4978:
4973:
4063:
4077:
788:
4960:
124:
4070:
177:
4984:
1936:
869:
745:
2095:
2995:
4967:
3017:
1874:. He noted that due to the lesser correlation of the shape of the brain and wall of cranial cavity in reptiles, any deduction of the shape of the brain of the animal would be approximate. The referral of this skull was reinforced in a later study, published in 1897. It was here inquired that the brain of the dinosaur may have been more closely associated to the cavity than that of modern reptiles, and so an
2172:
712:
and contains the subgroup
Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most
2115:
hadrosaur genera were scanned and compared to each other, related taxa, and previous predictions. Contra the early works, Evans' studies indicate that only some regions of the hadrosaur brain were loosely correlated to the brain wall. As with previous studies, EQ values were investigated; even the
1931:
was listed as having a briefly described braincase, but this was a mistake originating in Lull and Wright (1942)). Ostrom supported the view that the brains of hadrosaurs and other dinosaurs would've likely only filled a portion of the cranial cavity, therefore hindering the ability to learn from
2090:
seemed to be very tightly packed, indicating an EC closer to five (with hadrosaurs having even higher ECs), nearly matching that of the most intelligent non-avian theropods. Though it was noted this was in-line with their complex behaviour, as had been noted by Hopson, it was cautioned the dense
886:
are believed to have split into separate evolutionary branches. Originally named and described in 1986 by Paul Sereno, Ankylopollexia would receive a more formal definition in a later paper by Sereno in 2005. In the 1986 paper, the groups
Camptosauridae and Styracosterna were used to define the
2110:
for use in palaeontology has allowed for more widespread application of this without the need for specimen destruction. Modern research using these methods has focused largely on hadrosaurs. In a 2009 study by palaeontologist David C. Evans and colleagues, the brains of various
2979:
Carpenter, K. and Wilson, Y. (2008). "A new species of
Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 76: 227–263.
2091:
packing may have been an artifact of preservation, and the original lower estimates were considered more accurate. Some of the complex behaviours ascribed can be seen to some extent in modern crocodilians, who fall near the original numbers.
1894:
to create a cast of the brain cavity. Some basics remarks were made, including the small size of the organ, but interpreting minute features of the organ was noted to be difficult. The 1897 paper noted the similarity of the two endocasts.
1932:
endocasts, but noted they were still useful. He noted, similar to Marsh, noted the small predicted size of the organ, but also that it was significantly developed. A number of similarities to the brains of modern reptiles were noted.
2448:
Norman, David B.; Weishampel, David B. (1990). "Iguanodontidae and related ornithopods". In
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 510–533.
2150:
and other ornithischians, but different EQ estimates for theropods were cited, placing the hadrosaur numbers significantly below the majority of theropods. Additionally, the relative cerebral volume was only 30% in
1909:, would, in 1961, provide what was then the most extensive and detailed review and work on hadrosaur neuro-anatomy. This area of hadrosaur study was in its infancy at this point, and only the species known today as
2385:
Wu Wen-hao, Pascal
Godefroit, Hu Dong-yu (2010). "Bolong yixianensis gen. et sp. nov.: A new Iguanodontoid dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China". Geology and Resources 19 (2): 127–133.
2163:, though still distinctly larger than previously estimated numbers for more primitive iguanodonts. This demonstrated a previously unrecognized level of variation in neuro-anatomy within Hadrosauridae.
2353:
Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Hao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L.; Fang, X. (2007). "Zhuchengosaurus maximus from
Shandong Province". Acta Geoscientia Sinica 28 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x.
2184:
Ankylopollexians would in the
Cretaceous become one of the most successful groups on the planet, being both widespread and numerous in nature. Around this time, ankylopollexians spread to
2394:
Dalla
Vecchia, F. M. (2009). "Tethyshadros insularis, a new hadrosauroid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1100–1116.
860:. In addition a 44 cm scapula belonging to an ankylopollexian has been found in the lourinha formation the length of the scapula indicates an animal similar in size to camptosaurus.
2140:
had very similar proportions. This lends further support to the idea of complex behaviours and relatively high intelligence, for non-avian dinosaurs, in hadrosaurids. Lambeosaurine
1837:
2364:
832:
was named for its distinct robustness and large size, likely around 9 metres (30 ft) in length. Regarding hadrosaurs, one of the more basal members of
784:. It was around 14.7 metres (48 ft) to 16.6 metres (54 ft) in length and weighed, for the largest individuals, up to 16 tonnes (18 short tons).
1976:) – were investigated. It was found that they had relatively high EQs compared to many other dinosaurs (ranging from 0.8 to 1.5), comparable to that of
2146:
was the subject of a 2013 paper once again looking into a cranial endocast. A once again high EQ range was found, higher than that of living reptiles,
2937:
Xu, Xing; et al. (2018). "A large-sized basal ankylopollexian from East Asia, shedding light on early biogeographic history of
Iguanodontia".
2404:
Filippo Maria
Rotatori; Miguel Moreno-Azanza; Octávio Mateus (2020). "New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal".
2009:. Reasonings suggested for their comparably high intelligence were the need for acute senses in the lack of defensive weapons, and more complex
3070:
774:
was small, no more than 5 metres (16 ft) in length and half a tonne in weight. The largest known ankylopollexian, dating to the late
2063:
820:. The corresponding animal had an estimated hip height of around 2.8 metres (9.2 ft), much larger than the contemporary relative
2715:"Endocranial Anatomy of Lambeosaurine Hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): A Sensorineural Perspective on Cranial Crest Function"
2336:
Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Shantungosaurus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 816–817.
4977:
2305:
Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2 (2): 234–56
4062:
3049:
2647:
2562:
Hulke J.W. (1871). "Note on a large reptilian skull from Brooke, Isle of Wight, probably Dinosaurian, referable to the genus
2044:
remains were associated with the fossil, and though assigning the specimen to any one taxon with certainty wasn't possible,
4972:
4076:
5476:
2454:
2341:
1958:(EQs) of various dinosaurs in 1977 study. Three ornithopods for which brain endocasts had previously been produced –
2056:
were put forward as likely candidates. The specimen compared well to endocasts of similar taxa, such as one from a
1585:
17:
4959:
1878:
was created and studied. This was not the first endocast of an ankylopolloxian brain, for in 1893, the skull of a
5338:
5361:
5348:
2029:
1374:
2638:
Creisler, Benjamin S. (2007). "Deciphering duckbills: a history in nomenclature". In Carpenter Kenneth (ed.).
2318:. Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 219-221
5353:
2880:"New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs"
804:. There are, however, exceptions to this trend. A single track from a large ornithopod, likely a relative of
2067:
176:
4983:
2365:"Ichnological evidence for giant ornithopod dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic LourinhĂŁ Formation, Portugal"
1511:
1487:
3007:
2821:"Cranial Endocast of the Lambeosaurine Hadrosaurid Amurosaurus riabinini from the Amur Region, Russia"
3042:
1633:
1323:
4069:
2124:
was, for the first time, remarked upon, being far larger than in other ornithischians and all large
5434:
3149:
1955:
1429:
846:, is estimated to have been around 200 kilograms (440 lb). Another exception of this trend is
1852:
of ankylopollexians has been studied as far back as 1871, when a well preserved cranium (specimen
732:. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and they were universally
2116:
lowest end of the determined EQ range was still higher than that of modern reptiles and most non-
1275:
1194:
852:, a more derived genus of Hadrosauroidea. Estimated to have weighed 350 kilograms (770 lb),
5448:
5396:
3508:
3360:
2999:
2024:(2017) reported mineralized soft tissues from the brain of an iguanodontian dinosaur, from the
1234:
1045:
5443:
5318:
3874:
3176:
2765:
Ostrom, John H. (1961). "Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America".
1891:
1350:
1299:
1153:
1119:
1028:
591:
809:
770:
Ankylopollexians varied greatly in size over the course of their evolution.. Jurassic genus
5471:
4738:
3035:
2946:
2891:
2832:
2676:
2534:
2327:
Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 284
2257:
2121:
1901:
have been noted as having the most complex brains among ankylopollexians, and indeed among
1880:
1650:
1616:
1453:
1177:
1069:
995:
978:
310:
4966:
8:
2212:
1470:
1086:
927:
2950:
2895:
2836:
2805:
2680:
2538:
2523:"Remarkable preservation of brain tissues in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur"
2522:
2403:
2261:
800:
Primitive ankylopollexians tended to be smaller as compared to the larger, more derived
5090:
4701:
3286:
2914:
2879:
2855:
2820:
2744:
2692:
2583:
2495:
2468:
2431:
2280:
2245:
1136:
171:
5136:
2792:
Hopson, James A. (1977). "Relative brain size and behavior in archosaurian reptiles".
2579:
856:
have been found only on certain islands in Italy. Its diminutive size is explained by
5097:
4836:
4757:
4717:
3601:
3487:
3433:
3404:
2962:
2919:
2860:
2736:
2696:
2643:
2587:
2500:
2450:
2435:
2337:
2285:
2221:
2083:
1535:
787:
2748:
778:
age (around 70 million years ago), belonged to the hadrosaurid family, and is named
5238:
5231:
5041:
5034:
4563:
4474:
4312:
4213:
4199:
3913:
3881:
3516:
3425:
3339:
3274:
3021:
2954:
2909:
2899:
2850:
2840:
2801:
2774:
2726:
2684:
2617:
2575:
2542:
2490:
2480:
2421:
2413:
2275:
2265:
1676:
1552:
1258:
857:
163:
5323:
5118:
5069:
4932:
4863:
4766:
4586:
4305:
4291:
4270:
3888:
3761:
3528:
3296:
3134:
2904:
2845:
2270:
2198:
2079:
944:
780:
724:, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the
702:
551:
410:
133:
123:
43:
5419:
5333:
5328:
5266:
5203:
5076:
4925:
4888:
4870:
4815:
4447:
4263:
4256:
4185:
4107:
4094:
4022:
4010:
3979:
3954:
3818:
3701:
3687:
3564:
3475:
3397:
3375:
3368:
3109:
2958:
2120:
dinosaurs, though fell well short of maniraptorans themselves. The size of the
2058:
2033:
1905:
dinosaurs as a whole. The brains of a large variety of taxa have been studied.
1395:
1336:
833:
828:
793:
666:
658:
481:
253:
2621:
5465:
5273:
5217:
5196:
5167:
5083:
5020:
4918:
4911:
4897:
4807:
4787:
4780:
4677:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4579:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4509:
4460:
4422:
4387:
4368:
4340:
4284:
3947:
3940:
3895:
3825:
3694:
3553:
3538:
3500:
3411:
3304:
3267:
3260:
2688:
2136:
2112:
2087:
2052:
2010:
2005:
1988:
1902:
1886:
1861:
1857:
750:
729:
714:
706:
698:
691:
629:
581:
561:
491:
420:
81:
39:
2642:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 185–210.
1935:
5181:
5157:
5145:
5111:
5104:
5055:
5048:
4854:
4798:
4773:
4745:
4634:
4436:
4401:
4347:
4277:
4249:
4135:
4128:
3968:
3933:
3860:
3853:
3775:
3716:
3671:
3573:
3447:
3440:
3389:
3353:
3311:
3161:
3100:
2966:
2923:
2864:
2740:
2504:
2469:"The Venice specimen of Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)"
2417:
2289:
2177:
2130:
2117:
1960:
1951:
1849:
888:
883:
848:
762:
639:
619:
531:
399:
359:
329:
237:
145:
5428:
5370:
5259:
5224:
5062:
4904:
4877:
4829:
4822:
4655:
4641:
4613:
4593:
4572:
4516:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4415:
4408:
4361:
4326:
4298:
4234:
4227:
3996:
3846:
3832:
3804:
3782:
3724:
3587:
3418:
3382:
3346:
3242:
3229:
3188:
3058:
2142:
2125:
2107:
2025:
2013:
behaviours as indicated by their acoustic and visual display structures.
2000:
1984:
1977:
1923:
1906:
733:
521:
501:
461:
441:
306:
269:
56:
2426:
868:
728:, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the
5312:
5287:
5280:
5252:
5245:
5125:
5011:
4710:
4690:
4648:
4523:
4375:
4242:
4192:
4157:
4150:
4121:
3961:
3839:
3811:
3680:
3653:
3628:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3332:
2485:
2203:
2094:
2071:
2041:
2017:
1898:
1871:
725:
709:
649:
511:
471:
285:
157:
101:
66:
2467:
Bertozzo, Filippo; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio Marco; Fabbri, Matteo (2017).
2246:"Phylogeny of Basal Iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): An Update"
744:
5294:
5210:
5189:
5027:
4724:
4662:
4171:
4143:
4003:
3867:
3797:
3768:
3594:
3580:
3323:
2778:
2731:
2714:
2217:
1866:
874:
801:
775:
756:
694:
541:
451:
431:
188:
139:
106:
50:
5390:
2664:
2605:
2547:
5413:
5174:
4843:
4731:
4531:
4502:
4429:
4354:
4319:
4220:
4206:
4164:
3988:
3789:
3754:
3660:
3646:
3608:
3118:
3091:
3082:
2994:
2147:
2075:
2046:
1996:
1980:
1875:
822:
817:
813:
721:
571:
370:
349:
339:
221:
208:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
902:
The cladogram below follows the phylogenetic analysis of Bertozzo
4467:
3902:
2207:
1999:
taxon, which, being at the lower end, was more comparable to the
684:
381:
151:
111:
86:
1836:
4333:
3926:
3076:
2189:
2171:
2037:
842:
609:
198:
3027:
891:
definition was given: the last common ancestor of the species
4178:
3708:
2193:
2102:
brain in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views
1853:
1390:
1217:
837:
687:
131:
Six ankylopollexian ornithopods (top left to bottom right):
3546:
2466:
2185:
1991:
theropods. The latter two genera, which lived later than
2662:
1921:(at that time thought to be a synonym of its relative
3005:
2640:
Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
1927:) had specimens suitable at the time to be examined (
720:
First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the
2066:. Detailed observations were made with the use of a
717:
feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.
663:
655:
645:
635:
625:
615:
605:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
416:
406:
395:
387:
377:
366:
355:
345:
335:
325:
2070:. Only some parts of the brain were preserved; the
2818:
2520:
2877:
2606:"Note on a cast of the brain-cavity of Iguanodon"
2603:
5463:
2791:
2527:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2239:
2237:
882:About 157 million years ago, Ankylopollexia and
2764:
2712:
2244:McDonald, A. T. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.).
3133:
2599:
2597:
2516:
2514:
4105:
3043:
2871:
2760:
2758:
2234:
1856:R2501) discovered in September 1869 from the
2708:
2706:
2460:
2301:
2299:
1939:A 1905 diagram showing the small size of an
878:, showing the distinctive thumb of the group
2812:
2594:
2511:
2362:
2064:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
1844:, created in 1897 from specimen NHMUK R2501
3240:
3050:
3036:
2785:
2755:
2561:
2442:
122:
2913:
2903:
2854:
2844:
2730:
2703:
2656:
2555:
2546:
2494:
2484:
2425:
2356:
2296:
2279:
2269:
2936:
2930:
2819:Lauters, Pascaline; et al. (2013).
2794:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2637:
2633:
2631:
2521:Brasier, Martin D.; et al. (2017).
2243:
2170:
2093:
1934:
1835:
867:
786:
743:
2878:MacDonald, Andrew; et al. (2010).
2363:Mateus, Octávio; Milà n, Jesper (2008).
14:
5464:
2980:doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2008)762.0.co;2.
2016:In a first for any terrestrial fossil
1864:and tentatively referred to the genus
5395:
5394:
4999:
4092:
3227:
3069:
3031:
2713:Evans, David C.; et al. (2009).
2628:
2166:
5000:
1947:, top) commented on in early sources
2806:10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.002241
2665:"The skull and brain of Claosaurus"
2224:, about 156-157 million years ago.
2159:, closer to that of theropods like
2028:age (around 133 million years ago)
1995:, had somewhat higher EQs than the
24:
4093:
25:
5488:
2987:
2580:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1871.027.01-02.27
2078:were best preserved, whereas the
1943:brain (bottom; alongside that of
863:
4982:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4958:
4075:
4068:
4061:
3015:
2993:
1826:
1586:Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis
887:clade, but in the 2005 paper, a
748:Size of three ankylopollexians (
175:
54:
5339:List of informal dinosaur names
3228:
3057:
2973:
2663:Marsh, Othniel Charles (1893).
2397:
2086:were missing or nearly so. The
2030:Upper Tunbridge Wells Formation
826:. The primitive styracosternan
766:) compared to other ornithopods
5349:Timeline of hadrosaur research
2388:
2379:
2347:
2330:
2321:
2308:
2155:, significantly lower than in
1375:Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis
13:
1:
2406:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2227:
2206:. The oldest genus, found in
1987:, but far lower than that of
1884:(today referred to the genus
2905:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075
2846:10.1371/journal.pone.0078899
2271:10.1371/journal.pone.0036745
2216:, which dates to around the
2068:scanning electron microscope
7:
2669:American Journal of Science
1512:Penelopognathus weishampeli
1488:Ratchasimasaurus suranareae
705:. It is a derived clade of
10:
5493:
2959:10.1016/j.scib.2018.03.016
2610:Journal of Natural History
2604:Andrews, Chas. W. (1897).
2192:. An early example is the
27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
5477:Taxa named by Paul Sereno
5403:
5304:
5155:
5135:
5010:
5006:
4995:
4956:
4887:
4853:
4797:
4756:
4700:
4685:
4676:
4603:
4562:
4455:
4446:
4396:
4385:
4116:
4101:
4088:
4059:
4021:
3978:
3921:
3912:
3749:
3738:
3670:
3641:
3637:
3626:
3563:
3527:
3495:
3486:
3322:
3285:
3255:
3251:
3236:
3223:
3187:
3169:
3160:
3142:
3129:
3065:
2622:10.1080/00222939708680580
2128:dinosaurs; maniraptorans
1956:encephalization quotients
1673:
1647:
1634:Probactrosaurus gobiensis
1630:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1582:
1575:
1549:
1532:
1525:
1508:
1501:
1484:
1467:
1450:
1443:
1426:
1419:
1388:
1371:
1364:
1347:
1340:
1324:Iguanodon bernissartensis
1320:
1313:
1296:
1289:
1272:
1255:
1248:
1231:
1215:
1208:
1191:
1174:
1167:
1150:
1133:
1116:
1109:
1083:
1066:
1059:
1042:
1025:
1018:
992:
975:
968:
961:
941:
924:
917:
899:and all its descendants.
322:
317:
172:Scientific classification
170:
130:
121:
34:
2689:10.2475/ajs.s3-45.265.83
1831:
1430:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
808:, was reported from the
1974:Edmontosaurus annectens
1941:Edmontosaurus annectens
1911:Edmontosaurus annectens
1276:Fukuisaurus tetoriensis
1195:Lanzhousaurus magnidens
897:Parasaurolophus walkeri
739:
2418:10.4202/app.00661.2019
2181:
2103:
1948:
1845:
1235:Kukufeldia tilgatensis
1046:Osmakasaurus depressus
879:
797:
767:
5444:Paleobiology Database
5319:Basturs Poble bonebed
2719:The Anatomical Record
2174:
2097:
1938:
1919:Gryposaurus notabilis
1915:Edmontosaurus regalis
1892:Othniel Charles Marsh
1840:Brain endocast of an
1839:
1351:Hypselospinus fittoni
1300:Proa valdearinnoensis
1154:Dakotadon lakotaensis
1120:Iguanacolossus fortis
1029:Cedrorestes crichtoni
871:
790:
747:
5341:(contains hadrosaur
4739:Probrachylophosaurus
2767:Bulletin of the AMNH
2175:Life restoration of
2122:cerebral hemispheres
1945:Triceratops horridus
1881:Claosaurus annectens
1651:Eolambia caroljonesa
1617:Jintasaurus meniscus
1454:Altirhinus kurzanovi
1178:Lurdusaurus arenatus
1070:Hippodraco scutodens
996:Cumnoria prestwichii
979:Uteodon aphanoecetes
791:Life restoration of
697:that lived from the
2951:2018SciBu..63..556X
2896:2010PLoSO...514075M
2837:2013PLoSO...878899L
2681:1893AmJS...45...83M
2539:2017GSLSP.448..383B
2316:Camptosaurus dispar
2314:Foster, J. (2007).
2262:2012PLoSO...736745M
2213:Camptosaurus dispar
2076:cerebral expansions
1471:Jinzhousaurus yangi
1087:Theiophytalia kerri
928:Camptosaurus dispar
893:Camptosaurus dispar
5091:Ornithopodichnites
4702:Brachylophosaurini
3287:Hypsilophodontidae
2486:10.7717/peerj.3403
2182:
2167:Palaeobiogeography
2104:
2062:on display at the
1949:
1846:
1137:Planicoxa venenica
880:
810:LourinhĂŁ Formation
798:
768:
5459:
5458:
5397:Taxon identifiers
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5098:Shiraminesauropus
4991:
4990:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4837:Naashoibitosaurus
4758:Austrokritosauria
4718:Brachylophosaurus
4672:
4671:
4084:
4083:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
3734:
3733:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3602:Transylvanosaurus
3488:Rhabdodontomorpha
3434:Notohypsilophodon
3405:Macrogryphosaurus
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
2649:978-0-253-34817-3
2568:Quart J. Geol Soc
2084:medulla oblongata
1954:investigated the
1870:was described by
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1662:
1661:
1564:
1563:
1536:Equijubus normani
1408:
1407:
1098:
1097:
1007:
1006:
678:
677:
313:
16:(Redirected from
5484:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5392:
5391:
5365:mummy S.M. R4036
5239:Microhadrosaurus
5232:Mandschurosaurus
5042:Camptosaurichnus
5035:Bonaparteichnium
5008:
5007:
5001:Related articles
4997:
4996:
4986:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4683:
4682:
4564:Parasaurolophini
4475:Angulomastacator
4453:
4452:
4394:
4393:
4313:Shuangmiaosaurus
4214:Huehuecanauhtlus
4200:Gongpoquansaurus
4114:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4065:
3919:
3918:
3914:Hadrosauriformes
3882:Ratchasimasaurus
3747:
3746:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3517:Muttaburrasaurus
3493:
3492:
3426:Muttaburrasaurus
3340:Atlascopcosaurus
3275:Thescelosauridae
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3167:
3166:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3011:
2998:Data related to
2997:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2939:Science Bulletin
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2732:10.1002/ar.20984
2725:(9): 1315–1337.
2710:
2701:
2700:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2616:(114): 585–591.
2601:
2592:
2591:
2574:(1–2): 199–206.
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2479:(e3403): e3403.
2464:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2241:
1677:Hadrosauromorpha
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1553:Xuwulong yueluni
1528:
1527:
1504:
1503:
1446:
1445:
1422:
1421:
1367:
1366:
1343:
1342:
1316:
1315:
1292:
1291:
1259:Barilium dawsoni
1251:
1250:
1211:
1210:
1170:
1169:
1112:
1111:
1062:
1061:
1021:
1020:
971:
970:
964:
963:
920:
919:
910:
909:
858:insular dwarfism
812:, dating to the
665:
657:
647:
637:
627:
617:
607:
601:Hadrosauriformes
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
418:
408:
397:
389:
379:
368:
357:
347:
337:
327:
305:
300:
284:
268:
252:
236:
180:
179:
164:Gongpoquansaurus
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
18:Hadrosauriformes
5492:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5399:
5389:
5376:
5357:mummy AMNH 5060
5324:Dakota (fossil)
5300:
5151:
5131:
5119:Tetrapodosaurus
5070:Hadrosaurichnus
5002:
4987:
4964:
4938:
4933:Shantungosaurus
4883:
4864:Augustynolophus
4849:
4793:
4767:Bonapartesaurus
4752:
4696:
4668:
4599:
4587:Parasaurolophus
4558:
4442:
4390:
4381:
4306:Qianjiangsaurus
4292:Probactrosaurus
4271:Penelopognathus
4110:
4097:
4080:
4067:
4037:
4017:
3974:
3908:
3889:Riabininohadros
3762:Bayannurosaurus
3743:
3730:
3666:
3631:
3614:
3559:
3529:Tenontosauridae
3523:
3482:
3318:
3297:Gideonmantellia
3281:
3245:
3232:
3203:
3183:
3156:
3150:Avemetatarsalia
3135:Avemetatarsalia
3125:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3006:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2935:
2931:
2876:
2872:
2817:
2813:
2790:
2786:
2763:
2756:
2711:
2704:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2636:
2629:
2602:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2548:10.1144/SP448.3
2519:
2512:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2443:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2199:Bayannurosaurus
2169:
2098:Endocast of an
2080:olfactory lobes
1834:
1829:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1663:
1565:
1409:
1099:
1008:
945:Owenodon hoggii
866:
781:Shantungosaurus
742:
703:Late Cretaceous
552:Riabininohadros
411:Bayannurosaurus
304:
298:
282:
266:
250:
234:
174:
134:Shantungosaurus
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5440:
5435:Ankylopollexia
5425:
5409:
5407:
5405:Ankylopollexia
5401:
5400:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5334:Hypsilophodont
5331:
5329:Hadrosaur diet
5326:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5306:
5305:Other articles
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5267:Stephanosaurus
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5204:Fulgurotherium
5200:
5193:
5186:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5077:Iguanodontipus
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5014:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4926:Laiyangosaurus
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4891:
4889:Edmontosaurini
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4871:Prosaurolophus
4867:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4816:Coahuilasaurus
4812:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4448:Lambeosaurinae
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4264:Nanyangosaurus
4260:
4257:Nanningosaurus
4253:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4186:Gilmoreosaurus
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4108:Hadrosauroidea
4106:
4099:
4098:
4095:Hadrosauroidea
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4023:Hadrosauroidea
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:Mantellisaurus
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3980:Iguanodontidae
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3955:Mantellisaurus
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3819:Iguanacolossus
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3741:Ankylopollexia
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3702:Eousdryosaurus
3698:
3691:
3688:Dysalotosaurus
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3565:Rhabdodontidae
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:Weewarrasaurus
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3398:Leaellynasaura
3394:
3386:
3379:
3376:Gasparinisaura
3372:
3369:Galleonosaurus
3365:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3110:Neornithischia
3103:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3004:
3003:
3002:at Wikispecies
2989:
2988:External links
2986:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2945:(9): 556–563.
2929:
2890:(11): e14075.
2870:
2831:(11): e78899.
2811:
2800:(1): 429–448.
2784:
2754:
2702:
2675:(265): 83–86.
2655:
2648:
2627:
2593:
2554:
2533:(1): 383–398.
2510:
2459:
2441:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2355:
2346:
2329:
2320:
2307:
2295:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2168:
2165:
2106:The advent of
2088:neural tissues
2059:Mantellisaurus
2040:. Fragmentary
1989:coelurosaurian
1983:and of modern
1972:(now known as
1890:) was used by
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
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1600:
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1434:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:Mantellisaurus
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:Hadrosauroidea
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1290:
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1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1249:
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1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
923:
918:
916:
914:Ankylopollexia
908:
865:
864:Classification
862:
834:Hadrosauroidea
829:Iguanacolossus
794:Iguanacolossus
741:
738:
681:Ankylopollexia
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
667:Hadrosauroidea
661:
659:Iguanodontidae
653:
643:
633:
623:
613:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
485:
482:Iguanacolossus
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
414:
404:
385:
375:
364:
353:
343:
333:
320:
319:
315:
314:
302:Ankylopollexia
296:
289:
288:
280:
273:
272:
264:
257:
256:
254:Neornithischia
248:
241:
240:
232:
225:
224:
219:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
168:
167:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:156.3–66
37:
35:Ankylopollexia
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5489:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5363:Edmontosaurus
5360:
5358:
5356:
5355:Edmontosaurus
5352:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:Syngonosaurus
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5218:Koutalisaurus
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5197:Eucercosaurus
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:Arstanosaurus
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5084:Orcauichnites
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:Amblydactylus
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4994:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:Kundurosaurus
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:Kerberosaurus
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:Edmontosaurus
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:Anasazisaurus
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4788:Secernosaurus
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:Kelumapusaura
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Saurolophinae
4675:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4628:Hypacrosaurus
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:Corythosaurus
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4605:Lambeosaurini
4602:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:Charonosaurus
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4553:Tsintaosaurus
4550:
4548:
4547:
4546:Pararhabdodon
4543:
4541:
4540:
4539:Nipponosaurus
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:Jaxartosaurus
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:Adynomosaurus
4458:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:Lapampasaurus
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:Hadrosauridae
4384:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:Zhanghenglong
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:Telmatosaurus
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:Portellsaurus
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:Jinzhousaurus
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:Hypselospinus
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:Theiophytalia
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3826:Lanzhousaurus
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:Elrhazosaurus
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3554:Tenontosaurus
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:Convolosaurus
3536:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:Ampelognathus
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:Mahuidacursor
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:Hypsilophodon
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:Callovosaurus
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:Burianosaurus
3258:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2455:0-520-06727-4
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2342:0-89950-917-7
2339:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:(5): e36745.
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2161:Tyrannosaurus
2158:
2157:Hypacrosaurus
2154:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:Archaeopteryx
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2113:lambeosaurine
2109:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:Hypselospinus
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2011:intraspecific
2008:
2007:
2006:Protoceratops
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:ornithischian
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:Edmontosaurus
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:Isle of Wight
1859:
1858:Wealden Group
1855:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1827:Palaeobiology
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
973:
972:
966:
965:
959:
958:Styracosterna
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
946:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
929:
922:
921:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
877:
876:
870:
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
844:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
795:
789:
785:
783:
782:
777:
773:
765:
764:
759:
758:
753:
752:
751:Edmontosaurus
746:
737:
735:
731:
730:Maastrichtian
727:
723:
718:
716:
715:synapomorphic
711:
708:
707:iguanodontian
704:
700:
699:Late Jurassic
696:
693:
692:ornithischian
689:
686:
682:
668:
662:
660:
654:
652:
651:
644:
642:
641:
634:
632:
631:
630:Jinzhousaurus
624:
622:
621:
614:
612:
611:
604:
603:
602:
596:
594:
593:
586:
584:
583:
582:Hypselospinus
576:
574:
573:
566:
564:
563:
562:Theiophytalia
556:
554:
553:
546:
544:
543:
536:
534:
533:
526:
524:
523:
516:
514:
513:
506:
504:
503:
496:
494:
493:
492:Lanzhousaurus
486:
484:
483:
476:
474:
473:
466:
464:
463:
456:
454:
453:
446:
444:
443:
436:
434:
433:
426:
423:
422:
421:Burianosaurus
415:
413:
412:
405:
402:
401:
394:
393:
392:
391:Styracosterna
386:
384:
383:
376:
373:
372:
365:
362:
361:
354:
352:
351:
344:
342:
341:
334:
332:
331:
324:
323:
321:
316:
312:
308:
303:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
169:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
40:Late Jurassic
33:
30:
19:
5404:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5342:
5311:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5182:Claorhynchus
5180:
5173:
5166:
5158:Nomina dubia
5156:
5146:Guegoolithus
5144:
5124:
5117:
5112:Staurichnium
5110:
5105:Sousaichnium
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5056:Dakotasaurus
5054:
5049:Caririchnium
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
4963:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:Saurolophini
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4799:Kritosaurini
4786:
4779:
4774:Huallasaurus
4772:
4765:
4746:Wulagasaurus
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4689:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4635:Lambeosaurus
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4437:Yamatosaurus
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4402:Aquilarhinus
4400:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4348:Tethyshadros
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4278:Plesiohadros
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4250:Lophorhothon
4248:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4136:Batyrosaurus
4134:
4129:Bactrosaurus
4127:
4120:
4066:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3969:Ouranosaurus
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3934:Brighstoneus
3932:
3925:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3861:Osmakasaurus
3859:
3854:Oblitosaurus
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3776:Camptosaurus
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3740:
3723:
3717:Kangnasaurus
3715:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:Dryosauridae
3659:
3652:
3645:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3574:Matheronodon
3572:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3448:Sektensaurus
3446:
3441:Qantassaurus
3439:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3390:Kangnasaurus
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3354:Diluvicursor
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3312:Vectidromeus
3310:
3303:
3295:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3177:Ornithischia
3162:Ornithischia
3114:
3105:
3101:Ornithischia
3096:
3087:
3000:Iguanodontia
2975:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2722:
2718:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2639:
2613:
2609:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2444:
2427:10362/127574
2412:(1): 35–57.
2409:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2349:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2253:
2249:
2211:
2197:
2183:
2178:Camptosaurus
2176:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2131:Conchoraptor
2129:
2118:maniraptoran
2105:
2099:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2004:
1993:Camptosaurus
1992:
1985:crocodilians
1978:carnosaurian
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:Camptosaurus
1959:
1952:James Hopson
1950:
1944:
1940:
1929:Lambeosaurus
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1885:
1879:
1865:
1850:neurobiology
1847:
1841:
1675:
1674:
1649:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1510:
1509:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1428:
1427:
1394:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1349:
1348:
1322:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1274:
1273:
1257:
1256:
1233:
1232:
1216:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1175:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1117:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1067:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1026:
994:
993:
977:
976:
957:
943:
942:
926:
925:
913:
903:
901:
896:
892:
889:phylogenetic
884:Dryosauridae
881:
873:
854:Tethyshadros
853:
849:Tethyshadros
847:
841:
827:
821:
806:Camptosaurus
805:
799:
792:
779:
772:Camptosaurus
771:
769:
763:Camptosaurus
761:
755:
749:
719:
680:
679:
648:
640:Ouranosaurus
638:
628:
620:Brighstoneus
618:
608:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
532:Osmakasaurus
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
419:
409:
400:Batyrosaurus
398:
390:
380:
369:
360:Oblitosaurus
358:
348:
338:
330:Camptosaurus
328:
301:
292:
276:
260:
244:
238:Ornithischia
228:
215:
162:
156:
150:
146:Tethyshadros
144:
138:
132:
29:
5472:Iguanodonts
5429:Wikispecies
5371:Willinakaqe
5343:nomina nuda
5260:Siluosaurus
5225:Loncosaurus
5063:Dinehichnus
4905:Kamuysaurus
4878:Saurolophus
4830:Kritosaurus
4823:Gryposaurus
4656:Sahaliyania
4642:Magnapaulia
4614:Amurosaurus
4594:Tlatolophus
4573:Adelolophus
4517:Kazaklambia
4496:Blasisaurus
4489:Arenysaurus
4482:Aralosaurus
4416:Hadrosaurus
4409:Eotrachodon
4362:Yunganglong
4327:Sirindhorna
4299:Protohadros
4235:Koshisaurus
4228:Jintasaurus
3997:Comptonatus
3847:Napaisaurus
3833:Lurdusaurus
3805:Fukuisaurus
3783:Cedrorestes
3725:Valdosaurus
3588:Pareisactus
3419:Morrosaurus
3383:Isasicursor
3347:Chakisaurus
3243:Ornithopoda
3230:Ornithopoda
3189:Ornithopoda
3059:Ornithopoda
2202:, from the
2153:Amurosaurus
2143:Amurosaurus
2126:saurischian
2108:CT scanning
2100:Amurosaurus
2026:Valanginian
2001:ceratopsian
1970:Anatosaurus
1924:Kritosaurus
1907:John Ostrom
1393:R3741 (cf.
734:herbivorous
710:ornithopods
522:Napaisaurus
502:Lurdusaurus
462:Fukuisaurus
442:Cedrorestes
270:Ornithopoda
5466:Categories
5313:Arkharavia
5288:Tichosteus
5281:Thespesius
5253:Pteropelyx
5246:Orthomerus
5126:Wintonopus
4711:Acristavus
4691:Barsboldia
4649:Olorotitan
4524:Latirhinus
4376:Zuoyunlong
4243:Levnesovia
4193:Gobihadros
4158:Datonglong
4151:Claosaurus
4122:Altirhinus
4032:see below↓
3962:Morelladon
3840:Magnamanus
3812:Hippodraco
3681:Dryosaurus
3654:Hesperonyx
3629:Dryomorpha
3469:Trinisaura
3462:Tietasaura
3455:Talenkauen
3333:Anabisetia
3198:see below↓
3092:Dinosauria
2228:References
2204:Berriasian
2072:cerebellar
2042:ornithopod
2020:, Brasier
2018:vertebrate
1899:Hadrosaurs
1872:John Hulke
802:hadrosaurs
726:Cretaceous
650:Morelladon
512:Magnamanus
472:Hippodraco
318:Subgroups
286:Dryomorpha
222:Dinosauria
158:Olorotitan
5295:Trachodon
5211:Glishades
5190:Diclonius
5028:Anomoepus
5012:Ichnotaxa
4725:Maiasaura
4663:Velafrons
4172:Equijubus
4144:Choyrodon
4004:Iguanodon
3868:Planicoxa
3798:Dakotadon
3769:Calvarius
3595:Rhabdodon
3581:Mochlodon
3324:Elasmaria
3075:Kingdom:
3022:Dinosaurs
2779:2246/1260
2697:131740074
2588:130674982
2564:Iguanodon
2436:146510209
2222:Oxfordian
2218:Callovian
2148:sauropods
1981:theropods
1966:Iguanodon
1867:Iguanodon
1842:Iguanodon
875:Iguanodon
776:Campanian
757:Iguanodon
695:dinosaurs
542:Planicoxa
452:Dakotadon
432:Calvarius
195:Kingdom:
189:Eukaryota
140:Iguanodon
5420:Q2490737
5414:Wikidata
5175:Cionodon
4844:Rhinorex
4732:Ornatops
4532:Minqaria
4503:Canardia
4430:Malefica
4355:Xuwulong
4320:Siamodon
4221:Jeyawati
4207:Gonkoken
4165:Eolambia
3989:Barilium
3790:Cumnoria
3755:Barilium
3661:Owenodon
3647:Draconyx
3609:Zalmoxes
3509:Fostoria
3361:Fostoria
3119:Cerapoda
3083:Chordata
3081:Phylum:
3077:Animalia
2967:36658842
2924:21124919
2884:PLOS ONE
2865:24236064
2825:PLOS ONE
2749:15177074
2741:19711466
2505:28649466
2375:: 47–52.
2290:22629328
2250:PLOS ONE
2047:Barilium
1997:Jurassic
1876:endocast
906:(2017).
872:Hand of
823:Draconyx
818:Portugal
814:Jurassic
722:Jurassic
572:Barilium
371:Owenodon
350:Draconyx
340:Cumnoria
209:Chordata
205:Phylum:
199:Animalia
185:Domain:
4468:Ajnabia
3903:Uteodon
2947:Bibcode
2915:2989904
2892:Bibcode
2856:3827337
2833:Bibcode
2677:Bibcode
2535:Bibcode
2496:5480399
2369:Oryctos
2281:3358318
2258:Bibcode
2208:Wyoming
2194:Chinese
2034:Bexhill
1860:on the
838:Chinese
713:likely
701:to the
685:extinct
382:Uteodon
152:Uteodon
42:–
5137:Ootaxa
4334:Tanius
3927:Bolong
3008:Portal
2965:
2922:
2912:
2863:
2853:
2747:
2739:
2695:
2646:
2586:
2503:
2493:
2453:
2434:
2340:
2288:
2278:
2196:genus
2190:Europe
2038:Sussex
2022:et al.
2003:genus
1968:, and
1917:, and
1220:R1831
904:et al.
843:Bolong
840:genus
836:, the
760:, and
683:is an
610:Bolong
307:Sereno
5449:52808
4179:Fylax
3709:Iyuku
3115:Clade
3106:Clade
3097:Clade
3088:Clade
2745:S2CID
2693:S2CID
2584:S2CID
2473:PeerJ
2432:S2CID
2210:, is
1854:NHMUK
1832:Brain
1391:NHMUK
1218:NHMUK
688:clade
293:Clade
277:Clade
261:Clade
245:Clade
229:Clade
216:Clade
3875:Proa
3547:Iani
3175:see
3148:see
2963:PMID
2920:PMID
2861:PMID
2737:PMID
2644:ISBN
2501:PMID
2451:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2286:PMID
2188:and
2186:Asia
2134:and
2082:and
2074:and
1848:The
895:and
740:Size
592:Proa
311:1986
57:Preęž’
2955:doi
2910:PMC
2900:doi
2851:PMC
2841:doi
2802:doi
2775:hdl
2771:122
2727:doi
2723:292
2685:doi
2673:265
2618:doi
2576:doi
2566:".
2543:doi
2531:448
2491:PMC
2481:doi
2422:hdl
2414:doi
2276:PMC
2266:doi
2050:or
2032:at
816:in
690:of
5468::
5446::
5431::
5416::
3117::
3108::
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2961:.
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2769:.
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2667:.
2630:^
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2608:.
2596:^
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2298:^
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72:S
67:O
62:ęž’
20:)
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