1191:
4489:
4484:
3574:
3588:
1086:
4471:
1010:
939:
3581:
130:
4495:
108:
679:
644:
1714:
4478:
2448:
822:
443:
602:, forelimbs lacking a few hand bones, and most of the right hindlimb and a few bones of the left. Additional description for bones unpreserved in the holotype was based on Taquet's MNHN GDF 381, which was not mentioned as having been sent to Venice and renumbered as MSNVE 3714, although this was confirmed by Italian palaeontologist Filippo Bertozzo and colleagues in
806:, which is bounded by the maxilla in front and below, lacrimal above, and jugal behind. The jugal overlaps only the posterior end of the maxilla, which is unlike hadrosaurids where there is more overlap. The dental edge of the maxilla is slightly arced, and above the toothrow is a shallow depression bearing
1695:
bears more similarities to other derived iguanodonts than more basal ornithopods. Remodeling is present in the subadult paratype, and high vascular density and circumferential arrangement of the microstructure suggests fast growth. Faster growth occurs in the same phylogenetic groups as higher body
1001:
are unknown; the fifth already bears a 32-centimetre-long spine (1.05 ft) that is pointed and slightly hooked; Taquet presumed it might have anchored a tendon to support the neck or skull. The tenth, eleventh and twelfth spines are the longest, at about 63 cm (25 in). The last dorsal
929:
with the beak, there were large batteries of cheek teeth on the sides of the jaws: the gaps between the teeth crowns were filled by the points of a second generation of replacement teeth, the whole forming a continuous surface. Contrary to the situation with some related species, a third generation
663:
in 2017, although they would have been close to adult size. MSNVE 3714 is 6.5 m (21 ft) long as mounted, although a few caudals are missing, and is roughly 90% the length of the holotype, which would be 7.22 m (23.7 ft) long. The variation between the sizes fits within the range
501:
in the "Camp des deux Arbres" locality, which were given the field numbers GDF 300 and GDI 381. Both were collected in the
February–April 1966 expedition, the former including a nearly complete but scattered skeleton, and the latter a skeleton that was two-thirds preserved. The skeletons then in
634:
refers to Niger, the country of discovery. Taquet had used the name "Ouranosaurus nigeriensis" previously, first in a public presentation of the skeleton MNHN GDF 300 in July 1972, then later in
September 1972 in a news article and again in December 1972 in a book; only the book bore any images
1675:
probably used its teeth to chew up tough plant food. A diet has been suggested of leaves, fruit, and seeds as the chewing would allow to free more energy from high quality food; the wide beak on the other hand indicates a specialisation in eating large amounts of low quality fodder.
994:(as well as the afformentioned sail-backed reptiles and amphibians) the spines actually become thicker distally and flatten. The posterior spines were also bound together by ossified tendons, which stiffened the back. Finally, the spine length peaks over the forelimbs.
524:
uncovered a nearly complete and partially articulated skeleton lacking the skull, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the "niveau des
Innocents" site, and was also given the field number GDF 381. This specimen was collected and taken to the MNHN by the fifth expedition in
1663:. The back of the skull was rather narrow and could not compensate for the lack of a greater area of attachment for the jaw muscle, that the openings normally would provide, allowing for more power and a stronger bite. A lesser muscle, the
1074:(number 5) was long. In related species the fifth finger is presumed to have been prehensile: used for picking food like leaves and twigs or to help lower the food by lowering branch to a manageable height. Taquet assumed that with
1740:
is known from the Elrhaz
Formation of the Tegama Group in an area called Gadoufaoua, located in Niger. Only two mostly complete skeletons and up to 3 additional individuals have been found. The Elrhaz Formation consists mainly of
917:
are unique among ornithischians. The bones are unfused suggesting mobility, and at their ends on the top of the skull are rounded domes, which were described by Taquet (1976) as distinct and rugose "nasal protuberances".
837:. The jugal below and behind the orbit bears the same shape as in hadrosaurids, with a high rear process, and articulated with the quadratojugal and quadrate that are also very similar to more derived taxa. As in other
1113:
was not a good runner because the fourth trochanter, the attachment point for the large retractor muscles connected to the tail base, was weakly developed. The foot was narrow with only three toes and relatively long.
690:
is 67.0 cm (26.4 in) long. It was rather low, being 24.4 cm (9.6 in) wide and only 26.0 cm (10.2 in) tall. The top of the skull was flat, the highest point being just in front of the
658:
was a relatively large iguanodontian, measuring 7–8.3 metres (23–27 feet) long and weighing 2.2 tonnes (2.4 short tons). The holotype and paratype specimens were suggested to belong to subadults by
Bertozzo
1664:
738:
and similar to hadrosaurids the nares are entirely visible from above. Neither premaxilla bears any teeth, although the very anterior tip has "pseudo-teeth" formed by multiple
497:
specimens were discovered at the "niveau des
Innocents" site, east of the Emechedoui wells. An additional two skeletons were discovered 7 km (4.3 mi) southeast of
1006:
is locked. The spines over the six sacral vertebrae are markedly lower, but those of the tail base again longer; towards the end of the tail the spines gradually shorten.
1668:
746:
is known. although it is well preserved forming a triangle 28.0 cm (11.0 in) long and 11.7 cm (4.6 in) tall, much taller proportionally than
1648:
1021:
or a display structure. An alternative hypothesis is that the back might have carried a hump consisting of muscle tissue or fat, resembling that of a
818:. 20 teeth are preserved in the maxilla, although the anterior end of the toothrow is broken and Taquet (1976) predicted the total number to be 22.
482:
1176:
appears to represent an early specialized branch in this group, showing in some traits independent convergence with the hadrosaurids. It is thus a
4967:
2581:
1036:
consisted of eleven neck vertebrae, seventeen dorsal vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae and forty tail vertebrae. The tail was relatively short.
5026:
1667:, used to open the lower jaws, was located at the back of the skull and was connected to a strongly projecting, broad and anteriorly oblique
360:
measured about 7–8.3 metres (23–27 ft) long and weighed 2.2 metric tons (2.4 short tons). Two rather complete fossils were found in the
921:
The snout was toothless and covered in a horny sheath during life, forming a very wide beak together with a comparable sheath on the short
2186:
McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.C.; Panzarin, L. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).
1122:
606:. The holotype itself was returned to Niger after being described and having its bones cast and mounted, and is now on display at the
507:
798:
to the rear. The lacrimal process is the highest point of the maxilla, and behind this process is a smooth and curved margin for the
533:
that turned up a potential additional iguanodontian specimen, Ligabue offered to donate the nearly complete specimen and a skull of
4954:
554:
Taquet formally described the two mostly-complete specimens MNHN GDF 300 and MNHN GDF 381 from the first and fourth expeditions as
498:
2530:
859:
851:
729:
1950:
5056:
5051:
800:
732:, the premaxillae flare gently laterally into a rugose surface for a beak, like other iguanodontians, although dissimilar from
4488:
1187:
below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald and colleagues, published in
November 2010 with information from McDonald, 2011.
1039:
The front limbs were rather long with 55% of the length of the hind limbs. A quadrupedal stance would have been possible. The
930:
of erupted teeth was lacking. There were twenty-two tooth positions in both lower and upper jaw, for a total of eighty-eight.
3573:
2560:
2064:
808:
722:
4483:
1097:
The hindlimbs were large and robust to accommodate the weight of the body and strong enough to allow a bipedal walk. The
760:
584:
548:
116:
3587:
895:
510:
of Paris, where they were prepared. GDF 381 was recategorized with the number MNHN GDF 1700 and then later described in
843:
887:
714:
2506:
2135:
1933:
784:
592:
2497:
The Simon & Schuster
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life
1757:
is from the upper portion of the formation, probably Aptian in age. It likely lived in habitats dominated by inland
867:
776:
752:
1652:
1002:
spine, the seventeenth, has a grooved posterior edge, in which the anterior corner of the lower spine of the first
875:
576:
4470:
1157:, a series of subsequent offshoots from the main stem-line of iguandontian evolution. It is instead placed in the
4849:
907:
829:
Many of the central bones of the skull are the same form as those of hadrosaurids or related iguanodontians like
792:
768:
2188:"New Basal Iguanodontians from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs"
1190:
4872:
4859:
5061:
4864:
2314:
607:
520:. While the third expedition did not turn up additional iguanodontian material, the fourth in January–March
712:
Bones of the snout are more loosely articulated with each other than the bones of the posterior skull. The
4494:
2288:"Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger"
703:, the length being 3.8 times the maximum height, although the skull is proportionally wider than related
129:
5046:
5041:
2553:
2336:
Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Witmer, L. M.; Whitlock, J. A.; Maga, A.; Ide, O.; Rowe, T. A. (2007).
3580:
1153:
is no longer usually placed in the iguanodontid family, a grouping that is now generally considered
2660:
739:
635:
associated with the name, and none of the earlier mentions had a diagnosis to make the name valid.
670:, so there is a chance that the larger holotype and smaller paratype were same ontogenetic stage.
631:
394:
a word with multiple meanings ("an Arabic name that signifies valor, courage, recklessness"; the
1873:
shark, and freshwater bivalves have been found. Grass did not evolve until the late
Cretaceous.
4998:
4945:
4907:
3019:
2871:
2056:
1792:
was the "dominant element in the assemblage." Other herbivores from the same formation include
387:
4972:
574:, and was the primary specimen described, including a semi-articulated skull lacking the left
4993:
4985:
4829:
3385:
2687:
2080:
Butler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. (2008). "The phylogeny of ornithischian dinosaurs".
1177:
973:) which has a moderate sail on its back, and to a lesser extent the sail-backed temnospondyl
529:. Following a subsequent Italian-French expedition led by Taquet and Italian palaeontologist
298:
570:
that bore the numbers MNHN GDF 301 and MNHN GDF 302 respectively. MNHN GDF 300 was made the
5036:
5031:
5021:
4249:
2546:
2408:
2349:
2199:
2160:
2089:
1029:, rather than a sail. It could have been used for energy storage to survive a lean season.
943:
926:
860:
852:
603:
559:
544:
526:
521:
516:
511:
503:
467:
463:
275:
4477:
2151:
Bailey, J.B. (1997). "Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs?".
8:
980:
These tall neural spines did not closely resemble those of sail-backed synapsids such as
695:
and sloping down towards both the rear of the skull and the tip of the snout. This makes
2412:
2353:
2246:
2203:
2164:
2093:
1951:"Sur le gisement de Dinosauriens et de Crocodiliens de Gadoufaoua (RĂ©publique du Niger)"
801:
4601:
4212:
2797:
2482:
2372:
2337:
2222:
2187:
2105:
2024:
1993:
1788:
in the Elrhaz formation, however this runs counter to Taqet and Russel, who state that
1085:
124:
4647:
2420:
1062:-like, and anatomically were good for walking. To support the walking hypothesis, the
809:
4980:
4608:
4347:
4268:
4228:
3112:
2998:
2944:
2915:
2502:
2495:
2424:
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2131:
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530:
2522:
2109:
4749:
4742:
4552:
4545:
4074:
3985:
3823:
3724:
3710:
3424:
3392:
3027:
2936:
2850:
2785:
2453:
2416:
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2217:
2207:
2168:
2097:
2019:
2009:
1776:
1479:
1161:
1106:
1018:
967:
also known from northern Africa as well as those of the modern
Crested chamaeleon (
893:
are small, and articulates with the broadened and textured lacrimal. Only a single
723:
599:
490:
478:
414:
395:
361:
345:
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30:
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Period as the supporting spines in synapsids become thinner distally, whereas in
896:
623:
474:
471:
377:
2396:
938:
844:
4844:
4839:
4777:
4714:
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3774:
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3618:
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3490:
3465:
3329:
3251:
3212:
3198:
3075:
2986:
2908:
2886:
2879:
2620:
2397:"A massively-constructed iguanodont from Gadoufaoua, lower Cretaceous of Niger"
1857:
1543:
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1215:
1165:
1138:
1033:
888:
715:
705:
627:
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373:
334:
206:
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2101:
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593:
372:, Niger, in 1965 and 1970, with a third indeterminate specimen known from the
5015:
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4678:
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1798:
1785:
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1702:
1466:
1382:
1303:
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was very straight. The hand was lightly built, short and broad. On each hand
1017:
The dorsal "sail" is usually explained as either functioning as a system for
868:
777:
753:
700:
455:
403:
238:
65:
2492:
876:
577:
4692:
4668:
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4145:
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2231:
2033:
1918:
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1264:
1202:
1154:
1142:
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954:
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bone at the extreme front of the lower jaws. However, after a rather large
815:
494:
190:
2304:
2287:
2128:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1928:. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris: 1–191.
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2740:
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1845:
1839:
1823:
1780:
1772:
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sandstones with low relief, much of which is obscured by sand dunes. The
1724:
1706:
which has slow growth, so either faster growth is caused by body size or
1681:
1415:
959:
838:
750:. The maxilla bears faces for articulation with the premaxilla in front,
535:
222:
40:
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2014:
1919:"Géologie et Paléontologie du Gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger)"
1866:
1817:
1803:
1758:
1718:
1660:
1365:
1251:
1079:
982:
922:
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meaning "valour", "bravery " or "recklessness" and also from the local
451:
365:
85:
50:
4805:
4721:
4700:
4538:
4235:
4173:
3682:
3654:
3514:
3378:
3308:
3279:
3105:
3091:
2834:
1862:
1829:
1807:
1746:
1655:
on the lower jaw bone. Small rounded horns in front of its eyes made
1493:
1432:
1184:
1172:(also known as "duck-billed dinosaurs") and their closest relatives.
734:
666:
643:
493:. On the first expedition, lasting from January–February 1965, eight
141:
90:
4901:
1105:. This may indicate that the legs were used as pillars, and not for
821:
543:, which accepted the offer and subsequently mounted the skeleton in
4924:
4685:
4354:
4242:
4042:
4013:
3940:
3865:
3830:
3731:
3717:
3675:
3499:
3300:
3265:
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3157:
3119:
2629:
2602:
2593:
1870:
1811:
1713:
1317:
964:
571:
563:
376:
of Cameroon. The animal was named in 1976 by French paleontologist
353:
337:
174:
161:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
2493:
Cox, Barry; Colin Harrison; R.J.G. Savage; Brian Gardiner (1999).
1093:
based on skeletal diagrams and casts, fossils, and related species
3978:
3413:
1742:
1334:
1040:
987:
406:
95:
70:
1066:
was large and its component bones fused together to prevent its
450:
Five French palaeontological expeditions were undertaken in the
3844:
3437:
2587:
1118:
692:
619:
611:
540:
486:
434:
could be interpreted as "brave lizard originating from Niger".
369:
341:
151:
2538:
2185:
1710:
is the maximum size of an ornithopod with a slow growth rate.
1639:
The jaws were apparently operated by relatively weak muscles.
814:, also known as the buccal emargination that is diagnostic of
3689:
3219:
1158:
1102:
1098:
1063:
1048:
1026:
1022:
567:
459:
442:
422:
349:
330:
957:, that spanned its entire rump and tail, resembling that of
426:, its country of discovery (in Latin, the adjectival suffix
3057:
1749:
are coarse- to medium-grained, with almost no fine-grained
1082:, reduced to a spur, could no longer be directed sideways.
1059:
1051:
2335:
1991:
1125:
was very large, rounded and directed obliquely upwards.
1054:
or spike that was much smaller than that of the earlier
953:
is a large "sail" on its back, supported by long, wide,
825:
Restoration of the head displaying "nasal protuberances"
477:. These deposits come from GAD 5, a layer in the upper
849:
is a tri-radiate bone surrounding sides of the orbit,
1992:
Bertozzo, F.; Dalla Vechia, F.M.; Fabbri, M. (2017).
1145:. However, although it shares some similarities with
742:
on the margin of the bone. Only the right maxilla of
720:
are 46.0 cm (18.1 in) long, with very deep
2443:
2079:
2395:Taquet, Philippe; Russell, Dale A. (January 1999).
905:, which projects into the orbit above the eye. The
2494:
2481:
2244:
2048:
1958:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2315:20.500.11820/5d55ed2e-52f2-4e4a-9ca1-fd1732f2f964
5013:
2461:
618:carries a double meaning, it is both taken from
2644:
2338:"Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur"
2322:
2285:
1696:size, although their relationship is unclear.
1078:this function had been lost because the fifth
3616:
2554:
2394:
2179:
1058:. The second and third digits were broad and
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1861:also lived there. In addition, remains of a
626:of Niger where it is the name they call the
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
2751:
2561:
2547:
2470:
2281:
2279:
2130:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 144.
2125:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1728:in the environment of the Elrhaz Formation
865:. Contact between the postorbital and the
664:of variation between adult individuals of
106:
2464:Dinosaurs and other Prehistoric Creatures
2371:
2361:
2313:
2303:
2221:
2211:
2023:
2013:
1968:
1712:
1189:
1084:
1008:
937:
820:
699:have the most elongate skull of any non-
677:
642:
441:
2473:Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals
2286:Sereno, P. C.; Brusatte, S. L. (2008).
2276:
2238:
2073:
2055:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1942:
1883:
1647:behind the eyes, from which the larger
933:
446:Location of the Gadoufaoua within Niger
437:
5014:
2150:
2121:
2119:
2051:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1948:
1916:
4906:
4905:
4510:
3603:
2738:
2580:
2542:
2479:
2475:. Smithsonian Handbooks. p. 108.
2466:. Salamander Books. pp. 152–154.
2247:"The taxonomy of species assigned to
2040:
5027:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
4511:
2046:
881:from the supratemporal fenestra. In
508:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2116:
2082:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
549:Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia
430:means "originating from"). And so,
117:Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia
13:
3604:
14:
5073:
2516:
1194:Paratype MSNVE 3714 in front view
1128:
514:as the holotype of the new taxon
485:, which was deposited during the
413:, the Greek word for lizard. The
4493:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4469:
3586:
3579:
3572:
2446:
1700:is a similar size to more basal
949:The most conspicuous feature of
873:excludes the flattened and wide
128:
38:
4850:List of informal dinosaur names
2739:
2568:
2439:
2388:
1732:
1629:
4860:Timeline of hadrosaur research
2484:The Complete Book of Dinosaurs
2462:Ingrid Cranfield, ed. (2000).
2144:
1806:. It also lived alongside the
638:
1:
5057:Taxa named by Philippe Taquet
5052:Fossil taxa described in 1976
2421:10.1016/s0753-3969(99)80009-3
2292:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1876:
1768:It has been claimed that the
1665:musculus depressor mandibulae
1101:was slightly longer than the
409:of Niger & Algeria), and
2363:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230
2213:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075
1687:
728:as in other iguanodontians.
7:
2245:Andrew T. McDonald (2011).
1651:muscle was attached to the
1133:Taquet originally assigned
115:Mounted paratype skeleton,
10:
5078:
2471:Richardson, Hazel (2003).
2251:(Dinosauria: Ornithopoda)"
1998:(Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)"
608:Musée National Boubou Hama
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
4914:
4815:
4666:
4646:
4521:
4517:
4506:
4467:
4398:
4364:
4308:
4267:
4211:
4196:
4187:
4114:
4073:
3966:
3957:
3907:
3896:
3627:
3612:
3599:
3570:
3532:
3489:
3432:
3423:
3260:
3249:
3181:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3074:
3038:
3006:
2997:
2833:
2796:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2734:
2698:
2680:
2671:
2653:
2640:
2576:
2270:10.11646/zootaxa.2783.1.4
2173:10.1017/S0022336000036076
2102:10.1017/S1477201907002271
1541:
1524:
1507:
1490:
1483:
1463:
1446:
1429:
1412:
1405:
1379:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1255:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1206:
1164:, closely related to the
1149:(such as a thumb spike),
380:; the type species being
304:
297:
125:Scientific classification
123:
114:
105:
23:
2501:. Simon & Schuster.
2401:Annales de Paléontologie
2126:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
1996:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
1994:"The Venice specimen of
1926:Cahiers de Paléontologie
1669:processus paroccipitalis
1109:. Taquet concluded that
1091:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
673:
562:, along with a referred
556:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
432:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
383:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
311:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
2153:Journal of Paleontology
1784:were the most numerous
1634:
942:Mounted skeleton cast,
2480:Dixon, Dougal (2006).
1729:
1659:the only known horned
1195:
1094:
1014:
946:
861:supratemporal fenestra
853:infratemporal fenestra
826:
683:
652:
541:Municipality of Venice
447:
340:that lived during the
4994:Paleobiology Database
4830:Basturs Poble bonebed
2305:10.4202/app.2008.0102
1716:
1193:
1168:, which contains the
1088:
1012:
941:
885:and related taxa the
824:
681:
646:
445:
333:of herbivorous basal
5062:Ornithischian genera
4852:(contains hadrosaur
4250:Probrachylophosaurus
1141:, within the larger
976:Platyhystrix rugosus
965:meat-eating dinosaur
934:Postcranial skeleton
906:
894:
886:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
807:
799:
791:
783:
775:
767:
759:
751:
721:
713:
598:, almost the entire
591:
583:
575:
517:Lurdusaurus arenatus
506:were brought to the
438:Discovery and naming
390:is a combination of
2413:1999AnPal..85...85T
2354:2007PLoSO...2.1230S
2204:2010PLoSO...514075M
2165:1997JPal...71.1124B
2094:2008JSPal...6....1B
2047:Paul, G.S. (2010).
1949:Taquet, P. (1970).
1917:Taquet, P. (1976).
1649:capiti-mandibularis
970:Trioceros cristatus
802:antorbital fenestra
651:compared to a human
614:. The generic name
290:O. nigeriensis
4602:Ornithopodichnites
4213:Brachylophosaurini
2798:Hypsilophodontidae
2015:10.7717/peerj.3403
1730:
1196:
1095:
1015:
947:
827:
684:
653:
470:and led by French
448:
5009:
5008:
4981:Open Tree of Life
4908:Taxon identifiers
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4609:Shiraminesauropus
4502:
4501:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4348:Naashoibitosaurus
4269:Austrokritosauria
4229:Brachylophosaurus
4183:
4182:
3595:
3594:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3245:
3244:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3113:Transylvanosaurus
2999:Rhabdodontomorpha
2945:Notohypsilophodon
2916:Macrogryphosaurus
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2066:978-0-691-13720-9
1802:, and an unnamed
1645:temporal openings
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1394:
1393:
810:nutrient foramina
531:Giancarlo Ligabue
322:
321:
278:
5069:
5047:Fossils of Niger
5042:Cretaceous Niger
5002:
5001:
4989:
4988:
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4903:
4902:
4876:mummy S.M. R4036
4750:Microhadrosaurus
4743:Mandschurosaurus
4553:Camptosaurichnus
4546:Bonaparteichnium
4519:
4518:
4512:Related articles
4508:
4507:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4194:
4193:
4075:Parasaurolophini
3986:Angulomastacator
3964:
3963:
3905:
3904:
3824:Shuangmiaosaurus
3725:Huehuecanauhtlus
3711:Gongpoquansaurus
3625:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3430:
3429:
3425:Hadrosauriformes
3393:Ratchasimasaurus
3258:
3257:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3028:Muttaburrasaurus
3004:
3003:
2937:Muttaburrasaurus
2851:Atlascopcosaurus
2786:Thescelosauridae
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2678:
2677:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2578:
2577:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2512:
2500:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2456:
2454:Dinosaurs portal
2451:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2159:(6): 1124–1146.
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2017:
1989:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1923:
1914:
1653:coronoid process
1486:
1485:
1480:Hadrosauriformes
1408:
1407:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1310:
1309:
1283:
1282:
1258:
1257:
1231:
1230:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1180:hadrosauriform.
1162:Hadrosauriformes
1019:thermoregulation
1013:Dorsal vertebrae
999:dorsal vertebrae
910:
898:
890:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
811:
803:
795:
790:internally, and
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
725:
717:
600:vertebral column
595:
587:
579:
491:Early Cretaceous
479:Elrhaz Formation
415:specific epithet
362:Elrhaz Formation
346:Early Cretaceous
313:
309:
273:
266:
255:Hadrosauriformes
253:
237:
221:
205:
189:
133:
132:
110:
100:
37:
31:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4997:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4910:
4900:
4887:
4868:mummy AMNH 5060
4835:Dakota (fossil)
4811:
4662:
4642:
4630:Tetrapodosaurus
4581:Hadrosaurichnus
4513:
4498:
4475:
4449:
4444:Shantungosaurus
4394:
4375:Augustynolophus
4360:
4304:
4278:Bonapartesaurus
4263:
4207:
4179:
4110:
4098:Parasaurolophus
4069:
3953:
3901:
3892:
3817:Qianjiangsaurus
3803:Probactrosaurus
3782:Penelopognathus
3621:
3608:
3591:
3578:
3548:
3528:
3485:
3419:
3400:Riabininohadros
3273:Bayannurosaurus
3254:
3241:
3177:
3142:
3125:
3070:
3040:Tenontosauridae
3034:
2993:
2829:
2808:Gideonmantellia
2792:
2756:
2743:
2714:
2694:
2667:
2661:Avemetatarsalia
2646:Avemetatarsalia
2636:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2519:
2509:
2488:. Hermes House.
2452:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2393:
2389:
2334:
2323:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2184:
2180:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2117:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2045:
2041:
1990:
1969:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1884:
1879:
1835:Crocodylomorphs
1735:
1690:
1643:had only small
1637:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1395:
1183:The simplified
1131:
1089:Restoration of
1004:sacral vertebra
997:The first four
963:, a well-known
936:
912:
901:was present in
900:
892:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
727:
719:
676:
641:
624:Tuareg language
597:
589:
581:
475:Philippe Taquet
472:palaeontologist
440:
378:Philippe Taquet
318:
315:
307:
306:
293:
272:
264:
251:
235:
219:
203:
187:
127:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4936:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4845:Hypsilophodont
4842:
4840:Hadrosaur diet
4837:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4817:
4816:Other articles
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4778:Stephanosaurus
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4715:Fulgurotherium
4711:
4704:
4697:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4588:Iguanodontipus
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4437:Laiyangosaurus
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4402:
4400:Edmontosaurini
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4382:Prosaurolophus
4378:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4327:Coahuilasaurus
4323:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3959:Lambeosaurinae
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3775:Nanyangosaurus
3771:
3768:Nanningosaurus
3764:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3697:Gilmoreosaurus
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3622:
3619:Hadrosauroidea
3617:
3610:
3609:
3606:Hadrosauroidea
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3534:Hadrosauroidea
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:Mantellisaurus
3518:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3493:
3491:Iguanodontidae
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3466:Mantellisaurus
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3330:Iguanacolossus
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3252:Ankylopollexia
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3213:Eousdryosaurus
3209:
3202:
3199:Dysalotosaurus
3195:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3076:Rhabdodontidae
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:Weewarrasaurus
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2909:Leaellynasaura
2905:
2897:
2890:
2887:Gasparinisaura
2883:
2880:Galleonosaurus
2876:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2621:Neornithischia
2614:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2535:(with picture)
2528:
2518:
2517:External links
2515:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2490:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2387:
2321:
2275:
2237:
2198:(11): e14075.
2178:
2143:
2136:
2115:
2072:
2065:
2039:
1967:
1941:
1934:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1858:Stolokrosuchus
1786:megaherbivores
1777:rebbachisaurid
1734:
1731:
1689:
1686:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:Hadrosauroidea
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:Mantellisaurus
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:Iguanacolossus
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1277:Ankylopollexia
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:Rhabdodontidae
1212:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1166:Hadrosauroidea
1139:Iguanodontidae
1130:
1129:Classification
1127:
935:
932:
835:Mantellisaurus
724:external nares
706:Mantellisaurus
675:
672:
640:
637:
628:desert monitor
454:region of the
439:
436:
400:desert monitor
374:Koum Formation
348:of modern-day
335:hadrosauriform
320:
319:
316:
302:
301:
295:
294:
286:
284:
280:
279:
262:
258:
257:
249:
242:
241:
233:
226:
225:
217:
210:
209:
207:Neornithischia
201:
194:
193:
185:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5074:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:Edmontosaurus
4871:
4869:
4867:
4866:Edmontosaurus
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:Syngonosaurus
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:Koutalisaurus
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:Eucercosaurus
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:Arstanosaurus
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:Orcauichnites
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:Amblydactylus
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4472:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:Kundurosaurus
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:Kerberosaurus
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:Edmontosaurus
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:Anasazisaurus
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4299:Secernosaurus
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:Kelumapusaura
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Saurolophinae
4186:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:Hypacrosaurus
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:Corythosaurus
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4116:Lambeosaurini
4113:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:Charonosaurus
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4064:Tsintaosaurus
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:Pararhabdodon
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:Nipponosaurus
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:Jaxartosaurus
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:Adynomosaurus
3969:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:Lapampasaurus
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:Hadrosauridae
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:Zhanghenglong
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:Telmatosaurus
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:Portellsaurus
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3575:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:Jinzhousaurus
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:Hypselospinus
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:Theiophytalia
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:Lanzhousaurus
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:Elrhazosaurus
3203:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3065:Tenontosaurus
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:Convolosaurus
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:Ampelognathus
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:Mahuidacursor
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:Hypsilophodon
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:Callovosaurus
2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:Burianosaurus
2769:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2508:9780684864112
2504:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:(11): e1230.
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2137:1-84028-152-9
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1935:2-222-02018-2
1931:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:Araripesuchus
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:Elrhazosaurus
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:iguanodontian
1766:
1764:
1763:riparian zone
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:Tenontosaurus
1705:
1704:
1703:Tenontosaurus
1699:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:Lanzhousaurus
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:Theiophytalia
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:Styracosterna
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:Tenontosaurus
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Hadrosauridae
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
966:
962:
961:
956:
955:neural spines
952:
945:
940:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
911:
904:
899:
891:
884:
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
840:
836:
832:
823:
819:
817:
812:
804:
796:
788:
782:and possibly
780:
772:
764:
762:ectopterygoid
756:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
726:
718:
710:
708:
707:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:The skull of
680:
671:
669:
668:
662:
657:
650:
645:
636:
633:
632:specific name
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
588:
586:quadratojugal
580:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
495:iguanodontian
492:
489:stage of the
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Sahara Desert
453:
444:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:given by the
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:stage of the
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
327:
314:
312:
303:
300:
299:Binomial name
296:
292:
291:
285:
282:
281:
277:
271:
270:
263:
260:
259:
256:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:Styracosterna
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:Aptian–Albian
32:
26:
22:
19:
4946:Ouranosaurus
4916:Ouranosaurus
4915:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4853:
4822:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4693:Claorhynchus
4691:
4684:
4677:
4669:Nomina dubia
4667:
4657:Guegoolithus
4655:
4635:
4628:
4623:Staurichnium
4621:
4616:Sousaichnium
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4567:Dakotasaurus
4565:
4560:Caririchnium
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4474:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:Saurolophini
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4310:Kritosaurini
4297:
4290:
4285:Huallasaurus
4283:
4276:
4257:Wulagasaurus
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4200:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4146:Lambeosaurus
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3948:Yamatosaurus
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3913:Aquilarhinus
3911:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3859:Tethyshadros
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3789:Plesiohadros
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3761:Lophorhothon
3759:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3647:Batyrosaurus
3645:
3640:Bactrosaurus
3638:
3631:
3577:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3480:Ouranosaurus
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3445:Brighstoneus
3443:
3436:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3372:Osmakasaurus
3370:
3365:Oblitosaurus
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3287:Camptosaurus
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3234:
3228:Kangnasaurus
3226:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:Dryosauridae
3170:
3163:
3156:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3085:Matheronodon
3083:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2959:Sektensaurus
2957:
2952:Qantassaurus
2950:
2943:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2901:Kangnasaurus
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2865:Diluvicursor
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2823:Vectidromeus
2821:
2814:
2806:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2688:Ornithischia
2673:Ornithischia
2625:
2616:
2612:Ornithischia
2607:
2598:
2532:Ouranosaurus
2531:
2524:Ouranosaurus
2523:
2496:
2483:
2472:
2463:
2440:Bibliography
2407:(1): 85–96.
2404:
2400:
2390:
2345:
2341:
2298:(1): 15–46.
2295:
2291:
2261:
2257:
2249:Camptosaurus
2248:
2240:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2127:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2050:
2042:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1961:
1957:
1944:
1925:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1797:
1794:Ouranosaurus
1793:
1790:Ouranosaurus
1789:
1779:
1767:
1755:Ouranosaurus
1754:
1738:Ouranosaurus
1737:
1736:
1733:Paleoecology
1723:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1698:Ouranosaurus
1697:
1693:Ouranosaurus
1692:
1691:
1678:Ouranosaurus
1677:
1673:Ouranosaurus
1672:
1657:Ouranosaurus
1656:
1641:Ouranosaurus
1640:
1638:
1630:Paleobiology
1542:
1528:Ouranosaurus
1527:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1491:
1465:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1381:
1380:
1364:
1363:
1333:
1332:
1316:
1315:
1291:Camptosaurus
1289:
1288:
1265:Dryosauridae
1263:
1237:
1236:
1214:
1203:Iguanodontia
1182:
1174:Ouranosaurus
1173:
1155:paraphyletic
1151:Ouranosaurus
1150:
1146:
1143:Iguanodontia
1135:Ouranosaurus
1134:
1132:
1116:
1111:Ouranosaurus
1110:
1096:
1090:
1076:Ouranosaurus
1075:
1055:
1045:Ouranosaurus
1044:
1038:
1034:axial column
1031:
1016:
996:
992:Ouranosaurus
991:
981:
974:
968:
958:
951:Ouranosaurus
950:
948:
920:
915:Ouranosaurus
914:
903:Ouranosaurus
902:
897:supraorbital
883:Ouranosaurus
882:
834:
830:
828:
816:Ornithischia
747:
744:Ouranosaurus
743:
733:
711:
704:
697:Ouranosaurus
696:
688:Ouranosaurus
687:
685:
665:
660:
656:Ouranosaurus
655:
654:
649:Ouranosaurus
648:
616:Ouranosaurus
615:
555:
553:
534:
515:
483:TĂ©gama Group
449:
431:
427:
421:
417:
410:
398:name of the
391:
388:generic name
382:
381:
358:Ouranosaurus
357:
326:Ouranosaurus
325:
324:
323:
317:Taquet, 1976
310:
305:
289:
288:
269:Ouranosaurus
268:
267:
245:
229:
213:
197:
191:Ornithischia
181:
168:
25:Ouranosaurus
24:
18:
5037:Aptian life
5032:Albian life
5022:Iguanodonts
4940:Wikispecies
4882:Willinakaqe
4854:nomina nuda
4771:Siluosaurus
4736:Loncosaurus
4574:Dinehichnus
4416:Kamuysaurus
4389:Saurolophus
4341:Kritosaurus
4334:Gryposaurus
4167:Sahaliyania
4153:Magnapaulia
4125:Amurosaurus
4105:Tlatolophus
4084:Adelolophus
4028:Kazaklambia
4007:Blasisaurus
4000:Arenysaurus
3993:Aralosaurus
3927:Hadrosaurus
3920:Eotrachodon
3873:Yunganglong
3838:Sirindhorna
3810:Protohadros
3746:Koshisaurus
3739:Jintasaurus
3508:Comptonatus
3358:Napaisaurus
3344:Lurdusaurus
3316:Fukuisaurus
3294:Cedrorestes
3236:Valdosaurus
3099:Pareisactus
2930:Morrosaurus
2894:Isasicursor
2858:Chakisaurus
2754:Ornithopoda
2741:Ornithopoda
2700:Ornithopoda
2570:Ornithopoda
2088:(1): 1–40.
1846:Anatosuchus
1840:Sarcosuchus
1824:Eocarcharia
1781:Nigersaurus
1773:Lurdusaurus
1759:floodplains
1725:Nigersaurus
1682:river delta
1680:lived in a
1416:Cedrorestes
1070:. The last
1068:dislocation
960:Spinosaurus
909:nasal bones
889:prefrontals
845:postorbital
839:ornithopods
716:premaxillae
701:hadrosaurid
639:Description
536:Sarcosuchus
420:alludes to
418:nigeriensis
223:Ornithopoda
5016:Categories
4824:Arkharavia
4799:Tichosteus
4792:Thespesius
4764:Pteropelyx
4757:Orthomerus
4637:Wintonopus
4222:Acristavus
4202:Barsboldia
4160:Olorotitan
4035:Latirhinus
3887:Zuoyunlong
3754:Levnesovia
3704:Gobihadros
3669:Datonglong
3662:Claosaurus
3633:Altirhinus
3543:see below↓
3473:Morelladon
3351:Magnamanus
3323:Hippodraco
3192:Dryosaurus
3165:Hesperonyx
3140:Dryomorpha
2980:Trinisaura
2973:Tietasaura
2966:Talenkauen
2844:Anabisetia
2709:see below↓
2603:Dinosauria
1877:References
1869:, fish, a
1867:chelonians
1818:Suchomimus
1804:titanosaur
1719:Suchomimus
1661:ornithopod
1366:Hippodraco
1252:Dryomorpha
1080:metacarpal
983:Dimetrodon
923:predentary
730:Anteriorly
594:articulars
452:Gadoufaoua
368:deposits,
366:Gadoufaoua
175:Dinosauria
4806:Trachodon
4722:Glishades
4701:Diclonius
4539:Anomoepus
4523:Ichnotaxa
4236:Maiasaura
4174:Velafrons
3683:Equijubus
3655:Choyrodon
3515:Iguanodon
3379:Planicoxa
3309:Dakotadon
3280:Calvarius
3106:Rhabdodon
3092:Mochlodon
2835:Elasmaria
2586:Kingdom:
2526:on Nature
2429:0753-3969
2264:: 52–68.
2008:: e3403.
1863:pterosaur
1830:Afromimus
1808:theropods
1747:sediments
1688:Histology
1494:Iguanodon
1433:Dakotadon
1185:cladogram
1147:Iguanodon
1107:sprinting
1056:Iguanodon
831:Iguanodon
786:pterygoid
748:Iguanodon
740:denticles
735:Iguanodon
667:Iguanodon
283:Species:
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
4925:Wikidata
4686:Cionodon
4355:Rhinorex
4243:Ornatops
4043:Minqaria
4014:Canardia
3941:Malefica
3866:Xuwulong
3831:Siamodon
3732:Jeyawati
3718:Gonkoken
3676:Eolambia
3500:Barilium
3301:Cumnoria
3266:Barilium
3172:Owenodon
3158:Draconyx
3120:Zalmoxes
3020:Fostoria
2872:Fostoria
2630:Cerapoda
2594:Chordata
2592:Phylum:
2588:Animalia
2382:18030355
2342:PLOS ONE
2232:21124919
2192:PLOS ONE
2110:86728076
2034:28649466
1964:: 38–40.
1871:hybodont
1812:Kryptops
1775:and the
1751:horizons
1318:Cumnoria
1123:prepubis
927:diastema
877:frontals
869:parietal
778:palatine
754:lacrimal
647:Size of
590:and the
582:, right
572:holotype
564:coracoid
462:between
354:Cameroon
338:dinosaur
274:Taquet,
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
4986:4946367
4973:1197907
4960:4823043
4931:Q131124
3979:Ajnabia
3414:Uteodon
2409:Bibcode
2373:2077925
2350:Bibcode
2258:Zootaxa
2223:2989904
2200:Bibcode
2161:Bibcode
2090:Bibcode
2025:5480399
1743:fluvial
1335:Uteodon
1137:to the
1117:In the
1047:bore a
1041:humerus
988:Permian
986:of the
758:above,
578:maxilla
547:at the
539:to the
481:of the
428:-iensis
407:Berbers
392:ourane,
308:†
287:†
261:Genus:
4648:Ootaxa
3845:Tanius
3438:Bolong
2505:
2427:
2380:
2370:
2230:
2220:
2134:
2108:
2063:
2032:
2022:
1932:
1855:, and
1827:, and
1121:, the
1119:pelvis
841:, the
693:orbits
661:et al.
630:. The
620:Arabic
612:Niamey
499:Elrhaz
487:Aptian
411:sauros
404:Tuareg
396:Tuareg
386:. The
370:Agadez
342:Aptian
4999:38751
4968:IRMNG
3690:Fylax
3220:Iyuku
2626:Clade
2617:Clade
2608:Clade
2599:Clade
2254:(PDF)
2106:S2CID
2002:PeerJ
1954:(PDF)
1922:(PDF)
1837:like
1178:basal
1159:clade
1103:tibia
1099:femur
1072:digit
1064:wrist
1049:thumb
1027:camel
1023:bison
794:jugal
770:vomer
682:Skull
674:Skull
568:femur
460:Niger
423:Niger
350:Niger
331:genus
329:is a
246:Clade
230:Clade
214:Clade
198:Clade
182:Clade
169:Clade
119:3714
4955:GBIF
3386:Proa
3058:Iani
2686:see
2659:see
2503:ISBN
2425:ISSN
2378:PMID
2262:2783
2228:PMID
2132:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2030:PMID
1930:ISBN
1765:).
1722:and
1635:Diet
1060:hoof
1052:claw
1032:The
857:and
833:and
604:2017
566:and
560:1976
545:1975
527:1972
522:1970
512:1999
504:1967
468:1972
466:and
464:1965
352:and
276:1976
41:Preęž’
2417:doi
2368:PMC
2358:doi
2310:hdl
2300:doi
2266:doi
2218:PMC
2208:doi
2169:doi
2098:doi
2057:292
2020:PMC
2010:doi
1962:271
1761:(a
1025:or
944:ROM
913:of
610:in
558:in
458:in
5018::
4996::
4983::
4970::
4957::
4942::
4927::
2628::
2619::
2610::
2601::
2423:.
2415:.
2405:85
2403:.
2399:.
2376:.
2366:.
2356:.
2344:.
2340:.
2324:^
2308:.
2296:53
2294:.
2290:.
2278:^
2260:.
2256:.
2226:.
2216:.
2206:.
2194:.
2190:.
2167:.
2157:71
2155:.
2118:^
2104:.
2096:.
2084:.
2059:.
2028:.
2018:.
2004:.
2000:.
1970:^
1960:.
1956:.
1924:.
1885:^
1865:,
1849:,
1843:,
1833:.
1821:,
1815:,
1796:,
1753:.
1684:.
1671:.
774:,
766:,
709:.
551:.
364:,
356:.
248::
232::
216::
200::
184::
171::
91:Pg
33:,
4856:)
4696:?
4322:?
4260:?
4038:?
3749:?
3650:?
3525:?
3503:?
3304:?
3231:?
3223:?
3053:?
3042:?
3031:?
3023:?
3015:?
2990:?
2940:?
2904:?
2875:?
2826:?
2811:?
2800:?
2789:?
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
2511:.
2431:.
2419::
2411::
2384:.
2360::
2352::
2346:2
2318:.
2312::
2302::
2272:.
2268::
2234:.
2210::
2202::
2196:5
2175:.
2171::
2163::
2140:.
2112:.
2100::
2092::
2086:6
2069:.
2036:.
2012::
2006:5
1938:.
978:.
265:â€
252:â€
236:â€
220:â€
204:â€
188:â€
96:N
86:K
81:J
76:T
71:P
66:C
61:D
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51:O
46:ęž’
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