Apollo 8 - Knowledge

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when he started to hear his fellow crew members make mistakes. They were beginning to not understand questions and had to ask for the answers to be repeated. Borman realized that everyone was extremely tired from not having a good night's sleep in over three days. He ordered Anders and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed. Anders initially protested, saying that he was fine, but Borman would not be swayed. Anders finally agreed under the condition that Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic pictures of the Moon. Borman also remembered that there was a second television broadcast planned, and with so many people expected to be watching, he wanted the crew to be alert. For the next two orbits, Anders and Lovell slept while Borman sat at the helm.

2470: 29: 1936:. The pill had little effect. Borman eventually fell asleep, and then awoke feeling ill. He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces, which the crew cleaned up as well as they could. Borman initially did not want everyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control. The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment (DSE), which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed. After recording a description of Borman's illness they asked Mission Control to check the recording, stating that they "would like an evaluation of the voice comments". 1244: 1105: 2677: 2501:, which Borman ordered the crew to leave alone until after they landed. They remained unopened, even years after the flight. There were also small presents to the crew from their wives. The next day, at about 124 hours into the mission, the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission's best video images of the Earth, during a four-minute broadcast. After two uneventful days, the crew prepared for reentry. The computer would control the reentry, and all the crew had to do was put the spacecraft in the correct attitude, with the blunt end forward. In the event of computer failure, Borman was ready to take over. 2062: 1400: 2132:, who was the first woman in NASA's mission control and helped calculate the return to Earth trajectory for this mission, recounts what it was like when Apollo 8 went behind the Moon for the first time in an interview: "That was a very nerve-racking period on the team I was on, and I think it was a very nerve-racking period in general because of this thing with losing signal. You’ve got this big mystery going on there on the backside of the Moon. You do not know what’s happening and there’s not a darn thing anybody here can do about it until we hear from them" 563: 91: 2207: 1882: 2771: 6715: 11616: 817:, which meant Kennedy needed to choose a goal that was beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, one where the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality—something spectacular, even if it could not be justified on military, economic, or scientific grounds. After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project: to land a man on the Moon and return him to the Earth. This project already had a name: 1608: 1468: 12755: 558: 2574: 1976: 12731: 1772: 11628: 12743: 2289: 6494: 3061: 1768:(SM) to add 1.1 ft/s (0.34 m/s) to their velocity away from the Earth, but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S-IVB. After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in the Earth direction to increase speed, but at 7.7 ft/s (2.3 m/s) instead. The time needed to prepare and perform the additional burn put the crew an hour behind their onboard tasks. 1487:

engine two, it had accidentally shut down engine three's liquid oxygen due to a miswired connection. As a result, engine three failed within one second of engine two's shutdown. Further investigation revealed the same problem for the third-stage engine—a faulty igniter line. The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits, hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches.

2109:(against the direction of travel) and slowed the spacecraft down by 2.0 ft/s (0.61 m/s), effectively reducing the closest distance at which the spacecraft would pass the Moon. At exactly 61 hours after launch, about 24,200 miles (38,900 km) from the Moon, the crew burned the RCS for 11 seconds. They would now pass 71.7 miles (115.4 km) from the 1271:(MSC), and others to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968. Indeed, it was possible that delivery would slip to February or March 1969. Following the original seven-step plan would have meant delaying the "D" and subsequent missions, and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969. 2303: 1275:, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August 1968 to keep the program on track despite the LM delay. Since the next CSM (designated as "CSM-103") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of repeating the "C" mission flight of Apollo 2874:. In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16 mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight. Other documentaries include "Race to the Moon" (2005) as part of 792:. This unexpected success stoked fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority. The launch precipitated the 1423:, Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight. The total he had carried was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second. The next day, the Lindberghs watched the launch of Apollo 2591:

2 position. As they were buffeted by a 10-foot (3.0 m) swell, Borman vomited, waiting for the three flotation balloons to right the spacecraft. About six minutes after splashdown, the command module was righted into a normal apex-up (Stable 1) orientation by its inflatable bag uprighting system.

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hours into the flight – three-and-a-half hours before he had planned to. A short while later, Anders also went to sleep after taking a sleeping pill. The crew was unable to see the Moon for much of the outward cruise. Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft:

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The teams tested their solutions in August 1968 at the MSFC. A Saturn stage IC was equipped with shock-absorbing devices to demonstrate the team's solution to the problem of pogo oscillation, while a Saturn Stage II was retrofitted with modified fuel lines to demonstrate their resistance to leaks and

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during its first stage, two second-stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. Without assurances that these problems had been rectified, NASA administrators could not justify risking a crewed mission until additional uncrewed test flights proved the Saturn V was ready.

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On Christmas afternoon, the crew made their fifth television broadcast. This time, they gave a tour of the spacecraft, showing how an astronaut lived in space. When they finished broadcasting, they found a small present from Slayton in the food locker: a real turkey dinner with stuffing, in the same

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With ten minutes remaining before LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in its correct position. At that time, they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first

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Apollo 8 made a second television broadcast at 55 hours into the flight. This time, the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens. Although difficult to aim, as they had to maneuver the entire spacecraft, the crew was able

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During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists, and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were apprised of

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hours after the end of the television transmission. The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in lunar orbit, with little hope of escape. As with the previous burn, the crew had to perform the maneuver above the far side of the Moon,

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As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon, the crew set up equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface. Anders described the craters that they were passing over. At the end of this second orbit, they performed an 11-second LOI-2 burn of the SPS to circularize the orbit to

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had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record one frame per second of the Moon below. Bill Anders spent much of the next 20 hours taking as many photographs as possible of targets of interest. By the end of the mission, the crew had taken over eight hundred 70 mm still photographs

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During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, without proper

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hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan because of the problems in moving away from the S-IVB and Lovell's obscured star sightings. The crew placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also called "barbecue roll", in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis

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third stage for 318 seconds, accelerating the 63,650 lb (28,870 kg) command and service module and 19,900 lb (9,000 kg) LM test article from an orbital velocity of 25,567 feet per second (7,793 m/s) to the injection velocity of 35,505 ft/s (10,822 m/s) which set a

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Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so that Borman could rest. Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy spacecraft, Borman was able to sleep for two orbits, awakening periodically to ask questions about their status. Borman awoke fully

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of the Moon about the Earth, Earthrise is not generally visible from the lunar surface. This is because, as seen from any one place on the Moon's surface, Earth remains in approximately the same position in the lunar sky, either above or below the horizon. Earthrise is generally visible only while

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The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second-floor control room (there were two identical control rooms in Houston, on the second and third floors, only one of which was used during a mission). The conference participants concluded that there

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8 spacecraft, separated from it. The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it—this marked the first time humans had

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Of equal importance was the failure of three engines during flight. Researchers quickly determined that a leaking hydrogen fuel line ruptured when exposed to vacuum, causing a loss of fuel pressure in engine two. When an automatic shutoff attempted to close the liquid hydrogen valve and shut down

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As they rounded the Moon for the ninth time, the astronauts began the second television transmission. Borman introduced the crew, followed by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon. Borman described it as being "a vast, lonely, forbidding

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Throughout the hour that the spacecraft was in contact with Earth, Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked. He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary. He also asked that they receive a "go/no go" decision before they

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On Earth, Mission Control continued to wait. If the crew had not burned the engine, or the burn had not lasted the planned length of time, the crew would have appeared early from behind the Moon. Exactly at the calculated moment the signal was received from the spacecraft, indicating it was in a

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The first mid-course correction came eleven hours into the flight. The crew had been awake for more than 16 hours. Before launch, NASA had decided at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with problems that might arise. Borman started the first sleep shift but found sleeping

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Teams from the MSFC went to work on the problems. Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation, which would not only hamper engine performance, but could exert significant g-forces on a crew. A task force of contractors, NASA agency representatives, and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines

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for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year. They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body. They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as having only a

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Separation from the service module prepared the command module for reentry by exposing the heat shield and shedding unneeded mass. The service module would burn up in the atmosphere as planned. Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere, the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth's

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had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on August 23, 1966. Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took

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missions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while McDivitt's crew would use CSM-104, since CM-104 could not be made ready by December. David Scott was not happy about giving up CM-103, the testing of which he had closely supervised, for CM-104,

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believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality. It was therefore intolerable to him for the Soviet Union to be more advanced in the field of space

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out of contact with Earth. The burn occurred exactly on time. The spacecraft telemetry was reacquired as it re-emerged from behind the Moon at 89 hours, 28 minutes, and 39 seconds, the exact time calculated. When voice contact was regained, Lovell announced, "Please be informed, there is a

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With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Slayton asked McDivitt if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the

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8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean. At 30,000 feet (9.1 km), the drogue parachute deployed, stabilizing the spacecraft, followed at 10,000 feet (3.0 km) by the three main parachutes. The spacecraft splashdown position was officially reported as

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hours and 38 minutes checking that the spacecraft was in proper working order and ready for TLI. The proper operation of the S-IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial, and in the last uncrewed test, it had failed to reignite for this burn. Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty, and at

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to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft. In direct sunlight, parts of the spacecraft's outer surface could be heated to over 200 °C (392 °F), while the parts in shadow would be −100 °C (−148 °F). These temperatures could cause the

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doesn't stand out as well here as it does back on Earth. There's not as much contrast between that and the surrounding craters. The craters are all rounded off. There's quite a few of them, some of them are newer. Many of them look like—especially the round ones—look like hit by

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Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they realized that they would have to reenter data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars

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6 had been fixed. Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing confidence in both the hardware and the personnel, along with the potential for a circumlunar flight providing a significant morale boost. The only person who needed some convincing was

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program, who described the flight as an "outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology". It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The

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viewed the whole Earth at once. Borman became worried that the S-IVB was staying too close to the CSM and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver. Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the small

2372: 2371: 2128:" decision, the crew was told at 68 hours that they were Go and "riding the best bird we can find". Lovell replied, "We'll see you on the other side", and for the first time in history, humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth. 2720: 2370: 3026:, responsible for monitoring all spacecraft systems, even if the flight did not include a lunar module. The navigational systems console was in front of the center seat and the environmental and electrical systems console in front of the right hand seat. 1983:

The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew's checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course. During this time, NASA scheduled a television broadcast at 31 hours after launch. The

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Throughout the next two orbits, the crew continued to check the spacecraft and to observe and photograph the Moon. During the third pass, Borman read a small prayer for his church. He had been scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher's

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The cruise back to Earth was mostly a time for the crew to relax and monitor the spacecraft. As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would reenter Earth's atmosphere two-and-a-half days after TEI and

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lunar orbit or even been flung off into space. If it had lasted too long, they could have struck the Moon. After making sure the spacecraft was working, they finally had a chance to look at the Moon, which they would orbit for the next 20 hours.

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7, scheduled for October 1968, would be a "C" mission, a crewed Earth-orbit flight of the CSM. Further missions depended on the readiness of the LM. It had been decided as early as May 1967 that there would be at least four additional missions.

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picture that the crew took as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon. This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture while actually behind the camera, and it has been credited as one of the inspirations of the first

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vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket. A system that used helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed.

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7, this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon, with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit and returning to Earth. The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have had to wait until

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of 168.5 nautical miles (312.1 km), at an inclination of 12° from the lunar equator. This was then circularized at 60.7 by 59.7 nautical miles (112.4 by 110.6 km), with an orbital period of 128.7 minutes. The effect of lunar

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that transmitted data to Earth, as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew. By the end of the mission, the crew members experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy.

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Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world. Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the

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8 spacecraft in orbit around the Moon. The crew described the burn as being the longest four minutes of their lives. If the burn had not lasted exactly the correct amount of time, the spacecraft could have ended up in a highly

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8 to go to the Moon. The S-IVB engine ignited on time and performed the TLI burn perfectly. Over the next five minutes, the spacecraft's speed increased from 7,600 to 10,800 meters per second (25,000 to 35,000 ft/s).

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in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December, as the lunar module was not yet ready to make its first flight. Astronaut

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8 was 38,759 miles (62,377 km) from the Moon and had a speed of 3,990 ft/s (1,220 m/s) relative to the Moon. This historic moment was of little interest to the crew, since they were still calculating their

2016:, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob. After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the 1042:

any changes. The support crew developed procedures in the simulators, especially those for emergency situations, so that the prime and backup crews could practice and master them in their simulator training. For Apollo

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8's profile had two different sets of orbital parameters, separated by a translunar injection maneuver. Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal 100-nautical-mile (185.2 km) circular Earth parking orbit.

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to broadcast back to Earth the first television pictures of the Earth. The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth, what was visible, and the colors they could see. The transmission lasted 23 minutes.

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8 mission. This left Borman's crew with two to three months' less training and preparation time than originally planned, and replaced the planned lunar module training with translunar navigation training.

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lines, which caused unexpectedly low propellant pressure. The crew had to use the small RCS thrusters to make up the shortfall. Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled because the Apollo

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8 flight, he was unable to attend. A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control, Rod Rose, suggested that Borman read the prayer, which could be recorded and then replayed during the service.

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5 through 11. Final testing of modifications to address the problems of pogo oscillation, ruptured fuel lines, and bad igniter lines took place on December 18, three days before the scheduled launch.

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Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB to vent its remaining fuel, changing its trajectory. The S-IVB, with the test article attached, posed no further hazard to Apollo

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The standard lunar orbit for Apollo missions was planned as a nominal 60-nautical-mile (110 km) circular orbit above the Moon's surface. Initial lunar orbit insertion was an ellipse with a

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formed around the spacecraft. The spacecraft started slowing down, and the deceleration peaked at 6 standard gravities (59 m/s). With the computer controlling the descent by changing the

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8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God

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The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21, and the rocket made the slow 3-mile (4.8 km) journey to the launch pad atop one of NASA's two massive

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The spacecraft mass at launch includes the CM and SM, but excludes the 4,000 kilograms (8,900 lb) Launch Escape System (LES), which was discarded before reaching Earth orbit.

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as LMP for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced at the same time as the prime crew. When Lovell was reassigned to the prime crew, Aldrin was moved to CMP, and

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When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an "Earthrise" in person for the first time in human history. NASA's

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horizon, just as had been calculated by the trajectory specialists. As the module hit the thin outer atmosphere, the crew noticed that it was becoming hazy outside as glowing

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8 are the names of the three astronauts. The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell, who reportedly sketched it while riding in the back seat of a

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ruptures in vacuum conditions. Once NASA administrators were convinced that the problems had been solved, they gave their approval for a crewed mission using AS-503.

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As of June 2024, James Lovell is the last surviving Apollo 8 astronaut. Frank Borman and William Anders died on November 7, 2023, and on June 7, 2024, respectively.

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was "coated" first by burning the engine for a short period. This first correction burn was only 2.4 seconds and added about 20.4 ft/s (6.2 m/s) velocity

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rocket stage shortly after separation. The LM test article, a circular boilerplate model of the LM, is visible with four triangular legs connecting it to the stage.

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mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under more critical conditions after the module's IMU had to be turned off to conserve energy.

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8 as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions. The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight,

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expanse of nothing". Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth. Each man on board

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with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center. They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction, switching to a

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Apollo 8 took 68 hours to travel to the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve

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third stage injected the craft into Earth orbit and remained attached to perform the TLI burn that would put the spacecraft on a trajectory to the Moon.

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The mass for LTA-B was less than that of a flying LM, because it was essentially a boilerplate descent stage. A fully loaded, flight-ready LM, like the

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loop around the Moon and returned them to Earth on September 21. There was speculation within NASA and the press that they might be preparing to launch

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Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and

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on the surface of the Moon after landing; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years and referred to it only obliquely at the time.

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8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named

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Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins said, "Eight's momentous historic significance was foremost"; while space historian Robert K. Poole saw Apollo

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required for passive thermal control. It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon that they would be able to see it for the first time.

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Later, Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the

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although the two were almost identical, and Anders was less than enthusiastic about being an LMP on a flight with no LM. Instead, Apollo

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9, in early 1969. The "F" Mission would test the CSM and LM in lunar orbit, and the "G" mission would be the finale, the Moon landing.

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8 looping around the Earth and Moon to reflect both the mission number and the circumlunar nature of the mission. On the bottom of the

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as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Collins was replaced by

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exploration. He was determined that the United States should compete, and sought a challenge that maximized its chances of winning.

11277: 10130: 7015: 6634: 5484: 2827: 2794:...", the first words of the book of Genesis. In January 1969, just 18 days after the crew's return to Earth, they appeared in the 2739: 2082: 5480: 4654: 4606: 1502:

9. Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from December

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out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.

11659: 10463: 10458: 9305: 9229: 6692: 6410: 4300: 1476: 4456: 4331: 1862:. This task was made difficult by a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft, which made it hard to distinguish the stars. 1572:

record for the highest speed, relative to Earth, that humans had ever traveled. This speed was slightly less than the Earth's

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Lunar Module Pilot was the official title used for the third pilot position in Block II missions, regardless of whether the

2140:

illuminating the lunar surface. The LOI burn was only two minutes away, so the crew had little time to appreciate the view.

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8, the CAPCOMs were Michael Collins, Gerald Carr, Ken Mattingly, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Vance Brand, and Fred Haise.

2647:

8 was summed up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, "Thank you Apollo

2198:

is quite a huge crater; it's got a central cone to it. The walls of the crater are terraced, about six or seven different

2177:

After reporting on the status of the spacecraft, Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like:

1910:(in the direction of travel). This change was less than the planned 24.8 ft/s (7.6 m/s), because of a bubble of 1755:

After the S-IVB had placed the mission on course for the Moon, the command and service modules (CSM), the remaining Apollo

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Apollo 8 achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 203,752 nautical miles (234,474 statute miles; 377,349 kilometers).

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on December 20, 1967, it was thought that the rocket would be used for an uncrewed Earth-orbit test flight carrying a

1236:, while Borman's crew would fly the "E" mission, a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo 940:

era missions in that the commander was not the most experienced member of the crew: Lovell had flown twice before, on

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On September 20, 1967, NASA adopted a seven-step plan for Apollo missions, with the final step being a Moon landing.

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When the spacecraft hit the water, the parachutes dragged it over and left it upside down, in what was termed Stable

1874:

to crack and propellant lines to burst. Because it was impossible to get a perfect roll, the spacecraft swept out a

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8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth."

1207:

launch vehicle using an uncrewed Block I production model of the command and service module (CSM) in Earth orbit.

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as it rotated. The crew had to make minor adjustments every half hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger.

5673: 2933:

8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the 2015 album

2453:

aligned, and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer. Sixteen months later, during the

1898:

difficult because of the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises. Testing on the ground had shown that the

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had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a "

2073:

At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, and 13 hours before entering lunar orbit, the crew of Apollo

1747:

8. You are Go for TLI." This communication meant that Mission Control had given official permission for Apollo

12805: 12531: 11554: 10394: 10389: 8524: 7530: 7488: 7261: 4888: 3960: 3102: 964: 866: 5544: 1944:, as Borman thought, or a reaction to the sleeping pill. Researchers now believe that he was suffering from 705:'s crew, who were training to fly the first lunar module flight in low Earth orbit, became the crew for the 11940: 11217: 11086: 10340: 10310: 9264: 9224: 9047: 9006: 8778: 7749: 7680: 7546: 7307: 7302: 7175: 6627: 4018: 2989: 2969: 2606:

arrived 43 minutes after splashdown. Forty-five minutes later, the crew was safe on the flight deck of the

2106: 1580:

8 into an elongated elliptical Earth orbit, close enough to the Moon to be captured by the Moon's gravity.

1300: 178:

SC/LM Adapter (jettisoned; connects LTA to CSM; not part of the CSM craft): 1,840 kilograms (4,060 lb)

5215:

Petrov, Boris Nikolaevich (December 30, 1968). "O polete Apollona-8" [On the flight of Apollo-8].

1979:

Still from film of the crew taken while they were in orbit around the Moon. Frank Borman is in the center.

1392:

before the end of 1968. Compounding these concerns, American reconnaissance satellites observed a mockup

1080:

The mission control teams rotated in three shifts, each led by a flight director. The directors for Apollo

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of 88.19 minutes. Propellant venting increased the apogee by 6.4 nautical miles (11.9 km) over the 2

918: 840:(SM) to provide the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a two-stage 84: 3625: 1243: 12721: 11373: 11314: 11189: 11101: 10831: 10697: 9138: 7329: 7245: 7143: 4405: 3878: 2935: 1336:, the NASA administrator. Backed by the full support of his agency, Webb authorized the mission. Apollo 1152: 1142:

The crew wanted to name their spacecraft, but NASA did not allow it. The crew would have likely chosen

6714: 4975:(DVD). Spacecraft Films/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2003. Event occurs at Chapter 6, Disk 2. 2105:

The last major event before Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) was a second mid-course correction. It was in

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Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was

1811: 1268: 1104: 1085: 726: 99: 78: 10198:

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in

5077: 4783: 4406:"The Effects of Long-Duration Space Flight on Eye, Head, and Trunk Coordination During Locomotion" 3226: 1411:

The Apollo 8 crew, now living in the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center, received a visit from

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The triangular shape of the insignia refers to the shape of the Apollo CM. It shows a red figure

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By this time, the crew had completely abandoned the planned sleep shifts. Lovell went to sleep

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of 23.47° from the Earth's equatorial plane, and an orbital period of 340.80 days. It became a

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built into the spacecraft, measuring the angle between a star and the Earth's (or the Moon's)

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Quine, Tony (April 2007). "Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II".

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8 was planned as the "D" mission, a test of the LM in a low Earth orbit in December 1968 by

836:(CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that would return to Earth; a 12522: 12195: 12071: 12002: 11982: 11978: 11964: 11833: 11174: 10677: 10562: 10480: 10448: 10384: 10379: 9219: 9214: 9163: 8556: 8500: 8276: 8013: 7675: 6820: 6744: 6590: 5013: 3019: 2600: 2578: 2227: 2211: 1834: 1260: 1062: 678: 658: 643: 321: 295: 6083:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. SP-4203. Archived from 1443:

V ("5") rocket to be used in the Apollo-Saturn ("AS") program. When it was erected in the

8: 12815: 12735: 12694: 11461: 11427: 10958: 10939: 10528: 10316: 9337: 9326: 9322: 9101: 9078: 9040: 8611: 8165: 7944: 7312: 7266: 7055: 6813: 6803: 6739: 3424: 3392: 3006: 2992:

in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the

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Erection and mating of spacecraft 103 to Launch Vehicle AS-503 in the VAB for the Apollo

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from Apollo 11, had a mass of 15,095 kilograms (33,278 lb), including propellants.

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Added pressure on the Apollo program to make its 1969 landing goal was provided by the

1312: 697: 654: 90: 5488: 4464: 4274: 2830:, along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the 2700:'s coverage broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages. The Soviet newspaper 2570:

in the North Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii at 15:51:42 UTC on December 27, 1968.

2469: 2206: 2102:

based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit.

1837:). To record the actual radiation dosages, each crew member wore a Personal Radiation 12775: 12398: 12351: 12343: 12327: 12283: 12259: 12171: 12087: 12063: 12022: 12006: 11956: 11948: 11873: 11801: 11693: 11222: 11106: 11066: 11026: 10946: 10906: 10773: 10763: 10511: 9400: 9133: 8790: 8641: 8121: 7201: 6479: 6469: 6446: 6426: 6416: 6397: 6387: 6368: 6358: 6320: 6286: 6278: 6268: 6247: 6227: 6217: 6191: 6174: 6164: 6145: 6135: 6111: 6045: 6035: 6029: 6016: 6006: 5998: 5986: 5976: 5952: 5935: 5925: 5919: 5895: 5887: 5877: 5850: 5840: 5632: 5619: 5428: 5418: 4386: 3633: 2186: 2129: 2121: 2017: 1993: 1965: 1948:, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their 1926: 1902:(SPS) engine had a small chance of exploding when burned for long periods unless its 1788: 1624: 1455:

6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe

1412: 1320: 1263:(KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading 1233: 615: 448: 6498: 4308: 4225: 3065: 1073:, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 1021:

11, with Aldrin as LMP and Collins as CMP. Haise served on the backup crew of Apollo

12335: 12275: 12203: 12014: 11990: 11986: 11455: 11096: 10707: 10558: 10286: 10265: 10170: 9943: 9111: 9090: 8906: 8586: 8073: 7608: 7467: 7415: 7318: 7133: 7040: 7020: 6577: 6381: 5788: 4866: 4339: 3938: 2871: 2597: 2518: 2182: 1456: 1377: 1324: 722: 7758: 7515: 4239: 12639: 12563: 12487: 12303: 12183: 12175: 12141: 12047: 12039: 12026: 11916: 11865: 11849: 11841: 11773: 11741: 11701: 11434: 11404: 10867: 10841: 10768: 10692: 10667: 10662: 10622: 10538: 9239: 9117: 8694: 8546: 8536: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 7738: 7598: 7578: 7398: 7388: 7377: 7339: 6310: 6158: 6129: 5970: 5834: 5615: 5072: 4537:"NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project – Edited Oral History Transcript" 3873: 3023: 2961: 2783: 2761: 2689: 2630: 2437:

keyboard. He accidentally erased some of the computer's memory, which caused the

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8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for examining the site. A

2001: 1989: 1957: 1941: 1875: 1573: 806: 758: 750: 730: 12010: 2199: 2137: 2116:

At 64 hours into the flight, the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion

1340:

8 was officially changed from a "D" mission to a "C-Prime" lunar-orbit mission.

12666: 12629: 12539: 12504: 12450: 12385: 12381: 12319: 12215: 12199: 12100: 11932: 11777: 11765: 11757: 11717: 11591: 11471: 11228: 10914: 10712: 10702: 10548: 10543: 10401: 7685: 7603: 7573: 6643: 6582: 6262: 6207: 6103: 5915: 3598:"Frank Borman, Who Led Historic Flight Around the Moon in 1968, Dies at Age 95" 3087: 2795: 2223: 2013: 2005: 1961: 1953: 1890: 1851: 1632: 1553: 1385: 1296: 1225: 1093: 1070: 1055: 1006: 977: 922: 903: 837: 818: 814: 793: 639: 580: 572: 438: 234: 44: 28: 6604: 6571: 5871: 5836:

Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles

5381: 1925:

About an hour after starting his sleep shift, Borman obtained permission from

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As the first crewed spacecraft to orbit more than one celestial body, Apollo

828:, under which a specialized spacecraft would land on the lunar surface. The 12706: 12621: 12600: 12587: 12579: 12555: 12547: 12430: 12422: 12367: 12235: 12179: 12125: 12104: 12079: 11908: 11785: 11725: 11644: 11466: 11033: 8865: 8859: 8758: 8424: 8419: 8344: 8314: 8177: 8172: 8156: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7803: 7798: 7695: 7324: 6324: 5899: 5753: 4012: 4008: 3815: 3813: 3036: 1930: 1365: 1089: 914: 879: 841: 781: 702: 631: 622:. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to 576: 224: 8991: 6031:

Dark Side of the Moon: The Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest

3902:"50 Years Ago: Soviet's Moon Rocket's Rollout to Pad Affects Apollo Plans" 3257:(Press kit). NASA. December 15, 1968. pp. 33–34. Release No. 68-208. 1881: 12651: 12643: 12243: 12207: 12191: 12153: 10428: 10304: 9788: 9783: 9723: 9441: 9354: 9158: 8894: 8750: 8718: 8268: 7993: 7988: 7219: 5334: 2823: 2726: 2418: 2239: 2089:

8 became stronger than that of the Earth. At the time it happened, Apollo

1933: 1822: 1796: 1545: 1393: 1292: 1264: 1229: 1147: 1051: 1010: 987: 733:. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo 6188:

The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest

6059:"The Apollo Spacecraft—A Chronology. Vol. IV. Part 3 (1969 3rd quarter)" 4175: 4163: 3810: 3753: 3714: 1291:

On August 9, 1968, Low discussed the idea with Gilruth, Flight Director

776:

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the

181:

LTA (not part of CSM; fixed to rocket): 9,000 kilograms (19,900 lb)

12698: 12518: 12442: 12359: 12187: 12108: 11881: 11159: 10861: 10854: 10369: 10187: 10175: 10155: 10120: 9984: 9949: 9902: 9758: 9728: 9641: 9614: 9609: 9570: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9436: 9431: 9406: 9349: 9143: 8742: 8726: 8703: 8601: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8309: 8304: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 7722: 7196: 6203: 6125: 5749: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 3680: 3678: 3534: 3532: 2855: 2831: 2770: 2735: 2696:, in 1962. There were 1,200 journalists covering the mission, with the 2693: 2352: 2185:

or sort of a grayish beach sand. We can see quite a bit of detail. The

2095: 1308: 1272: 1128: 1014: 997: 926: 891: 797: 635: 607: 568: 229: 5870:

Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).

5677: 3517: 3505: 3018:

On a lunar mission, the Command Module Pilot was assigned the role of

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The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon

6211: 5757: 3777: 3626:"William A. Anders, 90, Dies; Flew on First Manned Orbit of the Moon" 2764: 2662: 2656: 2454: 2356: 2351:

orbiting the Moon, and at selected surface locations near the Moon's

2333: 2294: 2279: 2191: 2038:

three of the five windows fogging up due to out-gassed oils from the

1956:. Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on previous spacecraft ( 1838: 1792: 1281: 1026: 945: 789: 785: 742: 738: 647: 627: 34: 10206:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). 4479: 4144: 3825: 3789: 3765: 3675: 3663: 3529: 2923:

8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970

2081:

of another celestial body. In other words, the effect of the Moon's

1893:. (time tag: 003:42:55) South America is visible in the lower half. 12496: 12414: 10093: 10015: 9872: 9865: 9598: 9591: 9493: 9379: 9178: 9153: 9148: 8621: 8253: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 7840: 7727: 7460: 7455: 7450: 6997: 6992: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6785: 6775: 5650:(DVD). Spacecraft Films/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2003. 3493: 2174:

193.3-by-69.5-mile (311.1 by 111.8 km) orbit around the Moon.

2120:

1 (LOI-1). This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to

2039: 1607: 1584: 1467: 1381: 1208: 1200: 1192: 1184: 941: 845: 777: 706: 674: 662: 592: 587: 284: 6483: 6372: 6163:. History-alive series. Alachua, Florida: Whispering Eagle Press. 6049: 5990: 3469: 2838:

8 space suit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA's

1361:

model that would simulate the correct weight and balance of LM-3.

1017:

was brought in as backup LMP. Armstrong would later command Apollo

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The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the

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was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a

1859: 1855: 1743:

hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch he radioed, "Apollo

1588: 1549: 1541: 1419:, the night before the launch. They talked about how, before his 1132: 557: 6401: 6282: 6231: 6178: 6057:

Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1978).

5939: 5891: 5854: 4404:

Kozlovskaya, Inessa B; Bloomberg, Jacob J.; et al. (2004).

3290:(Memorandum). NASA. December 17, 1968. p. 30. M-932-68-08. 2573: 1988:

8 crew used a 2-kilogram (4.4 lb) camera that broadcast in

1975: 1146:, the name of the giant cannon that launches a space vehicle in 936:

that required surgery to repair. This crew was unique among pre-

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of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in

1911: 1787:

8, passing the orbit of the Moon and going into a 0.99-by-0.92-

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Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon

4785:

Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations

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carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon.

1560:

hours, 44 minutes, and 30 seconds spent in the parking orbit.

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Shanghai Expo: An International Forum on the Future of Cities

4984: 4982: 4546: 3556: 3322:. NASA. February 1969. p. A-14. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Archived from 3128:

Boulton, Matthew Myer; Heithaus, Joseph (December 24, 2018).

2862:

8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in

5311: 5184: 3423:. NASA. February 1969. p. 3-1. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Archived from 3391:. NASA. February 1969. p. 3-2. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Archived from 2643:

fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding. The effect of Apollo

1810:

The Apollo 8 crew were the first humans to pass through the

12514: 10244: 8784: 8258: 7627: 7568: 7550: 7420: 5804:"Review: Public Service Broadcasting, 'The Race For Space'" 5513:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from 4857:"Astronauts look back 30 years after historic lunar launch" 3979: 3925:"Astronauts look back 30 years after historic lunar launch" 2909:

Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries

1825:(mGy; during a year, the average human receives a dose of 2 1676: 1628: 1576:

of 36,747 feet per second (11,200 m/s), but put Apollo

653:

Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second

619: 479: 71: 5568:"GRC News Release 04-012: Heroes in Space Honored at NASA" 5139: 5137: 4979: 3837: 3741: 3544: 3481: 1439:

8 was designated AS-503, or the "03rd" model of the Saturn

1396:

being rolled to the pad at Baikonur on November 25, 1967.

1255:

Production of the LM fell behind schedule, and when Apollo

1215:

was a "B" mission, a test of the LM in Earth orbit. Apollo

673:

8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the

5873:

Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft

5767: 5196: 5168:(4). NASA Innovative Partnerships Program. Archived from 4895: 4805: 4747: 4403: 3967: 3731: 3729: 3651: 3447: 3445: 3040: 2906:

uses the Anders' reading for the cut "In The Beginning".

2893:

in December 2018, marking the flight's 50th anniversary.

2697: 2680:

Apollo 8 astronauts return to Houston after their mission

1616: 9320: 4078: 3457: 3022:, while the Lunar Module Pilot was assigned the role of 10213: 6077:

On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini

5921:

A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts

5271: 5229: 5134: 5122: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4951: 4759: 4708:"Who Took the Legendary Earthrise Photo From Apollo 8?" 4450: 4448: 4446: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4294: 4292: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4052: 3702: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 5760:, and Michael Bostick—Producers (April 1998). "1968". 4412:. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. LSDA Exp ID: 9307191 4354: 4260: 4258: 3726: 3442: 2996:

started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn).

2343:

magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century.

12719: 5869: 5590: 5045: 4939: 4778:

Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978).

4687:. Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute 4485: 4181: 4169: 4157: 3849: 3831: 3819: 3795: 3771: 3759: 3684: 3669: 3538: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3475: 3285:"Pre-Launch Mission Operation Report No. M-932-68-08" 2654:

One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the

2152:

minutes, and 16 seconds after launch and burned for 4

2077:

8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational

1865:

By seven hours into the mission, the crew was about 1

1376:

mission, which flew some living creatures, including

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and 700 feet (210 m) of 16 mm movie film.

677:

rocket. It was the first human spaceflight from the

7545: 5839:. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. 4323: 4255: 3690: 2464: 2181:The Moon is essentially grey, no color; looks like 1887:

first image taken by humans of the whole Earth disk

1602: 713:

mission, and Borman's crew were moved to the Apollo

6538:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 6461: 6056: 5062: 5060: 5004:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4824:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4653:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4605:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4501:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4455:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4330:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4299:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 4265:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (April 22, 2006). 3783: 2270: 1544:of 99.57 nautical miles (184.40 km), with an 824:An early and crucial decision was the adoption of 5255:. Boston: PBS. September 22, 2005. Archived from 5106:. Boston: PBS. September 22, 2005. Archived from 4817: 4641: 4591: 4491: 2818:In January 1970, the spacecraft was delivered to 2065:This photograph of the Moon was taken from Apollo 1850:Lovell's main job as Command Module Pilot was as 642:—were the first humans to see and photograph the 12767: 5382:"Superbowl 3 Anthem – with Apollo 8 with Pledge" 5003: 4869:. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012 4823: 4652: 4604: 4500: 4454: 4329: 4298: 4264: 3941:. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 2842:. Bill Anders's space suit is on display at the 2806:was performed by trumpeter Lloyd Geisler of the 2473:Reentry, December 27, 1968, photographed from a 1099: 784:. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched 749:in July 1969, the fulfillment of U.S. president 5241: 5092: 5057: 3161: 3159: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3047:'s collection, shows that Geisler performed it. 3029: 2428: 2385:read a section from the Biblical creation story 1540:of 99.99 nautical miles (185.18 km) and a 1247:The first stage of AS-503 being erected in the 1139:8's re-designation as a lunar-orbital mission. 6264:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference 6074:Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (1977). 6073: 4999: 4997: 4826:"Day 4: Final Orbit and Trans-Earth Injection" 4565: 4563: 4561: 3861: 3562: 3082: 3080: 2988:Serial numbers were initially assigned by the 2887:(2007). Apollo's Daring Mission aired on PBS' 1587:of 60.0 nautical miles (111.1 km) and an 1295:, and the Director of Flight Crew Operations, 11660: 10229: 10202:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in 9306: 9255:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings 7531: 7494:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings 6628: 6503:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4777: 4685:"The 'Other' Lunar Orbiter 1 Earthrise Image" 3371: 3070:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2822:, Japan, for display in the U.S. pavilion at 2493:Another Slayton surprise was a gift of three 2490:kind of pack given to the troops in Vietnam. 2251:70.0 by 71.3 miles (112.7 by 114.7 km). 2069:8 at a point above 70 degrees east longitude. 1623:) on December 21, 1968, using the Saturn V's 1536:8 was launched into an initial orbit with an 11674: 9235:List of species that have landed on the Moon 7506:Symbol indicates failure or partial failure 6557:Article about the 40th anniversary of Apollo 6202: 5725:"Mike Oldfield – The Songs Of Distant Earth" 5349: 4913: 4733:"NASA Releases New High-Res Earthrise Image" 4552: 4503:"Day 3: The Black Team—Approaching the Moon" 3156: 3118: 2508:Crew of Apollo 8 addressing the crew of USS 2337:, a now famous color photo, later picked by 2056: 606:(December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed 16:First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon 6591:"Apollo 07 and 08 16mm Onboard Film (1968)" 6523:"The Essence of the Human Spirit: Apollo 8" 6415:. New York: Time, Inc. Home Entertainment. 6213:Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 5410: 4994: 4935:. 2003. Event occurs at Chapter 5, Disk 2. 4558: 3358:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive 3206:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive 3077: 11667: 11653: 10608:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 10236: 10222: 9313: 9299: 7538: 7524: 6713: 6635: 6621: 5997: 5972:Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys 4222:"Radiation Protection and Instrumentation" 4213: 4187: 4000: 3657: 3246: 3244: 2982: 2949:First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8 2234:11 landing site. The launch time of Apollo 832:therefore had three primary components: a 561: 556: 89: 27: 11502:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 6238: 5202: 4195:"Saturn S-IVB-503N—Satellite Information" 3623: 3043:'s broadcast of game, available from the 2834:worn by Frank Borman. Jim Lovell's Apollo 2740:Academy of Television Arts & Sciences 2665:in 1970. It was selected as the first of 737:8's successful mission paved the way for 612:Earth's gravitational sphere of influence 12603:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 6408: 6379: 6305: 6190:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6156: 6027: 5832: 5631:was released as a bonus feature for the 5190: 4957: 4771: 4765: 4072: 3994: 3735: 3708: 3277: 2769: 2675: 2618: 2572: 2512:after successful splashdown and recovery 2503: 2468: 2365: 2301: 2287: 2205: 2060: 1974: 1880: 1770: 1606: 1518: 1466: 1398: 1242: 1103: 848:rocket that was then under development. 688:Originally planned as the second crewed 11587:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 6521:Jackson, Albert A. (Winter 2008–2009). 6437: 6185: 6034:. New York: New York University Press. 5965: 5946: 5914: 5676:. PBS. October 31, 2005. Archived from 5317: 5277: 5235: 5208: 5155: 5128: 4988: 4945: 4360: 3855: 3843: 3747: 3595: 3550: 3487: 3463: 3451: 3241: 3086: 1730:reached Earth orbit, both the crew and 12768: 10375:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 9230:List of artificial objects on the Moon 6587:1969 NASA film at the Internet Archive 6412:100 Photographs That Changed the World 6350:Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth 6331:from the original on February 19, 2008 6260: 6102: 5801: 5674:"American Experience—Race to the Moon" 5566:Keith, Sallie A. (February 20, 2004). 5452: 5214: 5051: 5039: 4901: 4811: 4753: 4635: 4437: 4219: 4138: 4119: 4107: 4060: 4043: 3973: 3596:Hagerty, James R. (November 9, 2023). 3583: 3165: 3035:NFL's website erroneously states that 2813: 2808:Washington National Symphony Orchestra 2671:100 Photographs That Changed the World 2247:passed behind the Moon on each orbit. 1922:8 trajectory was found to be perfect. 169:CSM: 28,870 kilograms (63,650 lb) 12811:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets 11648: 11165:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 10217: 9294: 7519: 6616: 6459: 6343: 6124: 5611:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions 5596: 5565: 5392:from the original on November 8, 2021 5253:American Experience: Race to the Moon 5143: 5104:American Experience: Race to the Moon 4854: 4848: 4792:from the original on January 23, 2008 4372: 4084: 4006: 3922: 3720: 3696: 2849: 2826:. It is now displayed at the Chicago 1357:8 would carry the LM test article, a 968: 870: 813:The Soviet Union had heavier-lifting 12080:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 11627: 8931:International Lunar Research Station 7169:50th Anniversary commemorative coins 6547:from the original on October 9, 2022 6532:(Newsletter, AIAA Houston Section). 6309:(1975). "The Shakedown Cruises". In 5511:"Location of Apollo Command Modules" 5453:Tareen, Sophia (December 23, 2013). 4855:Benke, Richard (December 21, 1998). 3923:Benke, Richard (December 21, 1998). 3297:from the original on October 9, 2022 3264:from the original on October 9, 2022 2780:United States Post Office Department 1514: 1430: 1036: 175:SM:23,250 kilograms (51,258 lb) 5223:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5156:Wilhide, Peggy (July–August 2000). 5006:"Day 6: The Maroon Team—Splashdown" 4933:20th Century Fox Home Entertainment 4705: 4486:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 4182:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 4170:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 4158:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3899: 3832:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3820:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3796:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3772:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3760:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3723:, pp. 230, 236, 273, 316, 320. 3685:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3670:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3624:Goldstein, Richard (June 7, 2024). 3539:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3524:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3512:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3500:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 3476:Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979 1845: 1307:, where they met with KSC Director 1172: 696:test, to be flown in an elliptical 657:mission flown in the United States 172:CM:5,621 kilograms (12,392 lb) 13: 12801:Spacecraft which reentered in 1968 10281:National Aeronautics and Space Act 7645:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program 6642: 6501:from websites or documents of the 6246:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6134:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5802:Katzif, Mike (February 15, 2015). 4576:National Space Science Data Center 4025:from the original on March 7, 2008 3877:. December 6, 1968. Archived from 3068:from websites or documents of the 2858:footage shot by the crew of Apollo 2754:Supreme Court of the United States 2148:The SPS was ignited at 69 hours, 8 1807:for many years, if not retrieved. 1615:Apollo 8 was launched at 12:51:00 1451:command and service module. Apollo 1435:The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo 1327:problems that had afflicted Apollo 921:as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and 780:, a geopolitical rivalry with the 423:185.18 kilometers (99.99 nmi) 413:184.40 kilometers (99.57 nmi) 14: 12837: 11235:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 10789:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 6606:Apollo 8 Around the Moon and Back 6508: 6061:. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4009 5975:. New York: Cooper Square Press. 5787:. Episode 1–05. October 7, 1970. 5654:from the original on July 3, 2010 5357:"NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III" 5076:. January 3, 1969. Archived from 3166:Widmer, Ted (December 24, 2018). 2738:, the highest honor given by the 2634:magazine chose the crew of Apollo 1065:(CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the 1046:8, the support crew consisted of 1009:as Commander, Lovell as CMP, and 59:Crewed lunar orbital CSM flight ( 12753: 12741: 12729: 11626: 11615: 11614: 11530:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 11288:Space Flight Operations Facility 10474:Operations and Checkout Building 9250:Moon landing conspiracy theories 6593:raw footage taken from Apollos 7 6497: This article incorporates 6492: 5795: 5774: 5742: 5717: 5692: 5666: 5638: 5602: 5559: 5529: 5503: 5473: 5446: 5404: 5374: 5331:"1969 U.S. Postage Stamp Issues" 5323: 5283: 5149: 4655:"Day 4: Lunar Orbits 4, 5 and 6" 4607:"Day 4: Lunar Orbits 1, 2 and 3" 3784:Ertel, Newkirk & Brooks 1978 3064: This article incorporates 3059: 2465:Cruise back to Earth and reentry 1603:Launch and trans-lunar injection 1199:were "A" missions, tests of the 1135:shortly after learning of Apollo 929:in July 1968, after suffering a 669:, stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo 539:112.4 kilometers (60.7 nmi) 529:110.6 kilometers (59.7 nmi) 192:4,979 kilograms (10,977 lb) 10749:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 8967:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission 7421:Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment 5825: 5291:"O'Hair v. Paine, 397 U.S. 531" 5162:Aerospace Technology Innovation 4963: 4919: 4725: 4699: 4677: 4529: 4397: 4366: 4009:"Appendix H—Saturn at the Cape" 3916: 3900:Uri, John (November 17, 2017). 3893: 3801: 3617: 3589: 3410: 3012: 2999: 2786:#1371) commemorating the Apollo 2402:(TEI), which was scheduled for 1167: 913:The initial crew assignment of 7246:"Houston, we've had a problem" 6735:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station 6468:. Brelin; New York: Springer. 6409:Sullivan, Robert, ed. (2003). 6316:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon 6160:All We Did Was Fly to the Moon 5541:Cuyahoga County Public Library 5485:Museum of Science and Industry 4383:British Interplanetary Society 4232:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 3346: 3309: 3219: 3194: 2828:Museum of Science and Industry 2577:Command module on the deck of 2315:Apollo 8's 1968 Christmas Eve 2230:that was planned as the Apollo 2143: 1005:The backup crew assignment of 954: 727:read the first ten verses from 683:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station 506:December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC 498:December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC 460: 101: 1: 7489:Stolen and missing Moon rocks 7262:Modular Equipment Transporter 6242:; Cox, Catherine Bly (1990). 5481:"The Apollo 8 Command Module" 5158:"New Views for A New Century" 4014:Saturn Illustrated Chronology 3054: 2561:Apollo 8 estimated splashdown 2194:or projectiles of some sort. 1100:Mission insignia and callsign 856: 771: 453:December 21, 1968, ~13:02 UTC 11567:Space program on U.S. stamps 11492:Gemini and Apollo medallions 11442:Solar System Family Portrait 11218:Joint Polar Satellite System 11087:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 10341:Vision for Space Exploration 10311:Space Exploration Initiative 9265:List of crewed lunar landers 9225:List of missions to the Moon 9048:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander 9007:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope 8779:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost 8094:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna) 7750:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 6517:at Encyclopedia Astronautica 6244:Apollo: The Race to the Moon 6216:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6028:De Groot, Gerard J. (2006). 5833:Bilstein, Roger E. (1996) . 5647:Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle 5221:(in Russian). Moscow, USSR: 4972:Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle 4928:Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle 4227:Biomedical Results of Apollo 4019:Marshall Space Flight Center 2990:Marshall Space Flight Center 2970:List of missions to the Moon 2919:". The S-IVB stage of Apollo 2798:pre-game show, reciting the 2774:Apollo 8 commemorative stamp 2429:Unplanned manual realignment 1627:to achieve Earth orbit. The 1301:Marshall Space Flight Center 1108:Apollo 8 space-flown silver 883:Second and last spaceflight 851: 768:for 1968 upon their return. 7: 12791:Spacecraft launched in 1968 12786:Crewed missions to the Moon 11562:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 11519:We choose to go to the Moon 11482:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 11040:International Space Station 11020:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 10759:Great Observatories program 10603:International Space Station 10581:Roscosmos State Corporation 10498:Science Mission Directorate 10444:Manned Space Flight Network 9107:International Lunar Network 7426:Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey 6750:Manned Space Flight Network 6464:How Apollo Flew to the Moon 6445:. Putnam Publishing Group. 6261:Orloff, Richard W. (2000). 5951:. New York: Penguin Books. 5700:"In the Shadow of the Moon" 5537:"NASA Glenn Visitor Center" 4780:"Apollo 8—A Christmas Gift" 2955: 2941:Public Service Broadcasting 2846:in London, United Kingdom. 2160:seconds, placing the Apollo 1889:, probably photographed by 334:December 27, 1968, 15:51:42 268:December 21, 1968, 12:51:00 115:6 days, 3 hours, 42 seconds 10: 12842: 11941:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 11379:NASA cameras on spacecraft 11190:James Webb Space Telescope 11102:Solar Dynamics Observatory 10323:U.S. National Space Policy 6809:Command and Service Module 6711: 6353:. New Haven, Connecticut: 6319:. Washington, D.C.: NASA. 5763:From the Earth to the Moon 5635:'s miniseries DVD release. 5614:(DVD). Silver Spring, MD: 5572:NASA Glenn Research Center 4410:Life Sciences Data Archive 4220:Bailey, J. Vernon (1975). 3563:Hacker & Grimwood 1977 3039:performed the anthem, but 2929:episode "Conflict". Apollo 2912:From the Earth to the Moon 2899:The Songs of Distant Earth 2277: 1732:Houston flight controllers 1631:first stage landed in the 1509: 1311:, Apollo Program Director 1176: 1153:From the Earth to the Moon 12796:1968 in the United States 12461: 12227: 11892: 11882:The American Fighting-Man 11685: 11610: 11510: 11387: 11302: 11247: 11210: 11009: 10819: 10806: 10736: 10650: 10640: 10595: 10521: 10510: 10454:Vehicle Assembly Building 10362: 10261: 10251: 10196: 9345: 9273: 9202: 9068: 9025: 8959: 8950: 8875: 8850: 8801: 8769: 8693: 8684: 8515: 8433: 8353: 8267: 8155: 8102: 7922: 7913:List of Apollo astronauts 7862: 7853: 7833: 7817: 7791: 7715: 7706: 7557: 7502: 7476: 7434: 7369: 7353: 7285: 7254: 7238: 7184: 7110: 7087: 7054: 7006: 6953: 6882: 6836: 6829: 6796: 6758: 6722: 6675: 6667:List of Apollo astronauts 6650: 6601:8 at the Internet Archive 6186:Logsdon, John M. (1976). 5947:Chaikin, Andrew (1998) . 5417:. Routledge. p. 33. 5411:Winter, Tim, ed. (2012). 5333:. 1847usa. Archived from 5249:"Telecasts from Apollo 8" 5068:"Nation: Men of the Year" 4887:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4735:. NASA. December 16, 2015 3959:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3418:"Apollo 8 Mission Report" 3386:"Apollo 8 Mission Report" 3317:"Apollo 8 Mission Report" 2884:In the Shadow of the Moon 2725:, Chairman of the Soviet 2613: 2525:of the spacecraft, Apollo 2439:inertial measurement unit 2130:Frances "Poppy" Northcutt 2057:Lunar sphere of influence 1996:tube. The camera had two 1946:space adaptation syndrome 1900:service propulsion system 1812:Van Allen radiation belts 1445:Vehicle Assembly Building 1251:(VAB) on February 1, 1968 1249:Vehicle Assembly Building 1164:in part for that reason. 996: 993: 986: 983: 976: 973: 902: 899: 890: 887: 878: 875: 555: 551: 543: 533: 523: 518: 510: 502: 494: 486: 478: 474: 470: 457: 447: 437: 427: 417: 407: 402: 398: 394: 346: 330: 317: 312: 308: 304: 291: 280: 264: 259: 255: 251: 243: 217: 209: 204: 200: 196: 188: 162: 152: 132: 127: 123: 119: 111: 98: 77: 67: 55: 51: 26: 12599:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 11525:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 11449:The Day the Earth Smiled 10784:Solar Terrestrial Probes 10243: 9210:Colonization of the Moon 6460:Woods, W. David (2008). 6380:Schefter, James (1999). 6131:Failure Is Not An Option 4931:(DVD). Spacecraft Films/ 4914:Lovell & Kluger 1994 4553:Lovell & Kluger 1994 4007:Akens, David S. (1971). 2994:Manned Spacecraft Center 2975: 2782:issued a postage stamp ( 2708:Boris Nikolaevich Petrov 2377:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 2284:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 1299:. They then flew to the 1269:Manned Spacecraft Center 1259:8's LM-3 arrived at the 1086:Clifford E. Charlesworth 12781:Apollo program missions 12097:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 11582:Other primates in space 11294:Deep Space Atomic Clock 11114:Mars Science Laboratory 10902:Spitzer Space Telescope 10491:Lunar Sample Laboratory 10434:Launch Services Program 9260:Apollo 11 anniversaries 9097:European Lunar Explorer 8320:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) 6536:(1). Reston, Virginia: 6386:. New York: Doubleday. 6157:Lattimer, Dick (1985). 5010:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4830:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4659:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4611:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4461:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4336:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4305:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 4271:Apollo 8 Flight Journal 3603:The Wall Street Journal 2263:, but due to the Apollo 1803:, and will continue to 1764:(RCS) thrusters on the 1762:reaction control system 1679:second stage landed at 1563:This was followed by a 1179:List of Apollo missions 157:North American Rockwell 12056:Martin Luther King Jr. 11597:National Astronaut Day 11540:The Astronaut Monument 11362:Space Shuttle missions 11062:Mars Exploration Rover 11045:Hubble Space Telescope 10954:Kepler space telescope 10754:Earth Observing System 10728:Mars Exploration Rover 10439:Mercury Control Center 8446:Emirates Lunar Mission 7484:Lunar orbit rendezvous 7345:Postal covers incident 7335:Hadley Rille meteorite 7209:Bench Crater meteorite 6730:Mission Control Center 6576:1969 NASA film at the 6499:public domain material 5361:Paley Center for Media 5012:. NASA. Archived from 4832:. NASA. Archived from 4788:. NASA. NASA SP-4204. 4661:. NASA. Archived from 4613:. NASA. Archived from 4513:. NASA. Archived from 4463:. NASA. Archived from 4338:. NASA. Archived from 4307:. NASA. Archived from 4273:. NASA. Archived from 3066:public domain material 3045:Paley Center for Media 2952:was released in 2018. 2775: 2760:11, self-communicated 2706:featured a quote from 2681: 2584: 2513: 2478: 2379: 2323: 2299: 2219: 2204: 2070: 2002:wide-angle (160°) lens 1980: 1894: 1795:) solar orbit with an 1780: 1612: 1524: 1483: 1475:V being rolled out to 1427:8 from a nearby dune. 1408: 1267:, the director of the 1252: 1112: 1067:Mission Control Center 1025:11 as LMP and flew on 826:lunar orbit rendezvous 338:1968-12-27UTC15:51:43Z 12513:The Good Samaritans: 11810:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11750:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11734:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11545:Lunar sample displays 11535:Space Mirror Memorial 11477:Voyager Golden Record 11369:United States rockets 10561: (with the 10469:Launch Control Center 9055:Lunar Orbital Station 8507:Peregrine Mission One 7154:Lunar sample displays 6355:Yale University Press 6003:The All-American Boys 5203:Murray & Cox 1990 4862:The Augusta Chronicle 4617:on September 22, 2007 3935:Morris Communications 3930:The Augusta Chronicle 3869:"Poised for the Leap" 3090:(December 21, 2018). 2840:Glenn Research Center 2773: 2746:Madalyn Murray O'Hair 2679: 2619:Historical importance 2576: 2507: 2472: 2400:trans-Earth injection 2375: 2317:broadcast and reading 2314: 2291: 2274:and Genesis broadcast 2209: 2179: 2064: 1978: 1884: 1774: 1621:Eastern Standard Time 1610: 1565:trans-lunar injection 1522: 1470: 1417:Anne Morrow Lindbergh 1402: 1246: 1107: 984:Command Module Pilot 888:Command Module Pilot 128:Spacecraft properties 12806:December 1968 events 12630:The Silence Breakers 12497:The American Soldier 12478:The Whistleblowers: 12336:The Endangered Earth 12118:The Middle Americans 12072:William Westmoreland 11965:Dwight D. Eisenhower 11834:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10563:Soviet space program 10481:Johnson Space Center 10449:Kennedy Space Center 10412:spinoff technologies 9329:Orbital launches in 9220:List of lunar probes 9215:Google Lunar X Prize 9164:Project Harvest Moon 8277:Lunar Roving Vehicle 7757:(relay satellite at 7404:Lunar sample display 7394:Nansen-Apollo crater 6821:Lunar Roving Vehicle 6797:Spacecraft and rover 6745:Kennedy Space Center 6573:Apollo 8: Go for TLI 5924:. New York: Viking. 5388:. January 25, 2015. 5337:on December 20, 2012 5320:, pp. 204, 623. 5172:on February 13, 2012 4542:. November 14, 2018. 4457:"Day 2: Maroon Team" 4301:"Day 1: Maroon Team" 3430:on December 22, 2016 3398:on December 22, 2016 3252:"Apollo 8 Press Kit" 3229:. NASA. July 9, 2009 2946:A documentary film, 2800:Pledge of Allegiance 2734:8 broadcasts won an 2651:8. You saved 1968." 2348:synchronous rotation 2228:Mare Tranquillitatis 1835:background radiation 1710:Apollo 8 S-II impact 1666:Apollo 8 S-IC impact 1496:crawler-transporters 1471:Apollo 8 atop Saturn 1261:Kennedy Space Center 1063:capsule communicator 790:artificial satellite 723:television broadcast 679:Kennedy Space Center 659:Apollo space program 644:far side of the Moon 487:Spacecraft component 12695:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 11679:Persons of the Year 11572:Apollo 17 Moon mice 11428:Pillars of Creation 11335:Space Shuttle crews 10813:(human and robotic) 10807:Individual featured 10390:Ranks and positions 9245:Apollo 17 Moon mice 9174:Resource Prospector 9102:First Lunar Outpost 9085:Baden-Württemberg 1 9041:Boeing Lunar Lander 8166:Apollo Lunar Module 7980:(propulsion module) 7945:Apollo Lunar Module 7547:Spacecraft missions 7267:Fra Mauro formation 7228:Streptococcus mitis 6740:Crawler-transporter 6439:Wilford, John Noble 6307:Phillips, Samuel C. 6293:. NASA SP-2000-4029 5578:on December 8, 2004 5259:on October 27, 2011 5193:, pp. 204–205. 5016:on February 6, 2008 4991:, pp. 127–128. 4916:, pp. 282–283. 4904:, pp. 260–261. 4836:on January 16, 2008 4814:, pp. 250–252. 4756:, pp. 240–241. 4517:on February 4, 2008 4332:"Day 2: Green Team" 4277:on January 14, 2008 4267:"Day 1: Green Team" 4242:on January 17, 2008 4184:, pp. 276–278. 4172:, pp. 250–252. 4087:, pp. 108–109. 3997:, pp. 360–370. 3976:, pp. 149–151. 3881:on February 4, 2013 3846:, pp. 296–298. 3822:, pp. 257–260. 3786:, pp. 237–238. 3762:, pp. 231–234. 3750:, pp. 334–335. 3553:, pp. 288–294. 3490:, pp. 112–117. 3009:was present or not. 2878:American Experience 2814:Spacecraft location 2545: / 2475:KC-135 Stratotanker 2214:as seen from Apollo 2136:shafts of sunlight 2083:gravitational force 2079:sphere of influence 2006:telephoto (9°) lens 1694: / 1650: / 1594:mass concentrations 1481:crawler-transporter 1390:circumlunar mission 1305:Huntsville, Alabama 1234:Russell Schweickart 994:Lunar Module Pilot 988:Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. 960: 900:Lunar Module Pilot 892:James A. Lovell Jr. 862: 690:Apollo Lunar Module 525:Periselene altitude 366: / 350:North Pacific Ocean 272:1968-12-21UTC12:51Z 230:James A. Lovell Jr. 23: 12260:Ayatollah Khomeini 11925:John Foster Dulles 11374:NASA cancellations 11269:Deep Space Network 11259:Near Earth Network 10744:Living With a Star 10718:Project Prometheus 10698:Planetary Observer 8913:Cislunar Explorers 7409:Lunar basalt 70017 7370:Apollo 17 specific 7354:Apollo 16 specific 7286:Apollo 15 specific 7255:Apollo 14 specific 7239:Apollo 13 specific 7185:Apollo 12 specific 7176:In popular culture 7144:Little West crater 7111:Apollo 11 specific 6609:2018 YouTube video 6311:Cortright, Edgar M 5999:Cunningham, Walter 5704:Sundance Institute 5491:on October 9, 2007 5461:. Associated Press 5080:on January 8, 2008 4665:on October 2, 2007 4311:on January 7, 2008 4199:Satellite database 4017:. Huntsville, AL: 3630:The New York Times 3182:on January 1, 2022 3173:The New York Times 3144:on January 1, 2022 3135:The New York Times 3106:on January 1, 2022 3097:The New York Times 2936:The Race for Space 2850:In popular culture 2776: 2682: 2585: 2514: 2479: 2380: 2324: 2300: 2220: 2071: 1981: 1904:combustion chamber 1895: 1781: 1613: 1567:(TLI) burn of the 1525: 1484: 1409: 1313:Samuel C. Phillips 1253: 1113: 1092:(Black team), and 959: 895:Third spaceflight 880:Frank F. Borman II 861: 796:and triggered the 698:medium Earth orbit 655:crewed spaceflight 535:Aposelene altitude 519:Orbital parameters 403:Orbital parameters 225:Frank F. Borman II 21: 12717: 12716: 12699:Spirit of Ukraine 12399:Pope John Paul II 12376:The Peacemakers: 12352:George H. W. Bush 12344:Mikhail Gorbachev 12328:Mikhail Gorbachev 12172:Susan Brownmiller 12088:Lyndon B. Johnson 12064:Lyndon B. Johnson 11973:U.S. Scientists: 11957:Charles de Gaulle 11949:Nikita Khrushchev 11901:Mohammed Mosaddeq 11874:Winston Churchill 11802:Winston Churchill 11694:Charles Lindbergh 11642: 11641: 11555:stolen or missing 11352:uncrewed missions 11330:Apollo astronauts 11325:Gemini astronauts 11243: 11242: 11027:2001 Mars Odyssey 10802: 10801: 10678:Mars Surveyor '98 10636: 10635: 10579: (with 10512:Human spaceflight 10506: 10505: 10464:Launch Complex 48 10459:Launch Complex 39 10211: 10210: 9288: 9287: 9134:Lunar Mission One 9091:#dearMoon project 9064: 9063: 8946: 8945: 8791:Lunar Trailblazer 8680: 8679: 8122:Moon Impact Probe 7849: 7848: 7513: 7512: 7149:Goodwill messages 7088:Apollo 8 specific 7083: 7082: 6804:Apollo spacecraft 6723:Ground facilities 6693:Launch Complex 39 6688:Launch Complex 37 6683:Launch Complex 34 6660:canceled missions 6584:Debrief: Apollo 8 6475:978-0-387-71675-6 6452:978-0-448-26152-2 6443:We Reach the Moon 6393:978-0-385-49253-9 6364:978-0-300-13766-8 6274:978-0-16-050631-4 6253:978-0-671-70625-8 6170:978-0-9611228-0-5 6141:978-0-7432-0079-0 6041:978-0-8147-1995-4 6012:978-1-876963-24-8 6005:. ipicturebooks. 5982:978-0-8154-1028-7 5958:978-0-14-027201-7 5949:A Man on the Moon 5931:978-0-670-81446-6 5883:978-0-486-46756-6 5680:on August 3, 2016 5633:Discovery Channel 5629:Debrief: Apollo 8 5570:(Press release). 5547:on March 19, 2007 5424:978-0-415-52462-9 5146:, pp. 8, 32. 5100:"Apollo 8 Firsts" 4706:Chaikin, Andrew. 4555:, pp. 48–49. 4342:on March 11, 2008 3526:, pp. 48–49. 3514:, pp. 72–77. 3466:, pp. 13–15. 2550:8.133°N 165.017°W 2495:miniature bottles 2373: 2312: 2210:A portion of the 2122:orbital mechanics 2018:high-gain antenna 1966:Rusty Schweickart 1950:vestibular system 1791:(148 by 138 1789:astronomical-unit 1699:31.833°N 37.283°W 1655:30.200°N 74.117°W 1548:of 32.51° to the 1515:Parameter summary 1431:Saturn V redesign 1413:Charles Lindbergh 1378:Russian tortoises 1321:Wernher von Braun 1110:Robbins medallion 1037:Support personnel 1003: 1002: 998:Fred W. Haise Jr. 978:Neil A. Armstrong 911: 910: 907:Only spaceflight 904:William A. Anders 830:Apollo spacecraft 766:"Men of the Year" 616:human spaceflight 601: 600: 503:Orbital departure 495:Orbital insertion 371:8.133°N 165.017°W 235:William A. Anders 39:Taken from Apollo 12833: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12725: 12710: 12702: 12690: 12682: 12670: 12662: 12660: 12633: 12625: 12617: 12609: 12607: 12591: 12583: 12575: 12567: 12559: 12551: 12543: 12535: 12527: 12525: 12508: 12500: 12492: 12490: 12473: 12470:Rudolph Giuliani 12454: 12446: 12438: 12426: 12418: 12410: 12402: 12394: 12392: 12371: 12363: 12355: 12347: 12339: 12331: 12323: 12315: 12307: 12299: 12287: 12279: 12271: 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12220: 12218: 12204:Billie Jean King 12170:American Women: 12165: 12157: 12149: 12137: 12129: 12121: 12113: 12111: 12091: 12083: 12075: 12067: 12059: 12051: 12043: 12035: 12033: 12015:William Shockley 11991:Joshua Lederberg 11987:Donald A. Glaser 11968: 11960: 11952: 11944: 11936: 11928: 11920: 11912: 11904: 11885: 11877: 11869: 11861: 11853: 11845: 11837: 11829: 11821: 11813: 11805: 11797: 11789: 11781: 11769: 11761: 11753: 11745: 11737: 11729: 11721: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11669: 11662: 11655: 11646: 11645: 11630: 11629: 11618: 11617: 11456:Fallen Astronaut 11097:Van Allen Probes 10817: 10816: 10723:Mars Exploration 10648: 10647: 10519: 10518: 10287:Space Task Group 10259: 10258: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10215: 10214: 10171:Intelsat III F-2 9944:Intelsat III F-1 9334: 9333: 9332: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9292: 9291: 8957: 8956: 8907:Lunar Pathfinder 8691: 8690: 8587:Lunar Flashlight 8074:Lunar Prospector 7860: 7859: 7741:(service module) 7713: 7712: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7416:Troctolite 76535 7319:Fallen Astronaut 7298:Lunar operations 7134:Tranquility Base 7041:Pad Abort Test-2 7021:Pad Abort Test-1 6834: 6833: 6717: 6676:Launch complexes 6655:List of missions 6637: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6613: 6600: 6596: 6578:Internet Archive 6560: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6527: 6496: 6495: 6487: 6467: 6456: 6434: 6405: 6376: 6345:Poole, Robert K. 6340: 6338: 6336: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6257: 6235: 6199: 6182: 6153: 6121: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6090:on June 29, 2007 6089: 6082: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6053: 6024: 5994: 5967:Collins, Michael 5962: 5943: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5574:. 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Archived from 3084: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2986: 2932: 2922: 2872:Burgess Meredith 2867: 2861: 2837: 2793: 2789: 2759: 2733: 2724: 2687: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2598:aircraft carrier 2590: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2528: 2486:in the Pacific. 2458: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2394: 2374: 2313: 2266: 2257:Episcopal Church 2237: 2233: 2217: 2202:on the way down. 2187:Sea of Fertility 2183:plaster of Paris 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2119: 2092: 2088: 2076: 2068: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 1987: 1971: 1921: 1868: 1846:Lunar trajectory 1832: 1828: 1821: 1786: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1734:spent the next 2 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1579: 1559: 1535: 1530: 1505: 1501: 1474: 1457:pogo oscillation 1454: 1442: 1438: 1426: 1406: 1373: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1330: 1325:pogo oscillation 1285: 1278: 1258: 1239: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1204: 1196: 1188: 1173:Mission schedule 1160:11 CM was named 1159: 1138: 1122: 1118: 1083: 1076: 1045: 1030: 1024: 1020: 961: 958: 863: 860: 756: 746: 736: 716: 710: 672: 666: 614:, and the first 565: 560: 463: 462: 409:Perigee altitude 390: 389: 387: 386: 385: 383: 382:Apollo 8 landing 378: 377: 372: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 341: 339: 275: 273: 260:Start of mission 112:Mission duration 103: 94: 93: 87: 42: 31: 24: 20: 12841: 12840: 12836: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12730: 12728: 12720: 12718: 12713: 12705: 12693: 12685: 12673: 12665: 12640:Jamal Khashoggi 12638:The Guardians: 12637: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12612: 12595: 12594: 12586: 12578: 12570: 12564:Mark Zuckerberg 12562: 12554: 12546: 12538: 12530: 12512: 12511: 12503: 12495: 12488:Sherron Watkins 12477: 12476: 12468: 12457: 12449: 12441: 12429: 12421: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12375: 12374: 12366: 12358: 12350: 12342: 12334: 12326: 12318: 12310: 12304:Peter Ueberroth 12302: 12290: 12282: 12274: 12266: 12258: 12250: 12242: 12234: 12223: 12176:Kathleen Byerly 12169: 12168: 12160: 12152: 12142:Henry Kissinger 12140: 12132: 12124: 12116: 12095: 12094: 12086: 12078: 12070: 12062: 12054: 12048:Pope John XXIII 12046: 12040:John F. Kennedy 12038: 12031:Robert Woodward 12027:James Van Allen 11972: 11971: 11963: 11955: 11947: 11939: 11931: 11923: 11917:Konrad Adenauer 11915: 11907: 11899: 11888: 11880: 11872: 11866:Harry S. Truman 11864: 11858:George Marshall 11856: 11850:James F. Byrnes 11848: 11842:Harry S. Truman 11840: 11832: 11826:George Marshall 11824: 11816: 11808: 11800: 11792: 11784: 11774:Chiang Kai-shek 11772: 11764: 11756: 11748: 11742:Hugh S. Johnson 11740: 11732: 11724: 11718:Mohandas Gandhi 11716: 11708: 11702:Walter Chrysler 11700: 11692: 11681: 11673: 11643: 11638: 11606: 11506: 11497:Mission patches 11472:Pioneer plaques 11435:Mystic Mountain 11412:Family Portrait 11405:The Blue Marble 11389: 11383: 11357:Apollo missions 11298: 11250: 11239: 11206: 11011: 11005: 10842:Mercury-Atlas 6 10812: 10808: 10798: 10732: 10668:Mariner Mark II 10632: 10613:Commercial Crew 10591: 10514: 10502: 10486:Mission Control 10385:Astronaut Corps 10380:Chief Scientist 10358: 10263: 10247: 10242: 10212: 10207: 10192: 9995:Molniya-1 No.14 9734:Molniya-1 No.13 9549:Molniya-1 No.10 9341: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9319: 9289: 9284: 9269: 9240:Lunar resources 9198: 9070: 9060: 9021: 8952: 8942: 8871: 8846: 8797: 8765: 8686: 8676: 8511: 8503:(Chandrayaan-2) 8434:Failed landings 8429: 8349: 8325:(Chandrayaan-3) 8263: 8250:(Chandrayaan-3) 8151: 8098: 8049:Lunar Orbiter 1 7918: 7863:Crewed landings 7855: 7845: 7829: 7813: 7787: 7762: 7708: 7702: 7594:Lunar Precursor 7561: 7553: 7544: 7514: 7509: 7498: 7472: 7438: 7430: 7378:The Blue Marble 7365: 7349: 7340:Seatbelt basalt 7313:Hadley–Apennine 7308:Return to Earth 7303:Solo operations 7281: 7250: 7234: 7202:Surveyor crater 7192:Statio Cognitum 7180: 7118:Command Module 7106: 7102:Genesis reading 7079: 7050: 7002: 6963:Saturn-Apollo 1 6955: 6949: 6878: 6825: 6792: 6759:Launch vehicles 6754: 6718: 6709: 6671: 6646: 6641: 6598: 6594: 6558: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540:(AIAA): 24–28. 6525: 6520: 6511: 6493: 6490: 6476: 6453: 6423: 6394: 6365: 6334: 6332: 6327:. NASA SP-350. 6296: 6294: 6275: 6254: 6240:Murray, Charles 6224: 6208:Kluger, Jeffery 6171: 6142: 6118: 6104:Kluger, Jeffrey 6093: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6064: 6062: 6042: 6013: 5983: 5959: 5932: 5916:Chaikin, Andrew 5905: 5903: 5884: 5860: 5858: 5847: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5800: 5796: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5616:Discovery, Inc. 5608: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5517:on June 1, 2021 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4603: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4402: 4398: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4256: 4245: 4243: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4201:. Heavens-Above 4193: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4145: 4137: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3658:Cunningham 2010 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3164: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3126: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3088:Overbye, Dennis 3085: 3078: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3034: 3030: 3024:flight engineer 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2958: 2930: 2920: 2896:The 1994 album 2865: 2864:Debrief: Apollo 2859: 2852: 2835: 2816: 2804:national anthem 2791: 2787: 2784:Scott catalogue 2757: 2731: 2710: 2690:Mercury-Atlas 6 2685: 2648: 2644: 2640:Men of the Year 2635: 2621: 2616: 2588: 2560: 2558: 2555:8.133; -165.017 2554: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2467: 2456: 2431: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2392: 2389:Book of Genesis 2366: 2328:Lunar Orbiter 1 2321:Book of Genesis 2302: 2286: 2278:Main articles: 2276: 2264: 2261:Seabrook, Texas 2235: 2231: 2215: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2117: 2100:reference frame 2090: 2086: 2074: 2066: 2059: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2024: 1990:black-and-white 1985: 1969: 1919: 1866: 1848: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1801:derelict object 1784: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1709: 1707: 1704:31.833; -37.283 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1663: 1660:30.200; -74.117 1659: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1611:Apollo 8 launch 1605: 1577: 1574:escape velocity 1557: 1533: 1528: 1523:Mission profile 1517: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1472: 1452: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1404: 1371: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1328: 1283: 1276: 1256: 1237: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1202: 1194: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1157: 1136: 1120: 1116: 1102: 1096:(Maroon team). 1081: 1074: 1043: 1039: 1028: 1022: 1018: 957: 934:disc herniation 919:Michael Collins 906: 894: 882: 859: 854: 815:carrier rockets 807:John F. Kennedy 774: 754: 751:John F. Kennedy 744: 734: 731:Book of Genesis 714: 708: 670: 664: 597: 596: 590: 583: 567:Left to right: 566: 458: 419:Apogee altitude 381: 379: 376:8.133; -165.017 375: 373: 369: 368: 365: 360: 357: 355: 353: 352: 351: 337: 335: 271: 269: 239: 184: 148: 88: 83: 47: 40: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12839: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12821:William Anders 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12763: 12762: 12750: 12738: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12703: 12691: 12683: 12671: 12667:Greta Thunberg 12663: 12634: 12626: 12618: 12610: 12597:Ebola Fighters 12592: 12584: 12576: 12568: 12560: 12552: 12544: 12540:Vladimir Putin 12536: 12528: 12509: 12505:George W. Bush 12501: 12493: 12480:Cynthia Cooper 12474: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12451:George W. Bush 12447: 12439: 12427: 12419: 12411: 12403: 12395: 12386:Nelson Mandela 12382:F. W. de Klerk 12372: 12364: 12356: 12348: 12340: 12332: 12324: 12320:Corazon Aquino 12316: 12308: 12300: 12288: 12280: 12272: 12264: 12256: 12248: 12240: 12231: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12200:Barbara Jordan 12166: 12158: 12150: 12138: 12130: 12122: 12114: 12101:William Anders 12092: 12084: 12076: 12068: 12060: 12052: 12044: 12036: 12023:Charles Townes 12003:Edward Purcell 11979:Charles Draper 11969: 11961: 11953: 11945: 11937: 11933:Harlow Curtice 11929: 11921: 11913: 11905: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11878: 11870: 11862: 11854: 11846: 11838: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11806: 11798: 11790: 11782: 11778:Soong Mei-ling 11770: 11766:Wallis Simpson 11762: 11758:Haile Selassie 11754: 11746: 11738: 11730: 11722: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11624: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11592:Astronauts Day 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11391: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11344: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11251:and navigation 11249:Communications 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11229:Europa Clipper 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11111: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11015: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10988: 10981: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10956: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10912: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10683:New Millennium 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10571: 10566: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10525: 10523: 10516: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10271: 10269: 10256: 10249: 10248: 10241: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10218: 10209: 10208: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9336: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9295: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9139:Lunar Observer 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8807: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8782: 8775: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8755: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8723: 8715: 8708: 8699: 8697: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8273: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7934: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7864: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7565: 7563: 7555: 7554: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7384:Taurus–Littrow 7381: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6644:Apollo program 6640: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6602: 6588: 6580: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6518: 6510: 6509:External links 6507: 6489: 6488: 6474: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6421: 6406: 6392: 6377: 6363: 6341: 6303: 6273: 6258: 6252: 6236: 6222: 6200: 6183: 6169: 6154: 6140: 6122: 6116: 6110:. Henry Holt. 6100: 6071: 6054: 6040: 6025: 6011: 5995: 5981: 5963: 5957: 5944: 5930: 5912: 5902:. NASA SP-4205 5882: 5867: 5857:. NASA SP-4206 5845: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5794: 5773: 5741: 5716: 5691: 5665: 5637: 5601: 5599:, p. 203. 5589: 5558: 5528: 5502: 5472: 5445: 5423: 5403: 5373: 5348: 5322: 5310: 5282: 5280:, p. 623. 5270: 5240: 5238:, p. 120. 5228: 5207: 5205:, p. 333. 5195: 5183: 5148: 5133: 5131:, p. 134. 5121: 5091: 5056: 5054:, p. 277. 5044: 5027: 4993: 4978: 4962: 4960:, p. 275. 4950: 4938: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4847: 4816: 4804: 4770: 4768:, p. 229. 4758: 4746: 4724: 4698: 4676: 4640: 4628: 4590: 4557: 4545: 4528: 4490: 4488:, p. 277. 4478: 4442: 4423: 4396: 4365: 4363:, p. 306. 4353: 4322: 4288: 4254: 4252:Sec. 2, Ch. 3. 4212: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4160:, p. 276. 4143: 4124: 4112: 4089: 4077: 4075:, p. 178. 4065: 4048: 4036: 4021:. MSFC MHR-5. 3999: 3978: 3966: 3915: 3892: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3834:, p. 262. 3824: 3809: 3807:family history 3800: 3798:, p. 257. 3788: 3776: 3774:, p. 256. 3764: 3752: 3740: 3725: 3713: 3711:, p. 179. 3701: 3689: 3687:, p. 375. 3674: 3672:, p. 261. 3662: 3660:, p. 109. 3650: 3616: 3588: 3567: 3565:, p. 533. 3555: 3543: 3541:, p. 374. 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3454:, p. 134. 3441: 3409: 3370: 3345: 3308: 3276: 3240: 3218: 3193: 3155: 3117: 3075: 3074: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3028: 3011: 2998: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2957: 2954: 2939:, by the band 2851: 2848: 2844:Science Museum 2815: 2812: 2796:Super Bowl III 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2477:at 40,000 feet 2466: 2463: 2430: 2427: 2275: 2269: 2224:reconnaissance 2212:lunar far side 2145: 2142: 2058: 2055: 1992:only, using a 1954:weightlessness 1927:ground control 1891:William Anders 1847: 1844: 1766:service module 1633:Atlantic Ocean 1604: 1601: 1554:orbital period 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1432: 1429: 1415:and his wife, 1297:Donald Slayton 1226:James McDivitt 1177:Main article: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1150:'s 1865 novel 1101: 1098: 1094:Milton Windler 1088:(Green team), 1071:Houston, Texas 1038: 1035: 1007:Neil Armstrong 1001: 1000: 995: 991: 990: 985: 981: 980: 975: 971: 970: 967: 956: 953: 923:William Anders 917:as Commander, 909: 908: 901: 897: 896: 889: 885: 884: 877: 873: 872: 869: 858: 855: 853: 850: 838:service module 834:command module 819:Project Apollo 794:Sputnik crisis 773: 770: 694:command module 681:, adjacent to 640:William Anders 626:. These three 599: 598: 591: 585: 584: 581:Apollo program 579: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 541: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 521: 520: 516: 515: 512: 508: 507: 504: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 484: 483: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 455: 454: 451: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 411: 405: 404: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 348: 344: 343: 332: 328: 327: 319: 315: 314: 313:End of mission 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 293: 289: 288: 282: 278: 277: 266: 262: 261: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 147: 146: 143: 136: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 96: 95: 81: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 57: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45:William Anders 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12838: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12761: 12751: 12749: 12739: 12737: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12679:Kamala Harris 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12614:Angela Merkel 12611: 12606: 12605:Salome Karwah 12602: 12598: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12572:The Protester 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12524: 12523:Melinda Gates 12520: 12516: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12489: 12485: 12484:Coleen Rowley 12481: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12407:Newt Gingrich 12404: 12400: 12396: 12391: 12390:Yitzhak Rabin 12387: 12383: 12379: 12378:Yasser Arafat 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12312:Deng Xiaoping 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12296:Yuri Andropov 12293: 12292:Ronald Reagan 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12268:Ronald Reagan 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12252:Deng Xiaoping 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12226: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12146:Richard Nixon 12143: 12139: 12135: 12134:Richard Nixon 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12019:Edward Teller 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11999:Linus Pauling 11996: 11995:Willard Libby 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11975:George Beadle 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11909:Elizabeth II 11906: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11818:Joseph Stalin 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11794:Joseph Stalin 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11710:Owen D. Young 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11678: 11670: 11665: 11663: 11658: 11656: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11635: 11634: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11603: 11602:Nikon NASA F4 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11487:NASA insignia 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11467:Lunar plaques 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11419:Pale Blue Dot 11416: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11347:NASA missions 11345: 11343: 11342:NASA aircraft 11340: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11264:Space Network 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11246: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10897:Space Shuttle 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10779:New Frontiers 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10688:Lunar Orbiter 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10628:Lunar Gateway 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10587:Constellation 10585: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10570: 10569:Space Shuttle 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10407:NASA research 10405: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10234: 10232: 10227: 10225: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9693:Strela-2 No.3 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9448:DS-U1-Ya No.1 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9324: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9304: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9067: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8949: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8712:Lunar Gateway 8709: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8683: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8592:Lunar IceCube 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8355:Sample return 8352: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7978:Chandrayaan-3 7976: 7974: 7973:Chandrayaan-1 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7733:Chandrayaan-2 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7705: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Lunar Orbiter 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399:Shorty crater 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7164:Anniversaries 7162: 7160: 7159:Missing tapes 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139:Double crater 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7126:Lunar Module 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Little Joe II 6764: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6422:1-931933-84-7 6418: 6414: 6413: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6223:0-395-67029-2 6219: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6117:9781627798327 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6086: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5846:0-16-048909-1 5842: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5191:Sullivan 2003 5187: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5048: 5042:, p. 40. 5041: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4958:Schefter 1999 4954: 4948:, p. 68. 4947: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4766:De Groot 2006 4762: 4755: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4686: 4680: 4669:September 20, 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4638:, p. 37. 4637: 4632: 4621:September 20, 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4440:, p. 36. 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4216: 4205:September 23, 4200: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4141:, p. 35. 4140: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4122:, p. 34. 4121: 4116: 4110:, p. 39. 4109: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4073:Phillips 1975 4069: 4063:, p. 46. 4062: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4046:, p. 45. 4045: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3995:Bilstein 1996 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3903: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3858:, p. 76. 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3738:, p. 53. 3737: 3736:Lattimer 1985 3732: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3709:Phillips 1975 3705: 3699:, p. 27. 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3586:, p. 33. 3585: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 15. 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3228: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3007:LM spacecraft 3002: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2904:Mike Oldfield 2901: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2876:season 18 of 2873: 2869: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2802:, before the 2801: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2778:In 1969, the 2772: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2626:Prague Spring 2611: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2423:Christmas Day 2420: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2229: 2225: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2156:minutes and 7 2141: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2111:lunar surface 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2084: 2080: 2063: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1977: 1973: 1968:during Apollo 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1934:sleeping pill 1932: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1805:orbit the Sun 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1678: 1672: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1521: 1507: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1388:on a similar 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1341: 1335: 1334:James E. Webb 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:Rocco Petrone 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1214: 1206: 1198: 1190: 1180: 1165: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:Ken Mattingly 1034: 1032: 1016: 1012: 1008: 999: 992: 989: 982: 979: 972: 966: 963: 962: 952: 949: 947: 943: 939: 938:Space Shuttle 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 905: 898: 893: 886: 881: 874: 868: 865: 864: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 811: 808: 805: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 767: 763: 761: 752: 748: 740: 732: 728: 724: 719: 712: 704: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 668: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618:to reach the 617: 613: 609: 605: 595: → 594: 589: 586:← 582: 578: 574: 570: 564: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 536: 532: 528: 526: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 456: 452: 450: 446: 443:88.19 minutes 442: 440: 436: 433:32.15 degrees 432: 430: 426: 422: 420: 416: 412: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 388: 349: 345: 333: 329: 326: 325: 320: 316: 311: 307: 303: 300: 297: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 267: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 144: 141: 138: 137: 135: 131: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 104: 97: 92: 86: 82: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 37: 36: 30: 25: 19: 12826:Frank Borman 12736:Solar System 12707:Taylor Swift 12655: 12622:Donald Trump 12601:Kent Brantly 12588:Pope Francis 12580:Barack Obama 12556:Ben Bernanke 12548:Barack Obama 12462:2001–present 12431:Bill Clinton 12423:Andrew Grove 12368:Bill Clinton 12284:The Computer 12236:Jimmy Carter 12212:Carol Sutton 12180:Alison Cheek 12126:Willy Brandt 12105:Frank Borman 12096: 12011:Emilio Segrè 11786:Adolf Hitler 11726:Pierre Laval 11676: 11632: 11620: 11454: 11447: 11441: 11433: 11426: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11227: 11176:Perseverance 11175: 11137: 11130: 11107: 11067: 11050: 11034:New Horizons 11032: 11025: 11018: 10991: 10983: 10959: 10947: 10940: 10927: 10915: 10907: 10868: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10575: 10559:Apollo–Soyuz 10203: 10199: 10181: 10180: 10108: 10041: 10014: 9942: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9845:Gridsphere R 9843: 9838:Gridsphere B 9836: 9831:Gridsphere 2 9829: 9824:Gridsphere 1 9822: 9815: 9808: 9691: 9631:Sfera No.12L 9629: 9597: 9590: 9553: 9446: 9401:E-6LS No.112 9399: 9278: 9129:Lunar Lander 9116: 9089: 9077: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 8933:(late 2020s) 8759:Artemis VIII 8757: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8725: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8537:Chang'e 5-T1 8529: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8164: 7943: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7739:Chang'e 5-T1 7652:South Korean 7468:Apollo–Soyuz 7389:Tracy's Rock 7376: 7325:Genesis Rock 7317: 7227: 7218: 7127: 7119: 7094: 6899: 6814:Lunar Module 6605: 6583: 6572: 6549:. Retrieved 6533: 6529: 6491: 6463: 6442: 6411: 6382: 6349: 6333:. Retrieved 6315: 6295:. Retrieved 6263: 6243: 6212: 6187: 6159: 6130: 6107: 6092:. Retrieved 6085:the original 6076: 6063:. Retrieved 6030: 6002: 5971: 5948: 5920: 5904:. Retrieved 5872: 5859:. Retrieved 5835: 5826:Bibliography 5811:. Retrieved 5807: 5797: 5782: 5781:"Conflict". 5776: 5761: 5754:Brian Grazer 5744: 5732:. Retrieved 5728: 5719: 5707:. Retrieved 5694: 5682:. Retrieved 5678:the original 5668: 5656:. Retrieved 5646: 5640: 5628: 5609: 5604: 5592: 5580:. Retrieved 5576:the original 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5545:the original 5531: 5519:. Retrieved 5515:the original 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489:the original 5475: 5463:. Retrieved 5459:Deseret News 5458: 5448: 5438:February 21, 5436:. Retrieved 5413: 5406: 5396:February 19, 5394:. Retrieved 5385: 5376: 5364:. Retrieved 5351: 5339:. Retrieved 5335:the original 5325: 5318:Chaikin 1994 5313: 5303:February 13, 5301:. Retrieved 5294: 5285: 5278:Chaikin 1994 5273: 5263:December 15, 5261:. Retrieved 5257:the original 5252: 5243: 5236:Chaikin 1994 5231: 5216: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5170:the original 5165: 5161: 5151: 5129:Chaikin 1994 5124: 5114:December 15, 5112:. Retrieved 5108:the original 5103: 5094: 5084:February 13, 5082:. Retrieved 5078:the original 5071: 5047: 5018:. Retrieved 5014:the original 5009: 4989:Chaikin 1998 4971: 4965: 4953: 4946:Wilford 1973 4941: 4927: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4871:. Retrieved 4860: 4850: 4838:. Retrieved 4834:the original 4829: 4819: 4807: 4794:. Retrieved 4784: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4739:November 28, 4737:. Retrieved 4727: 4717:November 28, 4715:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4691:November 28, 4689:. Retrieved 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4663:the original 4658: 4631: 4619:. Retrieved 4615:the original 4610: 4581:. Retrieved 4574: 4548: 4531: 4519:. Retrieved 4515:the original 4506: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4460: 4414:. Retrieved 4409: 4399: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4361:Collins 2001 4356: 4344:. Retrieved 4340:the original 4335: 4325: 4313:. Retrieved 4309:the original 4304: 4279:. Retrieved 4275:the original 4270: 4244:. Retrieved 4240:the original 4226: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4115: 4080: 4068: 4039: 4027:. Retrieved 4013: 4002: 3969: 3943:. Retrieved 3928: 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3895: 3885:December 15, 3883:. Retrieved 3879:the original 3872: 3863: 3856:Chaikin 1994 3851: 3844:Collins 2001 3839: 3827: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3748:Collins 2001 3743: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3665: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3629: 3619: 3607:. Retrieved 3601: 3591: 3558: 3551:Collins 2001 3546: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3488:Logsdon 1976 3483: 3478:, p. 1. 3471: 3464:Logsdon 1976 3459: 3452:Logsdon 1976 3432:. Retrieved 3425:the original 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3393:the original 3361:. Retrieved 3348: 3340: 3331:. Retrieved 3324:the original 3311: 3301:February 12, 3299:. Retrieved 3279: 3266:. Retrieved 3233:November 25, 3231:. Retrieved 3221: 3211:November 21, 3209:. Retrieved 3205: 3196: 3186:December 25, 3184:. Retrieved 3179:the original 3171: 3148:December 25, 3146:. Retrieved 3141:the original 3133: 3110:December 24, 3108:. Retrieved 3103:the original 3095: 3058: 3037:Anita Bryant 3031: 3014: 3001: 2984: 2962: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2924: 2910: 2908: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2870:, hosted by 2863: 2853: 2817: 2777: 2762:Presbyterian 2744: 2701: 2683: 2670: 2666: 2655: 2653: 2629: 2622: 2607: 2602: 2586: 2580: 2515: 2509: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2443: 2432: 2397: 2381: 2361: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2293: 2271: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2221: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2147: 2134: 2115: 2104: 2072: 2051: 2022: 2010: 1982: 1938: 1924: 1896: 1864: 1849: 1809: 1782: 1754: 1725: 1625:three stages 1614: 1598: 1582: 1562: 1526: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1462: 1434: 1410: 1366:Soviet Union 1363: 1342: 1290: 1254: 1182: 1168:Preparations 1161: 1156:. The Apollo 1151: 1143: 1141: 1127:flight from 1114: 1090:Glynn Lunney 1079: 1060: 1040: 1004: 950: 915:Frank Borman 912: 842:lunar module 823: 812: 802: 788:, the first 782:Soviet Union 775: 759: 720: 703:Jim McDivitt 687: 685:in Florida. 661:(the first, 652: 636:James Lovell 632:Frank Borman 603: 602: 347:Landing site 331:Landing date 323: 318:Recovered by 189:Landing mass 153:Manufacturer 145:Apollo LTA-B 56:Mission type 33: 18: 12760:Spaceflight 12748:Outer space 12657:The Capital 12654:/ Staff of 12652:Kyaw Soe Oo 12644:Maria Ressa 12276:Lech Wałęsa 12244:Anwar Sadat 12216:Addie Wyatt 12208:Susie Sharp 12196:Carla Hills 12192:Ella Grasso 12184:Jill Conway 12162:King Faisal 12154:John Sirica 12007:Isidor Rabi 11983:John Enders 11462:Deep fields 11390:and artwork 11388:NASA images 10960:Opportunity 10429:NASA Social 10255:and history 9789:Explorer 40 9784:Explorer 39 9724:Explorer 38 9555:7K-L1 No.7L 9442:Explorer 37 9355:Explorer 36 9159:OrbitBeyond 9069:Cancelled / 8937:Argonaut M1 8895:Beresheet 2 8883:Hakuto-R M2 8751:Artemis VII 8719:Artemis III 8557:Longjiang-1 8451:Hakuto-R M1 8014:Longjiang-2 7989:Explorer 35 7633:Chandrayaan 7559:Exploration 7439:capsule use 7436:Post-Apollo 7330:Great Scott 7230:on the Moon 7226:Reports of 7220:Moon Museum 7008:Abort tests 6956:development 6335:January 28, 6204:Lovell, Jim 6126:Kranz, Gene 6065:October 24, 5495:February 4, 5465:December 9, 5176:November 8, 5052:Kluger 2017 5040:Orloff 2000 5020:February 4, 4902:Kluger 2017 4840:February 7, 4812:Kluger 2017 4796:February 7, 4754:Kluger 2017 4712:Smithsonian 4636:Orloff 2000 4521:February 7, 4471:February 4, 4438:Orloff 2000 4375:Spaceflight 4346:January 30, 4315:February 4, 4281:January 30, 4246:January 28, 4236:NASA SP-368 4139:Orloff 2000 4120:Orloff 2000 4108:Orloff 2000 4061:Orloff 2000 4044:Orloff 2000 4029:February 1, 3974:Kluger 2017 3908:January 18, 3609:November 9, 3584:Orloff 2000 2727:Interkosmos 2711: [ 2669:magazine's 2553: / 2484:splash down 2419:Santa Claus 2346:Due to the 2240:film camera 2144:Lunar orbit 1942:24-hour flu 1872:heat shield 1797:inclination 1702: / 1658: / 1546:inclination 1449:boilerplate 1421:1927 flight 1359:boilerplate 1293:Chris Kraft 1265:Bob Gilruth 1230:David Scott 1148:Jules Verne 1056:Gerald Carr 1052:Vance Brand 1011:Buzz Aldrin 955:Backup crew 725:where they 544:Inclination 459:Revolution 429:Inclination 374: / 292:Launch site 265:Launch date 163:Launch mass 12816:Jim Lovell 12770:Categories 12519:Bill Gates 12443:Jeff Bezos 12360:Ted Turner 12188:Betty Ford 12109:Jim Lovell 11550:Moon rocks 11310:Astronauts 11303:NASA lists 11160:OSIRIS-REx 10994:helicopter 10862:Pioneer 11 10855:Pioneer 10 10658:Hitchhiker 10533:suborbital 10370:Space Race 10188:Kosmos 262 10176:Kosmos 261 10166:Kosmos 260 10156:Kosmos 259 10141:Kosmos 258 10121:Kosmos 257 10116:Kosmos 256 10104:Kosmos 255 10099:Kosmos 254 10089:Kosmos 253 10059:Kosmos 252 10054:Kosmos 251 10049:Kosmos 250 10027:Kosmos 249 10022:Kosmos 248 10010:Kosmos 247 10005:Kosmos 246 9985:Kosmos 245 9980:Kosmos 244 9955:Kosmos 243 9950:Kosmos 242 9928:Kosmos 241 9918:Kosmos 240 9908:Kosmos 239 9903:Kosmos 238 9898:Kosmos 237 9893:Kosmos 236 9810:Orbiscal 1 9794:Kosmos 235 9764:Kosmos 234 9759:Kosmos 233 9754:Kosmos 232 9739:Kosmos 231 9729:Kosmos 230 9719:Kosmos 229 9714:Kosmos 228 9699:Kosmos 227 9647:Kosmos 226 9642:Kosmos 225 9625:Kosmos 224 9620:Kosmos 223 9615:Kosmos 222 9610:Kosmos 221 9581:Kosmos 220 9571:Kosmos 219 9566:Kosmos 218 9561:Kosmos 217 9544:Kosmos 216 9539:Kosmos 215 9534:Kosmos 214 9524:Kosmos 213 9519:Kosmos 212 9514:Kosmos 211 9489:Kosmos 210 9484:Kosmos 209 9479:Kosmos 208 9474:Kosmos 207 9459:Kosmos 206 9437:Kosmos 205 9432:Kosmos 204 9412:Kosmos 203 9407:Kosmos 202 9395:Kosmos 201 9375:Kosmos 200 9360:Kosmos 199 9350:Surveyor 7 9169:Prospector 9144:Lunokhod 3 9017:Moon Diver 9012:McCandless 8925:MoonRanger 8743:Artemis VI 8727:Artemis IV 8704:Artemis II 8602:Mariner 10 8491:Surveyor 2 8486:OMOTENASHI 8305:Lunokhod 1 8223:Surveyor 1 7984:Clementine 7272:Big Bertha 7197:Surveyor 3 6566:Multimedia 6515:"Apollo 8" 6484:2007932412 6373:2008026764 6050:2006016116 5991:2001017080 5750:Ron Howard 5734:August 28, 5684:August 18, 5597:Woods 2008 5521:August 27, 5366:January 3, 5144:Poole 2008 4571:"Apollo 8" 4085:Woods 2008 3721:Kranz 2000 3697:Kranz 2000 3363:January 9, 3354:"Apollo 8" 3227:"Apollo 8" 3202:"Apollo 8" 3055:References 2832:space suit 2736:Emmy Award 2694:John Glenn 2592:The first 2559: ( 2192:meteorites 2167:elliptical 2107:retrograde 2096:trajectory 2045:, and the 1952:adapts to 1929:to take a 1708: ( 1675:, and the 1664: ( 1619:(07:51:00 1498:on October 1386:cosmonauts 1309:Kurt Debus 1303:(MSFC) in 1273:George Low 1129:California 1015:Fred Haise 974:Commander 969:Astronaut 946:Gemini XII 942:Gemini VII 927:Jim Lovell 876:Commander 871:Astronaut 857:Prime crew 798:Space Race 772:Background 741:and, with 628:astronauts 608:spacecraft 547:12 degrees 380: ( 140:Apollo CSM 133:Spacecraft 12687:Elon Musk 12675:Joe Biden 12435:Ken Starr 12228:1976–2000 11893:1951–1975 11686:1927–1950 11577:Moon tree 11398:Earthrise 11273:Goldstone 11170:Mars 2020 11139:Voyager 2 11132:Voyager 1 11068:Curiosity 11012:operating 11010:Currently 10992:Ingenuity 10929:MESSENGER 10908:Sojourner 10837:Mercury 3 10827:Apollo 11 10774:Discovery 10764:Explorers 10353:Augustine 10317:Augustine 10200:underline 10074:Pioneer 9 9184:Ukrselena 9034:DSE-Alpha 8992:Garatéa-L 8982:Blue Moon 8977:Artemis-7 8901:ispace M3 8866:Chang'e 8 8860:Chang'e 7 8803:Luna-Glob 8735:Artemis V 8617:Pioneer 4 8607:NEA Scout 8582:LunaH-Map 8531:Apollo 13 8441:Beresheet 8420:Chang'e 5 8364:Apollo 11 8283:Apollo 15 8173:Chang'e 5 8104:Impactors 7958:Chang'e 1 7953:Artemis I 7871:Apollo 11 7799:Chang'e 3 7755:Queqiao 1 7669:Luna-Glob 7361:Big Muley 7277:Moon tree 7096:Earthrise 6945:Apollo 17 6940:Apollo 16 6935:Apollo 15 6930:Apollo 14 6925:Apollo 13 6920:Apollo 12 6915:Apollo 11 6910:Apollo 10 6781:Saturn IB 6431:987934269 6291:829406439 6196:849992795 6150:829406416 6094:March 24, 6021:713908039 6001:(2010) . 5969:(2001) . 5758:Tom Hanks 5624:232161899 5582:March 24, 5433:778424843 4883:cite news 4391:0038-6340 3955:cite news 3638:0362-4331 3020:navigator 2915:episode " 2765:Communion 2663:Earth Day 2657:Earthrise 2638:8 as its 2601:USS 2579:USS 2387:from the 2357:libration 2334:Earthrise 2319:from the 2295:Earthrise 2280:Earthrise 2272:Earthrise 2196:Langrenus 2138:obliquely 2085:on Apollo 2000:, a very 1852:navigator 1839:Dosimeter 1833:mGy from 1823:milligray 1775:Apollo 8 1726:Once the 1552:, and an 1479:atop the 1407:8 mission 1144:Columbiad 852:Framework 804:President 786:Sputnik 1 739:Apollo 10 648:Earthrise 610:to leave 322:USS 210:Crew size 85:1968-118A 79:COSPAR ID 35:Earthrise 12776:Apollo 8 12415:David Ho 11621:Category 11283:Canberra 11195:timeline 11183:timeline 11119:timeline 11075:timeline 10972:observed 10967:timeline 10935:Aquarius 10875:timeline 10848:Magellan 10810:missions 10708:Surveyor 10644:programs 10574:Shuttle– 10515:programs 10347:Aldridge 10266:creation 10182:Apollo 8 10151:OPS 7684 10146:OPS 4740 10126:OPS 6518 10094:Proton 4 10069:OPS 5296 10064:OPS 1315 10032:OPS 4078 10016:Apollo 7 10000:OPS 0964 9938:OPS 8595 9933:OPS 0165 9913:OPS 5247 9873:SECOR 12 9866:SECOR 11 9779:OPS 5955 9774:OPS 5187 9769:OPS 2222 9709:OPS 5259 9704:OPS 5343 9687:IDCSP 27 9682:IDCSP 26 9677:IDCSP 25 9672:IDCSP 24 9667:IDCSP 23 9662:IDCSP 22 9657:IDCSP 21 9652:IDCSP 20 9637:OPS 5138 9605:OPS 7869 9599:SECOR 10 9592:Nimbus B 9576:OPS 1419 9529:OPS 5165 9494:Apollo 6 9469:OPS 7076 9464:OPS 4849 9454:OPS 5057 9417:OPS 7034 9390:OPS 6236 9385:OPS 2243 9380:Apollo 5 9370:OPS 5028 9365:OPS 1965 9179:SELENE-2 9154:MoonRise 9149:MoonLITE 9071:concepts 8997:ISOCHRON 8953:missions 8951:Proposed 8687:missions 8622:Ranger 5 8254:EagleCam 8127:Ranger 4 7931:Apollo 8 7923:Orbiters 7856:missions 7841:ArgoMoon 7773:Tiandu-1 7728:CAPSTONE 7716:Orbiters 7709:missions 7691:Lunokhod 7640:Japanese 7609:Surveyor 7569:American 7562:programs 7120:Columbia 6998:Apollo 6 6993:Apollo 4 6905:Apollo 9 6900:Apollo 8 6895:Apollo 7 6890:Apollo 1 6874:Apollo 6 6869:Apollo 5 6864:Apollo 4 6837:Uncrewed 6786:Saturn V 6776:Saturn I 6542:Archived 6530:Horizons 6441:(1973). 6402:98054430 6347:(2008). 6329:Archived 6297:June 12, 6283:00061677 6232:94028052 6210:(1994). 6179:85222271 6128:(2000). 6106:(2017). 5940:93048680 5918:(1994). 5906:July 20, 5892:79001042 5861:June 28, 5855:97149850 5813:June 10, 5709:June 30, 5658:June 23, 5652:Archived 5551:June 30, 5390:Archived 5341:June 30, 4873:June 28, 4802:Ch.20-9. 4790:Archived 4583:June 28, 4416:June 28, 4023:Archived 3945:June 28, 3402:June 28, 3333:June 28, 3292:Archived 3268:June 28, 3259:Archived 2963:Apollo 8 2956:See also 2824:Expo '70 2608:Yorktown 2603:Yorktown 2581:Yorktown 2523:attitude 2510:Yorktown 2435:computer 2355:, where 2200:terraces 2126:go/no go 2047:attitude 2040:silicone 2004:, and a 1916:oxidizer 1908:prograde 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8345:Jinchan 8157:Landers 8089:SMART-1 8019:Luna 10 7792:Landers 7783:ICUBE-Q 7735:Orbiter 7723:ARTEMIS 7664:Russian 7621:Chang'e 7616:Chinese 7599:Pioneer 7579:Artemis 7549:to the 7477:Related 7293:Journey 7058:flights 7056:Pegasus 6830:Flights 6551:July 1, 6325:1623434 6313:(ed.). 5900:4664449 5729:Discogs 5386:YouTube 5296:FindLaw 4385:: 144. 3643:June 7, 2750:atheist 2594:frogman 2540:165°1′W 2411:⁄ 2043:sealant 2032:⁄ 2014:filters 1994:Vidicon 1958:Mercury 1931:Seconal 1914:in the 1860:horizon 1856:sextant 1728:vehicle 1689:37°17′W 1686:31°50′N 1642:30°12′N 1589:apolune 1550:Equator 1542:perigee 1510:Mission 1477:Pad 39A 1380:, in a 1133:Houston 1084:8 were 646:and an 482:orbiter 361:165°1′W 336: ( 296:Kennedy 270: ( 218:Members 100:SATCAT 12709:(2023) 12701:(2022) 12689:(2021) 12681:(2020) 12669:(2019) 12661:(2018) 12632:(2017) 12624:(2016) 12616:(2015) 12608:(2014) 12590:(2013) 12582:(2012) 12574:(2011) 12566:(2010) 12558:(2009) 12550:(2008) 12542:(2007) 12534:(2006) 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11704:(1928) 11696:(1927) 11278:Madrid 11211:Future 11126:NuSTAR 11057:THEMIS 10979:RHESSI 10916:Spirit 10713:Viking 10703:Ranger 10554:Skylab 10549:Apollo 10544:Gemini 10402:Budget 10355:(2009) 10349:(2004) 10343:(2004) 10337:(2003) 10331:(2002) 10329:CFUSAI 10325:(1996) 10319:(1990) 10313:(1989) 10307:(1987) 10301:(1986) 10299:Rogers 10295:(1986) 10289:(1958) 10283:(1958) 10277:(1915) 10253:Policy 10161:ESSA-8 10131:HEOS-1 10084:Zond 6 10079:ERS-31 9975:ERS-28 9970:ERS-21 9923:Zond 5 9880:Radcat 9804:ESSA-7 9749:OV1-16 9744:OV1-15 9504:OV1-14 9499:OV1-13 9422:Zond 4 9338:1969 → 9323:← 1967 9079:Altair 9026:Crewed 8939:(2031) 8909:(2026) 8903:(2026) 8897:(2025) 8891:(2025) 8885:(2024) 8876:Others 8868:(2028) 8862:(2026) 8825:(2030) 8819:(2028) 8813:(2027) 8781:(2024) 8762:(2033) 8754:(2032) 8746:(2031) 8738:(2030) 8730:(2028) 8722:(2026) 8707:(2025) 8672:PAS-22 8647:Zond 3 8627:STEREO 8612:Nozomi 8562:Luna 1 8517:Flybys 8501:Vikram 8456:Luna 5 8339:Sora-Q 8269:Rovers 8248:Vikram 8183:Luna 9 8117:Luna 2 8112:LCROSS 7834:Flybys 7825:Yutu-2 7818:Rovers 7745:Danuri 7707:Active 7681:Crewed 7676:Soviet 7657:Danuri 7628:Indian 7604:Ranger 7574:Apollo 7446:Skylab 7214:J002E3 7075:AS-105 7070:AS-104 7065:AS-103 6988:AS-203 6954:Saturn 6883:Crewed 6859:AS-202 6854:AS-201 6849:AS-102 6844:AS-101 6771:Saturn 6599: 6595: 6559: 6482: 6472: 6449: 6429: 6419: 6400: 6390: 6371: 6361: 6323: 6289: 6281: 6271: 6250: 6230: 6220: 6194: 6177: 6167: 6148: 6138: 6114: 6048: 6038: 6019: 6009: 5989: 5979: 5955: 5938: 5928: 5898: 5890: 5880: 5853: 5843: 5622: 5618:2008. 5431: 5421: 5299:. 1970 5218:Pravda 4579:. 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