Ottawa dialect - Knowledge

2824:

new language. Indigenous writing in Ottawa was also based upon English or French, but only occurred sporadically through the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern focus on literacy and use of written forms of the language has increased in the context of second-language learning, where mastery of written language is viewed as a component of the language-learning process. Although there has never been a generally accepted standard written form of Ottawa, interest in standardization has increased with the publication of a widely used dictionary in 1985 and reference grammar in 2001, which provide models for spelling conventions. A conference held in 1996 brought together speakers of all dialects of Ojibwe to review existing writing systems and make proposals for standardization.

3448: 1768: 2812: 6621: 227: 5967: 3939: 215: 5970: 3942: 3236:, Michigan but spent most of his life at Walpole Island. The texts that Medler dictated were originally published in a linguistically oriented transcription using phonetic symbols, and have been republished in a revised edition that uses the modern orthography and includes detailed linguistic analyses of each text. 3128:

in the late 1960s and early 1970s, resulting in a series of reports on Ottawa linguistics. Piggott also prepared a comprehensive description of Ottawa phonology. Rhodes produced a study of Ottawa syntax, a dictionary, and a series of articles on Ottawa grammar. Valentine has published a comprehensive

2896:

approaches to writing Ottawa based on less systematic adaptations of written English or French are more variable and idiosyncratic, and do not always make consistent use of alphabetic letters. While the modern orthography is used in a number of prominent publications, its acceptance is not universal.

1983:

The most significant of the morphological innovations that characterize Ottawa is the restructuring of the three person prefixes that occur on both nouns and verbs. The prefixes carry grammatical information about grammatical person (first, second, or third). Syncope modifies the pronunciation of the

804:

Two subdialects of Ottawa arise from these population movements and the subsequent language shift. The subdialects are associated with the ancestry of significant increments of the populations in particular communities and differences in the way the language is named in those locations. On Manitoulin

633:

result in low levels of mutual intelligibility. These three dialects "show many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe." Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is conventionally considered to be a single

617:

Languages spoken in a series of dialects occupying adjacent territory form a dialect continuum or language complex, with some of the dialects being mutually intelligible while others are not. Adjacent dialects typically have relatively high degrees of mutual intelligibility, but the degree of mutual

605:

is the linguistic criterion used to distinguish languages from dialects. In straightforward cases, varieties of language that are mutually intelligible are classified as dialects, while varieties of speech that are not mutually intelligible are classified as separate languages. Linguistic and social

3072:

In the general model of linguistic change, "a single ancestor language (a proto-language) develops dialects which in time through the accumulation of changes become distinct languages." Continued changes in the descendant languages result in the development of dialects which again over time develop

2861:

and Anglican converts used English-based orthographies. Documents written in Ottawa by Ottawa speakers on Manitoulin Island between 1823 and 1910 include official letters and petitions, personal documents, official Indian band regulations, an official proclamation, and census statements prepared by

2823:

Written representation of Ojibwe dialects, including Ottawa, was introduced by European explorers, missionaries and traders who were speakers of English and French. They wrote Ottawa words and sentences using their own languages' letters and orthographic conventions, adapting them to the unfamiliar

1975:

Innovations in Ottawa morphology contribute to differentiating Ottawa from other dialects of Ojibwe. These differences include: the reanalysis of person prefixes and word stems; the loss of final /-n/ in certain inflectional suffixes; a distinctive form for the verbal suffix indicating doubt; and a

2901:

has explicitly rejected it, preferring to use a form of folk spelling in which the correspondences between sounds and letters are less systematic. Similarly, a lexicon representing Ottawa as spoken in Michigan and another based on Ottawa in Oklahoma, use English-based folk spellings distinct from

2207:

Few vocabulary items are considered unique to Ottawa. The influx of speakers of other Ojibwe dialects into the Ottawa area has resulted in mixing of historically distinct dialects. Given that vocabulary spreads readily from one dialect to another, the presence of a particular vocabulary item in a

752:

does not identify the Ottawa as a separate group. One report suggests a total of approximately 8,000 speakers of Ottawa in the northern United States and southern Ontario out of an estimated total population of 60,000. A field study conducted during the 1990s in Ottawa communities indicates that

2891:

Although there is no standard or official writing system for Ottawa, a widely accepted system is used in a recent dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe, a collection of texts, and a descriptive grammar. The same system is taught in programs for Ojibwe language teachers. One of its goals is to

2856:

A tradition of indigenous literacy in Ottawa arose in the 19th century, as speakers of Ottawa on Manitoulin Island became literate in their own language. Manitoulin Island Ottawas who were Catholic learned to write from French Catholic missionaries using a French-influenced orthography, while

2225:

pronouns that contains terms unique to Ottawa, while other words in the set are shared with other Ojibwe dialects. Taken as a group the Ottawa set is distinctive. The following chart shows the demonstrative pronouns for: (a) Wikwemikong, an Ottawa community; (b) Curve Lake, an Eastern Ojibwe

3077:, the reconstructed ancestor language of the Algonquian languages. Ojibwe has subsequently developed a series of dialects including Ottawa, which is one of the three dialects of Ojibwe that has innovated the most through its historical development, along with Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin. 1260:. Ottawa fortis consonants are voiceless and phonetically long, and are aspirated in most positions: , , , . When following another consonant they are unaspirated or weakly articulated. The lenis consonants are typically voiced between vowels and word-initially before a vowel, but are 2844:

Frederick O'Meara (illustration, this section). Ottawa speaker Andrew Blackbird wrote a history of his people in English; an appended grammatical description of Ottawa and the Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect also contains vocabulary lists, short phrases, and translations of the

2198:

indicates a less prominent noun phrase. Selection and use of proximate or obviative forms is a distinctive aspect of Ottawa syntax that indicates the relative discourse prominence of noun phrases containing third persons; it does not have a direct analogue in English grammar.

2212:

are characteristically Ottawa: the sets of demonstrative pronouns and interrogative adverbs are both distinctive relative to other dialects of Ojibwe. Although some of the vocabulary items in each set are found in other dialects, taken as a group each is uniquely Ottawa.

1586:; the latter sound is converted to or deleted. A study of the Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect spoken in Minnesota describes the status of the analogous vowels as unclear, noting that while the distribution of the long nasal vowels is restricted, there is a 2913:

because it uses doubled vowel symbols to represent Ottawa long vowels that are paired with corresponding short vowels, it is an adaptation attributed to Charles Fiero of the linguistically oriented system found in publications such as Leonard Bloomfield's

634:

language with a series of adjacent dialects. Taking account of the low mutual intelligibility of the most strongly differentiated dialects, an alternative view is that Ojibwe "could be said to consist of several languages", forming a language complex.

5727:

Ewh oowahweendahmahgawin owh tabanemenung Jesus Christ: keahnekuhnootuhbeegahdag anwamand egewh ahneshenahbag Ojibway anindjig: keenahkoonegawaud kuhya ketebahahmahgawaud egewh mahyahmahwejegajig Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge ewede London

2079:

meaning either 'canoe' or 'his/her canoe' (with no prefix, because of syncope). Apart from the simple deletion of vowels in the prefixes, Ottawa has created new variants for each prefix. Restructuring of the person prefixes is discussed in detail in

759:

as their first language, and in some communities where the language was traditionally spoken, the number of speakers is very small." Formal second-language classes attempt to reduce the impact of declining first-language acquisition of Ottawa.

915:

The table of consonants uses symbols from the modern orthography with the corresponding symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) following where the two vary, or to draw attention to a particular property of the sound in question.

2111:. Verbal and nominal inflectional morphology are central to Ottawa syntax, as they mark grammatical information on verbs and nouns to a greater extent than in English (which has few inflections, and relies mainly on word order). Preferred 776:

Since the arrival of Europeans, the population movements of Ottawa speakers have been complex, with extensive migrations and contact with other Ojibwe groups. Many Ottawa speakers in southern Ontario are descended from speakers of the

2926:, in conjunction with orthographic conventions unique to Ottawa. The system embodies two basic principles: (1) alphabetic letters from the English alphabet are used to write Ottawa, but with Ottawa sound values; (2) the system is 2057:, which occurs with both nouns and verbs, is completely eliminated in Ottawa. As a result, there is no grammatical marker to indicate third-person on inflected forms of nouns or verbs. For example, where other dialects have 2930:

in nature, in that each letter or letter combination indicates its basic sound value, and does not reflect all the phonetic detail that occurs. Accurate pronunciation cannot be learned without consulting a fluent speaker.

4297:

Piggott, Glyne, 1980, pp. 110-111; Piggott's transcription of words containing long nasal vowels differs from those of Rhodes, Bloomfield, and Valentine by allowing for an optional after the long nasal vowel in phonetic

671:, for which less information is available. The dialect affiliation of several communities east of Lake Huron remains uncertain. Although "the dialect spoken along the eastern shore of Georgian Bay" has been described as 768:

At the time of first contact with Europeans in the early 17th century, Ottawa speakers resided on Manitoulin Island, the Bruce Peninsula, and probably the north and east shores of Georgian Bay. The northern area of the

2127:. While verb-final orders are avoided, all logically possible orders are attested. Ottawa word order displays considerably more freedom than is found in languages such as English, and word order frequently reflects 642:

The Ottawa communities for which the most detailed linguistic information has been collected are in Ontario. Extensive research has been conducted with speakers from Walpole Island in southwestern Ontario near

3152:

people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into a book,

6187:

Rhodes, Richard. 2002. "Multiple Assertions, Grammatical Constructions, Lexical Pragmatics, and the Eastern Ojibwe-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary." William Frawley, Kenneth C. Hill, & Pamela Munro, eds.,

1278:, occur in the speech of some speakers. Labialization is not normally indicated in writing, but a subscript dot is utilized in a widely used dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe to mark labialization: 3387:

were the first recordings of the Odawa dialect in Northern Michigan and have not been previously translated prior to the books published by Howard Wabkamigad. The original recordings are archived at the

1860:

morphology. Inflectional morphology has a central role in Ottawa grammar. Noun inflection and verb inflection indicate grammatical information through prefixes and suffixes that are added to word stems.

5093:

See Hanzeli, Victor, 1969, pp. 122-124 for the text and a facsimile reproduction from two pages of a circa 1688 manuscript of Ottawa grammatical notes and vocabulary attributed to Louis André, a Jesuit.

809:, and has features that set it off from other communities that have significant populations of Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) and Potawatomi descent. In the latter communities, the language is called 2983:, which is represented in the broader Ojibwe version with the apostrophe. In Ottawa the apostrophe is reserved for a separate function noted below. In a few primarily expressive words, orthographic 5968:

Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data

3940:

Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data

3022: is used to distinguish primary (underlying) consonant clusters from secondary clusters that arise when the rule of syncope deletes a vowel between two consonants. For example, orthographic 3085:

Explorer Samuel de Champlain was the first European to record an encounter with Ottawa speakers when he met a party of three hundred Ottawas in 1615 on the north shore of Georgian Bay. French

7654: 3129:

descriptive grammar, a volume of texts including detailed analysis, as well as a survey of Ojibwe dialects that includes extensive description and analysis of Ottawa dialect features.

2664:

A small number of vocabulary items are characteristically Ottawa. Although these items are robustly attested in Ottawa, they have also been reported in some other communities.

7659: 3211:

category include traditional stories that do not necessarily involve mythical characters, although the term is also used more generally to refer to any story not in the

3097:

order, documented several dialects of Ojibwe in the 17th and 18th centuries, including unpublished manuscript Ottawa grammatical notes, word lists, and a dictionary.

7674: 3675:

Significant publications include Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958; Piggott, Glyne, 1980; Rhodes, Richard, 1985; Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994; Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001

5306:

A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. A New edition, by a missionary of the Oblates. Part I, English-Otchipwe; Part II, Otchipwe-English.

1917:

Prefixes mark grammatical person on verbs, including first person, second person, and third person. Nouns use combinations of prefixes and suffixes to indicate

7542: 618:

intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably. In some cases, speakers of nonadjacent dialects may not understand each other's speech.

2815:

Page from a 19th-century Ottawa language publication by Frederick O'Meara, based on his work among Ottawa speakers on Manitoulin Island. Retrieved from

5523:

Early descriptions by French missionaries of Algonquian and Iroquoian languages: A study of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century practice in linguistics.

7479: 3359: 3133: 5901: 3789: 745:. The descendants of migrant Ottawas live in Kansas and Oklahoma; available information indicates only three elderly speakers in Oklahoma as of 2006. 906:

Variability in the pronunciation of words that contain vowels subject to syncope, as speakers frequently have more than one way of pronouncing them.

7679: 715: 6346: 813:

but is still clearly Ottawa. Dialect features found in "Ottawa Ottawa" that distinguish it from "Chippewa Ottawa" include deletion of the sounds

5919: 5907: 5628: 3853: 3841: 3757: 1775:, which includes a grammatical description of the Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialects of Ojibwe. Retrieved April 12, 2009 from 781:

dialect (also known as "Chippewa") who moved into Ottawa-speaking areas during the mid-19th century. Ottawa today is sometimes referred to as

7319: 6659: 4070:

See e.g. Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm, 1995, for the segmental inventories of Southwestern Ojibwe, and Todd, Evelyn, 1970 for Severn Ojibwe

3011:

By convention the three long vowels that correspond to a short vowel are written double, while the single long vowel written as orthographic

2853:. Accurate transcriptions of Ottawa date from linguist Leonard Bloomfield's research with Ottawa speakers in the late 1930s and early 1940s. 3104:

wrote a history of the Ottawa people that included a description of Ottawa grammatical features. The first linguistically accurate work was

7603: 5551: 801:

to speaking Ottawa, as did the Potawatomi migrants. As a result of the migrations, Ottawa came to include Potawatomi and Ojibwe loanwords.

534:'nominalizer', with regular deletion of short vowels) 'speaking Ottawa' is also reported in some sources. The name of the Canadian capital 237: 1236:. Fortis (or "strong") consonants are typically distinguished from lenis (or "weak") consonants by features such as greater duration or 7664: 5614:

McGregor, Gregor with C. F. Voegelin. 1988. "Birch Island Texts." Edited by Leonard Bloomfield and John D. Nichols. John Nichols, ed.,

1354:. The phonological distinction between long and short vowels plays a significant role in Ottawa phonology, as only short vowels can be 789:

by speakers in these areas. As part of a series of population displacements during the same period, an estimated two thousand American

7669: 7593: 3229: 2892:

promote standardization of Ottawa writing so that language learners are able to read and write in a consistent way. By comparison,

664: 6202:

Rhodes, Richard A. 2004. "Alexander Francis Chamberlain and the language of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,

5722:. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Cobourgh : Printed at the Diocesan Press for the Church Society of the Diocese of Toronto, 1844. 5313:

History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: A grammar of their language, and personal and family history of the author

1777:

History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: A grammar of their language, and personal and family history of the author

6266: 5941:

Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. 'That the young might hear': The stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield.

5779:

Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba.

5765:

Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba.

2909:

in Ontario and the United States, and widely employed in reference materials and text collections. Sometimes referred to as the

897:

Creation of new consonant clusters that do not occur in other dialects, through deletion of short vowels between two consonants.

894:

Differences in pronunciation between Ottawa and other dialects of Ojibwe, resulting in a lower degree of mutual intelligibility.

443:, indicating a less prominent noun phrase. Ottawa has a relatively flexible word order compared with languages such as English. 5530:

Missionary linguistics in New France: A study of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century descriptions of American Indian languages.

1968:

to create words to which inflectional prefixes and suffixes are added. Word stems are combined with other word stems to create

7286: 6239: 6197: 5582: 5366: 5352: 5338: 3367: 3178: 1415: 5618:

pp. 107–194. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.

5424:

pp. 457–473. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., Publication Number 5.

1574:

is an orthographic convention and does not correspond to an independent sound. One analysis treats the long nasal vowels as

353:. The first recorded meeting of Ottawa speakers and Europeans occurred in 1615 when a party of Ottawas encountered explorer 7504: 6300: 5438:

pp. 33–68. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.

7474: 6339: 6294: 2116: 1189: 1172: 259: 3224:

Ottawa speaker Andrew Medler dictated the following text while working with linguist Leonard Bloomfield in a linguistic

3487:"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions" 1458: 5733:

Pentland, David. 1996. "An Ottawa letter to the Algonquin chiefs at Oka." Brown, Jennifer and Elizabeth Vibert, eds.,

5611:

1980. Indian and Inuit Affairs Program. Research Branch: Corporate Policy. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.

3366:

between 1946–1949. It contains over 25 stories of various sorts including many stories of the two general categories,

7583: 7312: 7282: 6652: 6253: 6126: 6112: 6098: 6084: 6070: 6056: 6009: 5989: 5962: 5948: 5896: 5882: 5868: 5854: 5840: 5812: 5756: 5742: 5713: 5685: 5671: 5643: 5623: 5603: 5560: 5544: 5513: 5499: 5457: 5443: 5429: 5415: 5380: 5199:

Valentine, J. Randolph, 1988, pp. 197–215, 113–115; Piggott, Glyne, 1985, pp. 11–16; Piggott, Glyne, 1985a, pp. 13–16

3923: 1771:

Printed text with columns of English words and corresponding Ottawa terms. Page from Andrew Blackbird's 19th-century

1363: 1355: 706:, Sucker Creek, and Sheguiandah. Other Ottawa communities in southwestern Ontario in addition to Walpole Island are: 5706:

Naasaab izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng: Conference report. A conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system.

384:, although it shares many features with other dialects. The most distinctive change is a pervasive pattern of vowel 7608: 3221:, including historical narratives, stories of conflict with other indigenous groups, humorous stories, and others. 3172: 2910: 2883:, a syllabic writing system derived from a European-based alphabetic orthography, but supporting evidence is weak. 2880: 2968:'in the refrigerator'. Loan words that have recently been borrowed from English are typically written in standard 7484: 6737: 5504:

Goddard, Ives. 1996b. "The description of the native languages of North America before Boas." Ives Goddard, ed.,

2923: 1448: 1130: 868: 249: 3856:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009. 3844:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009. 3796:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009. 1265: 797:

moved into Ottawa communities in southwestern Ontario. The non-Ottawa-speaking Ojibwes who moved to these areas

7649: 7217: 6625: 6332: 6271: 4079:

See Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 29–32 for a discussion of the relationship between sounds and orthography

3389: 2165:, which use a verb form in the Independent order, from content questions formed with the Ottawa equivalents of 6785: 5943:

London, ON: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.

5922:

Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

5910:

Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

5904:

Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

5631:

Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

3760:

Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

3140:

devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community.

1938: 219:

Ottawa population areas in Ontario, Michigan and Oklahoma. Reserves/Reservations and communities shown in red.

205: 6460: 2893: 1830:, creating a set of four verb subclasses. The distinction between the two genders also affects verbs through 1109: 1018: 404: 1562:) 'first person (Conjunct) Animate Intransitive'. Orthographically the long vowel is followed by word-final 7305: 7141: 7121: 6645: 6568: 3786: 3615:

Hockett, Charles F., 1958, pp. 323–326 develops a model of language complexes; he uses the term "L-complex"

2716: 1474: 778: 187: 6216:

Rhodes, Richard. 2005. "Directional pre-verbs in Ojibwe and the registration of path." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,

3461: 3039: 3035: 2195: 2191: 2054: 1873: 1869: 1583: 1579: 1347: 1319: 1315: 1144: 1136: 1077: 1069: 1061: 1053: 440: 432: 7263: 7027: 6575: 5720:

Kaezhetabwayandungebun kuhya kaezhewaberepun owh anuhmeaud keahneshnahbabeèegahdag keahnekenootahtahbeung

2146:. Each order corresponds generally to one of three main sentence types: the Independent order is used in 2124: 2120: 1425: 699: 695: 5824:

Rhodes, Richard. 1976a. "A preliminary report on the dialects of Eastern Ojibwa–Odawa." W. Cowan, ed.,

3031: 1179: 703: 5385:

Corbiere, Alan. 2003. "Exploring historical literacy in Manitoulin Island Ojibwe." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,

2142:

Verbs are marked for grammatical information in three distinct sets of inflectional paradigms, called

7598: 7419: 6687: 6037: 5652:

Faculty of Education, Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

5308:

Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois. Reprint (in one volume), Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1966, 1973.

5151: 4940:

Faculty of Education, Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

3384: 3363: 3141: 3137: 3074: 2841: 1517: 1507: 1102: 879: 683: 679: 3447: 864: 7588: 5434:

Fox, Francis and Nora Soney with Richard Rhodes. 1988. "Chippewa-Ottawa texts." John Nichols, ed.,

3486: 3121: 2873: 1918: 1857: 1480: 734: 711: 707: 455: 393: 199: 1602:'so the story goes'. Other discussions of Ottawa phonology and phonetics are silent on the issue. 7618: 7347: 7101: 7037: 6061:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1980. "On the semantics of the instrumental finals in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,

2905:

The Ottawa writing system is a minor adaptation of a very similar one used for other dialects of

1831: 1359: 1011: 1004: 875: 726: 672: 501: 451: 6795: 6225: 6211: 6182: 6168: 6154: 6140: 5784: 5770: 5699: 5485: 5471: 5394: 7269: 7248: 6984: 6563: 6493: 5096: 3411: 2806: 2147: 2108: 1969: 1937:, and other categories. Significant agreement patterns between nouns and verbs involve gender, 1910: 1257: 1252:. In Ottawa, each fortis consonant is matched to a corresponding lenis consonant with the same 1249: 942: 691: 602: 6371:

indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere

5462:

Goddard, Ives. 1994. "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." William Cowan, ed.,

5315:. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Ypsilanti, MI: The Ypsilantian Job Printing House. (Reprinted as: 1369:

The table below gives the orthographic symbol and the primary phonetic values for each vowel.

6355: 6309: 5649: 4937: 3117: 2935: 2833: 2226:

community; and (c) Cape Croker, an Ottawa community that uses a mixed pronoun set. The terms

1253: 1166: 977: 970: 790: 773:

of Michigan has also been a central area for Ottawa speakers since the arrival of Europeans.

621:

A survey conducted during the 1980s and 1990s found that the differences between Ottawa, the

20: 6850: 6075:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1981. "On the Semantics of the Ojibwa Verbs of Breaking." W. Cowan, ed.,

1864:

Notable grammatical characteristics marked with inflectional prefixes and suffixes include:

1815: 7512: 7464: 7253: 7065: 6954: 6777: 6742: 6704: 6499: 3416: 3253:

Ngoding kiwenziinh ngii-noondwaaba a-dbaajmod wshkiniigkwen gii-ndodmaagod iw wiikwebjigan.

3063: 1818:

classifies nouns as either animate or inanimate. Transitive verbs encode the gender of the

1796: 1028: 668: 562: 115: 6810: 8: 7532: 7258: 7222: 6898: 6767: 6668: 6606: 6505: 6173:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1998. "The Syntax and Pragmatics of Ojibwe Mii." D. H. Pentland, ed.,

5859:

Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. "Subarctic Algonquian languages." June Helm, ed.,

2969: 2166: 2162: 2136: 2132: 1898: 1229: 1225: 698:. In addition to Wikwemikong, Ottawa communities on Manitoulin Island are, west to east: 622: 385: 354: 124: 6117:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1984. "Baseball, Hotdogs, Apple Pie, and Chevrolets." W. Cowan, ed.,

5751:

New York: Garland. (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1974)

2507:

fused with them to form a single word. In this table the emphatic pronoun is written as

7489: 7232: 7167: 7009: 6946: 6931: 6800: 6722: 6717: 6414: 5448:

Goddard, Ives. 1979. "Comparative Algonquian." Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, eds,

3959: 3105: 2187: 2128: 1949: 1922: 1886: 1880: 937: 927: 887: 805:

Island, where the population is predominantly of Ottawa origin, the language is called

749: 748:

Reliable data on the total number of Ottawa speakers is not available, in part because

738: 687: 626: 428: 408: 5726: 2816: 179: 7212: 7162: 7017: 6999: 6994: 6974: 6969: 6921: 6855: 6470: 6443: 6431: 6409: 6404: 6276: 6249: 6235: 6221: 6207: 6193: 6178: 6164: 6150: 6136: 6122: 6108: 6094: 6080: 6066: 6052: 6030: 6005: 5985: 5958: 5944: 5892: 5878: 5864: 5850: 5836: 5808: 5780: 5766: 5752: 5738: 5709: 5695: 5681: 5667: 5639: 5619: 5599: 5578: 5540: 5509: 5495: 5481: 5467: 5453: 5439: 5425: 5411: 5390: 5376: 5362: 5348: 5334: 5317:

Complete both early and late history of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan .

5312: 3233: 3125: 2898: 2143: 2081: 1977: 1892: 1847: 1827: 1823: 1776: 1501: 1464: 1261: 1245: 1241: 957: 947: 881: 652: 566: 1767: 255: 7550: 7207: 7197: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7047: 6989: 6936: 6883: 6845: 6790: 6752: 6712: 6682: 6601: 6591: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6455: 6426: 6420: 6389: 6383: 6304: 3101: 3090: 2919: 2850: 2846: 2151: 1819: 1233: 1047: 997: 932: 842: 598: 388:

that deletes short vowels in many words, resulting in significant changes in their

6319: 6145:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1988. "Ojibwa Politeness and Social Structure." W. Cowan, ed.,

5694:

University of Manitoba: Readers and Studies Guides, Department of Native Studies.

5692:

Nishnaabebii'gedaa: Exercises in writing for speakers of Central Ojibwa and Odawa.

3355:

Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek

3160:

Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek

878:, in which short vowels are deleted, or in certain circumstances reduced to schwa 7522: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7146: 7055: 7022: 6979: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6865: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6805: 6757: 6747: 6596: 6516: 6511: 6486: 6480: 6399: 5974: 5800:

Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 13. Washington: Government Printing Office.

3946: 3927: 3793: 3406: 3401: 3280:

Mii dash niw kiwenziinyan gii-ndodmawaad iw wiikwebjigan, gye go wgii-dbahmawaan.

3067: 2906: 2837: 2155: 1784: 964: 952: 770: 719: 675:, studies do not clearly delimit the boundary between Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe. 660: 543: 467: 381: 330: 129: 120: 110: 102: 6815: 6314: 3287:'So then she asked that old man for the love medicine, and she paid him for it.' 3259:'Once I heard an old man tell of how a young woman asked him for love medicine.' 1578:, while another treats them as derived from sequences of long vowel followed by 725:

Communities in Michigan where Ottawa linguistic data has been collected include

192: 7434: 7429: 7399: 7136: 7086: 7060: 6959: 6820: 6547: 6475: 6449: 6437: 6394: 6103:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1983. "Some Comments on Ojibwa Ethnobotany." W. Cowan, ed.,

5666:

Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba.

5518: 3109: 2879:

It has been suggested that Ottawa speakers were among the groups that used the

2501:

Ottawa interrogative pronouns and adverbs frequently have the emphatic pronoun

1783:

Ottawa shares the general grammatical characteristics of the other dialects of

1762: 1570:

is a common indicator of nasality in many languages such as French, the use of

991: 822: 798: 497: 447: 424: 2208:

given dialect is not a guarantee of the item's original source. Two groups of

7643: 7126: 6732: 6727: 5719: 3832:. Sheshegwaning First Nation Community web site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009. 3549:

See Bright, William, 2004, p. 360 for other uses of "Ottawa" as a place name.

3435: 2222: 2209: 1926: 1904: 1835: 1271: 742: 569:, a series of adjacent dialects spoken primarily in the area surrounding the 6131:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "Metaphor and Extension in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,

6047:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1979. "Some aspects of Ojibwa discourse." W. Cowan, ed.,

5105: 2862:

individuals. Ottawa speakers from Manitoulin Island contributed articles to

450:

as the use of English increases and the number of fluent speakers declines.

423:

that are connected with particular verb subclasses, and complex patterns of

7517: 7414: 7409: 7384: 7227: 7131: 6888: 6465: 6002:

Wiigwaaskingaa / Land of birch trees: Ojibwe stories by Arthur J. McGregor.

5570:

Ottawa: Education and Cultural Support Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs.

5476:

Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Writing and reading Mesquakie (Fox)." W. Cowan, ed.,

3663: 3073:

into distinct languages. The Ojibwe language is a historical descendant of

2980: 1587: 1307: 1303: 1035: 730: 690:, Mississauga (Mississagi River 8 Reserve, Serpent River, Whitefish River, 586: 582: 552:, the self-designation of the Ottawa people. The earliest recorded form is 500:', with regular deletion of short vowels); the same term is applied to the 362: 358: 334: 7032: 3920: 3637: 3635: 3094: 2934:

The Ottawa variant of this system uses the following consonant letters or

1554:

suffixes or words with a diminutive connotation, as well as in the suffix

163: 7560: 7439: 7394: 7328: 6873: 5873:

Ritzenthaler, Robert. 1978. "Southwestern Chippewa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,

5831:

Rhodes, Richard. 1982. "Algonquian trade languages." William Cowan, ed.,

5420:

Fox, William A. 1990. "The Odawa." Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, eds.,

5406:

Feest, Johanna, and Christian Feest. 1978. "Ottawa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,

4048: 4046: 3149: 3145: 3030:. The former has the phonetic value (arising from place of articulation 1380: 1275: 1158: 856: 648: 570: 436: 392:. This and other innovations in pronunciation, in addition to changes in 6324: 4552: 4550: 3930:

Intertribal Wordpath Society. Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved April 6, 2009.

3322:

Gye go mii gii-wiidgemaad, gye go mii wiiba gii-yaawaawaad binoojiinyan.

1350:

does not have a corresponding short vowel, and is written with a single

7389: 7379: 6964: 4387: 4385: 3632: 3440: 3225: 3086: 3015:

that does not have a corresponding short vowel is not written doubled.

2869: 2112: 1934: 1930: 1853: 1551: 1406: 1385: 1237: 753:

Ottawa is in decline, noting that "Today too few children are learning

656: 7297: 6637: 6089:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1982. "Algonquian Trade Languages." W. Cowan, ed.,

5207: 5205: 4123: 4121: 4043: 3294:

Mii dash gii-aabjitood maaba wshkiniigkwe iw mshkiki gaa-giishpnadood.

2811: 1310:. There are four long nasal vowels whose status as either phonemes or 625:

dialect spoken in northwestern Ontario and northern Manitoba, and the

7575: 7555: 7469: 7459: 7444: 7404: 6878: 6192:

pp. 108–124. Berkeley: University of California Press. 108-124.

6190:

Making Dictionaries: Preserving Indigenous Languages of the Americas,

6029:

Cappel, Constance. 2007, The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at

4700:

Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 430–434; other items listed, p. 431

4547: 4261: 4259: 3202: 3198: 2858: 1945: 1488: 1437: 1311: 1274:

stop consonants and , consisting of a consonant with noticeable lip

1089: 860: 848: 561:

Ottawa is a dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a member of the

389: 345:

in the United States. Descendants of migrant Ottawa speakers live in

172: 156: 6159:

Rhodes, Richard A. 1991. "On the Passive in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,

6033:, 1763: The History of a Native American People, Edwin Mellen Press. 6004:

Ojibwe editor Mary E. Wemigwans. Hobbema, AB: Blue Moon Publishing.

5980:

Walker, Willard. 1996. "Native writing systems." Ives Goddard, ed.,

5359:

Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima.

4948: 4946: 4382: 867:

described below, with phonetic transcriptions in brackets using the

863:

status is unclear. In this article, Ottawa words are written in the

226: 7357: 6359: 5202: 4118: 3315:'Then this young man accordingly very much loved that young woman.' 678:

Other Canadian communities in the Ottawa-speaking area extend from

578: 539: 420: 350: 342: 267: 68: 64: 6290: 5563:

Intertribal Wordpath Society. Norman, OK. Retrieved April 6, 2009.

4757:

For general discussion see Walker, Willard, 1996, pp. 158, 173–176

4256: 3974: 3885: 3883: 3602: 3600: 1879:

Extensive marking on verbs of inflectional information concerning

1264:

in word-final position. The lenis consonants are subject to other

7494: 7449: 7424: 7369: 7331: 5984:

pp. 158–184. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5891:

pp. 760–771. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5887:

Rogers, Edward. 1978. "Southeastern Ojibwa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,

5877:

pp. 743–759. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5410:

pp. 772–786. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5375:

pp. 725–742. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

4943: 3132:

There has been one major anthropological/linguistic study of the

3048:'at the island'), while the latter has the phonetic value as in 2927: 2183:

and others, which require verbs inflected in the Conjunct order.

1808: 1804: 1800: 1575: 1550:(). They most commonly occur in the final syllable of nouns with 1221: 794: 644: 594: 590: 397: 380:

Ottawa is one of the Ojibwe dialects that has undergone the most

338: 326: 263: 60: 5994: 5913: 5664:

The dog's children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams.

4923: 4921: 4499:

See Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, Ch. 5 for an extensive survey.

4291: 3829: 3808:

Whitefish River Community Web Site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.

3805: 3462:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English" 3308:

Mii dash maaba wshkinwe gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad niw wshkiniigkwen.

1334:

that correspond to the single symbols used for the short vowels

7626: 7565: 7454: 7374: 7339: 5863:

pp. 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5587:

Kaye, Jonathan, Glyne Piggott and Kensuke Tokaichi, eds. 1971.

5508:

pp. 17–42. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

3880: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3597: 3358:

by Howard Webkamigad. This book translates recordings from the

3301:'Then this young woman used that medicine that she had bought.' 2104: 2100: 2092: 1976:

distinctive form for the verbal suffix indicating plurality on

903:

New forms of the person prefixes that occur on nouns and verbs.

630: 574: 535: 416: 346: 234: 214: 5594:

Kegg, Maude. 1991. Edited and transcribed by John D. Nichols.

5494:

pp. 1–16. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

5102:

Kaye, Jonathan, Glyne Piggott and Kensuke Tokaichi, eds., 1971

4829: 4827: 6220:

pp. 371–382. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. 371-382.

5982:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,

5889:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,

5875:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,

5506:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,

5492:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,

5408:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,

5373:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,

5138:

See Further Reading for articles by Rhodes on Ottawa grammar.

4918: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 3218: 3177:

Traditional Ottawa stories fall into two general categories,

2943:

b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, w, y, z, zh

1957: 1299: 852: 282: 79: 7655:

Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

5929:

PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

5861:

The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic,

5609:

Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands.

3678: 3618: 2832:

19th-century missionary authors who wrote in Ottawa include

2649: 2621: 2593: 2556: 2479: 2453: 2427: 2395: 2369: 2343: 2317: 2285: 7361: 4824: 3818: