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144:. Voski (2020) demonstrated a marked influence on astronauts' environmental attitudes and behaviors, and a new level of environmental awareness and consciousness. Though astronaut Leland Melvin said the effect seems to take hold of astronauts regardless of culture or nation of origin, Yaden et al. observed that cultural differences, including differences in religious and social identity, affect the ways in which the effect is experienced and interpreted. Expressions range from the religious, to the "vaguely spiritual", to the naturalistic, to calls to social duty.
544:(VR) technology elicits components of awe-based experiences and can induce minor cognitive shifts in participants' world views similar to those of the overview effect. Perceived safety, personal background and familiarity with the environment, and induction of a small visceral fear reaction, were found to be key contributors to the immersive experience. VR studies through 2019 had not observed a transformative experience on a scale similar to the overview effect itself, but VR experience can trigger profound emotional responses such as awe.
98:
20:
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432:, 2021) said immediately after landing that "everybody in the world needs to do this. ... The covering of blue was... the sheet, this blanket, this comforter of blue that we have around us... And then suddenly you shoot through it... as though you whip off a sheet off you when you're asleep, and you're looking into blackness, into black ugliness, and you look down, there's the blue down there, and the black up there and it's... Mother Earth and comfort, and there is—is there death? I don't know".
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519:(1970s) crew refused to work, asserting, in the flight director's words, "their needs to reflect, to observe, to find their place amid these baffling, fascinating, unprecedented experiences". This event, plus research indicating that actively photographing the Earth has positive psychological effects, caused Yaden et al. to posit that studying the overview effect might improve understanding of psychological well-being in isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments such as space flight.
128:, which they describe as "among the deepest and most powerful aspects of the human experience". More specifically, they write that the effect might best be understood as "a state of awe with self-transcendent qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". Yaden posited that the overview effect triggers awe through both perceptual vastness (like seeing the Grand Canyon) and conceptual vastness (like contemplating big ideas like infinity).
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507:, "what you have given me is the most profound experience. I hope I never recover from this. I hope that I can maintain what I feel now". However, in October 2022 he recounted that it took hours for him to realize why he wept after stepping out of the spacecraft: "I realized I was in grief for the Earth". He later said that "I saw more clearly than I have... (the) slow death of Earth and we on it". His biography
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experience, feeling overwhelmed, and scale effects – feelings of the vastness of the universe or of one's own smallness when faced with that vastness. Besides being an enjoyable experience, such phenomena can have short and long-term positive outcomes such as increased well-being, pro-social and pro-environmental attitudes, and improved physical health. The
665:
which it defined as "a feeling of physical separation from the earth when piloting an aircraft at high altitude". Main precipitating factors were concluded to be: flying alone, at high altitude, with relatively little to do. Researchers summarized pilots' descriptions as "a feeling of being isolated,
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A 2019 study found that a virtual experience invoked "minor transformative experiences in some participants", including appreciation of beauty and vastness, realization of interconnectedness, and a potential intent to change one's behavior. Recognizing the relatively early state of VR technology, the
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Early photos of Earth taken from space have inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound viewers. The images became prominent symbols of environmental concern and have been credited for raising the public's consciousness about the fragility of Earth and expanding concern for long-term
491:
A 2018 questionnaire survey of 39 astronauts and cosmonauts found that humanistic changes predominated over spiritual changes. In particular, the survey found a moderate degree of change in the
Perceptions of Earth subscale (Earth as "a beautiful, fragile object to be treasured"), which significantly
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experiences during high task performance—can change a person and promote the feeling of unity or interconnectedness. Gallagher et al. (2015) defined a set of consensus categories for awe that included being captured by the view or drawn to the phenomenon, experiences of elation, desiring more of the
313:
White's astronaut interviews confirmed the importance of the difference between intellectual knowledge versus experience, of perceiving the "striking thinness of the atmosphere", of thinking of ourselves interconnected and part of the Earth as an organic system, and that we as different people "are
182:
ended in 1973 (displaced by White's "positive conversion narrative"), that astronauts in a "lie to fly" culture feel career pressure to avoid reporting negative psychological reactions, and that individuals already aware of the overview effect may make it a self-fulfilling prophecy. He posited that
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Beginning in the 2010s, science historian Jordan Bimm argued against White's interpretation that the overview effect is, in Bimm's words, "a reliably produced mental effect—a naturally occurring phenomenon between the environment and the human mind". Instead, Bimm asserts that the effect is "both a
119:
Broadly, Yaden et al. (2016) state that the most prominent common aspects of the astronauts' experience were appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the Earth as a whole. Yaden et al. proposed that the
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recounted that "it was among the strongest feelings of grief I have ever encountered. The contrast between the vicious coldness of space and the warm nurturing of Earth below filled me with overwhelming sadness. Every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth at our
785:
The introduction to
Stepanova et al. (2019) begins, "The overwhelmingly beautiful sight of our Earth triggers a profound emotional response in most astronauts, leading to a cognitive shift, making them realize the global interconnectedness of all life and feel responsibility for the future of our
166:
where the planet takes up most of an astronaut's view, from experiences on the Moon in which one sees the whole Earth "against a backdrop of the entire cosmos". He described a "big difference" between professional astronauts, who are focused on their missions—versus people who have recently been
69:
qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". The most prominent common aspects of personally experiencing the Earth from space are appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the
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is "an organized conceptual framework through which individuals approach new information and make sense of old experiences. Each of an individual's schemas entails a set of memories, beliefs, and attitudes that create a general cognitive orientation, guiding individuals' interpretation of and
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officials specifically cite the overview effect as a motivation for carrying people to the edge of space, to fundamentally change the way people think about their home world. Critics note, however, that the space travel needed to personally experience the full overview effect, itself involves
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and increased feelings of connection" historically associated with practices such as prayer, meditation, religious rituals and psychedelic drug use—feelings that may "arouse visceral feelings of compassion and personal connection... that may encompass the entirety of the Earth and its
36:
recalled, "When I looked up and saw the Earth coming up on this very stark, beat-up Moon horizon, I was immediately almost overcome with the thought, 'Here we came all this way to the Moon, and yet the most significant thing we're seeing is our own home planet, the
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A three-dimensional model of the Earth 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter, created from detailed NASA imagery and appearing to float in the air, toured the U.K. in 2022, the installation "aim(ing) to create a sense of the
Overview Effect".
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The accumulating experience of astronauts and space tourists inspires in many of them a strong desire to protect the Earth by actively communicating their broadened perspective, for example by speaking at international climate summits.
301:
was coined by author and researcher Frank White, who said he thought he first had "a mild experience" of the effect while flying across the country and looking out the aircraft's window. That experience led him to imagine living in an
418:; 1969) said that "the thing that really surprised me was that it projected an air of fragility. And why, I don't know. I don't know to this day. I had a feeling it's tiny, it's shiny, it's beautiful, it's home, and it's fragile".
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correlated with subsequent involvement in environmental causes. In contrast, the survey found "no to very small change" in the
Spiritual Change subscale, which the researchers said likely reflected established pre-launch values.
159:. He said that astronauts' very first views of the planet were generally very significant, adding that some experience the effect "in a moment" while in others it grows over time; and generally that the effect "does accumulate".
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detached, or separated physically from the earth" or as a perception of "somehow losing their connection with the world". Individual reactions ranged from exhilaration or feeling nearer to God, to anxiety, fear, or loneliness.
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as a response to an unobscured view of stars, an effect that she concluded was experienced more rarely than the overview effect. Contrasted from the overview effect's sense of connection, the ultraview effect responds to the
131:
Yaden et al. (2016) write that some astronauts viewing Earth from space "report overwhelming emotion and feelings of identification with humankind and the planet as a whole". The effect can cause changes in the observer's
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Yaden, David B.; Iwry, Jonathan; Slack, Kelley J.; Eichstaedt, Johannes C.; Zhao, Yukun; Vaillant, George E.; Newberg, Andrew B. (2016). "The overview effect: Awe and self-transcendent experience in space flight".
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as an intense emotion resulting from the perception of something vast, as well as the subsequent need to accommodate the experience" (citing
Keltner & Haidt, 2003). However, they observe that in addition to
468:
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Bimm expressed concern over White's perception that the effect embodies a natural imperative for humans to pursue space travel and colonization, Bimm saying the attitude resembles the 18th-century
American
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natural and cultural object" that is variable over particular individuals, divergent cultures, and different time periods. Preliminarily, Bimm noted that studies of early test pilots' negative-experience
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318:(1987), which has a fourth edition (2021). White's work did not attain broad influence until the 2010s—a period of increased societal divisions and a new prospect of private space travel.
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being held in April 1970. Hoyle said that people suddenly seemed to care about protecting Earth's natural environment, though others attribute that awareness to Rachel Carson's 1962 book
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researchers urged using knowledge of profound transformative experiences to motivate the design of VR installations, and thereafter study the VR experience itself as its own phenomenon.
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in 1972. Early photos of Earth taken from space inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound non-astronauts, and became prominent symbols of environmental concern.
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2003:
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Specifically, Frank White noted that upon return, some astronauts became involved in humanitarian activities, or became artists, with astronaut Edgar
Mitchell founding the
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all in this together". The first public use of the term was in a poster at a Space
Studies Institute meeting in 1985. Eventually, White wrote about the effect in his book
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planet. ... This experience has the attributes of self-transcendence and awe (citing Yaden et al., 2016) and is a remarkable example of a transformative experience.
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reported feeling underwhelmed, and others reported feeling an attachment with the spacecraft rather than Earth, effects one researcher interpreted as a concept of
1804:
1634:
808:—with the wholeness of the Earth making it a symbol of almost all that is meaningful in human life, causing a tendency to think, quite literally, in global terms.
1989:
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Yaden et al. (2016) posit that the overview effect may trigger self-transcendent experiences (STEs)—"temporary feelings of unity characterized by reduced self-
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wrote in 1948 that, "once a photograph of the Earth, taken from the outside, is available, a new idea as powerful as any in history will be let loose". After
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425:; 1971) described it as an "explosion of awareness" and an "overwhelming sense of oneness and connectedness... accompanied by an ecstasy... an epiphany".
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Images of Earth taken from space, which can cause a mild version of the overview effect, have become prominent symbols of environmental concern. Shown:
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488:, White said in 2019 that generally there was no "dramatic transformation" or "marching in peace parades"; that the lasting effect was more subtle.
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in 2009. Author Frank White's description of interviews with astronauts emphasized their perception of the "striking thinness of the atmosphere".
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and mastery-of-Earth mentalities of
Western technological supremacy that contributed to the rise of borderless-world concepts such as the
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115:, a practice found to have positive psychological effects, one that is especially important in coping with the demands of spaceflight
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571:, Netherlands. Within a mobile, rocket-shaped vehicle more than 15 metres (49 ft) in length, Spacebuzz's nine moving seats and
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significant environmental pollution. A less polluting approach is to simulate the effect on Earth, with virtual reality technology.
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2050:"The Overview Effect and the Ultraview Effect: How Extreme Experiences in/of Outer Space Influence Religious Beliefs in Astronauts"
1970:
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925:"Understanding AWE: Can a Virtual Journey, Inspired by the Overview Effect, Lead to an Increased Sense of Interconnectedness?"
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Visitors share a 12,500 square foot (1150 square meter) area allowing them to physically explore the ISS and look outside.
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hands... It filled me with dread. My trip to space was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral."
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1962:
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of our knowledge, causing "a transformative sense of incomprehension and a feeling of shrinking or self-diminution".
1683:"'Whoa, That's Death!' Here's Everything William Shatner Said To Jeff Bezos After Returning From Space (transcript)"
582:
tried to reproduce the experience with a water-filled flotation tank, half a tonne of Epsom salts, and a waterproof
444:-based experiences—such as interaction with nature, religious or spiritual or mystical experiences, meditation, and
3505:
2924:
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Hadfield, Chris; Linenger, Jerry; Stott, Nicole; Jemison, Mae; Melvin, Leland; Massimino, Mike (March 27, 2018).
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going into space "with an intention to have an experience" and who may already be aware of the overview effect.
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response to incoming stimuli". When encountering new experiences, people must "accommodate" by expanding their
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1963:"The Break-off Phenomenon / A Feeling of Separation from the Earth Experienced by Pilots at High Altitude"
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1118:"The ecological significance of the overview effect: Environmental attitudes and behaviours in astronauts"
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590:
344:
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1523:"NASA astronaut Scott Kelly explains how seeing planet Earth from space changed his perspective on life"
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Science historian Jordan Bimm described how the concept shares similarities with the
British concept of
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1635:"Inspiration4 Reveal They Felt the 'Overview Effect' in Space — What to Know About the Phenomenon"
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Referring to how profound Mitchell's experience on the Moon was—distinguished from experiences in
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The touring Spacebuzz module uses virtual reality technology to simulate spaceflight for children.
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465:("the particular framework through which (people) imagine themselves in relation to the world").
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simulations have been designed to try to induce the overview effect in earthbound participants.
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Not all astronauts experience the overview effect. Further, White distinguished experiences in
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after interviewing many astronauts, said that the overview effect is "beyond words", requiring
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1276:"Space philosopher Frank White on 'The Overview Effect' and humanity's connection with Earth"
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experience can cause long-term changes in personal outlook, and can influence peoples' very
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underlying a perception of having achieved a new level of enlightenment that he called the "
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1612:"The Human Brain in Space: Euphoria and the "Overview Effect" Experienced by Astronauts"
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575:(VR) headsets simulate spaceflight in an experience designed especially for children.
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1979:
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1447:
1243:
1149:
1137:
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1025:
A Neurophenomenology of Awe and Wonder: Towards a Non-reductionist Cognitive Science.
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2014:
1778:"William Shatner experienced profound grief in space. It was the 'overview effect'"
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2018:
885:"The Overview Effect / How the view from space might be key to saving the planet"
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528:
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50:
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Gallagher, S., Janz, B., Reinerman, L., Trempler, J., and Bockelman, P. (2015).
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1887:"'The Infinite' Virtual Reality Exhibit Offers a Taste of Life in Outer Space"
1712:"Spirituality, humanism, and the Overview Effect during manned space missions"
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1055:
923:
Stepanova, Ekaterina R.; Quesnel, Denise; Riecke, Bernhard E. (May 22, 2019).
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1247:
1141:
1007:
941:
924:
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290:
1500:"Six NASA Astronauts Describe the Moment in Space when 'Everything Changed'"
1039:"The Overview Effect and Creative Performance in Extreme Human Environments"
220:
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1983:
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1470:"Orbital Perspective: Astronaut Ron Garan Explains How to Save the Planet"
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3128:
2818:
2801:
2673:
2437:
2410:
2327:
2279:
1797:"William Shatner: My Trip to Space Filled Me With 'Overwhelming Sadness'"
728:
674:. Scientific literature covering the break-off phenomenon ended in 1973.
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364:
360:
273:
204:
133:
71:
58:
33:
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1571:"'The Infinite' VR Is the Closest You'll Feel to Space Without Floating"
559:
On December 24, 2018—the fiftieth anniversary of the first day on which
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from the original on December 27, 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
1168:"The awesome power of awe: How this neglected emotion can change lives"
999:
504:
255:
1095:"Seeing Earth from Space Is the Key to Saving Our Species from Itself"
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3257:
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24:
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1910:"Gaia – a large glowing earth will float inside Southwark Cathedral"
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Yaden et al. (2016) explain that "social psychologists characterize
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750:
560:
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306:(habitat in space), which inspired him to become involved with the
259:
184:
29:
2105:"Speech on the Overview Effect and Its Importance in Civilization"
1820:"The View from Space Could Change the World, Virgin Galactic Says"
593:
using 360-degree, 3D, astronaut-recorded footage from the VR film
1880:
1878:
1548:"The Overview Effect: Seeing Earth from Above Can Inspire Change"
70:
Earth as a whole. The effect can cause changes in the observer's
589:"The Infinite" provides an hour-long simulation of being on the
316:
The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution
3220:
3084:
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2110:
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and reactions to several environmental disasters in the 1960s.
2642:
1875:
1759:"William Shatner on traveling to space: 'All I saw was death'"
1586:"Astronaut describes seeing sunrise from Space for first time"
1440:"For Apollo 11 He Wasn't on the Moon. But His Coffee Was Warm"
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916:
914:
912:
910:
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906:
904:
484:. Though Yaden et al. (2016) noted that the experience can be
2096:
1236:"Scientists attempt to recreate 'Overview effect' from Earth"
54:
1497:
1847:"Onthulling SPACEBUZZ, een innovatief VR-educatieprogramma"
1030:
988:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
901:
61:. Researchers have characterized the effect as "a state of
1705:
1703:
1701:
708:—an experience associated with views from high mountains.
567:
with their own eyes—the Spacebuzz project was unveiled in
3101:
1849:[Unveiling SpaceBuzz, an innovative VR program].
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
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1187:
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are among those reported to have experienced the effect.
156:
121:
62:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1514:
984:
2107:—five minute talk by JP Chastain at Ignite Boise (2012)
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840:-schema framework to take new information into account.
1406:
1182:
922:
2043:
2041:
1947:
1834:
1660:"William Shatner, TV's Capt. Kirk, blasts into space"
147:
Author Frank White, who in the 1980s coined the term
2011:
New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics
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1263:
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1229:
1227:
1225:
1161:
1159:
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2013:. 107–108 (107). Lawrence & Wishart: 118–138.
2004:"The Way Home: Space Migration and Disorientation"
1901:
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1493:
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1489:
1487:
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1483:
155:to understand, even likening it in this regard to
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878:
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643:—author Frank White called Mitchell's experience
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612:The overview effect has been referred to as the
170:
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1649:
1480:
1342:of Bimm's related oral presentation, hosted by
1088:
1086:
1084:
1392:"Can Astronaut Thinking Heal America At Last?"
1206:White, Frank; Jordan, Gary (August 30, 2019).
120:overview effect can be understood in terms of
53:reported by some astronauts while viewing the
2658:
2126:
1961:Clark, Brant; Graybiel, Ashton (April 1957).
1960:
1924:
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16:Cognitive shift after seeing Earth from space
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233:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
1609:
1414:"Image of the Day Gallery / Thin Blue Line"
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2065:
1907:
1165:
1064:
1054:
949:
940:
1885:Karwacki, Jean-Pierre (August 2, 2021).
1884:
1857:from the original on September 13, 2021.
1581:from the original on September 14, 2022.
1558:from the original on September 24, 2022.
1545:
1092:
647:as it had a more universal perspective.
546:
535:
467:
327:
236:
96:
18:
3150:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1930:
1869:from the original on December 22, 2019.
1794:
1784:from the original on November 22, 2022.
1756:
1605:
1603:
1568:
1424:from the original on November 27, 2009.
1389:
1343:
1330:from the original on November 17, 2014.
1037:White, William Frank (March 12, 2021).
897:from the original on February 10, 2022.
734:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3496:Concepts in philosophical anthropology
3483:
3172:Psychological and sociological effects
2195:Psychological and sociological effects
2101:, short film from Planetary Collective
2047:
1863:"Creating ambassadors of planet Earth"
1807:from the original on October 11, 2022.
1775:
1765:from the original on October 14, 2022.
1693:from the original on October 13, 2021.
1670:from the original on October 13, 2021.
1632:
1622:from the original on January 28, 2019.
1520:
1356:from the original on October 22, 2022.
1233:
825:
804:a distant view of Earth also suggests
2646:
2114:
1943:from the original on August 16, 2022.
1920:from the original on August 23, 2022.
1709:
1546:Williams, Matthew S. (June 9, 2019).
1437:
1369:"Space Tourism: Face Time with Earth"
1366:
1273:
1218:from the original on August 23, 2022.
1178:from the original on August 29, 2022.
1166:Dickinson, Kevin (November 3, 2021).
1115:
1036:
882:
2001:
1995:
1817:
1795:Shatner, William (October 6, 2022).
1776:Rivera, Enrique (October 23, 2022).
1757:Wattles, Jackie (October 10, 2022).
1681:Kvetenadze, TĂ©a (October 13, 2021).
1645:from the original on 7 October 2022.
1600:
1596:from the original on April 28, 2020.
1535:from the original on March 17, 2018.
1510:from the original on March 31, 2018.
1476:from the original on April 15, 2021.
1390:Guttman, Leslie (January 28, 2021).
1313:
1286:from the original on August 9, 2022.
1093:Ferreira, Becky (October 12, 2016).
772:
310:and begin speaking with astronauts.
1931:Simpson, Dave (February 11, 2016).
1569:Solsman, Joan E. (April 11, 2022).
1458:from the original on July 17, 2019.
1344:Boucher, Marc (September 6, 2021).
1122:Journal of Environmental Psychology
1105:from the original on April 6, 2022.
831:Yaden et al. (2016) explain that a
596:Space Explorers: The ISS Experience
495:Immediately after his October 2021
13:
3501:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
2881:Weather and environment monitoring
1908:Mansfield, Ian (August 23, 2022).
1633:Maslow, Nick (24 September 2021).
1521:Feloni, Richard (March 19, 2018).
789:
650:
92:
14:
3532:
2085:
2048:Weibel, Deana (August 13, 2020).
2002:Shaw, Debra Benita (2023-02-15).
1830:from the original on May 6, 2022.
1402:from the original on May 7, 2022.
1367:David, Leonard (August 5, 2006).
1320:Quest: The History of Spaceflight
1314:Bimm, Jordan (February 1, 2014).
1274:David, Leonard (August 2, 2022).
1234:Sample, Ian (December 26, 2019).
440:Researchers have recognized that
435:
280:were credited with inspiring the
3464:
3454:
3453:
2626:
2294:
2140:
1971:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
1818:Wall, Mike (February 11, 2019).
1695:(pay wall; can use archive link)
1438:Chang, Kenneth (July 16, 2019).
1346:"Rethinking the Overview Effect"
1316:"Rethinking the Overview Effect"
883:Yoder, Kate (February 9, 2022).
697:—awareness of being part of the
658:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
2925:Space launch market competition
2672:
1853:(in Dutch). December 20, 2018.
1736:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.08.004
1626:
929:Frontiers in Digital Humanities
701:when one is on another planet.
3162:Health threat from cosmic rays
1472:. NBC News. February 3, 2015.
607:
336:photograph was taken from the
246:—Earth as seen by the crew of
1:
1933:"The Metaphysical Astronauts"
1914:IanVisits.com tourist website
1610:O'Neill, Ian (May 22, 2008).
847:
693:Frank White posited the term
523:survival on a finite planet.
272:photograph of the Earth from
171:Alternative characterizations
1710:Kanas, Nick (January 2020).
540:Researchers have found that
482:Institute of Noetic Sciences
7:
3278:Self-replicating spacecraft
3114:International Space Station
1134:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101454
1116:Voski, AnaĂŻs (2020-08-01).
1049:. Frontiers Media: 584573.
711:
591:International Space Station
338:International Space Station
321:
113:International Space Station
10:
3537:
2792:Space Liability Convention
2019:10.3898/NewF:107-8.07.2022
230:
226:
3448:
3415:
3368:
3320:
3206:
3155:Space adaptation syndrome
3142:
3047:
2967:
2958:
2846:
2680:
2622:
2547:
2497:
2488:
2353:
2303:
2292:
2215:
2155:
2148:
1056:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584573
2888:Communications satellite
942:10.3389/fdigh.2019.00009
719:Collective consciousness
3392:reusable launch systems
3009:Extravehicular activity
2920:Commercial use of space
2824:Militarisation of space
2797:Registration Convention
2713:Accidents and incidents
1552:Interesting Engineering
1043:Frontiers in Psychology
756:Scale (analytical tool)
308:Space Studies Institute
3506:Psychological concepts
3440:Mission control center
3402:Non-rocket spacelaunch
2836:Billionaire space race
2633:Outer space portal
695:Copernicus Perspective
630:the astronaut's secret
580:University of Missouri
552:
477:
341:
282:environmental movement
251:
116:
105:"Earth gazing" in the
42:
3290:Spacecraft propulsion
2740:European Space Agency
2265:Extraterrestrial life
1420:. November 25, 2009.
1379:on November 24, 2006.
1208:"The Overview Effect"
663:break-off phenomenon,
550:
536:Simulating the effect
471:
331:
240:
231:Further information:
100:
22:
3516:Spaceflight concepts
2915:Satellite navigation
1666:. October 13, 2021.
1641:. Dotdash Meredith.
739:Extraterrestrial sky
681:introduced the term
476:demonstration, 2010.
179:break-off phenomenon
103:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
3300:Electric propulsion
2987:Life-support system
2871:Imagery and mapping
2831:Private spaceflight
2067:10.3390/rel11080418
1728:2020AcAau.166..525K
935:. Frontiers Media.
626:Ronald J. Garan Jr.
622:orbital perspective
578:Researchers at the
461:by affecting their
254:English astronomer
140:, and is sometimes
3521:Spiritual concepts
3491:Concepts in ethics
3253:Robotic spacecraft
3179:Space and survival
3034:Space colonization
2930:Space architecture
2782:Outer Space Treaty
2548:Other technologies
2092:Overview Institute
1897:on August 2, 2021.
1592:. April 27, 2020.
1444:The New York Times
1000:10.1037/cns0000086
761:Space For Humanity
655:A 1957 article in
614:big picture effect
553:
478:
342:
252:
126:self-transcendence
117:
43:
3478:
3477:
3425:Flight controller
3202:
3201:
2960:Human spaceflight
2935:Space exploration
2861:Earth observation
2640:
2639:
2618:
2617:
2527:Carbonated drinks
2499:Human spaceflight
2379:of items in space
2290:
2289:
2033:link to full text
1716:Acta Astronautica
1027:London: Springer.
773:Explanatory notes
645:universal insight
515:At one point the
455:self-transcendent
430:Blue Origin NS-18
428:William Shatner (
414:Michael Collins (
401:Rusty Schweickart
215:. Bimm warned of
67:self-transcendent
3528:
3511:Space psychology
3468:
3457:
3456:
3167:Space psychology
2992:Animals in space
2965:
2964:
2945:Space technology
2787:Rescue Agreement
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2495:
2494:
2298:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1893:. Archived from
1882:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:Business Insider
1518:
1512:
1511:
1495:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1331:
1311:
1288:
1287:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1011:
982:
947:
946:
944:
920:
899:
898:
880:
841:
829:
823:
815:
809:
793:
787:
783:
724:Earth in culture
683:ultraview effect
421:Edgar Mitchell (
304:O'Neill cylinder
266:' December 1968
213:manifest destiny
40:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3444:
3411:
3383:Escape velocity
3364:
3316:
3283:Space telescope
3236:Reentry capsule
3198:
3138:
3043:
3014:Overview effect
2997:Bioastronautics
2954:
2842:
2676:
2671:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2614:
2543:
2484:
2349:
2299:
2286:
2211:
2144:
2139:
2088:
2083:
2046:
2039:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1965:
1959:
1948:
1937:Vice (magazine)
1929:
1925:
1906:
1902:
1883:
1876:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1816:
1812:
1793:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1755:
1751:
1708:
1699:
1679:
1675:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1631:
1627:
1608:
1601:
1584:
1567:
1563:
1544:
1540:
1519:
1515:
1496:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1436:
1429:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1388:
1384:
1365:
1361:
1337:
1312:
1291:
1272:
1259:
1232:
1223:
1204:
1183:
1164:
1157:
1114:
1110:
1099:Vice (magazine)
1091:
1082:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1015:
983:
950:
921:
902:
881:
854:
850:
845:
844:
830:
826:
816:
812:
794:
790:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:Spaceship Earth
714:
679:Deana L. Weibel
677:Anthropologist
653:
651:Related effects
641:low Earth orbit
610:
573:virtual reality
542:virtual reality
538:
529:Virgin Galactic
501:William Shatner
438:
405:William Shatner
345:Michael Collins
324:
299:overview effect
278:Apollo missions
243:The Blue Marble
235:
229:
197:the Blue Marble
193:spaceship Earth
189:Gaia hypothesis
173:
164:low Earth orbit
149:overview effect
95:
93:Characteristics
87:virtual reality
51:cognitive shift
47:overview effect
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Ground station
3427:
3421:
3419:
3417:Ground segment
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Interplanetary
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:Geosynchronous
3340:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:Gravity assist
3307:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:Service module
3238:
3233:
3231:Orbital module
3223:
3218:
3216:Launch vehicle
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3194:Space sexology
3191:
3186:
3184:Space medicine
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Weightlessness
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Space research
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2876:Reconnaissance
2873:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:European Union
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:for spacecraft
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
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2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2270:Microorganisms
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:The human body
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2086:External links
2084:
2082:
2081:
2037:
1994:
1978:(2): 121–126.
1946:
1923:
1900:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1833:
1810:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1697:
1673:
1648:
1625:
1616:Universe Today
1599:
1590:CNN on YouTube
1561:
1538:
1513:
1479:
1461:
1427:
1405:
1382:
1359:
1289:
1257:
1221:
1181:
1155:
1108:
1080:
1029:
1013:
948:
900:
851:
849:
846:
843:
842:
824:
810:
788:
777:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
713:
710:
672:disorientation
652:
649:
618:Edgar Mitchell
609:
606:
537:
534:
486:transformative
437:
436:Lasting impact
434:
393:Edgar Mitchell
381:Mike Massimino
377:Jerry Linenger
357:Chris Hadfield
334:Thin Blue Line
323:
320:
264:William Anders
228:
225:
172:
169:
142:transformative
111:module of the
94:
91:
80:transformative
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3533:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3451:
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3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Direct ascent
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3360:Intergalactic
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Rocket engine
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:Space capsule
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Space nursing
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:Health issues
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Space Shuttle
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Space tourism
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2950:Space weather
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Space command
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:Space warfare
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2770:United States
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2688:Astrodynamics
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2560:Manufacturing
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1865:. SpaceBuzz.
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503:told founder
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459:sense of self
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398:
394:
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389:Leland Melvin
386:
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373:André Kuipers
370:
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339:
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311:
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291:Silent Spring
287:
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78:, and can be
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
35:
31:
27:
26:
21:
3370:Space launch
3355:Interstellar
3321:Destinations
3090:Apollo–Soyuz
3039:Space diving
3024:Space toilet
3013:
2848:Applications
2765:Soviet Union
2725:Space policy
2720:Space launch
2624:
2512:Architecture
2396:Colonization
2370:Archaeology
2185:Neuroscience
2142:... in space
2097:
2057:
2053:
2010:
1997:
1975:
1969:
1936:
1926:
1913:
1903:
1895:the original
1890:
1850:
1823:
1813:
1800:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1719:
1715:
1686:
1676:
1663:
1638:
1628:
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1564:
1551:
1541:
1526:
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1464:
1443:
1417:
1408:
1395:
1385:
1377:the original
1372:
1362:
1349:
1323:
1319:
1279:
1240:The Guardian
1239:
1211:
1171:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1098:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1024:
991:
987:
932:
928:
888:
837:
832:
827:
813:
805:
801:
796:
791:
781:
743:
703:
699:Solar System
694:
692:
687:
682:
676:
671:
668:Alan Shepard
662:
661:studied the
656:
654:
644:
638:
634:Albert Sacco
629:
621:
613:
611:
602:
594:
588:
577:
558:
554:
539:
525:
521:
514:
508:
494:
490:
479:
439:
427:
420:
413:
409:Nicole Stott
397:Sian Proctor
385:Anne McClain
349:Yuri Gagarin
343:
333:
325:
315:
312:
298:
296:
289:
284:, the first
267:
253:
241:
209:expansionist
201:
177:
174:
161:
157:Zen Buddhism
152:
148:
146:
138:value system
134:self concept
130:
118:
106:
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76:value system
72:self concept
46:
44:
23:
3328:Sub-orbital
3263:Space probe
3129:New Shepard
3107:Shuttle–Mir
2866:Archaeology
2819:Space force
2802:Moon Treaty
2674:Spaceflight
2423:Exploration
2361:Advertising
2305:Environment
2280:Astrobotany
2243:Fruit flies
1504:Inverse.com
994:(1): 1–11.
729:Earth phase
706:the sublime
688:limitations
608:Other names
497:Blue Origin
463:self-schema
369:Scott Kelly
365:Mae Jemison
361:James Irwin
274:lunar orbit
211:concept of
205:colonialist
34:Bill Anders
3485:Categories
3397:Launch pad
3388:Expendable
3338:Geocentric
3305:Solar sail
3248:Spaceplane
3208:Spacecraft
3002:Space suit
2980:commercial
2908:Television
2703:Space Race
2605:Telescopes
2490:Technology
2343:Weathering
2190:Psychology
2175:Locomotion
2060:(8): 418.
1639:People.com
1128:: 101454.
848:References
584:VR headset
505:Jeff Bezos
262:astronaut
256:Fred Hoyle
153:experience
101:Astronaut
85:Immersive
32:astronaut
3407:Spaceport
3258:Satellite
2975:Astronaut
2903:Telephone
2856:Astronomy
2777:Space law
2730:Australia
2586:for Earth
2573:Batteries
2555:Logistics
2507:Accidents
2453:Christmas
2318:Corrosion
2258:Tortoises
2216:Non-human
2076:225477388
2054:Religions
2027:1741-0789
1824:Space.com
1744:115759115
1583:â—Ź Video:
1452:0362-4331
1373:Space.com
1350:SpaceQ.ca
1326:(1): 39.
1280:Space.com
1248:0261-3077
1172:Big Think
1150:225388835
1142:0272-4944
1008:2326-5531
802:vastness,
569:Hilversum
565:earthrise
509:Boldly Go
474:Earth Day
423:Apollo 14
416:Apollo 11
353:Ron Garan
297:The term
286:Earth Day
269:Earthrise
248:Apollo 17
223:effect".
25:Earthrise
3459:Category
3124:Tiangong
3119:Shenzhou
3048:Programs
2893:Internet
2698:Timeline
2448:Religion
2438:Military
2374:of Earth
2253:Primates
2180:Medicine
2098:Overview
1984:13416151
1941:Archived
1918:Archived
1867:Archived
1855:Archived
1828:Archived
1805:Archived
1782:Archived
1763:Archived
1691:Archived
1668:Archived
1643:Archived
1620:Archived
1594:Archived
1579:Archived
1556:Archived
1533:Archived
1508:Archived
1474:Archived
1456:Archived
1422:Archived
1418:NASA.gov
1400:Archived
1354:Archived
1328:Archived
1284:Archived
1252:Archived
1216:Archived
1176:Archived
1103:Archived
1075:33776828
895:Archived
819:salience
806:totality
751:The Real
712:See also
517:Skylab 4
499:flight,
322:Accounts
260:Apollo 8
221:overlord
185:Cold War
30:Apollo 8
28:(1968).
3333:Orbital
3134:Artemis
3065:Voskhod
3060:Mercury
2968:General
2708:Records
2693:History
2681:General
2610:Weapons
2578:Nuclear
2539:Writing
2534:Toilets
2517:Farming
2465:Tourism
2460:Selfies
2401:Economy
2366:Alcohol
2354:Society
2338:Weather
2313:Climate
2223:Animals
2170:Hygiene
2149:Biology
1990:archive
1851:ESA.int
1801:Variety
1780:. NPR.
1761:. CNN.
1724:Bibcode
1722:: 525.
1664:AP News
1066:7994510
628:), and
563:saw an
227:History
183:it was
3470:Portal
3463:
3452:
3268:Lander
3221:Rocket
3085:Skylab
3080:Apollo
3070:Gemini
3055:Vostok
2760:Russia
2582:Solar
2569:Power
2565:Mining
2470:Voting
2418:Ethics
2406:Mining
2391:Burial
2323:Debris
2275:Plants
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2025:
1982:
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1687:Forbes
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833:schema
561:humans
407:, and
276:, the
217:hubris
195:, and
108:Cupola
37:Earth.
3273:Rover
3075:Soyuz
2898:Radio
2755:Japan
2750:India
2735:China
2600:Radar
2480:Women
2443:Music
2411:Trade
2238:Frogs
2207:Sleep
2157:Human
2072:S2CID
2007:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1740:S2CID
1340:Audio
1146:S2CID
890:Grist
65:with
59:space
57:from
55:Earth
49:is a
3435:Pass
3390:and
2522:Food
2428:Food
2328:Dust
2248:Mice
2233:Dogs
2228:Cats
2023:ISSN
1980:PMID
1891:Time
1575:CNET
1448:ISSN
1244:ISSN
1212:NASA
1138:ISSN
1071:PMID
1004:ISSN
838:self
450:flow
448:and
446:peak
332:The
136:and
124:and
74:and
45:The
3102:Mir
2475:War
2433:Law
2386:Art
2202:Sex
2062:doi
2015:doi
1732:doi
1720:166
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1334:PDF
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