473:
1991:
92:
75:
1574:"It behoves us, most clement Emperor, to seek for peace, since there are no causes for anger between us. Our royalty is an imitation of yours, modelled on your good purpose, a copy of the only Empire; and insofar as we follow you do we excel all other nations. Often you have exhorted me to love the senate, to accept cordially the laws of past emperors, to join together in one all the members of Italy. There is moreover that noble sentiment, love for the city of Rome, from which two princes, both of whom govern in her name, should never be disjoined."
1674:
1437:
undergone significant structural changes in the fifth century, which required that Roman administrative traditions had to be adapted by
Theodoric's court. The Senate continued to function normally and was consulted on civil appointments, and the laws of the Empire were still recognized as ruling the Roman population, though Goths were ruled under their own traditional laws. Indeed, as a subordinate ruler, Theodoric did not possess the right to issue his own laws (
4883:
336:
1390:"... Theodoric was a man of great distinction and of good-will towards all men, and he ruled for thirty-three years. Under his rule, Italy for thirty years enjoyed such good fortune that his successors also inherited peace. For whatever he did was good. He so governed two races at the same time, Romans and Goths, that although he himself was of the Arian sect, he nevertheless made no assault on the Catholic religion; he gave games in the circus and the
1478:. Despite this fact, Theoderic enjoyed good relations with the Roman church, although questions of relative jurisdiction, especially in controversies involving clerics, remained potentially fraught. Jews in Theoderic's kingdom were both disadvantaged and protected as they had been under Roman law, which among other things, provided legal protections for their places of worship. Theodoric's view was clearly expressed in his letters to the Jews of
389:
4872:
1008:
2967:"It was, as the name implies, an Ostrogothic kingdom but not in the sense that its population was largely or even substantially Gothic. The vast majority of tis inhabitants were of provincial Italo-Roman stock, but the kingdom had been created and its boundaries were subsequently maintained by the power of the Ostrogothic army with which Theoderic army with which Theoderic had conquered Italy between 489 and 493.
3355:
1722:. However, these ideas did not find much favour with the Gothic nobles, who in addition resented being ruled by a woman. They protested when she resolved to give her son a Roman education, preferring that Athalaric be raised as a warrior. She was forced to discharge his Roman tutors, but instead Athalaric turned to a life of dissipation and excess, which would send him to a premature death.
1761:, to carry out the negotiations, but before he had even crossed into Italy, Athalaric had died (on 2 October 534), Amalasuntha had crowned Theodahad as king in an effort to secure his support, and he had deposed and imprisoned her. Theodahad, who was of a peaceful disposition, immediately sent envoys to announce his ascension to Justinian and to reassure him of Amalasuntha's safety.
1728:" feared she might be despised by the Goths on account of the weakness of her sex. So after much thought she decided to summon her cousin Theodahad from Tuscany, where he led a retired life at home, and thus she established him on the throne. But he was unmindful of their kinship and, after a little time, had her taken from the palace at Ravenna to an island of the
1288:. Orestes had reneged on the promise of land in Italy for Odoacer's troops, a pledge made to ensure their neutrality in his attack on Nepos. After executing Orestes and putting the teenage usurper in internal exile, Odoacer paid nominal allegiance to Nepos (now in Dalmatia) while effectively operating autonomously, having been raised to the rank of
1701:, as regent. The lack of a strong heir caused the network of alliances that surrounded the Ostrogothic state to disintegrate: the Visigothic kingdom regained its autonomy under Amalaric, the relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile, and the Franks embarked again on expansion, subduing the
1546:
Family bonds also served little with
Sigismund, who as a staunch Chalcedonian Christian cultivated close ties to Constantinople. Theodoric perceived this as a threat and intended to campaign against him, but the Franks acted first and invaded Burgundy in 523, quickly subduing it. Theodoric could only
1436:
The administrative machinery of
Odoacer's kingdom, in essence that of the former Empire, was more or less retained by the Ostrogoths. According to the analysis of Jonathan J. Arnold, Theodoric presented himself - and was more or less accepted as - a Roman Emperor. But despite this rhetoric, Italy had
2165:
was practiced with it primarily being seen in the rural areas. Slaves had a harsh life enjoying little rights or privileges and "could be transferred at will from one estate to another." A slave could be killed by their owner if they had sexual relations with a widow or caused a fire. They could not
1320:
An agreement was reached between Zeno and
Theodoric, stipulating that Theodoric, if victorious, was to rule in Italy as the emperor's representative. Theodoric with his people set out from Moesia in the autumn of 488, passed through Dalmatia and crossed the Julian Alps into Italy in late August 489.
1713:
This dangerous external climate was exacerbated by the regency's weak domestic position. Amalasuntha was Roman-educated and intended to continue her father's policies of conciliation between Goths and Romans. To that end, she actively courted the support of the Senate and the newly ascended
Emperor
1595:
Theodoric's relations with his nominal suzerain, the
Eastern Roman Emperor, were always strained, for political as well as for religious reasons. Especially during the reign of Anastasius, these led to several collisions, none of which however escalated into general warfare. In 504-505, Theodoric's
1495:
It is in his foreign policy rather than domestic affairs that
Theodoric appeared and acted as an independent ruler. By means of marriage alliances, he sought to establish a central position among the barbarian states of the West. As Jordanes states: "...there was no race left in the western realms
1469:
On the other hand, the army and all military offices remained the exclusive preserve of the Goths. The Goths were settled mostly in northern Italy, and kept themselves largely apart from the Roman population, a tendency reinforced by their different faiths: the Goths were mostly
Homoian Christians
1369:
The Goths now turned to besiege
Ravenna, but since they lacked a fleet and the city could be resupplied by sea, the siege could be endured almost indefinitely, despite privations. It was not until 492 that Theodoric was able to procure a fleet and capture Ravenna's harbours, thus entirely cutting
1764:
Justinian immediately reacted by offering his support to the deposed queen, but in early May 535, she was executed. This crime served as a perfect pretext for
Justinian, fresh from his forces' victory over the Vandals, to invade the Gothic realm in retaliation. Theodahad tried to prevent the war,
2157:
Villas that existed in the countryside would be abandoned or repurposed. Agriculture also became more diversified with woodland crops and animal husbandry becoming more common. Inland cities during the Ostrogothic period became more cut off from the outside world and became more reliant on local
1486:
is the observance of law. It is this which makes life in communities possible, and which separates man from the brutes. We therefore gladly accede to your request that all the privileges which the foresight of antiquity conferred upon the Jewish customs shall be renewed to you..." and "We cannot
1998:
Because of the kingdom's short history, no fusion of the two peoples and their art was achieved. However, under the patronage of Theodoric and Amalasuntha, large-scale restoration of ancient Roman buildings was undertaken, and the tradition of Roman civic architecture continued. In Ravenna, new
1636:
Thus, for a time, Theodoric could count on their support. The war between the Franks and Visigoths led to renewed friction between Theodoric and the Emperor, as Clovis successfully portrayed himself as the champion of the Western Church against the "heretical" Arian Goths, gaining the Emperor's
1373:
An agreement was reached on 25 February 493, whereby the two should divide Italy between them. A banquet was organised in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet, on March 15, that Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer with his own hands. A general massacre of Odoacer's
1456:
and Cassiodorus the Elder, were retained in the new kingdom's top positions. The close cooperation between Theodoric and the Roman elite began to break down in later years, especially after the healing of the ecclesiastical rift between Rome and Constantinople (see below), as leading senators
1105:, in 476. Under Theodoric, the Ostrogothic kingdom reached its zenith, stretching from modern southern France in the west to the modern western Serbia in the southeast. Most of the social institutions of the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Theodoric called himself
1749:
Eventually, a conspiracy started among the Goths to overthrow her. Amalasuntha resolved to move against them, but as a precaution, she also made preparations to flee to Constantinople, and even wrote to Justinian asking for protection. In the event she managed to execute the three leading
1656:
for the year 519, while in 522, to celebrate the healing of the Acacian schism, Justin allowed both consuls to be appointed by Theodoric. Soon, however, renewed tension would result from Justin's anti-Arian legislation, and tensions grew between the Goths and the Senate, whose members, as
1219:, had entered service in the Roman army and were a significant political and military power in the court of Constantinople. The period 477-483 saw a complex three-way struggle among Theodoric the Amal, who had succeeded his father in 474, Theodoric Strabo, and the new Eastern Emperor
2037:, which were of particular importance to Theodoric. Public bathing culture also continued in earnest under Ostrogothic administration, and there are numerous instances of Theodoric encouraging the practice through the restoration and construction of bathhouses in cities such as
2292:
might have had a hand in the affair, wishing to get rid of a potential rival. Although it is generally dismissed by historians such as Gibbon and Charles Diehl, Bury (Ch. XVIII, pp. 165-167) considers that the story is corroborated by circumstantial
1496:
which Theodoric had not befriended or brought into subjection during his lifetime." This was in part meant as a defensive measure, and in part as a counterbalance to the influence of the Empire. His daughters were wedded to the Visigothic king
1432:
in 497. At the same time, he was the king of his own people, who were not Roman citizens. In reality, he acted as an independent ruler, although unlike Odoacer, he meticulously preserved the outward forms of his subordinate position.
2136:
and the northern part of Samnium were areas of heavy Ostrogothic settlement while the same was true of places west of Ravenna near Milan and Pavia along with the beginning of Alps. Small amounts of Ostrogothic settlement happened in
2123:
The population of the Ostrogothic kingdom was overwhelmingly of those who had lived prior to the Ostrogoths arriving with a minority being Ostrogothic. Little Ostrogothic settlement appears to have happened in Italy south from
1664:
was sent to Constantinople to mediate on the Arians' behalf, and, although he achieved his mission, on his return he was imprisoned and died shortly after. These events further stirred popular sentiment against the Goths.
2088:
written by him and other prominent Romans of the time for the Gothic kings, Roman literary and historical tradition is put in the service of their Gothic overlords. His privileged position enabled him to compile the
1709:
and almost evicting the Visigoths from their last holdings in southern Gaul. The position of predominance which the Ostrogothic Kingdom had enjoyed under Theodoric in the West now passed irrevocably to the Franks.
1188:. Unlike most other foederati formations, the Goths were not absorbed into the structure and traditions of the Roman military but retained a strong identity and cohesion of their own. In 460, during the reign of
1558:
The peace with the Vandals, secured in 500 with the marriage alliance with Thrasamund, and their common interests as Arian powers against Constantinople, collapsed after Thrasamund's death in 523. His successor
1340:
surrendered to the Goths. Theodoric then sent Tufa and his men against Odoacer, but he changed his allegiance again and returned to Odoacer. In 490, Odoacer was thus able to campaign against Theodoric, take
1660:
The suspicions of Theodoric were confirmed by the interception of compromising letters between leading senators and Constantinople, which led to the imprisonment and execution of Boethius in 524.
1994:
The Palace of Theodoric, as depicted on the walls of St. Apollinare Nuovo. The figures between the columns, representing Theodoric and his court, were removed after the East Roman conquest.
2029:
Maintenance, restoration, and in some cases new construction of functioning water systems in many cities outside of Ravenna also occurred in the Ostrogothic Kingdom. An official, the
1370:
off communication with the outside world. The effects of this appeared six months later, when, with the mediation of the city's bishop, negotiations started between the two parties.
1853:). By the end of the conflict Italy was devastated and considerably depopulated. As a consequence, the victorious Byzantines found themselves unable to resist the invasion of the
1765:
sending his envoys to Constantinople, but Justinian was already resolved to reclaim Italy. Only by renouncing his throne in the Empire's favour could Theodahad hope to avert war.
2069:) represents the Roman ruling class. Like many others of his background, he served Theodoric and his heirs loyally and well, something expressed in the writings of the period.
472:
1563:
showed favour to the Nicaean Christians, and when Amalfrida protested, he had her and her entourage murdered. Theodoric was preparing an expedition against him when he died.
4919:
2097:
is another prominent figure of the period. Well-educated and also from a distinguished family, he wrote works on mathematics, music and philosophy. His most famous work,
6392:
431:
417:
403:
364:
350:
74:
1693:
After the death of Theodoric on 30 August 526, his achievements began to collapse. Since Eutharic had died in 523, Theodoric was succeeded by his infant grandson
1253:. It was then that the thought occurred to Zeno and his advisors to direct Theodoric against another troublesome neighbour of the Empire - the Italian kingdom of
6387:
1402:, whose times he took as a model; and by the Goths, because of his edict, in which he established justice, he was judged to be in all respects their best king."
2234:, a modern archaeologist is transported through time to Ostrogothic Italy, helps to stabilise it after Theodoric's death, and averts its conquest by Justinian.
1515:
These policies were not always successful in maintaining peace: Theodoric found himself at war with Clovis when the latter attacked the Visigoth dominions in
1615:
The campaign was successful, but it also led to a brief conflict with imperial troops, where the Goths and their allies were victorious. Domestically, the
6347:
91:
4912:
2506:
3942:
806:
3974:
1539:. Now Theodoric had a common border with the Visigothic kingdom, where, after Alaric's death, he also ruled as regent of his infant grandson
830:
6187:
4905:
4605:
3957:
818:
382:
1757:, while at the same time sending ambassadors to Justinian and proposing to cede Italy to him. Justinian indeed sent an able agent of his,
651:
3303:
3299:
2158:
production areas. Cities along the Italian coast still received their trade from North Africa and places on the Eastern Mediterranean.
4569:
3499:
1036:
979:
4703:
2196:) focuses on the struggle among the Byzantines, the Ostrogoths and the native Italians over control of Italy after Theodoric's death.
6362:
6327:
4610:
1424:
1289:
1128:, who was the Ostrogothic ruler at that time, could not defend the kingdom successfully and was finally captured when the capital
5270:
4175:
1838:
which prescribed Italy's new government. Several cities in northern Italy continued to hold out, however, until the early 560s.
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1277:
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4853:
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3337:
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3202:
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2524:
1732:
where he kept her in exile. After spending a very few days there in sorrow, she was strangled in the bath by his hirelings."
1361:
on 11 August 490. Odoacer fled again to Ravenna, while the Senate and many Italian cities declared themselves for Theodoric.
2166:
legally marry people and were not allowed to be assigned to peasants. Slavery would continue in Italy after the Ostrogoths.
1811:
and the apparent reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines. With the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the kingdom was brought to
6397:
6352:
5572:
5290:
4650:
3925:
3733:
3279:
2003:
636:
2540:
Bjornlie, M. Shane; M. Shane Bjornlie; Kristina Sessa (2016-01-01). "Governmental Administration". In J. J. Arnold (ed.).
1136:, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was
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5828:
5776:
3979:
3842:
1750:
conspirators, and her position remained relatively secure until, in 533, Athalaric's health began to seriously decline.
1428:
and subject of the emperor in Constantinople, acting as his viceroy for Italy, a position recognized by the new Emperor
6342:
5967:
5638:
4698:
4283:
3910:
3743:
3504:
3359:
1990:
1193:
984:
690:
6079:
5687:
3930:
3905:
3748:
3076:
3044:
2953:
2876:
2107:
1835:
694:
31:
17:
1815:, which it became the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule.
6180:
4928:
4302:
3583:
3469:
949:
6357:
6097:
4426:
4338:
4185:
4180:
4011:
3879:
851:
35:
3244:
3152:
6382:
6073:
5977:
5921:
5079:
4374:
3962:
3439:
2926:
2093:, a collection of state correspondence, which gives great insight into the inner workings of the Gothic state.
1605:
1029:
919:
574:
341:
6165:
5962:
5896:
5695:
5427:
5350:
5201:
4625:
4456:
4343:
3874:
3869:
1536:
1453:
824:
766:
761:
745:
1807:. It is commonly divided into two phases. The first phase lasted from 535 to 540 and ended with the fall of
6312:
4384:
4323:
4308:
4160:
4021:
3474:
1872:
1452:
The continuity in administration is illustrated by the fact that several senior ministers of Odoacer, like
1201:
954:
887:
168:
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5734:
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3770:
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by 507. However, starting in 508, Theodoric's generals campaigned in Gaul, and were successful in saving
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841:
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beliefs, played into Theodoric's hands, since the clergy and the Roman aristocracy of Italy, headed by
934:
893:
2262:
documents the rise of Theodoric the Great and the Ostrogothic Kingdom through the eyes of a fictional
2246:
series takes place in a setting based on Ostrogothic Italy and the East Roman Empire, just before the
1329:, where a month later another battle was fought, resulting in a bloody, but crushing, Gothic victory.
1174:. After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor
6149:
5432:
4813:
4579:
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4466:
3484:
3449:
3444:
2099:
1305:
1022:
964:
929:
924:
452:
156:
2892:
2284: The exact date and circumstances surrounding Amalasuntha's execution remain a mystery. In his
1637:
support. This even led to the dispatch of a fleet by Anastasius in 508, which ravaged the coasts of
6372:
6055:
5407:
5260:
5196:
4828:
4818:
4798:
4768:
4723:
4421:
4263:
4195:
4165:
4145:
4026:
3702:
3667:
3464:
2541:
2247:
1774:
944:
679:
537:
299:
286:
6322:
6261:
6143:
5818:
5710:
5672:
5167:
5097:
4708:
4471:
4328:
4298:
4273:
4190:
4150:
4089:
3988:
3753:
3723:
837:
709:
626:
6256:
3115:
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6103:
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5997:
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4394:
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3489:
2624:"Gelasius and the Ostrogoths: jurisdiction and religious community in late fifth-century Italy"
2289:
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2065:, hailing from a distinguished background, and himself entrusted with high offices (consul and
2015:
1429:
1322:
1249:
for 484. Barely a year later, Theodoric and Zeno fell out, and again Theodoric's Goths ravaged
969:
1357:
intervened, the siege of Ticinum was lifted, and Odoacer was decisively defeated at the river
6067:
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5863:
5849:
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3373:
2011:
1501:
959:
939:
861:
498:
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6115:
5992:
5931:
5916:
5839:
5803:
5759:
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5305:
5149:
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4991:
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4268:
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3900:
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3550:
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1846:
1784:
1102:
777:
568:
492:
396:
2362:
1520:
1113:'King of the Goths and Romans', demonstrating his desire to be a leader for both peoples.
8:
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1985:
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between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople, caused by imperial support for the
1459:
1408:
1292:
by Zeno. Odoacer retained the Roman administrative system, cooperated actively with the
1197:
1078:
739:
727:
704:
225:
81:
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5808:
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5457:
5397:
5300:
5285:
5123:
5103:
4823:
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4539:
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4288:
4278:
4253:
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4126:
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3254:
Cohen, Samuel (2016). "Religious Diversity". In Jonathan J. Arnold; M. Shane Bjornlie;
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3000:
2651:
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1535:) at the expense of the Burgundians. There in 510 Theodoric reestablished the defunct
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4079:
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2520:
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soldiers and supporters followed. Theodoric and his Goths were now masters of Italy.
1358:
1230:
In the end, after Strabo's death in 481, Zeno came to terms with Theodoric. Parts of
1074:
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655:
487:
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461:
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2007:
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During the second phase (540/541–553), Gothic resistance was reinvigorated under
1189:
881:
684:
134:
126:
5504:
1849:, which had been lost to invading barbarian tribes in the previous century (the
1208:, was sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he received a Roman education.
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6129:
6025:
6019:
5619:
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3255:
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1220:
1058:
812:
616:
596:
531:
424:
253:
56:
6195:
2996:
2551:
2045:, and even subsidization of admission fees in the case of the public baths in
1321:
The first confrontation with the army of Odoacer was at the river Isonzo (the
6306:
5813:
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5001:
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2018:
displays purely Gothic elements, such as its construction not from the usual
1531:
for the Visigoths, as well as extending Ostrogothic rule into southern Gaul (
1487:
order a religion, because no one can be forced to believe against his will."
1457:
conspired with the Emperor. This resulted in the arrest and execution of the
1399:
974:
525:
504:
410:
206:
3069:
The Early Medieval World : From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne
1857:
in 568, which resulted in the loss of large parts of the Italian peninsula.
5186:
5041:
5021:
4876:
4683:
4488:
4258:
3862:
3728:
3677:
3652:
2014:
follow the typical late Roman architectural and decorative motifs, but the
1899:
1729:
1719:
1653:
1391:
1309:
1293:
1285:
1246:
1205:
1012:
733:
562:
518:
130:
1999:
churches and monumental buildings were erected, several of which survive.
1768:
1681:
amphitheater in which the restorations carried out between 528 and 529 by
5739:
5604:
4778:
4718:
4688:
4041:
3672:
3140:
3135:
3126:
2837:
2835:
2576:
2419:
2062:
1842:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1673:
1661:
1626:
1235:
1117:
874:
787:
542:
185:
174:
3004:
2980:
2488:
2486:
2193:
2189:
1223:. In this conflict, alliances shifted regularly, and large parts of the
4036:
3645:
2639:
2539:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2456:
2210:
2185:
1528:
1505:
1170:, but during the late 4th century, they came under the dominion of the
1159:
1070:
867:
2832:
2820:
2781:
2588:
2402:
2400:
6216:
6211:
5006:
3100:
2727:
2483:
2214:
2085:
1905:
1888:
1754:
1753:
Amalasuntha then turned for support to her only relative, her cousin
1694:
1682:
1668:
1621:
1524:
1497:
1442:
1354:
1270:
1184:
1088:
554:
548:
2798:
2796:
2468:
2453:
2429:
6271:
5724:
5206:
5011:
4954:
4693:
4678:
4673:
4574:
3608:
3603:
3116:
De origine actibusque Getarum ("The Origin and Deeds of the Goths")
3110:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2397:
2142:
2138:
2094:
2077:
1854:
1831:
1796:
1649:
1645:
1597:
1560:
1540:
1532:
1509:
1471:
1463:
1179:
750:
369:
199:
151:
1547:
react by expanding his domains in the Provence north of the river
1519:
in 506. The Franks were rapidly successful, killing Alaric in the
1508:, while he himself married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king
6226:
4986:
4947:
3640:
3365:
2808:
2793:
2133:
2129:
2046:
1925:
1915:
1866:
1808:
1804:
1652:, Theodoric's son-in-law and designated successor, was appointed
1601:
1548:
1490:
1346:
1333:
1297:
1266:
1254:
1224:
1175:
1129:
1125:
1082:
107:
2764:
2739:
2418:"At this time, Odovacar overcame and killed Odiva in Dalmatia",
6236:
5494:
4333:
3354:
3267:
3263:
2981:"Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire"
2441:
2146:
2061:), and the literature is solidly in the Greco-Roman tradition.
2038:
2023:
1949:
1935:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1800:
1638:
1609:
1395:
1326:
1301:
1250:
1231:
1133:
2871:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–96.
1648:
in 518, a more harmonious relationship seemed to be restored.
1192:, because the payment of annual sums had ceased, they ravaged
5472:
4996:
4969:
3613:
3396:
2042:
2019:
1812:
1788:
1787:
and the Ostrogothic Kingdom was fought from 535 until 554 in
1678:
1479:
1350:
1342:
1296:, and his rule was efficient and successful. He evicted the
1212:
1167:
1163:
113:
6241:
4964:
4121:
3598:
3033:
Arnold, Jonathan; Sessa, Kristina; Bjornlie, Shane (2016).
2917:
Arnold, Jonathan; Bjornlie, Shane; Sessa, Kristina (2016).
2605:
2603:
2334:
2332:
2125:
2057:
Some older works were copied in Greek and Gothic (e.g. the
1959:
1516:
1315:
1171:
1137:
355:
238:
1325:) on August 28. Odoacer was defeated and withdrew towards
2106:
In Germanic languages, King Theodoric inspired countless
1657:
Chalcedonians, now shifted their support to the Emperor.
1377:
2600:
2329:
1211:
In previous years, a large number of Goths, first under
2367:, Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex.
2344:
2317:
2305:
2213:
to conquer the Ostrogothic Kingdom during the reign of
1769:
Gothic War and end of the Ostrogothic Kingdom (535–554)
3214:
Emperor, Prefects & Kings: The Roman West, 395-565
2945:
Rome Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian
2103:, was written while imprisoned on charges of treason.
1273:
in the West, had staged a coup against the rebellious
3327:
1718:, even providing him with bases in Sicily during the
1474:, while the people they ruled over were adherents of
4927:
2869:
Romans and Barbarians: Decline of the Western Empire
3880:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3294:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
3032:
2916:
2026:limestone, or the 300-ton single-piece roof stone.
1166:. They settled and established a powerful state in
1077:and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553. Led by
3246:History of the Later Roman Empire Vols. I & II
1669:Death of Theodoric and dynastic disputes (526–535)
1284:recognized as Western Emperor in place of Emperor
1132:fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader,
1124:embarked on a campaign to reconquer Italy in 535.
6393:States and territories disestablished in the 550s
3168:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554
2209:describes the campaigns of the Byzantine general
1238:were ceded to the Goths, and Theodoric was named
1085:, a Germanic soldier and erstwhile leader of the
6304:
1364:
1196:. Peace was concluded in 461, whereby the young
6113:
1504:, his sister Amalfrida married the Vandal king
6388:States and territories established in the 490s
1834:. In the same year, Justinian promulgated the
1491:Relations with the Germanic states of the West
1260:
96:The Ostrogothic Kingdom between 508 and 534 AD
6181:
4913:
3381:
2363:Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator,
1394:, so that even by the Romans he was called a
1349:and besiege the main Gothic base at Ticinum (
1093:. Odoacer had previously become the de facto
1030:
5316:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
3187:Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration
2508:Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration
1826:, who also repelled the 554 invasion by the
1566:
383:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
1822:and put down only after a long struggle by
1107:
1086:
48:
6348:Medieval history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
6188:
6174:
4920:
4906:
3388:
3374:
1466:and his father-in-law, Symmachus, in 524.
1336:, while the larger part of his army under
1037:
1023:
90:
3330:The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples
3189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3066:
2511:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1841:The war had its roots in the ambition of
1449:), or clarifications on certain details.
1422:Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly a
3328:Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas (1997).
3211:
2948:. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
2866:
2152:
1989:
1672:
1600:and the strategically important town of
1316:Conquest of Italy by the Goths (488–493)
5271:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3308:
2978:
2941:
2188:(and its two-part screen adaptation in
2033:was appointed to oversee the kingdom's
1845:to recover the provinces of the former
14:
6305:
3184:
2504:
1596:forces launched a campaign to recover
1378:Reign of Theodoric the Great (493–526)
6169:
4901:
3369:
3253:
3230:
3165:
2621:
2609:
2350:
2338:
2323:
2311:
2169:
3926:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
3239:
3159:
2985:Papers of the British School at Rome
2841:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2787:
2775:
2745:
2733:
2594:
2582:
2492:
2477:
2462:
2447:
2435:
2406:
265:• Battles of Isonzo and Verona
2991:. British School at Rome: 170–195.
1685:at the amphitheater are mentioned,
1382:
24:
3395:
3332:. University of California Press.
3288:
3094:
2288:, Procopius proposes that Empress
2113:
1677:Epigraph originally placed at the
1280:, who was seeking to have his son
25:
6414:
6080:United Provinces of Central Italy
3347:
2004:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
1608:, which were now occupied by the
1580:Letter of Theodoric to Anastasius
32:Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)
30:For other kingdoms of Italy, see
27:493–553 kingdom centered in Italy
4929:List of historic states of Italy
4882:
4881:
4870:
3353:
3260:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy
3036:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy
2919:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy
2867:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1982).
2543:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy
1860:
1724:
1570:
1386:
1006:
471:
429:
415:
401:
387:
362:
348:
334:
73:
6363:Serbia in the Early Middle Ages
6328:Former countries in the Balkans
6062:Provisional Government of Milan
4611:Orders, decorations, and medals
3060:
3026:
2972:
2935:
2910:
2885:
2860:
2847:
2751:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2622:Cohen, Samuel (February 2022).
2615:
2533:
2498:
1979:
1353:). At that point, however, the
1332:Odoacer fled to his capital at
1304:in 477, and in 480 he occupied
1162:were the eastern branch of the
5261:City of Fiume and its District
3170:. Cambridge University Press.
2412:
2384:
2371:
2356:
1606:praetorian prefecture of Italy
575:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
342:Kingdom of Italy under Odoacer
13:
1:
5696:County of Apulia and Calabria
5202:Campagna e Marittima Province
2298:
2118:
2052:
1537:praetorian prefecture of Gaul
1365:Theodoric kills Odoacer (493)
1153:
1148:
685:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
6368:Medieval history of Slovenia
3185:Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014).
2585:, Vol. II, Ch. XIII, p. 458.
2505:Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014).
2276:
2270:
2084:, as well as in the various
1697:, supervised by his mother,
1097:following his deposition of
1069:established by the Germanic
746:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
7:
6398:Former monarchies of Europe
6353:Medieval history of Croatia
6098:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
6092:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
6044:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5222:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4651:Water supply and sanitation
4075:Italian geographical region
3943:Monarchy and the World Wars
3885:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3771:War of the Sicilian Vespers
3424:Timeline of Italian history
3249:. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.
3233:A History of the Ostrogoths
3141:Varia epistolae ("Letters")
3067:Frassetto, Michael (2013).
2161:In the Ostrogothic Kingdom
1633:, vigorously opposed them.
1261:Odoacer's kingdom (476–493)
1101:, the final emperor of the
10:
6419:
6318:Former countries in Europe
6038:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
6032:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5433:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
5403:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5388:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4570:Inventions and discoveries
3980:Fall of the Fascist regime
3963:Fourth War of Independence
3921:Expedition of the Thousand
3911:Second War of Independence
3089:
2979:Barnish, S. J. B. (1986).
2965:– via Google Books.
2921:. Brill. p. 243-244.
2199:The 1938 historical novel
2110:of questionable veracity.
2022:, but of massive slabs of
1983:
1974:
1772:
1500:and the Burgundian prince
1143:
29:
6343:Slovenia in the Roman era
6207:
6150:Free Territory of Trieste
6010:
5940:
5879:
5862:
5786:
5723:
5686:
5668:Principality of Benevento
5660:
5637:
5582:
5571:
5513:
5483:
5235:
5185:
5139:
5070:
5057:
5020:
4935:
4866:
4664:
4510:
4501:
4365:
4356:
4344:Security and intelligence
4217:
4208:
4070:
4061:
4004:
3931:Third War of Independence
3906:First War of Independence
3893:
3786:
3695:
3576:
3513:
3432:
3416:
3407:
3231:Burns, Thomas S. (1984).
3071:. ABC-CLIO. p. 494.
3056:– via Google Books.
2997:10.1017/S0068246200008886
2897:Monasteri Imperiali Pavia
2844:, Ch. XVIII, pp. 163-164.
2829:, Ch. XVIII, pp. 159-160.
2790:, Ch. XVIII, pp. 152-153.
2597:, Ch. XVIII, pp. 153-155.
2552:10.1163/9789004315938_004
2546:. Brill. pp. 48–49.
1625:, as well as Anastasius'
1567:Relations with the Empire
1476:Chalcedonian Christianity
1178:in the Roman province of
1109:Gothorum Romanorumque rex
589:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
313:
309:
296:
283:
273:
263:
259:
249:
245:
232:
219:
215:
205:
195:
157:Chalcedonian Christianity
140:
122:
101:
89:
80:Ostrogoth coin depicting
70:
65:
43:
6056:Italian United Provinces
5408:Principality of Piombino
5197:Patrimony of Saint Peter
4022:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
4017:Institutional referendum
3313:. Blackwell Publishing.
3212:Barnwell, P. S. (1992).
3195:10.1017/cbo9781107294271
2736:, Ch. XIII, pp. 461-462.
2517:10.1017/cbo9781107294271
2495:, Ch. XIII, pp. 422-424.
1604:, formerly parts of the
1081:, the Ostrogoths killed
680:Italy in the Middle Ages
538:Roman expansion in Italy
300:Battle of Mons Lactarius
6199:established around the
6144:Italian Social Republic
5819:Principality of Taranto
5711:Principality of Taranto
5673:Principality of Salerno
5428:Bishopric of Tarantasia
5251:Bishopric of Bressanone
5168:Duchy of the Pentapolis
4545:Emigration and diaspora
3754:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3739:the Sardinian Judicates
3309:Heather, Peter (1998).
3166:Amory, Patrick (2003).
2942:Heather, Peter (2018).
2560:2027/mdp.39015003846675
2480:, Ch. XII, pp. 454-455.
2465:, Ch. XII, pp. 422-424.
2438:, Ch. XII, pp. 406-412.
2409:, Ch. XII, pp. 413-421.
2379:The Inheritance of Rome
2100:Consolatio philosophiae
1227:were devastated by it.
888:European migrant crisis
838:Italian Social Republic
753:Italy (1801–1814)
710:Guelphs and Ghibellines
275:• Fall of Ravenna
6358:6th century in Francia
6050:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5824:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5728:(from the 9th century)
5438:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4427:Science and technology
4375:Italian regions by GDP
4176:Marine protected areas
3848:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2016:Mausoleum of Theodoric
1995:
1690:
1644:With the ascension of
1108:
1087:
1062:
571:(286 AD–476 AD)
501:(12th–6th c. BC)
495:(18th–3rd c. BC)
49:
6383:553 disestablishments
6068:Republic of San Marco
5850:Crown Colony of Malta
5678:Principality of Capua
5418:Marquisate of Saluzzo
5281:County of Santa Fiora
4943:Etruscan civilization
4626:Public administration
3734:the Holy Roman Empire
3150:Anonymus Valesianus,
2628:Early Medieval Europe
2153:Economics and slavery
2012:Archiepiscopal Chapel
1993:
1984:Further information:
1759:Peter of Thessalonica
1676:
1445:, but merely edicts (
831:Italy in World War II
534:(509 BC–27 BC)
528:(753 BC–509 BC)
507:(8th–3rd c. BC)
499:Etruscan civilization
175:Pelagian Christianity
123:Common languages
6257:Kingdom of the Aurès
6217:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
5864:French Revolutionary
5804:State of the Presidi
5528:Republic of Florence
5500:Domini di Terraferma
5150:Exarchate of Ravenna
5048:Western Roman Empire
4992:Nuragic civilization
4854:World Heritage Sites
4309:Council of Ministers
4047:Coronavirus pandemic
3445:Currency and coinage
3362:at Wikimedia Commons
3274:. pp. 503–532.
2817:, Ch. XVIII, p. 161.
2805:, Ch. XVIII, p. 157.
2341:, pp. 523, 524.
1847:Western Roman Empire
1785:Eastern Roman Empire
1775:Gothic War (535–554)
1482:: "The true mark of
1308:after the murder of
1103:Western Roman Empire
925:Currency and coinage
864:(1970s–1980s)
819:Italy in World War I
730:(14th–16th c.)
565:(27 BC–286 AD)
493:Nuragic civilization
397:Exarchate of Ravenna
285:• Start of the
6313:Ostrogothic Kingdom
6267:Ostrogothic kingdom
6138:Free State of Fiume
6086:Kingdom of Sardinia
5829:Neapolitan Republic
5777:Kingdom of Sardinia
5772:Republic of Sassari
5600:Catepanate of Italy
5523:Republic of Cospaia
5346:Duchy of Montferrat
5341:March of Montferrat
5276:County of Guastalla
5176:Exarchate of Africa
4385:Automotive industry
4324:Metropolitan cities
3870:Early Modern period
3843:Kingdom of Sardinia
3794:Italian city-states
2778:, Ch. XIII, p. 464.
2748:, Ch. XIII, p. 462.
2612:, pp. 505–506.
2353:, pp. 521–523.
2326:, pp. 504–510.
2314:, pp. 510–521.
2181:A Struggle for Rome
2067:magister officiorum
1986:Ostrogothic Ravenna
1879:Theodoric the Great
1687:Pavia Civic Museums
1460:magister officiorum
1441:) in the system of
1409:Anonymus Valesianus
1079:Theodoric the Great
1051:Ostrogothic Kingdom
728:Italian Renaissance
705:Italian city-states
82:Theodoric the Great
6403:Barbarian kingdoms
6378:493 establishments
6292:Visigothic kingdom
6252:Kingdom of Odoacer
6222:Burgundian kingdom
6212:Alamannian kingdom
6197:Barbarian kingdoms
5968:Lucca and Piombino
5845:Malta Protectorate
5809:Duke of San Donato
5563:Republic of Ancona
5485:Republic of Venice
5398:Duchy of Mirandola
5286:Duchy of Guastalla
5124:Duchy of Tridentum
5104:Duchy of Benevento
5071:Barbarian kingdoms
4447:Telecommunications
3814:Maritime republics
3241:Bury, John Bagnell
3022:– via JSTOR.
2893:"Pavia Royal town"
2759:De Bello Vandalico
2640:10.1111/emed.12519
2450:, Ch. XII, p. 422.
2232:L. Sprague de Camp
2227:Lest Darkness Fall
2170:In popular culture
2145:and some areas of
1996:
1836:Pragmatic Sanction
1691:
1282:Romulus Augustulus
1099:Romulus Augustulus
701:Maritime republics
687:(6th–8th c.)
641:Carolingian Empire
152:Arian Christianity
6300:
6299:
6277:Sub-Roman Britain
6247:Kingdom of Altava
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6006:
6005:
5973:Massa and Carrara
5858:
5857:
5835:Hospitaller Malta
5794:Kingdom of Naples
5788:Kingdom of Sicily
5719:
5718:
5629:Duchy of Sorrento
5548:Republic of Genoa
5543:Republic of Siena
5538:Republic of Massa
5533:Republic of Lucca
5266:County of Gorizia
5256:Corsican Republic
5237:Holy Roman Empire
4895:
4894:
4862:
4861:
4497:
4496:
4432:Southern question
4352:
4351:
4284:Political parties
4232:Foreign relations
4204:
4203:
4057:
4056:
3778:Kingdom of Naples
3766:Kingdom of Sicily
3360:Ostrogothic Italy
3358:Media related to
3339:978-0-520-08511-4
3320:978-0-631-20932-4
3223:978-0-8078-2071-1
3204:978-1-107-05440-0
3177:978-0-521-52635-7
3160:Secondary sources
3153:Excerpta, Pars II
3146:Project Gutenberg
3121:Charles C. Mierow
2569:978-90-04-31593-8
2526:978-1-107-05440-0
2222:alternate history
1936:Eraric the Rugian
1747:
1746:
1593:
1592:
1521:Battle of Vouillé
1420:
1419:
1067:barbarian kingdom
1053:, officially the
1047:
1046:
894:COVID-19 pandemic
890:(2014–2016)
884:(2007–2009)
878:(1992–2001)
870:(1986–1992)
848:(1943–1945)
846:Italian Civil War
833:(1940–1945)
827:(1922–1943)
821:(1914–1918)
815:(1882–1960)
809:(1861–1946)
781:(1815–1871)
742:(1545–1648)
736:(1494–1559)
697:in southern Italy
665:
664:
656:Holy Roman Empire
488:Prehistoric Italy
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
375:
374:
18:Ostrogothic Italy
16:(Redirected from
6410:
6227:Frankish kingdom
6201:Migration Period
6190:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6124:Kingdom of Italy
6111:
6110:
5877:
5876:
5706:County of Sicily
5701:County of Aversa
5624:Byzantine Sicily
5610:Theme of Lucania
5580:
5579:
5558:Republic of Pisa
5553:Republic of Noli
5423:Duchy of Spoleto
5393:Duchy of Merania
5291:Kingdom of Italy
5217:Duchy of Ferrara
5162:Duchy of Perugia
5141:Byzantine Empire
5119:Duchy of Spoleto
5086:Ostrogothic rule
5068:
5067:
4936:Pre-Roman period
4922:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4885:
4884:
4877:Italy portal
4874:
4873:
4814:National symbols
4508:
4507:
4363:
4362:
4215:
4214:
4068:
4067:
3948:Kingdom of Italy
3875:Napoleonic Italy
3414:
3413:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3343:
3324:
3297:
3285:
3281:978-9004-31376-7
3272:Brill Publishers
3250:
3236:
3227:
3208:
3181:
3119:, translated by
3105:De Bello Gothico
3083:
3082:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2864:
2858:
2855:De Bello Gothico
2851:
2845:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2279:
2243:Sarantine Mosaic
2202:Count Belisarius
2177:historical novel
2091:Variae Epistolae
2076:, used later by
1851:Migration Period
1725:
1571:
1387:
1383:Theodoric's rule
1323:battle of Isonzo
1275:magister militum
1269:, leader of the
1241:magister militum
1217:Theodoric Strabo
1122:Byzantine Empire
1111:
1092:
1073:that controlled
1055:Kingdom of Italy
1039:
1032:
1025:
1013:Italy portal
1011:
1010:
1009:
740:Catholic revival
593:
592:
475:
465:
447:
446:
433:
432:
419:
418:
405:
404:
391:
390:
379:
378:
366:
365:
352:
351:
338:
337:
331:
330:
315:
314:
182:
177:
94:
77:
60:
52:
45:Kingdom of Italy
41:
40:
21:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6373:Byzantine Italy
6303:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6282:Suebian kingdom
6262:Lombard kingdom
6232:Frisian kingdom
6203:
6194:
6164:
6155:
6109:
6012:
6011:Post-Napoleonic
6002:
5936:
5872:
5866:
5854:
5796:
5792:
5791:(1130–1816) and
5790:
5782:
5727:
5715:
5682:
5656:
5647:Emirate of Bari
5633:
5620:Theme of Sicily
5615:Duchy of Naples
5590:Duchy of Amalfi
5575:
5567:
5515:
5514:Other Republics
5509:
5487:
5479:
5473:County of Tenda
5453:County of Savoy
5413:Duchy of Reggio
5383:Duchy of Mantua
5311:March of Friuli
5243:
5241:
5239:
5231:
5227:Duchy of Urbino
5212:Duchy of Castro
5189:
5181:
5135:
5129:Duchy of Tuscia
5109:Duchy of Friuli
5072:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5032:(753 BC–509 BC)
5016:
4931:
4926:
4896:
4891:
4871:
4858:
4829:Public holidays
4660:
4606:Life expectancy
4493:
4348:
4264:Law enforcement
4200:
4053:
4000:
3989:Social Republic
3953:Colonial Empire
3936:Capture of Rome
3889:
3782:
3691:
3584:Ancient peoples
3572:
3509:
3470:Historic states
3428:
3403:
3394:
3350:
3340:
3321:
3296:. Vol. IV.
3282:
3224:
3205:
3178:
3162:
3097:
3095:Primary sources
3092:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
2977:
2973:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2377:Chris Wickham,
2376:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2273:
2238:Guy Gavriel Kay
2172:
2163:chattel slavery
2155:
2121:
2116:
2114:Social dynamics
2059:Codex Argenteus
2055:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1863:
1777:
1771:
1671:
1582:
1569:
1493:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1318:
1263:
1215:and then under
1156:
1151:
1146:
1043:
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:
993:
992:
990:
950:Historic states
914:
906:
905:
882:Great Recession
813:Colonial Empire
802:
794:
793:
792:
773:
723:
715:
714:
675:
667:
666:
590:
582:
581:
521:
511:
510:
483:
463:
456:
430:
416:
402:
388:
363:
349:
335:
302:
289:
276:
266:
235:
234:• 552–553
222:
221:• 493–526
180:
173:
135:Pannonian Latin
97:
85:
84:
78:
61:
54:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6323:Italian states
6320:
6315:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6287:Vandal kingdom
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Rugian kingdom
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:Italian Empire
6120:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6074:Roman Republic
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6026:Duchy of Lucca
6023:
6020:Duchy of Genoa
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5595:Duchy of Gaeta
5592:
5586:
5584:
5577:
5573:Southern Italy
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5516:(c. 1000–1797)
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5468:County of Nice
5465:
5463:Duchy of Aosta
5460:
5455:
5450:
5443:Savoyard state
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Duchy of Milan
5375:
5373:Duchy of Ivrea
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:Duchy of Ivrea
5111:
5106:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5080:Odoacer's rule
5076:
5074:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5045:
5044:(27 BC–395 AD)
5039:
5038:(509 BC–27 BC)
5036:Roman Republic
5033:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4975:Cisalpine Gaul
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Stock exchange
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4339:Municipalities
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4299:Prime Minister
4296:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Regional parks
4183:
4181:National parks
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:Climate change
4082:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3853:Duchy of Savoy
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3761:Lombard League
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:Western Empire
3675:
3670:
3668:Roman conquest
3665:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3589:Italic peoples
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3349:
3348:External links
3346:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3325:
3319:
3306:
3290:Gibbon, Edward
3286:
3280:
3256:Kristina Sessa
3251:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3182:
3176:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3133:
3124:
3108:
3107:, Volumes I-IV
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3059:
3045:
3025:
2971:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2909:
2884:
2877:
2859:
2846:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2792:
2780:
2763:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2614:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2568:
2532:
2525:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2411:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2355:
2343:
2328:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2286:Secret History
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2235:
2218:
2197:
2171:
2168:
2154:
2151:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2054:
2051:
2031:comes formarum
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1957:
1947:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1773:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1730:Bulsinian lake
1670:
1667:
1631:Pope Symmachus
1617:Acacian schism
1591:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1492:
1489:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1317:
1314:
1262:
1259:
1236:Dacia ripensis
1198:Theodoric Amal
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1095:ruler of Italy
1063:Regnum Italiae
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
996:
995:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
891:
885:
879:
871:
859:
849:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
784:
783:
782:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
756:
755:
754:
748:
743:
737:
731:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
698:
688:
682:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
662:
661:962–1801
659:
648:
647:
644:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
569:Western Empire
566:
560:
559:
558:
545:
540:
529:
522:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
458:
457:
450:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
427:
425:Avar Khaganate
421:
420:
413:
407:
406:
399:
393:
392:
385:
376:
373:
372:
367:
359:
358:
353:
345:
344:
339:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
254:Late antiquity
251:
250:Historical era
247:
246:
243:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
181:Roman paganism
178:
171:
161:
160:
159:
154:
142:
138:
137:
124:
120:
119:
118:
117:
111:
103:
99:
98:
95:
87:
86:
79:
72:
71:
68:
67:
63:
62:
50:Regnum Italiae
47:
44:
36:Gothic Kingdom
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6415:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:Roman Balkans
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6242:Hunnic empire
6240:
6238:
6237:Gepid kingdom
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6009:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Duchy of Sora
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5652:Muslim Sicily
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5156:Duchy of Rome
5154:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5030:Roman Kingdom
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Magna Graecia
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4888:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Years of Lead
4030:
4028:
4027:Economic Boom
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Fascist Italy
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Niçard exodus
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Magna Graecia
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3235:. Boomington.
3234:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:. UNC Press.
3215:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3078:9781598849967
3074:
3070:
3063:
3048:
3046:9789004315938
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2957:
2955:9780199362752
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2878:9780299087005
2874:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2681:Cassiodorus,
2678:
2671:
2668:Cassiodorus,
2665:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2426:1309, s.a.481
2425:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2265:
2264:hermaphrodite
2261:
2260:
2256:' 1993 novel
2255:
2254:Gary Jennings
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Robert Graves
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:List of kings
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1584:Cassiodorus,
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:and subduing
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
910:
909:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:
863:
862:Years of Lead
860:
857:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
798:
797:
789:
786:
785:
780:
779:
775:
774:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
757:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
660:
657:
653:
650:
649:
646:774–962
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
631:568–774
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:435–534
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:493–553
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:476–493
600:
598:
595:
594:
586:
585:
576:
573:
572:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
515:
514:
506:
505:Magna Graecia
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
479:
478:
474:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
448:
428:
426:
423:
422:
414:
412:
411:Duchy of Rome
409:
408:
400:
398:
395:
394:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
371:
368:
361:
360:
357:
356:Hunnic Empire
354:
347:
346:
343:
340:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
295:
291:
288:
282:
278:
272:
268:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
231:
227:
224:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
187:
184:
179:
176:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
104:
100:
93:
88:
83:
76:
69:
64:
58:
51:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6266:
6126:(1861–1946)
6104:Papal States
5932:Transpadania
5505:Stato da Màr
5187:Papal States
5098:Lombard rule
5085:
5062:Early Modern
5050:(395–476 AD)
5042:Roman Empire
5022:Ancient Rome
4714:Architecture
4684:Quattrocento
4641:Social class
4621:Prostitution
4535:Demographics
4457:Trade unions
4400:Central Bank
4242:Human rights
4222:Constitution
4005:Contemporary
3975:World War II
3863:Italian Wars
3787:Early modern
3729:Papal States
3713:
3707:Italy under
3653:Ancient Rome
3329:
3310:
3293:
3259:
3245:
3232:
3213:
3186:
3167:
3151:
3139:
3130:
3114:
3104:
3068:
3062:
3052:December 12,
3050:. Retrieved
3035:
3028:
3018:December 12,
3016:. Retrieved
2988:
2984:
2974:
2966:
2961:December 12,
2959:. Retrieved
2944:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2887:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2822:
2810:
2783:
2761:I.VIII.11-14
2758:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2634:(1): 20–44.
2631:
2627:
2617:
2610:Cohen (2016)
2590:
2578:
2542:
2535:
2507:
2500:
2443:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2351:Cohen (2016)
2346:
2339:Cohen (2016)
2324:Cohen (2016)
2319:
2312:Cohen (2016)
2307:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2257:
2241:
2225:
2220:In the 1941
2200:
2179:
2160:
2156:
2122:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2030:
2028:
2001:
1997:
1980:Architecture
1967:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1900:Amalasuintha
1892:
1882:
1840:
1817:
1783:between the
1780:
1778:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1720:Vandalic War
1712:
1692:
1659:
1643:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1557:
1545:
1514:
1494:
1483:
1468:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1392:amphitheatre
1372:
1368:
1331:
1319:
1310:Julius Nepos
1294:Roman Senate
1286:Julius Nepos
1274:
1264:
1243:praesentalis
1239:
1229:
1210:
1183:
1157:
1115:
1106:
1054:
1050:
1048:
999:
989:
897:
896:(2020–
873:
855:
854:(1946–
778:Risorgimento
776:
734:Italian Wars
722:Early modern
606:
553:
547:
519:Ancient Rome
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
163:
146:
131:Vulgar Latin
6152:(1947–1954)
6146:(1943–1945)
6140:(1920–1924)
6132:(1882–1960)
6116:unification
6106:(1814–1870)
6100:(1815–1866)
6094:(1816–1861)
6088:(1814–1860)
6082:(1859–1860)
6076:(1849–1850)
6070:(1848–1849)
6052:(1815–1859)
6046:(1814–1859)
6040:(1814–1859)
6034:(1814–1829)
6028:(1815–1847)
6022:(1815–1848)
5912:Parthenopea
5873:(1792–1815)
5831:(1647–1648)
5797:(1282–1816)
5779:(1324–1861)
5740:Agugliastra
5605:Longobardia
5242:independent
5092:Vandal rule
4779:Italophilia
4739:Coat of arm
4689:Cinquecento
4565:Immigration
4515:Aristocracy
4380:Agriculture
4274:Nationality
4247:LGBT rights
4161:Earthquakes
4042:Mani pulite
3958:World War I
3901:Unification
3894:Late modern
3858:Renaissance
3703:Middle Ages
3696:Middle Ages
3673:Roman Italy
3440:Citizenship
3298:. Chapters
3136:Cassiodorus
3127:Cassiodorus
2853:Procopius,
2842:Bury (1923)
2827:Bury (1923)
2815:Bury (1923)
2803:Bury (1923)
2788:Bury (1923)
2776:Bury (1923)
2757:Procopius,
2746:Bury (1923)
2734:Bury (1923)
2595:Bury (1923)
2583:Bury (1923)
2493:Bury (1923)
2478:Bury (1923)
2463:Bury (1923)
2448:Bury (1923)
2436:Bury (1923)
2420:Cassiodorus
2407:Bury (1923)
2063:Cassiodorus
1716:Justinian I
1707:Burgundians
1703:Thuringians
1699:Amalasuntha
1662:Pope John I
1627:Monophysite
1413:Excerpta II
1400:Valentinian
1118:Justinian I
920:Citizenship
875:Mani pulite
788:Young Italy
607:Ostrogothic
543:Roman Italy
462:History of
319:Preceded by
186:Manichaeism
6333:Ostrogoths
6307:Categories
5983:Pontecorvo
5941:Monarchies
5927:Subalpinia
5892:Cispadania
5887:Cisalpinia
5869:Napoleonic
5576:(774–1139)
5488:(697–1797)
5190:(754–1870)
5152:(584–751)
5100:(568–774)
4849:Traditions
4839:Television
4824:Philosophy
4789:Literature
4729:Cathedrals
4699:Settecento
4560:Healthcare
4525:Corruption
4520:Censorship
4279:Parliament
4237:Government
4037:Maxi Trial
3985:Resistance
3714:Ostrogoths
3646:Messapians
3531:Villanovan
3521:Prehistory
3514:Prehistory
2928:9004315934
2720:Jordanes,
2707:Jordanes,
2694:Jordanes,
2390:Jordanes,
2299:References
2248:Gothic War
2211:Belisarius
2186:Felix Dahn
2119:Population
2086:panegyrics
2053:Literature
2010:, and the
1893:Atthalaric
1781:Gothic War
1738:Jordanes,
1551:up to the
1529:Septimania
1506:Thrasamund
1430:Anastasius
1160:Ostrogoths
1154:Ostrogoths
1149:Background
1071:Ostrogoths
868:Maxi Trial
751:Napoleonic
287:Gothic War
196:Government
5958:Guastalla
5948:Benevento
5880:Republics
5735:Judicates
5583:Byzantine
5240:and other
5178:(585–698)
5170:(554–752)
5164:(554–752)
5158:(533–751)
5143:(584–751)
5094:(435–534)
5088:(493–553)
5082:(476–493)
5073:(476–774)
5007:Iapygians
4809:Mythology
4784:Libraries
4704:Ottocento
4646:Terrorism
4587:Languages
4540:Education
4462:Transport
4412:Companies
4319:Provinces
4289:President
4254:Judiciary
4227:Elections
4139:Volcanoes
4134:Volcanism
4127:Apennines
4112:Mountains
4080:Peninsula
4063:Geography
3994:Civil War
3719:Byzantium
3626:Etruscans
3561:Canegrate
3556:Golasecca
3541:Rinaldone
3536:Terramare
3526:Neolithic
3311:The Goths
3144:, at the
3101:Procopius
3039:. Brill.
3013:140723210
2656:247674196
2648:0963-9462
2293:evidence.
2271:Footnotes
2215:Justinian
2175:The 1876
2035:aqueducts
2008:baptistry
1970:) 552–553
1956:) 541–552
1932:) 540–541
1922:) 536–540
1920:Wittigeis
1912:) 534–536
1910:Thiudahad
1906:Theodahad
1895:) 526–534
1889:Athalaric
1885:) 489–526
1883:Thiudoric
1873:Theodemir
1843:Justinian
1755:Theodahad
1695:Athalaric
1683:Athalaric
1622:Henotikon
1525:Aquitania
1502:Sigismund
1498:Alaric II
1484:civilitas
1472:'Arians")
1443:Roman law
1425:patricius
1355:Visigoths
1290:patrician
1271:foederati
1202:Theodemir
1200:, son of
1194:Illyricum
1185:foederati
1089:foederati
1065:), was a
842:Partisans
597:Odoacer's
555:Optimates
549:Populares
226:Theodoric
164:Minority:
147:Official:
141:Religion
116:(540–553)
110:(493–540)
5917:Piedmont
5767:Oristano
5760:Logudoro
5750:Cagliari
5725:Sardinia
5458:Piedmont
5207:Holy See
5058:Medieval
5012:Picentes
4955:Samnites
4887:Category
4774:Internet
4764:Folklore
4694:Seicento
4679:Trecento
4674:Duecento
4636:Religion
4597:Regional
4575:Italians
4550:Gambling
4442:Taxation
4269:Military
4210:Politics
4012:Republic
3799:Florence
3724:Lombards
3663:Republic
3609:Samnites
3604:Picentes
3546:Apennine
3505:Railways
3485:Military
3433:By topic
3417:Overview
3401:articles
3258:(eds.).
3243:(1923).
3131:Chronica
3111:Jordanes
3005:40310832
2424:Chronica
2290:Theodora
2143:Pannonia
2139:Dalmatia
2095:Boethius
2078:Jordanes
2074:Chronica
1930:Hildibad
1855:Lombards
1832:Alamanni
1797:Sardinia
1793:Dalmatia
1705:and the
1650:Eutharic
1646:Justin I
1598:Pannonia
1561:Hilderic
1541:Amalaric
1533:Provence
1510:Clovis I
1464:Boethius
1454:Liberius
1306:Dalmatia
1265:In 476,
1180:Pannonia
1001:Timeline
965:Military
913:By topic
852:Republic
836:Fascist
807:Monarchy
762:Republic
674:Medieval
652:Germanic
637:Frankish
532:Republic
453:a series
451:Part of
370:Rugiland
200:Monarchy
5998:Corsica
5988:Tuscany
5953:Etruria
5902:Liguria
5755:Gallura
5745:Arborea
5661:Lombard
5361:Tuscany
5351:Trieste
4987:Ligures
4948:Etruria
4844:Theatre
4819:Palaces
4799:Museums
4769:Gardens
4754:Fashion
4744:Cuisine
4724:Castles
4666:Culture
4616:Poverty
4592:Italian
4503:Society
4484:Welfare
4452:Tourism
4422:Exports
4390:Banking
4370:Economy
4358:Economy
4314:Regions
4196:Valleys
4166:Islands
4146:Beaches
4117:Prealps
4097:Geology
4085:Climate
3749:Normans
3709:Odoacer
3658:Kingdom
3641:Ligures
3577:Ancient
3551:Nuragic
3500:Postage
3475:Judaism
3465:Genetic
3455:Fashion
3450:Economy
3409:History
3090:Sources
2902:29 July
2685:, II.27
2672:, IV.33
2141:, west
2134:Picenum
2130:Pescara
2108:legends
2080:in his
2072:In his
2047:Spoleto
2024:Istrian
1975:Culture
1954:Baduila
1944:Ariaric
1940:Heraric
1926:Ildibad
1916:Witiges
1902:534–535
1875:470–475
1867:Valamir
1809:Ravenna
1805:Corsica
1602:Sirmium
1549:Durance
1347:Cremona
1334:Ravenna
1298:Vandals
1278:Orestes
1267:Odoacer
1255:Odoacer
1225:Balkans
1204:of the
1176:Marcian
1144:History
1130:Ravenna
1126:Witiges
1083:Odoacer
985:Railway
980:Postage
955:Judaism
945:Genetic
935:Fashion
930:Economy
898:present
856:present
825:Fascism
767:Kingdom
695:Normans
627:Lombard
526:Kingdom
298:•
228:(first)
169:Judaism
108:Ravenna
102:Capital
66:493–553
6064:(1848)
6058:(1831)
6013:states
5978:Naples
5688:Norman
5495:Dogado
5366:Verona
5331:Mantua
5326:Istria
5306:Finale
5296:Ancona
5244:states
5064:states
4982:Veneti
4960:Latins
4875:
4749:Design
4734:Cinema
4709:Anthem
4631:Racism
4580:People
4555:Health
4417:Energy
4407:Brands
4334:Comune
4329:Cities
4191:Rivers
4151:Canals
3834:Amalfi
3819:Venice
3678:Empire
3619:Veneti
3594:Latins
3566:Latial
3399:
3336:
3317:
3302:&
3278:
3268:Boston
3264:Leiden
3220:
3201:
3174:
3075:
3043:
3011:
3003:
2952:
2925:
2875:
2722:Getica
2709:Getica
2696:Getica
2683:Variae
2670:Variae
2654:
2646:
2566:
2523:
2392:Getica
2365:Variae
2280:
2266:Thorn.
2259:Raptor
2224:novel
2147:Tuscia
2082:Getica
2039:Verona
2006:, its
1950:Totila
1898:Queen
1828:Franks
1824:Narses
1820:Totila
1801:Sicily
1740:Getica
1654:consul
1639:Apulia
1610:Gepids
1586:Variae
1447:edicta
1396:Trajan
1327:Verona
1302:Sicily
1251:Thrace
1247:consul
1232:Moesia
1134:Totila
1120:, the
1116:Under
801:Modern
617:Vandal
563:Empire
455:on the
241:(last)
211:
127:Gothic
53:
6114:Post-
5963:Italy
5907:Lucca
5897:Italy
5448:Savoy
5356:Turin
5336:Milan
5321:Ivrea
4997:Umbri
4970:Celts
4834:Sport
4804:Music
4794:Media
4656:Women
4530:Crime
4395:Banks
4171:Lakes
4156:Caves
4107:Flora
4102:Fauna
3824:Genoa
3809:Milan
3804:Siena
3744:Arabs
3631:Celts
3614:Umbri
3490:Music
3460:Flags
3397:Italy
3009:S2CID
3001:JSTOR
2857:I.V.1
2724:, 299
2711:, 297
2652:S2CID
2394:, 271
2043:Pavia
2020:brick
1964:Theia
1946:) 541
1813:Pavia
1789:Italy
1679:Pavia
1553:Isère
1480:Genoa
1439:leges
1415:59-60
1398:or a
1351:Pavia
1343:Milan
1300:from
1213:Aspar
1206:Amals
1190:Leo I
1168:Dacia
1164:Goths
1075:Italy
1059:Latin
970:Music
940:Flags
691:Islam
482:Early
464:Italy
114:Pavia
57:Latin
5993:Elba
5922:Rome
5871:eras
5867:and
5840:Gozo
5639:Arab
5622:and
5301:Ceva
4965:Osci
4759:Flag
4489:Wine
4477:road
4472:rail
4303:List
4293:List
4122:Alps
3987:and
3829:Pisa
3599:Osci
3495:Name
3480:LGBT
3334:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3172:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3054:2023
3041:ISBN
3020:2023
2963:2023
2950:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2904:2022
2873:ISBN
2644:ISSN
2564:ISBN
2521:ISBN
2381:, 98
2194:1969
2192:and
2190:1968
2128:and
2126:Rome
2041:and
2002:The
1968:Teja
1960:Teia
1869:–465
1830:and
1803:and
1779:The
1517:Gaul
1359:Adda
1345:and
1338:Tufa
1245:and
1234:and
1221:Zeno
1172:Huns
1158:The
1138:Teia
1049:The
975:Name
960:LGBT
844:and
703:and
693:and
552:and
239:Teia
207:King
34:and
5060:and
4719:Art
4467:air
4259:Law
3191:doi
2993:doi
2698:303
2636:doi
2556:hdl
2548:doi
2513:doi
2240:'s
2230:by
2205:by
2184:by
1742:306
1588:I.1
1182:as
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