505:
482:
31:
976:
5223:
899:. Like other imidazolines, Oxymetazoline is readily absorbed orally. Effects on α receptors from systemically absorbed oxymetazoline hydrochloride may persist for up to 7 hours after a single dose. The elimination half-life in humans is 5–8 hours. It is excreted unchanged both by the kidneys (30%) and in feces (10%).
886:
receptors. Vasoconstriction of vessels results in relief of nasal congestion in two ways: first, it increases the diameter of the airway lumen; second, it reduces fluid exudation from postcapillary venules. It can reduce nasal airway resistance (NAR) up to 35.7% and reduce nasal mucosal blood flow up
816:. Novartis suggested that "The justification was not based on evidence" and cited an extensive body of evidence, and noting a range of recommended periods from five to ten days, which coincides with the typical duration of the common cold.
974:, Fruhstorfer W, Müller-Calgan H, "2-(2,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-tert-butyl-benzyl)-2-imidazoline,and acid addition salts thereof,and process for their manufacture", issued 23 November 1961, assigned to E Merck AG.
801:, may occur. A 2006 review of the pathology of rhinitis medicamentosa concluded that use of oxymetazoline for more than three days may result in rhinitis medicamentosa and recommended limiting use to three days.
907:
The oxymetazoline brand Afrin was first sold as a prescription medication in 1966. After finding substantial early success as a prescription medication, it became available as an over-the-counter drug in 1975.
1206:
Katz RI, Hovagim AR, Finkelstein HS, Grinberg Y, Boccio RV, Poppers PJ (1990). "A comparison of cocaine, lidocaine with epinephrine, and oxymetazoline for prevention of epistaxis on nasotracheal intubation".
763:
In the United States, oxymetazoline 1% cream is approved by the Food and Drug
Administration for topical treatment of persistent facial erythema (redness) associated with rosacea in adults.
990:
Haenisch B, Walstab J, Herberhold S, Bootz F, Tschaikin M, Ramseger R, et al. (December 2010). "Alpha-adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline".
1648:
734:, most notably. One study classified it in the following order: α(2A) > α(1A) ≥ α(2B) > α(1D) ≥ α(2C) >> α(1B), but this is not universally agreed upon.
2881:
687:, as eye drops to treat eye redness due to minor irritation, and (in the United States) as a prescription topical cream to treat persistent facial redness due to
105:
1035:"The signaling and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor agonists for the human α2A, α2B and α2C-adrenoceptors and comparison with human α1 and β-adrenoceptors"
2958:
639:
571:
1641:
737:
Another study classified it with selectivity ratios in alpha 2 adrenergic receptors of 200 for a2A vs a2B, 7.1 a2A vs a2C, and 28.2 a2B vs a2C.
3823:
3803:
5248:
5243:
1603:
53:
2874:
2378:
1765:
1334:
824:
There is no specific antidote for oxymetazoline, although its pharmacological effects may be reversed by an adrenergic antagonists such as
595:
5273:
1163:
Patel NU, Shukla S, Zaki J, Feldman SR (October 2017). "Oxymetazoline hydrochloride cream for facial erythema associated with rosacea".
5263:
1634:
4531:
3858:
3111:
1387:
895:
Since imidazolines are sympathomimetic agents, their primary effects appear on α adrenergic receptors, with little if any effect on
5189:
1352:
2867:
870:. In addition, the local application of the drug also results in vasoconstriction due to its action on endothelial postsynaptic α
5171:
5162:
1542:
691:
in adults. Its effects begin within minutes and last for up to six hours. Intranasal use for longer than three days may cause
5153:
2825:
1578:
1515:
1090:
5293:
1335:"Consultation submission: OTC nasal decongestant preparations for topical use: proposed advisory statements for medicines"
740:
In 2021, it was the 292nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions.
5180:
646:
2798:
5253:
615:
2842:
2371:
813:
251:
166:
5283:
5198:
1386:
Biaggioni I, Robertson D. "Chapter 9. Adrenoceptor
Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs". In Katzung BG (ed.).
1285:
94:
5278:
4189:
2790:
330:
960:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. CID 4636.
5144:
2802:
2682:
500:
381:
4023:
3573:
3313:
2901:
2364:
853:
846:
727:
719:
461:
623:
InChI=1S/C16H24N2O/c1-10-8-13(16(3,4)5)15(19)11(2)12(10)9-14-17-6-7-18-14/h8,19H,6-7,9H2,1-5H3,(H,17,18)
5213:
3478:
2806:
2794:
2600:
971:
450:
5288:
2786:
2329:
2184:
896:
2107:
2000:
3496:
2810:
2356:
2063:
477:
63:
4144:
2830:
2661:
2260:
1991:
1458:
Bende M, Löth S (March 1986). "Vascular effects of topical oxymetazoline on human nasal mucosa".
83:
43:
3909:
3601:
3591:
3162:
2919:
2743:
2635:
2255:
1242:
Krempl GA, Noorily AD (September 1995). "Use of oxymetazoline in the management of epistaxis".
798:
692:
98:
5258:
4108:
3884:
3527:
2098:
1844:
1785:
430:
321:
194:
812:
recommended a five day maximum usage period, rather than three days, in a submission to the
4767:
2556:
2532:
2400:
2320:
2021:
1952:
1853:
749:
715:
664:
390:
230:
71:
1626:
953:
370:
285:
8:
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2707:
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1720:
1691:
1393:
859:
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276:
1360:
1137:
504:
481:
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2641:
1760:
1730:
1608:
1483:
1440:
1428:
1267:
1188:
1059:
1034:
1015:
777:
In July 2020, oxymetazoline received approval by the FDA for the treatment of acquired
181:
4877:
4852:
4772:
3650:
3400:
3265:
2727:
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1216:
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1054:
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999:
867:
680:
672:
517:
205:
149:
139:
129:
118:
1303:
1176:
1082:
929:, Drixine, Drixoral, Nasivin, Nasivion, Nezeril, Nostrilla, Logicin, Vicks Sinex,
5227:
3645:
2953:
2859:
2782:
2759:
2478:
2453:
2409:
2315:
2265:
2190:
1975:
1872:
1770:
1671:
909:
842:
778:
668:
310:
213:
1373:
Anatomy and
General Functions of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems
4757:
4426:
4391:
4112:
3868:
3778:
3531:
3396:
3116:
3071:
2836:
2687:
2592:
2524:
2503:
2493:
2423:
2147:
2050:
1980:
1888:
1877:
1830:
1701:
1658:
1353:"Chapter 6. Neurotransmission: The Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems"
1255:
794:
707:
1471:
882:
because of centrally-mediated inhibition of sympathetic tone via presynaptic α
22:
5237:
4907:
4747:
4431:
4375:
4332:
3993:
3917:
3722:
3611:
3500:
3412:
3166:
3086:
3025:
3012:
2772:
2656:
2620:
2605:
2537:
2473:
2175:
1924:
1778:
1588:
1525:
753:
582:
493:
766:
Due to its vasoconstricting properties, oxymetazoline is also used to treat
4932:
4917:
4862:
4357:
4179:
4124:
4116:
4088:
4048:
3967:
3933:
3748:
3543:
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3516:
3504:
3388:
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2561:
2547:
2438:
2391:
2387:
2345:
2295:
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2225:
2154:
2132:
2126:
2086:
2055:
2035:
2029:
1962:
1947:
1929:
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1319:
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113:
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4707:
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4362:
4347:
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3998:
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3808:
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2300:
2215:
2195:
2170:
2118:
2113:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1916:
1906:
1814:
1791:
933:
L.R., Sudafed OM, Otrivin, Oxy, SinuFrin, Upneeq, and
Mucinex Sinus-Max.
757:
711:
676:
350:
5122:
5112:
5102:
5087:
5082:
5067:
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5042:
5017:
5012:
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1967:
1825:
1801:
1750:
1735:
1715:
1709:
684:
547:
361:
90:
1050:
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1957:
1724:
1696:
767:
703:
296:
57:
2386:
5002:
4992:
4942:
4817:
4802:
4797:
4607:
4572:
4567:
4541:
4516:
4383:
4273:
4239:
4120:
4018:
4008:
3988:
3959:
3945:
3889:
3863:
3848:
3730:
3660:
3549:
3539:
3423:
3269:
3253:
3197:
3033:
2968:
2513:
2245:
2210:
2200:
2180:
1901:
1820:
809:
714:
by
Wolfgang Fruhstorfer and Helmut Müller-Calgan in 1961. A direct
410:
341:
570:
5097:
5077:
5052:
4947:
4672:
4597:
4038:
3606:
3554:
3508:
2717:
926:
688:
1357:
1308:
30:
4367:
3714:
3596:
3017:
1835:
930:
771:
441:
218:
1205:
989:
970:
561:
421:
222:
1604:"Advertising; Afrin Goes After Users Of Nasal Decongestants"
466:
3798:
1840:
1656:
401:
1415:
Widdicombe J (1997). "Microvascular anatomy of the nose".
1162:
5211:
770:
and eye redness due to minor irritation (marketed as
1032:
2557:
mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)
1570:
Veterinary toxicology for
Australia and New Zealand
804:
329:
2889:
866:receptors, the action of oxymetazoline results in
1301:
1244:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
1033:Proudman RG, Akinaga J, Baker JG (October 2022).
748:Oxymetazoline is available over-the-counter as a
5235:
912:did not engage in heavy advertising until 1986.
309:
284:
1385:
2875:
2372:
1642:
1344:
1241:
1355:. In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds.).
1350:
1573:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: McGraw Hill LLC.
2882:
2868:
2379:
2365:
1649:
1635:
1414:
503:
480:
369:
1601:
1566:
1457:
1058:
948:
946:
389:
1039:Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
1543:"Decongestants (Toxicity) - Toxicology"
1503:
1340:. Novartis Consumer Health Australasia.
1113:"Oxymetazoline - Drug Usage Statistics"
992:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
925:Brand names include Afrin, ClariClear,
718:, oxymetazoline binds to and activates
476:
349:
5236:
1460:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
1332:
1302:Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF (2006).
1165:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
943:
915:
862:. Since vascular beds widely express α
494:
175:
2863:
2360:
1761:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
1630:
1537:
1535:
1499:
1497:
1379:
789:
603:Oc1c(c(c(cc1C(C)(C)C)C)CC/2=N/CCN\2)C
449:
429:
263:-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-6-
188:
62:
5249:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
5244:Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists
1142:Lexi-Comp: Merck Manual Professional
1093:from the original on 15 January 2024
874:receptors; systemic application of α
148:
138:
128:
117:
890:
836:
409:
300:
13:
5274:Drugs developed by Schering-Plough
5264:Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
1532:
1494:
1429:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04877.x
1291:. accessdata.fda.gov. 8 July 2020.
14:
5305:
1771:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
1389:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
702:Oxymetazoline is a derivative of
5221:
1602:Dougherty PH (20 October 1986).
1004:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00805.x
814:Therapeutic Goods Administration
805:Australian regulatory submission
774:L.R. in the form of eye drops).
534:
528:
29:
5190:Monoamine metabolism modulators
1731:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
1595:
1560:
1451:
1408:
1392:(11th ed.). Archived from
1359:(11th ed.). Archived from
1326:
1295:
1278:
1235:
831:
784:
743:
628:Key:WYWIFABBXFUGLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2390:and other nasal preparations (
1507:Clinical veterinary toxicology
1209:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
1199:
1156:
1130:
1105:
1075:
1026:
983:
964:
920:
878:agonists, in contrast, causes
540:
522:
1:
5172:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5145:Receptor/signaling modulators
1177:10.1080/17512433.2017.1370370
936:
752:in the form of oxymetazoline
693:congestion to recur or worsen
587:301.5 °C (574.7 °F)
2683:Calcium hexamine thiocyanate
1371:– via AccessMedicine.
1221:10.1016/0952-8180(90)90043-3
671:medication. It is available
659:, sold under the brand name
7:
5294:Drugs developed by Novartis
4255:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3632:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3479:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2945:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
819:
10:
5310:
5181:Monoamine releasing agents
2601:Beclometasone dipropionate
1351:Westfall TC, Westfall DP.
1256:10.1177/000348949510400906
902:
845:that selectively agonizes
512:Chemical and physical data
5135:
4550:
4152:
4143:
3877:
3584:
3572:
3497:Tricyclic antidepressants
3125:
2912:
2900:
2820:
2756:
2736:
2670:
2591:
2518:excluding corticosteroids
2512:
2408:
2399:
2163:
2097:
2064:Potassium channel openers
1990:
1938:
1915:
1887:
1670:
1510:. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
1472:10.1017/S0022215100099151
636:
611:
591:
581:
559:
546:
516:
511:
492:
460:
440:
420:
400:
380:
360:
340:
320:
295:
275:
247:
242:
229:
212:
204:
165:
160:
104:
82:
70:
52:
42:
37:
28:
5254:Drugs developed by Bayer
2671:Other nasal preparations
1304:"Rhinitis medicamentosa"
706:. It was developed from
3910:Atypical antipsychotics
3163:Atypical antipsychotics
2662:Triamcinolone acetonide
2261:Glycopyrronium tosylate
2176:Aminobenzoate potassium
2108:5α-Reductase inhibitors
2056:Topilutamide (fluridil)
2001:5α-Reductase inhibitors
1976:Topical corticosteroids
1873:Topical corticosteroids
1547:Merck Veterinary Manual
4109:Typical antipsychotics
3592:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
3528:Typical antipsychotics
2744:Olopatadine/mometasone
2636:Fluticasone propionate
2256:Glycopyrronium bromide
2099:Hair growth inhibitors
1786:Calcineurin inhibitors
897:β adrenergic receptors
799:rhinitis medicamentosa
5284:Topical decongestants
5199:Monoamine neurotoxins
2533:histamine antagonists
1845:urea-containing cream
1083:"The Top 300 of 2021"
5279:Tert-butyl compounds
4768:Dichloroisoprenaline
2737:Combination products
2321:Pregnenolone acetate
2022:Saw palmetto extract
1567:Dalefield R (2017).
1396:on 30 September 2011
1363:on 30 September 2011
860:adrenergic receptors
750:topical decongestant
732:adrenergic receptors
724:adrenergic receptors
665:topical decongestant
197: / Rx-only
16:Topical decongestant
4447:Phenylpropanolamine
4313:Ethylnorepinephrine
3789:Phenylpropanolamine
3695:Ethylnorepinephrine
3092:Phenylpropanolamine
2998:Ethylnorepinephrine
2891:Adrenergic receptor
2799:+dexbrompheniramine
2778:Phenylpropanolamine
2708:Ipratropium bromide
2632:Fluticasone furoate
2138:Cyproterone acetate
2041:Cyproterone acetate
1992:Alopecia treatments
1940:Anti-inflammatories
1721:Cetrimonium bromide
1692:Cyproterone acetate
1504:Plumlee KH (2004).
1250:(9 Pt 1): 704–706.
916:Society and culture
841:Oxymetazoline is a
697:physical dependence
663:among others, is a
25:
2847:Never to phase III
2642:Mometasone furoate
1609:The New York Times
1423:(40 Suppl): 7–11.
1333:Nguyen TM (2014).
790:Rebound congestion
182:General sales list
143:) (combinations),
21:
5209:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5131:
5130:
4878:Iodocyanopindolol
4853:Hydroxytertatolol
4773:Dihydroalprenolol
4386:
4378:
4370:
4287:
4139:
4138:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3669:
3651:Dihydroergotamine
3568:
3567:
3401:hydroxynefazodone
3266:dihydroergotamine
3036:
3028:
3020:
2977:
2857:
2856:
2752:
2751:
2354:
2353:
2291:Magnesium sulfate
2271:Hydrogen peroxide
2206:Calcium gluconate
1865:Lithium succinate
1860:Lithium gluconate
1756:Piroctone olamine
1580:978-0-12-799912-8
1517:978-0-323-01125-9
1171:(10): 1049–1054.
1051:10.1002/prp2.1003
654:
653:
572:Interactive image
462:CompTox Dashboard
192:
179:
5301:
5289:Vasoconstrictors
5226:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5139:
4848:Hydroxycarteolol
4412:Methoxyphenamine
4384:
4376:
4371:-DOPA (levodopa)
4368:
4285:
4259:-methyldopamine)
4150:
4149:
4054:Phenoxybenzamine
3731:
3723:
3718:-DOPA (levodopa)
3715:
3667:
3636:-methyldopamine)
3582:
3581:
3394:Phenylpiperazine
3384:Phenoxybenzamine
3034:
3026:
3021:-DOPA (levodopa)
3018:
2975:
2959:Dexisometheptene
2949:-methyldopamine)
2910:
2909:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2760:Sympathomimetics
2562:Cromoglicic acid
2449:Levmetamfetamine
2410:Sympathomimetics
2406:
2405:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2231:Deoxycholic acid
2221:Cromoglicic acid
1672:Anti-seborrheics
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1030:
1024:
1023:
987:
981:
980:
979:
975:
968:
962:
961:
950:
891:Pharmacokinetics
868:vasoconstriction
852:and, partially,
837:Pharmacodynamics
681:nasal congestion
673:over-the-counter
650:
649:
642:
574:
554:
542:
536:
530:
524:
507:
496:
485:
484:
470:
468:
453:
433:
413:
393:
373:
353:
333:
313:
303:
302:
288:
259:3-(4,5-Dihydro-1
234:
190:
187:
177:
174:
152:
142:
132:
121:
66:
33:
26:
24:
20:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5127:
4546:
4135:
3873:
3646:Dexmedetomidine
3577:
3564:
3397:antidepressants
3121:
2954:Desglymidodrine
2905:
2896:
2888:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2837:Clinical trials
2816:
2783:Pseudoephedrine
2758:
2748:
2732:
2666:
2593:Corticosteroids
2587:
2517:
2508:
2479:Propylhexedrine
2454:Methylephedrine
2395:
2385:
2355:
2350:
2316:Povidone-iodine
2266:Hyaluronic acid
2191:Benzoylperoxide
2159:
2093:
1986:
1934:
1911:
1889:Skin lightening
1883:
1666:
1655:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1240:
1236:
1204:
1200:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1138:"Oxymetazoline"
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1031:
1027:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
954:"Oxymetazoline"
952:
951:
944:
939:
923:
918:
910:Schering-Plough
905:
893:
885:
877:
873:
865:
857:
850:
843:sympathomimetic
839:
834:
822:
807:
797:congestion, or
792:
787:
779:drooping eyelid
746:
731:
723:
716:sympathomimetic
695:, resulting in
669:vasoconstrictor
645:
643:
640:(what is this?)
637:
632:
629:
624:
619:
618:
607:
604:
599:
598:
577:
552:
539:
533:
527:
488:
464:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
356:
336:
316:
299:
291:
271:
268:
255:
254:
232:
206:Pharmacokinetic
200:
156:
123:
85:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5231:
5230:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Dexpropranolol
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Norepinephrine
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:Levosalbutamol
4389:
4381:
4379:-Phenylalanine
4373:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4113:chlorpromazine
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3949:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3869:Xylometazoline
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Norepinephrine
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3728:
3726:-Phenylalanine
3720:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3532:chlorpromazine
3525:
3520:
3494:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3191:
3186:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:Xylometazoline
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Norepinephrine
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3029:-Phenylalanine
3023:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2791:+carbinoxamine
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Eucalyptus oil
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2525:Spaglumic acid
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2504:Xylometazoline
2501:
2496:
2494:Tuaminoheptane
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Cyclopentamine
2421:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:Spironolactone
2145:
2140:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:Spironolactone
2048:
2043:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1981:hydrocortisone
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Gamolenic acid
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:Skin darkening
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1878:hydrocortisone
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1831:Salicylic acid
1828:
1823:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1779:Antihistamines
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:Spironolactone
1699:
1694:
1689:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:preparations (
1659:dermatological
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1579:
1559:
1531:
1516:
1493:
1466:(3): 285–288.
1450:
1407:
1378:
1343:
1325:
1314:(3): 148–155.
1294:
1286:"UPNEEQ Label"
1277:
1234:
1198:
1155:
1129:
1104:
1074:
1025:
998:(6): 729–739.
982:
963:
941:
940:
938:
935:
922:
919:
917:
914:
904:
901:
892:
889:
883:
875:
871:
863:
855:
848:
838:
835:
833:
830:
821:
818:
806:
803:
791:
788:
786:
783:
745:
742:
729:
721:
708:xylometazoline
652:
651:
634:
633:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
614:
613:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
602:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
567:
565:
557:
556:
550:
544:
543:
537:
531:
525:
520:
514:
513:
509:
508:
498:
490:
489:
487:
486:
473:
471:
458:
457:
455:
454:
446:
444:
438:
437:
435:
434:
426:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
406:
404:
398:
397:
395:
394:
386:
384:
378:
377:
375:
374:
366:
364:
358:
357:
355:
354:
346:
344:
338:
337:
335:
334:
326:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
293:
292:
290:
289:
281:
279:
273:
272:
270:
269:
258:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
227:
226:
216:
210:
209:
202:
201:
199:
198:
185:
171:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
110:
108:
102:
101:
88:
86:administration
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
60:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5306:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5229:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:Serotonergics
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:Dopaminergics
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Levobetaxolol
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Cyanopindolol
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Orciprenaline
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Hexoprenaline
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Esmirtazapine
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:brexpiprazole
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Oxymetazoline
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Apraclonidine
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:amitriptyline
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:triazoledione
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:Beta blockers
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:brexpiprazole
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Phenylephrine
3085:
3083:
3082:Oxymetazoline
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3013:Isometheptene
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:+fexofenadine
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Phenylephrine
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:Systemic use:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Triamcinolone
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:Fluticasone (
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Dexamethasone
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Betamethasone
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Levocabastine
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Phenylephrine
2472:
2470:
2469:Oxymetazoline
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2388:Decongestants
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Oxymetazoline
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:Antiandrogens
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:Antiandrogens
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Afamelanotide
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:Lithium salts
1851:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:Antiandrogens
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:(5): e01003.
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
973:
967:
959:
955:
949:
947:
942:
934:
932:
928:
913:
911:
900:
898:
888:
881:
869:
861:
858:
851:
844:
829:
827:
817:
815:
811:
802:
800:
796:
782:
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
761:
759:
755:
754:hydrochloride
751:
741:
738:
735:
733:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Oxymetazoline
648:
641:
635:
626:
621:
620:
617:
610:
601:
600:
597:
590:
586:
584:
583:Melting point
580:
573:
569:
568:
566:
563:
558:
551:
549:
545:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
499:
497:
495:ECHA InfoCard
491:
483:
479:
478:DTXSID3040691
475:
474:
472:
463:
459:
452:
448:
447:
445:
443:
439:
432:
428:
427:
425:
423:
419:
412:
408:
407:
405:
403:
399:
392:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
372:
368:
367:
365:
363:
359:
352:
348:
347:
345:
343:
339:
332:
328:
327:
325:
323:
319:
312:
308:
307:
305:
298:
294:
287:
283:
282:
280:
278:
274:
267:-butyl-phenol
266:
262:
257:
256:
253:
246:
241:
237:
235:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
186:
183:
173:
172:
170:
168:
164:
159:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
115:
112:
111:
109:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
81:
77:
75:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
48:Afrin, others
47:
45:
41:
38:Clinical data
36:
32:
27:
23:Oxymetazoline
19:
5259:Imidazolines
5197:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5141:
5140:
4933:Metipranolol
4918:Levomoprolol
4863:Idropranolol
4358:Isoprenaline
4256:
4180:Arformoterol
4125:thioridazine
4117:fluphenazine
4089:Spiroxatrine
4049:Phentolamine
3968:tandospirone
3934:paliperidone
3824:Tasipimidine
3804:Rezatomidine
3783:
3749:Medetomidine
3633:
3544:thioridazine
3536:fluphenazine
3517:trimipramine
3505:clomipramine
3389:Phentolamine
3258:acetergamine
3234:Corynanthine
3081:
2946:
2728:Saline water
2647:Prednisolone
2555:
2548:Thonzylamine
2531:
2514:Antiallergic
2468:
2439:Fenoxazoline
2346:Tralokinumab
2330:progesterone
2326:Progestogens
2310:
2296:Metandienone
2281:Lebrikizumab
2226:Delgocitinib
2185:testosterone
2155:Eflornithine
2133:Bicalutamide
2125:
2106:
2087:Ritlecitinib
2076:
2062:
2036:Bicalutamide
2028:
1999:
1974:
1963:Pimecrolimus
1948:Alitretinoin
1930:Melanotan II
1897:Hydroquinone
1871:
1852:
1815:Keratolytics
1813:
1809:Isotretinoin
1797:Pimecrolimus
1784:
1777:
1746:Ketoconazole
1741:Clotrimazole
1708:
1687:Bicalutamide
1679:
1613:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1569:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:
1506:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1388:
1381:
1372:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1356:
1346:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1280:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1215:(1): 16–20.
1212:
1208:
1201:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1042:
1038:
1028:
995:
991:
985:
966:
957:
924:
906:
894:
880:vasodilation
840:
832:Pharmacology
826:phentolamine
823:
808:
793:
785:Side effects
776:
765:
762:
758:nasal sprays
747:
744:Medical uses
739:
736:
701:
660:
656:
655:
644:
638:
264:
260:
231:Elimination
167:Legal status
161:Legal status
18:
5058:Spirendolol
5033:Propranolol
5028:Propafenone
5023:Pronethalol
4913:Levobunolol
4888:Isoxaprolol
4873:Indopanolol
4858:ICI-118,551
4823:Eugenodilol
4808:Ersentilide
4788:Draquinolol
4783:Diprafenone
4753:Dalbraminol
4733:Cicloprolol
4708:Carpindolol
4693:Butofilolol
4638:Bornaprolol
4583:Alprenoxime
4551:Antagonists
4512:Tulobuterol
4507:Tretoquinol
4502:Terbutaline
4462:Ractopamine
4457:Prenalterol
4363:Isoxsuprine
4348:Indacaterol
4318:Eugenodilol
4308:Etilevodopa
4293:Epinephrine
4284:Droxidopa (
4264:Dipivefrine
4235:Clenbuterol
4079:Setiptiline
4069:Rauwolscine
4044:Pardoprunox
4034:Mirtazapine
3999:Fenmetozole
3942:risperidone
3905:Atipamezole
3878:Antagonists
3834:Tiamenidine
3829:Tetryzoline
3809:Rilmenidine
3774:Naphazoline
3710:Guanoxabenz
3685:Epinephrine
3675:Etilevodopa
3666:Droxidopa (
3656:Dipivefrine
3617:Brimonidine
3487:maprotiline
3364:Pardoprunox
3359:Niguldipine
3319:Mepiprazole
3294:Hydroxyzine
3284:Etoperidone
3274:nicergoline
3244:Domesticine
3239:Dapiprazole
3214:eugenodilol
3189:Benoxathian
3183:risperidone
3148:Anisodamine
3126:Antagonists
3107:Tiamenidine
3102:Tetryzoline
3067:Naphazoline
3052:Methoxamine
3047:Metaraminol
2993:Etilevodopa
2983:Epinephrine
2974:Droxidopa (
2964:Dipivefrine
2925:Amidephrine
2833:from market
2807:+loratadine
2795:+cetirizine
2626:Flunisolide
2616:Ciclesonide
2577:Olopatadine
2489:Tramazoline
2484:Tetryzoline
2464:Naphazoline
2444:Iproheptine
2434:Epinephrine
2419:Amidephrine
2336:Ruxolitinib
2306:Oclacitinib
2301:Nemolizumab
2216:Crisaborole
2196:Brimonidine
2171:Abrocitinib
2119:Finasteride
2114:Dutasteride
2017:Finasteride
2012:Dutasteride
2007:Alfatradiol
1907:Monobenzone
1792:Cyclosporin
1710:Antifungals
1400:30 November
1144:. Merck.com
921:Brand names
768:nose bleeds
677:nasal spray
555: g·mol
501:100.014.618
243:Identifiers
44:Trade names
5238:Categories
5123:Xipranolol
5113:Toliprolol
5103:Tiprenolol
5088:Tienoxolol
5083:Tertatolol
5068:Sulfinalol
5048:Soquinolol
5043:Ronactolol
5018:Procinolol
5013:Primidolol
4998:Penbutolol
4978:Pacrinolol
4973:Oxprenolol
4968:Nipradilol
4938:Metoprolol
4928:Mepindolol
4923:Medroxalol
4893:Isamoltane
4883:Iprocrolol
4843:Flusoxolol
4833:Falintolol
4813:Esatenolol
4763:Diacetolol
4743:Cloranolol
4723:Celiprolol
4718:Carvedilol
4698:Capsinolol
4683:Butaxamine
4678:Bupranolol
4668:Bunitrolol
4648:Bucindolol
4643:Brefonalol
4633:Bopindolol
4628:Bisoprolol
4623:Bevantolol
4603:Arotinolol
4588:Amosulalol
4578:Alprenolol
4558:Acebutolol
4537:Zilpaterol
4522:Vilanterol
4497:Solabegron
4492:Salmeterol
4487:Salbutamol
4472:Reproterol
4467:Procaterol
4452:Pirbuterol
4437:Oxyfedrine
4422:Mirabegron
4417:Methyldopa
4407:Melevodopa
4397:Lubabegron
4353:Isoetarine
4338:Higenamine
4328:Formoterol
4303:Etilefrine
4298:Etafedrine
4279:Dopexamine
4269:Dobutamine
4250:Denopamine
4245:Corbadrine
4225:Carmoterol
4220:Carbuterol
4210:Broxaterol
4205:Bitolterol
4195:Bambuterol
4185:Arotinolol
4175:Arbutamine
4165:Alifedrine
4160:Abediterol
4104:Tolazoline
4094:Sunepitron
4084:Spegatrine
4074:Rotigotine
4014:Ketanserin
4004:Fluparoxan
3984:Cirazoline
3979:Buflomedil
3964:ipsapirone
3952:Azapirones
3938:quetiapine
3930:olanzapine
3926:lurasidone
3900:Aptazapine
3895:Amesergide
3844:Tolonidine
3839:Tizanidine
3819:Talipexole
3814:Romifidine
3769:Moxonidine
3759:Methyldopa
3754:Melevodopa
3744:Lofexidine
3705:Guanfacine
3690:Etilefrine
3680:Ergotamine
3641:Detomidine
3627:Corbadrine
3523:Trimazosin
3513:imipramine
3474:Tolazoline
3469:Tiodazosin
3459:Tamsulosin
3454:Talipexole
3444:Spegatrine
3429:Quinazosin
3405:nefazodone
3379:Phendioxan
3369:Pelanserin
3354:Niaprazine
3349:Neldazosin
3339:Naftopidil
3334:Moxisylyte
3304:Ketanserin
3289:Fenspiride
3262:ergotamine
3224:Buflomedil
3210:carvedilol
3206:arotinolol
3202:amosulalol
3179:quetiapine
3175:olanzapine
3138:Ajmalicine
3097:Synephrine
3077:Octopamine
3057:Methyldopa
3042:Melevodopa
3008:Indanidine
2988:Etilefrine
2940:Corbadrine
2935:Cirazoline
2894:modulators
2787:+azatadine
2723:Ritiometan
2703:Hyaluronan
2698:Hexamidine
2693:Framycetin
2652:Tixocortol
2611:Budesonide
2582:Lodoxamide
2572:Azelastine
2567:Nedocromil
2543:Antazoline
2499:Tymazoline
2459:Metizoline
2341:Tiratricol
2286:Lokivetmab
2276:Ivermectin
2236:Diclofenac
2082:Nepidermin
1968:Tacrolimus
1826:Resorcinol
1802:Tacrolimus
1766:Xenysalate
1751:Miconazole
1736:Climbazole
1716:Bifonazole
1367:24 January
1122:14 January
1097:14 January
972:DE 1117588
937:References
685:nosebleeds
560:3D model (
548:Molar mass
431:CHEBI:7862
391:8VLN5B44ZY
362:ChemSpider
322:IUPHAR/BPS
277:CAS Number
252:IUPAC name
214:Metabolism
184:(GSL, OTC)
91:Intranasal
72:Dependence
5142:See also:
5118:Xibenolol
5108:Tolamolol
5093:Tilisolol
5073:Talinolol
5063:SR 59230A
5038:Ridazolol
5008:Practolol
4988:Pamatolol
4983:Pafenolol
4963:Nifenalol
4958:Nebivolol
4953:Nadoxolol
4903:Landiolol
4898:Labetalol
4868:Indenolol
4838:Flestolol
4828:Exaprolol
4793:Ecastolol
4778:Dilevalol
4738:Cinamolol
4728:Cetamolol
4713:Carteolol
4703:Carazolol
4688:Butidrine
4663:Bufuralol
4658:Bufetolol
4653:Bucumolol
4618:Betaxolol
4613:Befunolol
4593:Ancarolol
4563:Adaprolol
4527:Xamoterol
4482:Ritodrine
4477:Rimiterol
4442:PF-610355
4402:Mabuterol
4387:-Tyrosine
4343:Ibopamine
4323:Fenoterol
4230:Cimaterol
4215:Buphenine
4200:Befunolol
4170:Amibegron
4131:Yohimbine
4099:Terguride
4064:Piribedil
4059:Piperoxan
4029:Mianserin
3974:BRL-44408
3956:buspirone
3922:clozapine
3914:asenapine
3854:Vatinoxan
3794:Piperoxan
3764:Mivazerol
3739:Ibopamine
3734:-Tyrosine
3700:Guanabenz
3622:Clonidine
3560:Zolertine
3491:mianserin
3483:amoxapine
3464:Terazosin
3449:Spiperone
3439:Silodosin
3434:Quinidine
3419:Piperoxan
3409:trazodone
3374:Perlapine
3344:Nantenine
3329:Monatepil
3324:Metazosin
3309:L-765,314
3299:Indoramin
3278:terguride
3254:Ergolines
3249:Doxazosin
3229:Bunazosin
3218:labetalol
3171:clozapine
3158:Atiprosin
3153:Anisodine
3143:Alfuzosin
3133:Abanoquil
3062:Midodrine
3037:-Tyrosine
3003:Ibopamine
2930:Buspirone
2843:Phase III
2831:Withdrawn
2811:+naproxen
2768:Ephedrine
2713:Mupirocin
2678:Cafaminol
2429:Ephedrine
2250:estradiol
2246:Estrogens
2241:Dupilumab
2181:Androgens
2143:Flutamide
2070:Minoxidil
2046:Flutamide
1958:Oxaceprol
1725:cetrimide
1697:Flutamide
1589:992119220
1526:460904351
704:imidazole
679:to treat
451:ChEMBL762
286:1491-59-4
238:5–6 hours
233:half-life
84:Routes of
74:liability
64:Monograph
58:Drugs.com
5228:Medicine
5003:Pindolol
4993:Pargolol
4943:Moprolol
4818:Esprolol
4803:Ericolol
4798:Epanolol
4608:Atenolol
4573:Afurolol
4568:Adimolol
4542:Zinterol
4517:Vibegron
4274:Dopamine
4240:Colterol
4153:Agonists
4121:loxapine
4019:Lisuride
4009:Idazoxan
3989:Efaroxan
3960:gepirone
3946:zotepine
3890:Adimolol
3864:Xylazine
3849:Urapidil
3661:Dopamine
3585:Agonists
3550:Urapidil
3540:loxapine
3424:Prazosin
3270:lisuride
3198:adimolol
2969:Dopamine
2913:Agonists
2211:Collagen
2201:Caffeine
1902:Mequinol
1821:Coal tar
1615:30 March
1488:37998936
1445:46018611
1320:16784007
1272:37579139
1193:19930755
1185:28837365
1148:15 April
1117:ClinCalc
1091:Archived
1087:ClinCalc
1069:36101495
1020:25064699
1012:20030735
887:to 50%.
820:Overdose
810:Novartis
647:(verify)
342:DrugBank
106:ATC code
95:eye drop
78:Moderate
5269:Phenols
5098:Timolol
5078:Tazolol
5053:Sotalol
4948:Nadolol
4673:Bunolol
4598:Arnolol
4532:XP21279
4111:(e.g.,
4039:NAN-190
3954:(e.g.,
3912:(e.g.,
3859:XP21279
3607:Amitraz
3555:WB-4101
3530:(e.g.,
3509:doxepin
3499:(e.g.,
3481:(e.g.,
3399:(e.g.,
3256:(e.g.,
3196:(e.g.,
3165:(e.g.,
3112:XP21279
2718:Retinol
2516:agents,
2412:, plain
2401:Topical
2328:(e.g.,
2248:(e.g.,
2183:(e.g.,
1979:(e.g.,
1876:(e.g.,
1552:3 April
1480:3950497
1437:9353554
1417:Allergy
1264:7661519
1229:2310576
1060:9471048
958:PubChem
927:Dristan
903:History
795:Rebound
689:rosacea
553:260.381
518:Formula
351:DB00935
297:PubChem
221:(30%),
147: (
145:S01GA04
137: (
135:R01AB07
127: (
125:R01AA05
122:)
116: (
114:D11AX27
99:topical
5214:Portal
4288:-DOPS)
3670:-DOPS)
3597:4-NEMD
2978:-DOPS)
2826:WHO-EM
2164:Others
2077:Others
1836:Sulfur
1657:Other
1587:
1577:
1524:
1514:
1486:
1478:
1443:
1435:
1318:
1270:
1262:
1227:
1191:
1183:
1067:
1057:
1018:
1010:
978:
931:Visine
772:Visine
596:SMILES
442:ChEMBL
411:D08322
219:Kidney
193:
180:
3602:6-FNE
2920:6-FNE
1484:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1338:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1268:S2CID
1189:S2CID
1016:S2CID
712:Merck
675:as a
661:Afrin
616:InChI
562:JSmol
422:ChEBI
225:(10%)
223:fecal
4190:BAAM
4024:mCPP
3885:1-PP
3799:PS75
3314:mCPP
1841:Urea
1617:2015
1585:OCLC
1575:ISBN
1554:2023
1522:OCLC
1512:ISBN
1476:PMID
1433:PMID
1402:2011
1369:2015
1316:PMID
1260:PMID
1225:PMID
1181:PMID
1150:2013
1124:2024
1099:2024
1065:PMID
1008:PMID
726:and
683:and
667:and
402:KEGG
382:UNII
371:4475
311:4636
265:tert
208:data
54:AHFS
2392:R01
1663:D11
1468:doi
1464:100
1425:doi
1252:doi
1248:104
1217:doi
1173:doi
1055:PMC
1047:doi
1000:doi
756:in
710:at
467:EPA
331:124
301:CID
195:OTC
150:WHO
140:WHO
133:),
130:WHO
119:WHO
5240::
4123:,
4119:,
4115:,
3966:,
3962:,
3958:,
3944:,
3940:,
3936:,
3932:,
3928:,
3924:,
3920:,
3916:,
3542:,
3538:,
3534:,
3515:,
3511:,
3507:,
3503:,
3489:,
3485:,
3411:,
3407:,
3403:,
3276:,
3272:,
3268:,
3264:,
3260:,
3216:,
3212:,
3208:,
3204:,
3200:,
3181:,
3177:,
3173:,
3169:,
2839::
2809:,
2805:,
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2789:,
2634:,
1606:.
1583:.
1545:.
1534:^
1520:.
1496:^
1482:.
1474:.
1462:.
1439:.
1431:.
1421:52
1419:.
1312:16
1310:.
1306:.
1266:.
1258:.
1246:.
1223:.
1211:.
1187:.
1179:.
1169:10
1167:.
1140:.
1115:.
1089:.
1085:.
1063:.
1053:.
1043:10
1041:.
1037:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:24
994:.
956:.
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828:.
781:.
760:.
699:.
532:24
526:16
189:US
176:UK
97:,
93:,
5216::
4385:L
4377:L
4369:L
4286:L
4257:N
4145:β
4127:)
3970:)
3948:)
3732:L
3724:L
3716:L
3668:L
3634:N
3576:2
3574:α
3546:)
3519:)
3493:)
3415:)
3280:)
3220:)
3185:)
3035:L
3027:L
3019:L
2976:L
2947:N
2904:1
2902:α
2883:e
2876:t
2869:v
2813:)
2785:(
2638:)
2584:)
2560:(
2550:)
2536:(
2394:)
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2332:)
2252:)
2187:)
1983:)
1880:)
1847:)
1843:(
1727:)
1723:(
1665:)
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1636:v
1619:.
1591:.
1556:.
1528:.
1490:.
1470::
1447:.
1427::
1404:.
1376:.
1322:.
1274:.
1254::
1231:.
1219::
1213:2
1195:.
1175::
1152:.
1126:.
1101:.
1071:.
1049::
1022:.
1002::
884:2
876:2
872:2
864:1
856:2
854:α
849:1
847:α
730:2
728:α
722:1
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541:O
538:2
535:N
529:H
523:C
469:)
465:(
261:H
191::
178::
153:)
56:/
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