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a new three-year contract with $ 105 million of up front conversions in raises to be paid in 11.4% increases over the next three years, a raise more than twice what was being given to other federal employees, "The average federal controller (at a GS-13 level, a common grade controller) earned $ 36,613, which was 18% less than private sector counterpart"; with the raise demanded, the average federal pay would have exceeded the private sector pay by 8%, along with better benefits and shorter working hours. However, because the offer did not include a shorter work week or earlier retirement, PATCO rejected the offer.
890:. Only 1,300 (10%) of the nearly 13,000 controllers returned to work. At 10:55 a.m., Reagan included the following in a statement: "Let me read the solemn oath taken by each of these employees, a sworn affidavit, when they accepted their jobs: 'I am not participating in any strike against the Government of the United States or any agency thereof, and I will not so participate while an employee of the Government of the United States or any agency thereof.'" He then demanded those remaining on strike return to work within 48 hours or officially forfeit their positions.
1017:
the government didn't back down. And he stood there and said, "If you're going to go on strike, you're going to lose your job, and we'll make out without you." That had a profound effect on the aggressiveness of labor at that time, in the midst of this inflationary problem and other economic problems. I am told that the administration pretty much took off the shelf plans that had been developed in the Carter administration, but whether the Carter administration ever would done it is the open question. That was something of a watershed.
836:
most modern equipment available, and to adjust staff levels and workdays so they are commensurate with achieving the maximum degree of public safety," and "I pledge to you that my administration will work very closely with you to bring about a spirit of cooperation between the
President and the air traffic controllers." This letter gave Poli and the organization a sense of security that led to an overestimation of their position in the negotiations with the FAA, which contributed to their decision to strike.
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task of hiring and training enough controllers to replace those that had been fired. Under normal conditions, it took three years to train new controllers. Until replacements could be trained, the vacant positions were temporarily filled with a mix of non-participating controllers, supervisors, staff personnel, some non-rated personnel, military controllers, and controllers transferred temporarily from other facilities. PATCO was
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they had learned their skills; their union had backed Reagan in his election campaign. Nevertheless, Reagan refused to back down. Several strikers were jailed; the union was fined and eventually made bankrupt. Only about 800 got their jobs back when
Clinton lifted the ban on rehiring those who went on strike. Many of the strikers were forced into poverty as a result of being blacklisted for employment."
854:
54:
861:
In
February 1981, PATCO and the FAA began new contract negotiations. Citing safety concerns, PATCO called for a reduced 32-hour work week, a $ 10,000 pay increase for all air-traffic controllers and a better benefits package for retirement. Negotiations quickly stalled. Then, in June, the FAA offered
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actions that they felt were unfair; over 2,000 controllers around the country did not report to work as scheduled and informed management that they were ill. Controllers called in sick to circumvent the federal law against strikes by government unions. Management personnel attempted to assume many of
992:
When the president said no, American business leaders were given a lesson in managerial leadership that they could not and did not ignore. Many private sector executives have told me that they were able to cut the fat from their organizations and adopt more competitive work practices because of what
1016:
One of the major factors in turning the tide on the inflationary situation was the controllers' strike, because here, for the first time, it wasn't really a fight about wages; it was a fight about working conditions. It was directly a wage problem, but the controllers were government employees, and
1005:
in Review 31, Richard Sharpe stated that Reagan was "laying down a marker" for his presidency: "The strikers were often working-class men and women who had achieved suburban middle class lives as air traffic controllers without having gone to college. Many were veterans of the US armed forces where
906:
On August 5, following the PATCO workers' refusal to return to work, the Reagan administration fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order, and banned them from federal service for life. In the wake of the strike and mass firings, the FAA was faced with the difficult
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During his campaign, Reagan sent a letter to Robert E. Poli, the new president of PATCO, in which he declared support for the organization's demands and a disposition to work toward solutions. In it, he stated "I will take whatever steps are necessary to provide our air traffic controllers with the
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the duties of the missing controllers but major traffic delays around the country occurred. On April 16, the federal courts intervened and most controllers went back to work by order of the court, but the government was forced to the bargaining table. The sickout led officials to recognize that the
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Perhaps the most important, and then highly controversial, domestic initiative was the firing of the air traffic controllers in August 1981. The
President invoked the law that striking government employees forfeit their jobs, an action that unsettled those who cynically believed no President would
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system was operating nearly at capacity. To alleviate some of this, Congress accelerated the installation of automated systems, reopened the air traffic controller training academy in
Oklahoma City, began hiring air traffic controllers at an increasing rate, and raised salaries to help attract and
777:. On July 3, 1968, PATCO announced "Operation Air Safety" in which all members were ordered to adhere strictly to the established separation standards for aircraft. The resultant large delay of air traffic was the first of many official and unofficial "slowdowns" that PATCO would initiate.
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organized for replacements and started contingency plans. By prioritizing and cutting flights severely (about 7,000), and even adopting methods of air traffic management that PATCO had previously lobbied for, the government was initially able to have 50% of flights available.
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the government did in those days. I would not be surprised if these unseen effects of this private sector shakeout under the inspiration of the president were as profound in influencing the recovery that occurred as the formal economic and fiscal programs.
831:
stemmed in large part from poor labor relations with the FAA (the employer of PATCO members) under the Carter administration and Ronald Reagan's endorsement of the union and its struggle for better conditions during the 1980 election campaign.
960:) to hire striker replacements instead of negotiating in labor conflicts. In 1970 there were over 380 major strikes or lockouts in the U.S.; by 1980 the number had dropped to under 200, in 1999 it fell to 17, and in 2010 there were only 11.
882:), which prohibits strikes by federal government employees. Anthony Skirlick of the Los Angeles Center warned that these "Unrealistic demands in the face of this change is suicide". Despite supporting PATCO's effort in his 1980 campaign,
865:
At 7 a.m. on August 3, 1981, the union declared a strike, seeking better working conditions, better pay (PATCO sought a total raise of $ 600 million over three years, compared to FAA's offer of $ 105 million) and a 32-hour workweek (a
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ever uphold that law. President Reagan prevailed, but far more importantly his action gave weight to the legal right of private employers, previously not fully exercised, to use their own discretion to both hire and discharge workers.
848:
On August 3, 1981, during a press conference regarding the PATCO strike, President Reagan stated: "They are in violation of the law and if they do not report for work within 48 hours they have forfeited their jobs and will be
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to be in contempt of court, and the union was ordered to pay a $ 100,000 fine, and certain named members were ordered to pay a $ 1,000 fine for each day its members were on strike. At the same time, Transportation
Secretary
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In 1969, the U.S. Civil
Service Commission ruled that PATCO was no longer a professional association but in fact a trade union. On June 18–20, 1969, 477 controllers conducted a three-day sick-out.
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1745:
and former PATCO spokesperson Elliot Simons discuss the anniversary of the firing of the air traffic controllers and why it matters today to workers in the private and public sectors,
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The FAA had initially claimed that staffing levels would be restored within two years; however, it took closer to 10 years before the overall staffing levels returned to normal.
874:
combined). In addition, PATCO wanted to be excluded from the civil service clauses that it had long disliked. In striking, the union violated 5 U.S.C. (Supp. III 1956) 118p (now
1226:
Durnin, Steven E. (1994). "The
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Strike: A Retrospective Analysis" (Document). Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Order No. EP31967.
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1839:
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After PATCO disobeyed a federal court injunction ordering an end to the strike and return to work, a federal judge found union leaders including PATCO President
925:, which was certified on June 19, 1987, and had no connection with PATCO. The civil service ban on the remaining strike participants was lifted by President
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Some former striking controllers were allowed to reapply after 1986 and were rehired; they and their replacements are now represented by the
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on
October 22, 1981. The decision was appealed but to no avail, and attempts to use the courts to reverse the firings proved fruitless.
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1683:"Statement and a Question-and- Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike - August 3, 1981"
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Van Horn, Carl E. & Schaffner, Herbert A. (2003). "Professional Air
Traffic Controllers Organization Strike".
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Milkman, Ruth, and Joseph A. McCartin. "The legacy and lessons of the PATCO strike after 30 years: A dialogue."
1521:
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declared the PATCO strike a "peril to national safety" and ordered them back to work under the terms of the
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1030:, two organizations now claim the name and part or all of the jurisdiction of the original PATCO:
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Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike That Changed America
1565:
1284:
Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America
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Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, The Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America
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118:
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on August 12, 1993. Nevertheless, by 2006 only 850 PATCO strikers had been rehired by the FAA.
554:
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287:
31:
1663:
Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike
1324:
Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike
1730:, Southern Labor Archives, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library
1108:
817:
584:
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1709:"Memorandum on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers - December 9, 1981"
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1696:"Statement on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers - December 9, 1981"
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Reagan's firing of the government employees encouraged large private employers like
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1702:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 1148–1149.
1803:
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The Consequences of Reagan Breaking the 1981 Air Traffic Controllers Strike,
1711:[Memorandum for the Director of the Office of Personnel Management].
883:
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1689:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 687–690.
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On March 25, 1970, the newly designated union orchestrated a controller "
376:
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1715:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 1149.
1526:(Speech). Simi Valley, California: Ronald Reagan Library. April 9, 2003.
1078:(3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33–35.
1178:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 249–257.
1012:
called the strike a "watershed" moment in the fight against inflation:
899:
648:
342:
337:
711:; in striking, the union violated 5 U.S.C. (Supp. III 1956) 118p (now
1307:
Bondi, Victor, ed. (1996). "Government and Politics: Union Busting".
805:
457:
198:
193:
1764:
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Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization Records, 1968–1985
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PATCO was founded in 1968 with the assistance of attorney and pilot
312:
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was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its
128:
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1463:
Work in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Policy, and Society
1648:
The Air Controllers' Controversy: Lessons from the PATCO Strike
946:
435:
1776:
445:
53:
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Union president Poli speaking to reporters during the strike
719:), which prohibits strikes by federal government employees.
1510:(2nd ed.). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 316.
1343:
United States v. Professional Air Traffic Controllers, Etc.
1032:
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (AFSCME)
701:
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO)
30:
For the active PATCO labor unions or disambiguation, see
1720:
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization v FLRA
1426:"Patco Decertification Vote Is Switched From 2–1 to 3–0"
1205:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67.
1722:, 685 F.2d 547 (U.S. Court of Appeals DC Circuit 1982)
1244:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute.
1753:
1523:
The Reagan Legacy: Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan
1048:
Labor history of the United States#Reagan era, 1980s
1630:
Silent Strikes: The Air Traffic Controllers' Strike
971:, speaking on the legacy of Ronald Reagan, noted:
707:in 1981 following an illegal strike broken by the
1665:, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum
1459:
1036:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
46:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
1801:
1676:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.
1670:"Air Traffic Controllers' (PATCO) Strike - 1981"
1466:. Vol. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 444–446.
1260:"1981 Strike Leaves Legacy for American Workers"
1840:History of labor relations in the United States
1646:Shostak, Arthur B. & Skocik, David (1986).
1543:. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. p. 84.
1449:. No. 98. August 17, 1981. pp. 18–24.
1202:Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement
1645:
1286:. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–241.
1242:Ronald Reagan Institute Webcasts and Podcasts
680:
1198:
1028:National Air Traffic Controllers Association
982:United States Office of Personnel Management
923:National Air Traffic Controllers Association
1815:1981 disestablishments in the United States
1238:"Air Traffic Controllers - August 3, 1981"
1021:
687:
673:
1835:Defunct trade unions in the United States
726:
1820:Air traffic control in the United States
1810:1968 establishments in the United States
1627:
1609:
1486:
1453:
1327:(Speech). August 3, 1981. Archived from
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852:
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1199:Fantasia, Rick & Voss, Kim (2004).
1192:
1069:
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14:
1802:
1707:Reagan, Ronald W. (December 9, 1981).
1706:
1694:Reagan, Ronald W. (December 9, 1981).
1693:
1680:
1536:
1487:McCartin, Joseph A. (August 2, 2011).
1362:"An old lesson still holds for unions"
1311:. Detroit: Gale Research. p. 304.
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1825:Air traffic controllers' trade unions
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1359:
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1681:Reagan, Ronald W. (August 3, 1981).
1639:Grounded: Reagan and the PATCO Crash
1614:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:Schalch, Kathleen (August 3, 2006).
1171:
1060:
1850:Trade unions disestablished in 1981
1480:
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1076:Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control
363:Workers' right to access the toilet
24:
1602:
1584:"Commanding Heights, Paul Volcker"
1563:
1248:
1136:"One Man's Slow-Motion Aerial Act"
25:
1861:
1656:
1650:. New York: Human Sciences Press.
1632:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
1402:. October 6, 1986. Archived from
1270:
913:Federal Labor Relations Authority
827:. PATCO's refusal to endorse the
1845:Trade unions established in 1968
1787:
1775:
1763:
258:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
127:
52:
27:American labor union (1968–1981)
1641:. New York: Garland Publishing.
1576:
1557:
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1499:
1489:"The Strike That Busted Unions"
1438:
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1386:
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1144:. April 6, 1970. Archived from
1360:Early, Steve (July 31, 2006).
1230:
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308:Occupational safety and health
303:Occupational safety and health
13:
1:
1540:Reagan's Terrible Swift Sword
1053:
722:
431:Chronological list of strikes
1628:Nordlund, Willis J. (1998).
1610:McCartin, Joseph A. (2013).
1282:McCartin, Joseph A. (2012).
812:) refused to back President
7:
1506:Resnick, Eugene V. (2014).
1350: (E.D. Mich. 1981).
1309:American Decades: 1980–1989
1099:Komos, Nick (August 1989).
1041:
810:Air Line Pilots Association
10:
1866:
1537:Devine, Donald J. (1991).
1074:Nolan, Michael S. (1999).
802:1980 presidential election
29:
1445:"Who Controls the Air?".
1172:Beik, Mildred A. (2005).
980:Reagan's director of the
932:
787:" to protest many of the
394:International comparisons
328:Right to rest and leisure
268:Employment discrimination
92:
76:
68:
60:
51:
44:
1508:AP United States History
1348:525 F. Supp. 820
804:, PATCO (along with the
179:Social movement unionism
1637:Round, Michael (1999).
1022:Other ATC organizations
389:Trade union federations
384:Trade unions by country
1674:Archives ~ Topic Guide
1566:"Laying Down A Marker"
1019:
995:
978:
858:
850:
288:Freedom of association
159:Exploitation of labour
32:PATCO (disambiguation)
1622:54.2 (2013): 123–137.
1148:on September 30, 2007
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709:Reagan administration
273:Employment protection
253:Collective bargaining
1741:(2014-08-06). Prof.
1406:on September 3, 2007
1331:on January 23, 2016.
797:retain controllers.
733:Presidents of PATCO
634:Industrial relations
623:Academic disciplines
219:National-syndicalism
189:Democratic socialism
1434:. November 5, 1981.
1026:In addition to the
954:International Paper
214:Anarcho-syndicalism
41:
1493:The New York Times
1431:The New York Times
859:
851:
840:August 1981 strike
323:Professional abuse
39:
1564:Sharpe, Richard.
1116:Missing or empty
1085:978-0-534-56795-8
771:
770:
697:
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654:Post-work society
483:Solidarity action
293:Legal working age
149:Conflict theories
102:
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16:(Redirected from
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1782:Organized labour
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1713:Internet Archive
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1370:. Archived from
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888:Taft–Hartley Act
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821:Republican Party
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639:Labour economics
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473:Pen-down strikes
184:Social democracy
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1394:"Unhappy Again"
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1374:on May 12, 2008
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999:Joseph McCartin
997:In a review of
965:Federal Reserve
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842:
749:John F. Leyden
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705:decertification
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663:
659:Refusal of work
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493:Whipsaw strikes
478:Sitdown strikes
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1737:(2014-08-05),
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1657:External links
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1588:. Retrieved
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1109:cite journal
1101:Air Progress
1100:
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1010:Paul Volcker
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939:Phelps Dodge
936:
927:Bill Clinton
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814:Jimmy Carter
799:
782:
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700:
698:
503:Work-to-rule
377:Trade unions
348:Six-hour day
333:Right to sit
298:Minimum wage
248:Child labour
243:Annual leave
169:New unionism
36:
18:PATCO strike
909:decertified
895:Robert Poli
880:§ 7311
717:§ 7311
600:South Korea
580:Netherlands
575:New Zealand
204:Syndicalism
174:Proletariat
154:Decent work
1804:Categories
1410:August 15,
1378:August 15,
1054:References
988:, argued:
900:Drew Lewis
823:candidate
816:, instead
754:1980–1982
746:1970–1980
738:1969–1970
723:Beginnings
649:Labour law
458:Green bans
451:newspapers
343:Sick leave
338:Sabbatical
1570:Review 31
967:Chairman
963:In 2003,
950:(1985–86)
818:endorsing
806:Teamsters
595:Singapore
550:Hong Kong
525:Australia
278:Equal pay
199:Communism
194:Socialism
94:Members
69:Dissolved
1590:June 16,
1447:Newsweek
1042:See also
808:and the
590:Portugal
530:Barbados
488:Walkouts
463:Lockouts
313:Overwork
164:Timeline
110:a series
107:Part of
77:Location
1830:AFL–CIO
1756:Portals
911:by the
870:and an
800:In the
785:sickout
555:Ireland
545:Georgia
61:Founded
1739:Part 2
1735:Part 1
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933:Legacy
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585:Norway
560:Israel
535:Brazil
436:Hartal
98:13,000
1770:1980s
1586:. PBS
1103:: 81.
764:1982
730:Year
565:Malta
446:Bandh
40:PATCO
1592:2021
1545:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1412:2007
1399:Time
1380:2007
1288:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1154:2009
1141:Time
1122:help
1080:ISBN
1034:and
958:1987
943:1983
699:The
540:Fiji
407:WFTU
402:ITUC
72:1981
64:1968
945:),
794:ATC
789:FAA
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