sterling Dow 1147: 1143: 1135: 1097: 1084: 1082: 1069:Hagia Triada 1056: 1054: 1029:Arthur Evans 1026: 990: 982: 952: 927: 923: 885: 860: 857: 854: 850: 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1687:Duhoux 2011 1648:Judson 2020 1633:Judson 2020 1618:Bennet 2001 1519:Judson 2019 1483:Bennet 2001 1344:da-mo-ko-ro 1296:proper noun 1270:Aurora 2015 1238:Byzantinist 1230: [ 1223:agnosticism 1202: [ 1199:John Killen 1154:philologist 1117:BBC Radio 3 1104:Alice Kober 1046:ideographic 966: [ 959:Carl Blegen 932: [ 929:Yves Duhoux 795:ti-ri-jo-we 741:qe-to-ro-we 661:qe-to-ro-we 410: 1200 315:John Bennet 250:Designation 180:Carl Blegen 98:Carl Blegen 3575:Categories 3330:7 February 2927:29 January 2256:29 January 2212:Young 1965 2125:Tracy 2018 2113:Tracy 2018 2101:Tracy 2018 2085:Tracy 2018 2073:Tracy 2018 2061:Tracy 2018 2037:Tracy 2018 2025:Tracy 2018 1926:Evans 1909 1914:Evans 1900 1902:Evans 1901 1780:Tracy 2018 1567:Tomas 2013 1428:Olsen 2014 1374:References 1004:See also: 953:The first 698:𐀴𐀪𐀃𐀸𐀁 588:𐀐𐀏𐀄𐀕𐀜 412: – c. 286:See also: 282:Production 81:Discovered 3525:(2015) . 3476:186486561 3210:194067974 3115:163688093 3073:161404282 3013:193102694 2922:188082500 2906:(1): 35. 2849:2344-1283 2843:: 39–40. 2647:192983595 2558:245265302 2430:162395268 2390:191409796 2322:161506588 1364:damokoros 1358:romanized 1353:δαμοκόρος 1324:romanized 1247:Footnotes 943:Discovery 904:damokoros 827:me-wi-jo, 787:me-wi-jo, 733:me-wi-jo, 605:Tripods, 559:ti-ri-po, 511:ti-ri-po, 354:-ke-qi-ri 344:Phugebris 338:romanized 327:(perhaps 324:-ke-qi-ri 298:labyrinth 269:ideograms 239:ideograms 192:Phugebris 156:Mycenaean 3606:Linear B 3563:20162981 3447:Hesperia 3393:(1965). 3176:(1985). 3125:(2019). 3086:Hesperia 3065:30103480 2940:(2002). 2694:(2014). 2657:(1909). 2639:30096250 2625:: 3–70. 2611:(1901). 2577:(1900). 2494:(eds.). 2300:: 1–17. 2268:(2003). 1440:Dow 1954 1310:au-ke-wa 1205:Wikidata 1042:syllabic 955:Linear B 792:𐀴𐀪𐀍𐀸 738:𐀤𐀵𐀫𐀸 693:me-zo-e, 685:di-pa-e, 658:𐀤𐀵𐀫𐀸 653:me-zo-e, 564:𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍 476:𐀐𐀩𐀯𐀍 456:𐀴𐀪𐀡𐀆 388:za-we-te 333:Φυγέβρις 288:Linear B 200:Φυγέβρις 176:Messenia 160:Linear B 41:Material 3371:(ed.). 3295:3 March 3220:3 March 3141:3 March 2968:3 March 2684:1354067 2601:2842725 2514:3 March 1360:: 1330:Augewas 1326:: 1319:Αὐγῆϝας 1073:Class A 1033:Knossos 918:Augēwās 898:Augēwās 876:Mycenae 843:*202VAS 835:a-no-we 803:*202VAS 749:*202VAS 709:*202VAS 669:*202VAS 629:*203VAS 543:*201VAS 535:o-wo-we 495:*201VAS 435:ke-re-a 340:: 214:in the 204:papyrus 187:tripods 154:, is a 114:Culture 70:Created 62:Writing 55:approx. 3561: 3533: 3474: 3466: 3430: 3401: 3379: 3356: 3278: 3208: 3202:504328 3200: 3158: 3113: 3105: 3071: 3063: 3011: 3005:498982 3003: 2920: 2881: 2847: 2765: 2721: 2702: 2682: 2645: 2637: 2599: 2556: 2550:500110 2548: 2472: 2453: 2428: 2422:629358 2420: 2388: 2382:501233 2380: 2344: 2320: 2314:629549 2312: 2276: 832:𐀀𐀜𐀸 824:𐀕𐀹𐀍 819:di-pa, 784:𐀕𐀹𐀍 779:di-pa, 730:𐀕𐀹𐀍 725:di-pa, 690:𐀕𐀿𐀁 650:𐀕𐀿𐀁 645:di-pa, 575:we-ke, 556:𐀴𐀪𐀡 532:𐀃𐀺𐀸 527:po-de, 508:𐀴𐀪𐀡 471:-ke-u, 464:𐁁𐀑𐀄 432:𐀐𐀩𐁀 300:on it. 3596:Pylos 3559:JSTOR 3503:(PDF) 3488:(PDF) 3472:S2CID 3464:JSTOR 3324:(PDF) 3309:(PDF) 3289:(PDF) 3272:(PDF) 3243:(PDF) 3236:(PDF) 3206:S2CID 3198:JSTOR 3111:S2CID 3103:JSTOR 3069:S2CID 3061:JSTOR 3022:Minos 3009:S2CID 3001:JSTOR 2962:(PDF) 2945:(PDF) 2918:S2CID 2833:(PDF) 2680:JSTOR 2643:S2CID 2635:JSTOR 2597:JSTOR 2554:S2CID 2546:JSTOR 2508:(PDF) 2501:(PDF) 2426:S2CID 2418:JSTOR 2386:S2CID 2378:JSTOR 2318:S2CID 2310:JSTOR 1234:] 1208:] 1067:from 974:Crete 970:] 936:] 891:wanax 621:qe-to 607:Aikeu 583:a-pu, 519:e-me, 487:we-ke 329:Greek 235:Greek 212:Crete 196:Greek 172:Pylos 3531:ISBN 3511:2023 3428:ISBN 3399:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3332:2023 3297:2023 3276:ISBN 3251:2023 3222:2023 3156:ISBN 3143:2023 2970:2023 2929:2023 2879:ISBN 2856:2023 2845:ISSN 2821:2023 2763:ISBN 2719:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2516:2023 2470:ISBN 2451:ISBN 2342:ISBN 2274:ISBN 2258:2023 1210:and 1091:and 994:lime 816:𐀇𐀞 776:𐀇𐀞 722:𐀇𐀞 682:𐀇𐀞 642:𐀇𐀞 618:𐀤𐀵 580:𐀀𐀢 572:𐀸𐀐 524:𐀡𐀆 516:𐀁𐀕 484:𐀸𐀐 84:1952 51:Size 45:Clay 3456:doi 3418:doi 3190:doi 3095:doi 3053:doi 2993:doi 2955:115 2908:doi 2869:doi 2790:doi 2755:doi 2627:doi 2589:doi 2538:doi 2410:doi 2370:doi 2302:doi 1052:." 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