584:
city) formed a five-corner hill about 18 meters of height. The area of the hill is 200,000 square metres. Excavations proved that it was an advanced town with monumental buildings. The town was densely populated: the houses stood close to each and formed the group of quarters or blocks. Two bath houses, dated by 9th to the 12th centuries, were found on the rabat (suburbs) outside the city wall. The baths had central halls for bathing and massaging, rooms for undressing, restrooms and a prayer room. They had hot water supply systems. Dishes excavated near two furnaces help prove that Otrar was the center of ceramic production in
Central Asia. The ceramics had elements of decoration. One of the greatest artifacts was the figure of water carrier – a camel with a woman's head and cradle on its back.
490:
74:
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Turkic state of Kangu Tarban, the population of which were the
Kangars. According to the coins, in the 6th to 8th centuries, Kangu Tarban was ruled by a local dynasty of the Kangars, and their capital became a Tarban town named Turarband that was later to be called Otrar. Since the times of the golden hordes, the ruins of Otrar have been attractive because of rumours about the treasures of the ancient rulers, and about buried piles of gold coins and jewelry. The source of such legends was perhaps confirmed by the archaeological finds of various coins and jewelry.
107:
57:
453:. In fact, the disasters and wars that passed over the town have done their part. Now, at the site of the once-prosperous town, there remain only ruins overgrown with grass. A person who first comes to the Otrar oasis is often surprised by the appearance of the numerous stark ruins of towns and settlements, castles and watchtowers. The main irrigation channels are now crossed with dried fields and their cracked beds have not held water for centuries.
114:
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337:(also known as the Kang River). Kangju existed from the 1st century BC until the 5th century AD. Its capital was reportedly at or near Bityan. After being subject to several different waves of invaders, Kangju collapsed into several independent states situated mainly in the Syr Darya valley and its tributaries of Keles and Atysi. Its people appear to have
382:(Seven Rivers) towns. The town was situated at the junction of different geographical landscapes and was at the intersection of the caravan routes of the Great Silk Road. Otrar, being at the junction of the two great rivers, was the center of the large agricultural region and, being near the foothills of the
570:
These followed a prolonged period of revolt, which resulted in the economic decline of the area and its towns. As the
Eurasian arm of the Silk Road gradually lost its importance, so did the city. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, the irrigation system slowly fell out of use, and the lower part of
353:
in the form of a bow on the obverse of such coins and the image of a lion on the reverse side. On a second type of coin, there is an "X" sign on the reverse side; these may originate from the mint of a local ruler. There is a suggestion that the coins of the second type were minted by rulers of the
456:
The oasis of Otrar is not one single site, but rather it is a large oasis containing a series of towns and cities. Each hill formed in the place of ancient settlements has, at present its own name: Altyntobe, Dzhalpak-tobe, Kuyuk-Mardan-tobe and
Pchakchi-tobe. In earlier times, they had different
583:
The area of the settlement is about 2 square kilometres. The lowest layers of the settlement are dated from the 1st century AD and the earliest monuments are dated from the 12th to 15th centuries. Otrar was a typical fortress for
Central Asia. The Ark (central fortress) and Shahristan (fortified
527:
Genghis Khan responded by sending a delegation of three diplomats to Sultan
Muhammad, demanding Inalchuq be punished; but Muhammad responded by beheading the Muslim ambassador and shaving off the beards of his two Mongol companions, provoking Genghis Khan into a retaliatory invasion. He besieged
377:
The Syr Darya played a unique role in the life of Otrar and the whole region, and its waters were used for irrigation. They were also known for being abundant with fish and its shores were covered with rich vegetation and were also home to many birds and animals. Otrar is mentioned in numerous
535:'s death, the town again became an important political and economic center. By the middle of the 13th century it had returned as a large trade center on the way from the West to the East. During the second half of the 14th century Southern Kazakhstan was brought into the sphere of
822:
Pachkalov, Alexander. Archaeological
Sources: The Chaghadaid Khanate. In The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Edited by Michal Biran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hodong Kim, Seoul National University. Cambridge University Press, 2023. Vol. II. 464-473 pp.
348:
There are records that portray the determination of earlier names of Farab. It is thought that a group of coins collected in Otrar and some towns of the oasis date back to the time of these records. There is a generic symbol of the
477:) or Fārāb (also Fāryāb and Pāryāb), is a common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water”. (Fāryāb) also is the name of a province in northern Afghanistan. By the 13th century, Fārāb on the
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By the end of the 18th century there were only 40 families remaining in Otrar, compared to perhaps 5,000–7,000 in the 14th to 17th centuries, and the irrigated area had declined to about 5 square kilometres.
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Khanate. Other descendants of
Genghis Khan had claims over the area as well, and so for most of the 16th and 17th centuries there was non-stop feuding among these various parties for power over the
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In the 9th to the 10th centuries, various sources refer to Otrar as one of the
Ispidjab towns. This is probably related to the fact that the city first submitted to the Caliphate and then to the
639:
excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and
295:, situated on the borders of settled and agricultural civilizations. It was the center of a great oasis and political district, commanding a key point connecting Kazakhstan with
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in all directions", which is many times mentioned by the chroniclers. The town is also known to have minted its own coinage. Otrar was the cultural center where
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Many of the towns in the oasis never recovered and were abandoned. However, Otrar city rose again and during the troubled years of civil wars, which followed
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feudal lords. Even so, a degree of stability was maintained in Otrar up until the
Dzungars attempted and failed to conquer southern Kazakhstan.
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539:'s power. In February 1405, when Timur was visiting Otrar to gather his troops, he caught a cold and died in one of the Otrar palaces.
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In 1218, a Mongolian trade caravan of around 450 men arrived in Otrar, including an ambassador of Genghis Khan. The governor of Otrar,
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names that are now forgotten and only the names of the three towns known in manuscript sources may be identified at the present ruins.
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accused them of being Mongolian spies and arrested them, and with the assent of Sultan Muhammed, executed the entire caravan.
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Otrar for five months in 1219, eventually breaching its walls and executing Inalchuq along with massacring the inhabitants.
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Central Asian Regional Training Course: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EARTHEN STRUCTURES AND SITES
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sources such as medieval Arab, Persian and Turkic authors. These sources refer to it as one of the
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was born, and Aristan-Bab, an important representative of Islamic culture, preached here.
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conquering several tribes and placing himself at the head of a new
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The oasis of Otrar is situated in the Kusulkum district of the
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The death of Timur led to more struggles, which resulted in
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Village of Farab, Turkmenistan. Railroad Station and Tracks
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minted in Otrar in 1258–1259, during the reign of Khan
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The city has a history dating back to the time of the
414:, and another road went down to the Aral Sea and the
654:"C. E. Bosworth, "OTRĀR" in Encyclopedia Iranica"
617:DANIEL BALLAND, "FĀRYĀB" in Encyclopedia Iranica
559:and the Syr Darya valley, especially between the
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291:. Otrar was an important town in the history of
505:The prosperity of Otrar was interrupted by the
61:Archeological site of Otrar during a sandstorm
27:Place in South Kazakhstan Province, Kazakhstan
863:
772:, Weidenfeld and Nocolson, London, ç1979. p.9
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398:; along the Syr Darya an old road went up to
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746:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
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604:(in Turkish). International Turkic Academy.
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418:. Another well known road ran through the
2181:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
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2028:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
918:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
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683:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
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2283:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
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2319:Former populated places in Kazakhstan
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2314:Populated places along the Silk Road
843:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii
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716:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World
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20:. For the town in Turkmenistan, see
2238:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
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2304:Archaeological sites in Kazakhstan
2233:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1234:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
780:This article draws heavily from a
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469:, when it was known as Parab. The
283:that was a city located along the
14:
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1644:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
826:
630:Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab"
445:. It is 120 km northwest of
96:Show map of West and Central Asia
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79:
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2243:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1513:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
818:". Retrieved November 29, 2005.
799:Division of Cultural Heritage,
656:. Iranicaonline.org. 2002-07-20
507:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
2278:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2223:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
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1229:Silk Road transmission of art
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543:Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Dzungars
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2228:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
333:, which was centered on the
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748:. Macmillan. p. 163.
571:the Temir-aryk dried out.
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422:desert moving westward to
270:𐰚𐰭𐱃𐰺𐰢𐰣 / Keñü Tarman
209:506 m (1,660 ft)
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1749:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1463:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1453:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
341:, becoming known as the
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16:For places in Iran, see
2273:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2161:Hephthalite silver bowl
2038:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1078:Second Turkic Khaganate
879:History of Central Asia
680:A History of Inner Asia
579:Archaeological findings
2253:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2013:Alexandria Prophthasia
1038:First Turkic Khaganate
973:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
835:, Encyclopædia Iranica
713:Leo de Hartog (2004).
516:, who was an uncle of
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129:Show map of Kazakhstan
93:Location in Kazakhstan
2063:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1438:Karsakpay inscription
893:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
492:
158:42.85250°N 68.30278°E
1870:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1405:Noin-Ula burial site
1203:Chinese Central Asia
770:The Devil's Horsemen
485:Mongols and Timurids
481:was known as Otrār.
449:and 50 km from
394:, and further on to
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2053:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1468:Petrovka settlement
1198:Soviet Central Asia
1123:Great Seljuq Empire
261:[wotɤ̥ˈrɑr]
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2166:Chilek silver bowl
2033:Buddhas of Bamiyan
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1173:Khanate of Bukhara
1133:Khwarazmian Empire
1058:Ikhshids of Sogdia
903:Afanasievo culture
635:2011-10-03 at the
522:Khwarazmian Empire
518:Sultan Muhammad II
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367:Abu Nasr al-Farabi
201:before 8th century
163:42.85250; 68.30278
126:Otrar (Kazakhstan)
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2309:Central Asia
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2126:Mount Khajeh
2093:Qala-i-Jangi
2073:Khair Khaneh
1978:Khair Khaneh
1885:Namazga-Tepe
1840:Anau culture
1817:Turkmenistan
1734:Tavka Kurgan
1629:Balalyk Tepe
1546:Burana Tower
1536:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1457:
1428:Issyk kurgan
1163:Kart dynasty
1158:Sufi dynasty
1148:Golden Horde
1073:Oghuz Yabgus
1048:Tang dynasty
1013:Hephthalites
938:Uyuk culture
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293:Central Asia
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2218:Kabul hoard
2151:Sokh snakes
2103:Surkh Kotal
2068:Haji Piyada
2043:Darra-e Kur
2008:Yemshi Tepe
2003:Tillya Tepe
1998:Tepe Fullol
1988:Tepe Narenj
1983:Tapa Sardar
1973:Fondukistan
1938:Tapa Shotor
1918:Tepe Fullol
1910:Afghanistan
1739:Toprak-Kala
1724:Shahrukhiya
1674:Kampir Tepe
1664:Itchan Kala
1619:Ancient Pap
1576:Shakh Fazil
1448:Krasnyi Yar
1352:Mogao Caves
1312:Kizil Caves
1248:Archaeology
1113:Farighunids
1068:Turk Shahis
1008:Alchon Huns
675:Svat Soucek
309:Middle East
232:Postal code
161: /
18:Farab, Iran
2298:Categories
2098:Rag-i-Bibi
1923:Ai-Khanoum
1855:Gonur Depe
1850:Dev-Kesken
1787:Kafir-kala
1777:Ajina tepe
1759:Tajikistan
1719:Sarmishsay
1704:Kyzyl-Kala
1684:Khalchayan
1669:Kafir-kala
1649:Fayaz Tepe
1634:Burchmulla
1596:Uzbekistan
1586:Tash Rabat
1561:Manas Ordo
1528:Kyrgyzstan
1415:Kazakhstan
1118:Ghaznavids
1023:Ustrushana
1018:Tocharians
948:Massagetae
660:2012-09-19
588:References
473:Pārāb (in
289:Kazakhstan
281:ghost town
266:Old Turkic
180:Kazakhstan
149:68°18′10″E
146:42°51′09″N
2144:Artifacts
2018:Aq Kupruk
1968:Mes Aynak
1900:Ulug Depe
1835:Altyndepe
1782:Cyropolis
1772:Penjikent
1744:Varakhsha
1679:Kara Tepe
1624:Ayaz-Kala
1614:Akhsikath
1604:Afrasiyab
1551:Issyk-Kul
1541:Balasagun
1387:Beshbalik
1264:Sintashta
1224:Silk Road
1153:Ilkhanate
1108:Ma'munids
1003:Kidarites
451:Turkestan
432:Black Sea
392:Balasagun
339:Turkified
335:Syr Darya
285:Silk Road
215:Time zone
206:Elevation
2078:Mundigak
2058:Firozkoh
1948:Shotorak
1767:Bunjikat
1659:Hazorasp
1483:Shilikty
1473:Boralday
1397:Mongolia
1332:Dunhuang
1103:Samanids
1033:Farghana
886:Polities
677:(2002).
633:Archived
514:Inalchuq
479:Jaxartes
447:Shymkent
436:Caucasus
434:and the
420:Kyzylkum
412:Nishapur
396:Xinjiang
373:Location
359:Samanids
351:Turgeshi
187:Province
2023:Asqalan
1958:Bimaran
1953:Paitava
1895:Togolok
1830:Abiward
1714:Poykent
1699:Koktepe
1566:Navekat
1443:Kerderi
1433:Jankent
1382:Kashgar
1357:Tumshuq
1302:Bulayïq
1212:Culture
1028:Khuttal
988:Xiongnu
812:Germany
784:report.
565:Dzungar
520:of the
493:Copper
461:History
424:Khorezm
380:Zhetysu
343:Kangars
313:Siberia
276:, is a
198:Founded
175:Country
2088:Nagara
1860:Jeitun
1792:Sarazm
1478:Sawran
1423:Begash
1377:Khotan
1372:Loulan
983:Yuezhi
804:Almaty
801:UNESCO
782:UNESCO
752:
727:
691:
641:qanats
499:Möngke
495:dirham
330:Kangju
301:Europe
257:Отырар
253:Kazakh
249:Otyrar
237:160000
46:Kazakh
42:
39:Отырар
1933:Hadda
1689:Khiva
1581:Suyab
1571:Özgön
1508:Urpek
1493:Sumbe
1458:Otrar
1347:Rawak
1337:Miran
1307:Kucha
833:OTRĀR
721:86–87
553:Uzbek
537:Timur
428:Volga
400:Shash
388:Taraz
323:Names
297:China
274:Farab
245:Otrar
220:UTC+6
120:Otrar
87:Otrar
34:Otrar
22:Farap
2113:Iran
1890:Nisa
1875:Merv
1845:Anau
1342:Niya
923:Saka
814:). "
750:ISBN
725:ISBN
689:ISBN
563:and
416:Ural
410:and
408:Merv
404:Sogd
317:Ural
315:and
307:and
305:Near
287:in
224:ALMT
841:by
685:106
643:.")
247:or
2300::
723:.
703:^
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610:^
509:.
438:.
402:,
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264:;
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1050:(
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810:(
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663:.
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251:(
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222:(
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44:(
24:.
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