473:
52:
411:; the desolation which ensued was so great, that it is impossible to be represented! The factory at Saber, once the king's town and Seat of Trade, was burnt to the ground, and in it a great quantity of merchandise. Forty Europeans were carried into captivity, to the King of Dahomey's camp at Ardrah, but after having been detained about 14 days, seven of them were released and are now returning hither; they gave a melancholy account of their treatment. This country, which was the pleasantest in all these parts, is now laid waste by fire and sword, and made a wilderness!
656:
71:
358:
683:
1850:
1794:
140:
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78:
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chapel. The fort then returned to the commercial sphere, with various trading companies controlling it. Interestingly, it was even under French control during the First World War. The local area around the fort still reflects its
British past with names like "The English Fort" and a shop named after the last British resident.
595:
Centuries later, the
Dahomian king sent priests to perform rites in the forts, including ceremonies over the graves in the English fort, despite the protests of the resident British official. These examples demonstrate the deep social and religious integration that existed within the William's Fort community.
582:
Despite the
European influence, William's Fort relied heavily on African labour. The population surrounding the fort, Sogbadji, mirrored the diverse ethnic mix of Ouidah. Enslaved Africans often came from distant regions, making escape attempts less likely, while temporary workers from places such as
578:
The
European forts in Ouidah, especially William's Fort with its extensive records, offer a unique perspective on the social and economic life of the city. These records document interactions with the local community, particularly those employed by the fort (both enslaved and free Africans) and those
539:
Ouidah's importance arose from the fact that several
European powers (French, Portuguese, English) competed for influence, weakening their overall authority. The British presence peaked at the height of the slave trade (1680s-1710s) before shifting focus. The 1830s saw a switch to palm oil, dominated
569:
The key difference was one of legal authority. European forts, even large ones, weren't sovereign entities in West Africa. They remained under
African control, essentially acting as 'tenants' with limited powers, paying rent to local rulers. The European presence in Ouidah, particularly at William's
590:
Religious practices at
William's Fort also reflected this integration. Unlike other European forts with on-site chaplains, William's Fort appears to have adopted local customs. Historical accounts mention a shrine dedicated to the 'king's fetish Mawoo', the god of creation, existing within the fort
552:
Built of mud and straw, early fortifications were simple, with cannons probably used for signal purposes rather than combat. Tensions with the French factory culminated in an exchange of fire in 1692, prompting the
English to build proper fortifications. Historical documents later describe the fort
441:
France captured the town in 1894, by which time the town had declined due to the outlawing of the slave trade. In the time frame of 1946–1949 French government estimates put the population of Ouidah at about 14,600. By then it had a railway. It was a centre for production and trade in palm kernels,
586:
Integration went beyond ethnicity. The Lemon family, as an example, descended from a fort soldier who married locally, were even appointed royal guards by the
Dahomian kings. Similarly, the Midjrokan family descended from the fort's 18th-century linguist, whose descendants inherited the role. Even
548:
William's Fort began as a modest
English trading post in the late 17th century, named after King William III and initially fortified during his reign (1689–1702). The English presence in Ouidah predates the fort, with the Royal African Company suffering initial setbacks before securing a permanent
457:
Today, Ouidah is economically peripheral, and 'cultural tourism' based on the slave trade is less successful. Unlike true ports, Ouidah was inland. Slaves and goods were transported along the "slave route" to the beach for embarkation. Ships couldn't approach due to sandbars and used canoes for
594:
This assimilation is also evident in the way the Dahomians treated the tombs of the deceased English governors buried inside the fort. The king of Hueda sent a "fetishman" to make offerings at the grave of one such governor, believing that his spirit was calling his successor to the afterlife.
565:
Unlike their counterparts on the Gold Coast, the European forts in Ouidah, including William's Fort, lacked real authority. They couldn't compete militarily with local rulers and deferred to them, first in Hueda and then in Dahomey. This was very unlike the Gold Coast forts, such as Cape Coast
556:
Despite being deserted by the British in 1812, the fort had a surprisingly large populace. The British attempted to reoccupy it with a vice-consulate, but encountered difficulties. Missionaries from the English Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society took up residence for a time and even built a
570:
Fort, was particularly weak. The Dahomians saw the European governors as part of their own system, not as independent rulers. This is reflected in the king's expectation of their attendance at feasts and the way they were treated on death, which mirrored Dahomian officials.
1191:
David Eltis, Paul E. Lovejoy, and David Richardson, 'Slave-trading Ports: Towards an Atlanticwide Perspective', in Robin Law and Silke Strickrodt (eds.), Ports of the Slave Trade (Bights of Benin and Biafra) (University of Stirling: Centre of Commonwealth Studies, 1999),
591:
itself. This wasn't a recent development, as 18th century records mention a shrine within the fort dedicated to a local goddess. The presence of this shrine, believed to be responsible for the fort's invincibility, further underlines the assimilation that took place.
1536:
917:
579:
providing various services. William's Fort itself functioned as a commercial centre, relying on local currency and outside suppliers. Historians can use these records, including wages and prices, to trace economic trends within Ouidah.
1417:
Robin Law, 'Ouidah as a Multiethnic Community', in Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, Matt D. Childs, and James Sidbury (eds.), The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013),
453:
European involvement in West Africa differed between the Slave Coast and the Gold Coast. In contrast to the grand forts of the Gold Coast, William's Fort at Ouidah (ex-Slave Coast) stood as a testimonial to the slave trade.
583:
the Gold Coast sometimes settled permanently. This diverse population is still evident in Sogbadji families today. Some trace their roots back to the 19th century, while others claim to be the original inhabitants
1544:
921:
566:
Castle, which eventually evolved into full colonies. At William's Fort, abandoned by the British in 1812, French reconstruction relied on private enterprise rather than government intervention).
1282:
Robin Law (ed.), Dahomey and the Ending of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: The Journals and Correspondence of Vice-Consul Louis Fraser, 1851–1852 (London: Oxford University Press, 2012).
51:
1309:
Bismarck to King Glele, 16 January 1882, in Milan Kalous, 'Some Correspondence between the German Empire and Dahomey in 1882–1892', Cahiers d’études africaines 8 (1968): 635–641, 636.
450:, coffee, manioc, beans, tomatoes and onions. It was also a centre of the fish trade and the manufacture of vegetable oil. It had Catholic, Protestant and Muslim places of worship.
1436:
Law, Robin. 'Between the Sea and the Lagoons: The Interaction of Maritime and Inland Navigation on the Pre-colonial Slave Coast'. Cahiers d’études africaines 29 (1989): 209–237.
1146:
Robin Law, 'Between the Sea and the Lagoons: The Interaction of Maritime and Inland Navigation on the Pre-colonial Slave Coast', Cahiers d’études africaines 29 (1989): 209–237.
407:
WHYDAH IN AFRICA: the beginning of this month, Agaja the king of Dahomey came down unexpectedly with an army, and soon became master of this place, and the country adjacent
389:
The Kingdom was ruled by King Haffon, who received his coronation crown as a gift from Portugal, until, in 1727, the Kingdom of Whydah was captured by the forces of King
1228:
P.E.H. Hair, Adam Jones, and Robin Law (eds.),Barbot on Guinea: The Writings of Jean Barbot on West Africa, 1678–1712 (2 vols., London:Hakluyt Society, 1992), 647, n. 6.
1219:
Robin Law, The English in West Africa: The Local Correspondence of the Royal African Company of England, 1681–1699 (3 vols., Oxford, 1997, 2001, 2006), i, nos. 476–478.
2382:
672:
1345:
Robin Law, ‘"Here Is No Resisting the Country": The Realities of Power in Afro-European Relations on the West African "Slave Coast",’ Itinerario 18 (1994): 50–64.
691:
1427:
John Parker, Making the Town: Ga State and Society in Early Colonial Accra (Oxford: John Currey, 2000), 10–14; Feinberg, Europeans and Africans, 106.
1100:
1490:
Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society Archives, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Joseph Dawson, Whydah, 4 January 1865.
1408:
Robin Law, 'Posthumous Questions for Karl Polanyi: Price Inflation in Pre-colonial Dahomey', Journal of African History 33 (1992): 387–420.
872:
540:
by French companies. This coincided with Ouidah's decline compared to Cotonou's better port access that French colonial rule consolidated.
1782:
1454:
Robin Law, 'Madiki Lemon, the "English Captain" at Ouidah, 1843–1852: An Exploration in Biography', History in Africa 37 (2010): 107–123.
343:
is supposed to have founded the town. This probably happened towards the end of the sixteenth century. The town was originally known as
2392:
1164:
Law, Robin. "William’s Fort: The English Fort at Ouidah, 1680s–1960s." Forts, Castles and Society in West Africa. Brill, 2018. 119-147.
526:, started. The fort, built on land given to Portugal by King Haffon of Whydah, remained under Portuguese control from 1721 until 1961.
523:
476:
467:
365:
Whydah troops pushed their way into the African interior, capturing millions of people through wars, and selling them to European and
731:
102:
1723:
1155:
K.B. Dickson, 'Evolution of Seaports in Ghana: 1800–1928', Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 (1965): 98–111.
519:
717:
more than 20 years ago, trains young people in agricultural skills, thus helping to reverse the exodus towards the cities.
522:
was authorized to erect a fort but nothing was done and it was only in 1721 that construction of the fort, which was named
1760:
1731:
2402:
2387:
1638:
Durkin, Hannah (19 March 2020). "Uncovering The Hidden Lives of Last Clotilda Survivor Matilda McCrear and Her Family".
895:
331:. The commune covers an area of 364 km (141 sq mi) and as of 2002 had a population of 76,555 people.
1049:"Depart pour D'Autres 'Ceux', Convoi De negres: homes, femmes et enfants, conduits enchaines par des metis Arabes"
1775:
587:
families such as the Kocus, who are canoeists, trace their lineage back to an 18th-century Gold Coast boatswain.
1381:
Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, Vol. 9 (London: hmso, 1932), 270–271 (14 February 1752).
1125:
Robin Law, Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving 'Port', 1727–1892 (Oxford: James Currey, 2004).
1705:
988:
967:
1603:
Durkin, Hannah (2019). "Finding last middle passage survivor Sally 'Redoshi' Smith on the page and screen".
1035:
810:
472:
421:
1273:
I.A. Akinjogbin, Dahomey and its Neighbours, 1708–1818 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 192.
659:
The Temple of the Pythons circa 1900. The temple was the main religious building of pre-colonial Ouidah.
70:
2372:
1768:
515:
2377:
703:
425:
1566:
2397:
1499:
Norris, Robert. Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, King of Dahomy. London: W. Lowndes, 1789, 42.
736:
1481:
F.E. Forbes, Dahomey and the Dahomans (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851), i, 108.
805:
42:
2225:
663:
Attractions in Ouidah include a restored mansion of Brazilian slavers (the Maison du Brésil), a
1712:
La ville d'Ouidah : quartiers anciens et Route de l'Esclave – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1681:
1592:
La ville d'Ouidah : quartiers anciens et Route de l'Esclave – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
399:
935:
2202:
1916:
1445:
Agbo, Casimir. Histoire de Ouidah. Avignon: Presses de la Maison Aubanel Père, 1959, 188–192.
430:
351:
157:
714:
1790:
1173:
Simone Berbain, Le Comptoir français de Ouidah (Juda) au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: ifan, 1942).
877:
152:
8:
2141:
2022:
1081:
1318:
Casimir Agbo, Histoire de Ouidah (Avignon: Presses de la Maison Aubanel Père, 1959), 30.
2260:
1858:
1806:
1663:
1620:
721:
664:
511:
1372:
Larry Yarak, Asante and the Dutch, 1744–1873 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 133–172.
1327:
Frank J. Quinn, A Coaster’s Letters from Dahomey, French West Africa (n.p., 1928), 54.
786:
2098:
1969:
1798:
1667:
1655:
1624:
1291:
Burton, Richard. A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1864.
1201:
Venance S. Quénum, Ouidah: Cité historique des 'Houeda' (Ouidah: B.Quenum, 1983), 12.
686:
The Basilica of Ouidah in 1910. Construction began in 1903 and was completed in 1909.
320:
38:
1977:
1134:
A.W. Lawrence, Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa (London: Jonathan Cape, 1963).
2250:
2065:
1647:
1612:
370:
366:
266:
230:
215:
1651:
1616:
2367:
2273:
2159:
2121:
1829:
971:
774:
435:
369:. By 1716, the Kingdom of Whydah had become the second largest slave port in the
255:
59:. A memorial arch monument to the trans-atlantic slavery, on the coast of Ouidah.
2278:
1711:
1591:
1246:
Law, English in West Africa, ii, no. 1342: John Wortley, Whydah, 5 January 1692.
868:
2298:
2187:
1237:
Law, English in West Africa, ii, no. 820: John Carter, Whydah, 6 December 1686.
1082:"Last Slaver from U.S. to Africa. A.D. 1860": Capt. William Foster, Journal of
862:
754:
324:
2035:
2002:
2361:
2220:
1924:
1746:
1733:
1659:
780:
707:
655:
117:
104:
1182:
Pierre Verger, Le Fort Saint Jean-Baptiste d’Ajuda (Porto Novo: IRAD, 1966).
2311:
2167:
1992:
1954:
1906:
1824:
1210:
Robin Law, The Kingdom of Allada (Leiden: Research School cnws, 1997), 5–9.
940:
816:
766:
378:
357:
1901:
1866:
2288:
2126:
2045:
2106:
1934:
682:
438:. The last shipment of slaves to Spanish Cuba occurred as late as 1873.
2346:
2245:
2182:
2116:
2111:
1891:
1834:
792:
777: (d, 1940), last known survivors of the Transatlantic slave trade.
374:
2040:
2007:
1881:
1839:
1300:
J.A. Skertchly, Dahomey As It Is (London: Chapman and Hall, 1874), 46.
1024:
Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving 'Port', 1727–1892
1011:
Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving 'Port', 1727–1892
494:
built by the Portuguese in Ouidah on the coast of Dahomey (originally
2341:
2012:
1987:
1814:
1363:
K.G. Davies, The Royal African Company (London: Longmans, 1957), 282.
1101:
Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds
849:
510:), reached by the Portuguese in 1580, after which it grew around the
420:
In 1860, Whydah was the port that sent the last recorded shipment of
206:
1982:
1944:
1886:
1849:
2336:
2230:
2215:
2131:
1819:
984:
964:
699:
668:
503:
491:
458:
communication (common on both the Slave Coast and the Gold Coast).
443:
382:
when it arrived to purchase 500 slaves from King Haffon to sell in
2088:
2030:
1876:
1567:"The Voodoo Day: Benin welcomes magicians from all over the world"
2316:
2268:
2210:
2192:
2149:
2083:
2078:
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2050:
1997:
1896:
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383:
2321:
2283:
2177:
2055:
936:
Tome Vingt-Cinquieme, contenant La Suite de l'Histoire d'Afrique
347:, literally 'Farmhouse', and was part of the Kingdom of Whydah.
2331:
2326:
2306:
2240:
1929:
751:
676:
408:
340:
211:
239:
2235:
1949:
1871:
1682:"Angélique Kidjo – Biographie, discographie et fiche artiste"
843:
507:
447:
390:
328:
287:
145:
1959:
757:
Tentative List on 31 October 1996 in the Cultural category.
2172:
855:
281:
272:
245:
1526:
Fraser’s Journal, 19 November 1851, in Law, Dahomey, 130.
518:
was already renowned. In 1680 the Portuguese governor of
350:
Ouidah saw its role in international trade rise when the
275:
720:
Ouidah is often considered the spiritual capital of the
549:
factory in 1684, with guns often only used for salutes.
1264:
John Carter, Whydah, 28 December 1685, 6 January 1687.
724:, and hosts an annual international Vodun conference.
713:
The Market Center of Ouidah, which was established by
461:
236:
278:
242:
483:The Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (in English
269:
233:
698:were taken to the beach, has numerous statues and
603:The population evolution of Ouidah is as follows:
1142:
1140:
2383:Populated places established in the 16th century
2359:
573:
18:Commune and city in Atlantique Department, Benin
1529:
1255:Law, English in West Africa, ii, nos. 813, 822.
1336:Sinou and Agbo, Ouidah et son patrimoine, 133.
1137:
428:in 1808. This illegal shipment was aboard the
424:, even though that country had prohibited the
1776:
1596:
1783:
1769:
667:python temple, an early twentieth century
1089:Mobile Public Library Digital Collections
896:Learn how and when to remove this message
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
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745:
681:
654:
553:as an important slave trading facility.
471:
356:
354:(RAC) constructed a fort there in 1650.
2360:
1637:
1602:
1075:
560:
1764:
1053:
254:
867:, as they are easily broken. Please
827:
650:
315:by the Dutch), and known locally as
732:Basilique de l'Immaculée Conception
543:
13:
991:from the original on 24 March 2012
524:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
477:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
468:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
462:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
14:
2414:
2393:Portuguese colonisation in Africa
1717:
1036:national "Benin History Timeline"
760:
529:
319:, formerly the chief port of the
172:364 km (141 sq mi)
1848:
1792:
965:http://www.red.unb.br/index.php/
832:
265:
229:
138:
76:
69:
50:
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1466:
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1421:
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534:
1041:
1029:
1016:
1003:
977:
958:
945:
928:
910:
373:, as noted by the crew of the
77:
1:
1652:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1741833
1617:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1596397
881:), or an abbreviated title.
823:
598:
574:A microcosm of Ouidah society
488:St John the Baptist of Ouidah
811:Heads of Government of Benin
7:
1091:; accessed 28 January 2018.
1038:, One World Nations Online.
799:
750:This site was added to the
422:slaves to the United States
10:
2419:
2403:Former Portuguese colonies
2388:Capitals of former nations
1846:
1070:Bradt Travel Guide – Benin
783:(1958), president of Benin
465:
361:A street of Ouidah in 1892
334:
2297:
2259:
2201:
2158:
2140:
2097:
2064:
2021:
1968:
1915:
1857:
1805:
1688:(in French). 3 March 2011
1517:Phillips, 'Journal', 226.
1399:Akinjogbin, Dahomey, 190.
727:Other landmarks include:
426:transatlantic slave trade
205:
197:
189:
184:
176:
168:
163:
151:
133:
98:
64:
49:
36:
23:
970:20 February 2015 at the
741:Zinsou Foundation Museum
737:Ouidah Museum of History
1708:not quite worked in yet
1640:Slavery & Abolition
1605:Slavery & Abolition
1068:Butler, Stuart (2019),
1047:Ouidah Museum, Benin –
871:by replacing them with
863:Knowledge's style guide
806:Heads of State of Benin
673:Sacred Forest of Kpasse
311:by the Portuguese; and
201:250/km (650/sq mi)
180:65 m (213 ft)
687:
660:
480:
418:
400:The Boston News-Letter
362:
1917:Atlantique Department
1706:WorldStatesmen- Benin
1463:Law, Ouidah, 74, 204.
746:World Heritage Status
685:
658:
520:São Tomé and Príncipe
475:
405:
360:
352:Royal African Company
158:Atlantique Department
1508:Norris, Memoirs, 42.
1112:Columbia-Lippincott
869:improve this article
397:. On 19 March 1727,
198: • Density
2142:Littoral Department
2023:Collines Department
1743: /
985:"Communes of Benin"
924:on 11 January 2013.
841:Constructs such as
561:Limited local power
339:In local tradition
327:of the Republic of
114: /
2261:Plateau Department
1859:Atakora Department
1807:Alibori Department
1547:on 9 December 2012
1026:, 2004, pp. 24–25.
795:(1987), footballer
692:Route des Esclaves
688:
661:
481:
403:gave this report:
367:Arab slave traders
363:
190: • Total
169: • Total
2373:Communes of Benin
2355:
2354:
2099:Kouffo Department
1970:Borgou Department
1799:Communes of Benin
1724:Door of No Return
1573:. 11 January 2004
918:"World Gazetteer"
906:
905:
898:
704:Door of No Return
651:Notable landmarks
648:
647:
321:Kingdom of Whydah
222:
221:
90:Location in Benin
57:Door of No Return
2410:
2378:Portuguese forts
2203:Ouémé Department
2066:Donga Department
1852:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:Law, Ouidah, 75.
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:Law, Ouidah, 57.
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
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641:2008 (estimate)
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371:triangular trade
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773:(d. 1937), and
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436:Mobile, Alabama
417:
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307:by the French;
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118:6.367°N 2.083°E
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1718:External links
1716:
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1646:(3): 431–457.
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1611:(4): 631–658.
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761:Notable people
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722:Vodun religion
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865:for footnotes
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781:Patrice Talon
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708:memorial arch
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490:) is a small
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99:Coordinates:
97:
72:
63:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
35:
22:
16:
2312:Agbangnizoun
1955:Tori-Bossito
1939:
1907:Toucountouna
1752:6.367; 2.083
1728:
1690:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
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1432:
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1368:
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1215:
1206:
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1187:
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1169:
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1113:
1108:
1103:The Guardian
1096:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1048:
1043:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
987:. Statoids.
979:
960:
952:
947:
941:Google Books
934:
930:
922:the original
912:
892:
883:
876:
860:
854:
848:
842:
817:Whydah Gally
815:
767:Cudjoe Lewis
749:
726:
719:
712:
689:
662:
602:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
568:
564:
555:
551:
547:
538:
535:Introduction
499:
495:
487:
484:
482:
456:
452:
440:
434:and went to
429:
419:
406:
398:
388:
379:Whydah Gally
377:
364:
349:
344:
338:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
260:
224:
223:
123:6.367; 2.083
56:
15:
2251:Sèmè-Kpodji
2036:Dassa-Zoumè
1750: /
1686:RFI Musique
1551:19 December
1009:Robin Law,
878:quick guide
769:(d. 1935),
694:, by which
612:Population
516:Slave Coast
512:slave trade
121: /
2362:Categories
2347:Zogbodomey
2274:Adja-Ouèrè
2246:Porto-Novo
2183:Grand-Popo
2122:Klouékanmè
2117:Dogbo-Tota
2112:Djakotomey
1892:Natitingou
1835:Malanville
1116:, p. 1408.
886:March 2024
824:References
793:Oscar Olou
599:Population
375:slave ship
253:; French:
227:(English:
185:Population
153:Department
2342:Zagnanado
2188:Houéyogbé
2013:Tchaourou
1978:Bembèrèkè
1902:Tanguiéta
1867:Boukoumbé
1815:Banikoara
1668:216497607
1660:0144-039X
1625:150975893
1577:29 August
1114:Gazetteer
995:5 January
955:, p. 227.
850:loc. cit.
700:monuments
679:statues.
502:, on the
325:the coast
207:Time zone
177:Elevation
2337:Za-Kpota
2231:Avrankou
2221:Aguégués
2216:Adjohoun
2132:Toviklin
2107:Aplahoué
1935:Kpomassè
1830:Karimama
1820:Gogounou
1087:, 1860,
1084:Clotilda
989:Archived
968:Archived
800:See also
671:and the
669:basilica
504:Atlantic
492:fortress
444:palm oil
431:Clotilda
414:—
2317:Bohicon
2269:Ifangni
2211:Adjarra
2193:Lokossa
2168:Athiémè
2150:Cotonou
2084:Djougou
2079:Copargo
2074:Bassila
2051:Savalou
2041:Glazoué
2008:Sinendé
1998:Parakou
1897:Pehonko
1882:Kouandé
1840:Ségbana
1537:"Benin"
771:Redoshi
644:90 042
636:77 832
628:64 433
620:25 459
498:, from
485:Fort of
479:in 1890
395:Dahomey
384:Jamaica
335:History
134:Country
39:Commune
2368:Ouidah
2332:Ouinhi
2327:Djidja
2307:Abomey
2289:Sakété
2241:Dangbo
2046:Ouèssè
2003:Pèrèrè
1988:N'Dali
1983:Kalalè
1945:Sô-Ava
1940:Ouidah
1930:Allada
1887:Matéri
1738:2°05′E
1735:6°22′N
1692:3 July
1666:
1658:
1623:
1571:Pravda
1418:42–62.
1192:12–34.
953:Creole
752:UNESCO
715:Scouts
696:slaves
677:bronze
409:Allada
345:Glēxwé
341:Kpassa
317:Glexwe
303:, and
297:Ouidah
261:Whydah
225:Ouidah
193:91,688
143:
109:2°05′E
106:6°22′N
84:Ouidah
31:Whydah
28:Glexwe
25:Ouidah
2279:Kétou
2236:Bonou
2089:Ouaké
2031:Bantè
1993:Nikki
1950:Toffo
1877:Kérou
1872:Cobly
1825:Kandi
1664:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1354:Ibid.
1022:Law,
844:ibid.
665:Vodun
633:2002
625:1992
617:1979
609:Year
508:Benin
500:Hweda
496:Ajudá
448:copra
391:Agaja
329:Benin
309:Ajudá
301:Juida
259:) or
212:UTC+1
146:Benin
2322:Covè
2284:Pobè
2178:Comé
2173:Bopa
2127:Lalo
2056:Savè
1694:2018
1656:ISSN
1579:2008
1553:2008
997:2010
859:are
856:idem
853:and
706:, a
690:The
313:Fida
305:Juda
164:Area
43:city
41:and
1648:doi
1613:doi
393:of
216:WAT
2364::
1960:Zè
1684:.
1662:.
1654:.
1644:41
1642:.
1619:.
1609:40
1607:.
1569:.
1539:.
1139:^
1055:^
847:,
710:.
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