160:. The buildings destroyed at the end of the Commune were burned by the soldiers of the Commune, who proudly claimed credit for it afterwards. The Commune soldiers, led by Paul Brunel, one of the original leaders of the Commune, took cans of oil and set fire to the Tuileries Palace, and buildings near the Rue Royale and the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on
223:, Florence Van de Walle, and Aurore Machu. The three women had been with the National Guard troops who fought at the barricades of Rue Royale and the Faubourg Saint-Honoré on 22-23 May. After that battle, the National Guard lit several fires, and Rue Royale, the Place de la Concorde, and the Tuileries burned. Ménand, Van de Walle, and Machu were accused of having taken part in setting the fires. According to
29:
206:, and Lucie Bocquin. They had been armed, and some wore the uniform of the National Guard. Despite a complete lack of evidence that any of them participated in the fires, Rétiffe, Marchais, and Suétens were sentenced to death, Papavoine to deportation to a walled fortress, and Bocquin to ten years of solitary confinement. The death sentences were later commuted to forced labour for life in
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themselves, the negative connotation applied to the name was a prime result of the fear many men in higher ranks felt during the Paris
Commune. The fear in question was that women could take advantage of the current revolution to alter gender norms and seek elevation in the societal hierarchy. As a
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that were captured and punished was heavily publicized. It would serve as a warning to the remainder of French women that, "she would be killed as an example to other woman of what they could expect if they stepped out of the proper female role."
236:
A partial amnesty was granted to people who were prosecuted for their role in the commune on 3 March 1879, followed by a general amnesty on 11 July 1880. Marchais and
Papavoine died before the amnesties.
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for burning. The furniture had been piled together inside the cathedral to start the fire, but the arson was cancelled when it was realised that the fire would inevitably spread to the neighbouring
92:
and many other government buildings were in fact set afire by the soldiers of the
Commune during the last days of the Commune, prompting the press and Parisian public opinion to blame the
190:" began on 3 September 1871. Five women were accused of various crimes, including having been involved in the fires along the Rue de Lille and at the Légion d'Honneur:
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Many individual women were accused of carrying kerosene or setting fires, but two group trials were particularly important. The first trial of the "
126:, and other government buildings, as well as the commercial docks along the Seine and some private homes, including the residence of the writer
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in the aftermath of the
Commune, Anne-Marie Ménand and Florence Van de Walle were the only two who may actually have participated in any arson.
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were burned down during street-fighting between
Communards and Versaillais troops. The arsonists also targeted the cathedral of
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308:"The Paris Commune Lives on in French Politics: A Freighted Anniversary Becomes Talisman to Both Right and Left"
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and Gay
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during the last days of the
Commune in May 1871. During May, when Paris was being recaptured by loyalist
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at the end of the
Commune, many Paris landmarks were set on fire by the Communards, most notably the
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were, according to popular rumours at the time, female supporters of the
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144:, written in the 1870s, and more recent research by historians of the
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140:", or female arsonists. However, the history of the Paris Commune by
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against private property and public buildings, using bottles full of
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troops, rumours circulated that lower-class women were committing
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271:, based in London since 2012 in London, take their name from the
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72:) which they threw into cellar windows, in a deliberate act of
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448:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2020-06-30
424:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2021-05-27
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hospital, where hundreds of patients were sheltered.
295:, Presses Universitaires de France, (1988), p. 117.
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529:, Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages
227:, of the many women who were accused of being
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219:occurred on 16 April 1872. The accused were
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467:"La Pétroleuse: Representing Revolution"
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582:. La suite des temps (in French).
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305:Zaretsky, Robert (2021-03-30).
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267:The feminist punk rock band
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527:The War Against Paris: 1871
23:The Legend of Frenchie King
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627:Military history of France
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492:2027/spo.0499697.0017.205
327:Lissagaray (1896) p. 338.
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80:buildings, including the
465:Gullickson, Gay (1991).
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68:(similar to modern-day
21:For the 1971 film, see
632:19th century in France
612:Women in war in France
594:The Women Incendiaries
591:Thomas, Édith (1966).
576:Thomas, Édith (1963).
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553:Rougerie, Jacques,
442:"PAPAVOINE Eulalie"
403:Rougerie, Jacques,
374:, p. 204-205;
358:, p. 203-204;
291:Rougerie, Jacques,
170:Notre Dame de Paris
162:Rue Saint-Florentin
584:Éditions Gallimard
555:La Commune de 1871
511:– via JSTOR.
405:La Commune de 1871
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378:, p. 182-183.
362:, p. 181-182.
293:La Commune de 1871
213:A second trial of
196:Joséphine Marchais
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570:The Paris Commune
563:978-2-13-062078-5
549:978-0-8014-8318-9
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221:Anne-Marie Ménand
204:Eulalie Papavoine
192:Élizabeth Rétiffe
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428:2022-07-09
422:Le Maitron
279:References
263:Namegiving
174:Hôtel-Dieu
102:Background
637:Arsonists
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572:, (1876)
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