558:
frequent, females have also been known to sing occasionally a duet with a mate as an affirmation of their partnership. While some will sing their song from a familiar perch, other species common to grasslands will sing a familiar song each time they fly. Currently, there have been numerous studies involving songbird repertoires, unfortunately, there has not yet been a concrete evidence to confirm that every songbird species prefers larger repertoires. A conclusion can be made that it can vary between species on whether a larger repertoire is connected to better fitness. With this conclusion, it can be inferred that evolution via natural selection, or sexual selection, favors the ability to retain larger repertoires for these certain species as it leads to higher reproductive success. During times of courtship, it is said that male songbirds increase their repertoire by mimicking other species songs. The better the mimicking ability, retaining ability, and the quantity of other species mimicked has been proven to have a positive relationship with mating success. Female preferences cause the constant improvement of accuracy and presentation of the copied songs. Another theory known as the "song-sharing hypothesis" suggests that females prefer simpler, more homogenous songs that signal a male of familiar territory. As birdsong can be broken into regional dialects through this process of mimicry, the foreign song of a newcomer suggests the lack of territorial possession. This can be costly in the wake of territorial conflicts between disparate songbird populations and may compel a female to prefer a male spouting a familiar song of the area.
535:
cognitive abilities may not all be directly related to the song repertoire of a songbird. Specifically, spatial learning is said to have an inverse relationship with song repertoire. So for example, this would be an individual who does not migrate as far as others in the species but has a better song repertoire. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off between possible alleles. With natural selection choosing traits best fit for reproductive success, there could be a trade-off in either direction depending on which trait would produce a higher fitness at that time period.
134:
460:, that enables their sonorous activity. This organ, also known as a song box, can be found where the windpipe meets diverging bronchial tubes which lead to the lungs. The organ is a solid, bony structure lined with a film of membranes which air passes through as the songbird calls. While the song boxes of songbirds vary in size and intricacy, this does not necessarily determine the songbird's ability to voice their song. Researchers believe this has more to do with the length of the windpipe.
184:
451:
based on the extent of a male's song repertoire. The larger a male's repertoire, the more females a male individual attracts. It is not to be confused with bird calls that are used for alarms and contact and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. While almost all living birds
625:
branching sister groups to the
Corvoid - Passerid clade. All of these groups, which form at least six successively branching basal clades, are found exclusively or predominantly in Australasia. Australian endemics are also prominent among basal lineages in both Corvoids and Passerids, suggesting that
450:
The song in this clade is essentially territorial, because it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds, and also signals sexual intentions. Sexual selection among songbirds is highly based on mimetic vocalization. Female preference has shown in some populations to be
557:
in female songbirds is a significant realm of study as song abilities are continuously evolving. Males often sing to assert their dominance over other males in competition for a female, sometimes in lieu of a combative episode, and to arouse the female by announcing a readiness to mate. Though less
534:
Sexual selection can be broken down into several different studies regarding different aspects of a bird's song. As a result, songs can vary even within a single species. Many believe that song repertoire and cognition have a direct relationship. However, a study published in 2013 has shown that
552:
Song repertoire can be attributed to male songbirds as it is one of the main mechanisms of courtship. Song repertoires differ from male individual to male individual and species to species. Some species may typically have large repertoires while others may have significantly smaller ones.
157:
597:
respectively. Subsequent molecular studies, however, show this treatment to be somewhat erroneous. Passerida is a highly diverse lineage, uniting over one-third of all bird species to include (in 2015) 3,885 species). These are divided into three major
525:
The birds from higher altitudes have evolved thicker downs (also known as jackets) to protect themselves from colder temperatures. Their feathers have outer and inner portions, with the lower down being fluffier and warmer to provide increased warmth.
539:
426:, of which only two species remain alive today. Recent estimates indicate that songbirds originated 50 million years ago. The distribution of their basal lineages suggest that their origin and initial diversification occurred exclusively in the
464:
455:
of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds. And still, not all songbirds proffer a call that is distinctly melodious. Songbirds do, however, possess a highly developed vocal organ, the
541:
155:
637:, is essentially confined to the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area, occurring in both Queensland and New South Wales sections. It is now only found at elevations above 600 m (2,000 ft).
466:
156:
418:
musculature, and while their vocalizations are often just as complex and striking as those of songbirds, they are altogether more mechanical sounding. There is a third perching bird lineage, the
506:) communicate with croaks or screeches, which sound harsh to humans. Even these, however, have a song of sorts, a softer twitter that is given between courting partners. And even though some
540:
465:
482:
to attract mates or hold territory, but these are usually simple and repetitive, lacking the variety of many oscine songs. The monotonous repetition of the
2431:
548:
song: Because nightingales sing both day and night, it is believed night songs are courtship related and dawn songs are territorial in nature.
1906:
Edwards, Scott V. and John
Harshman. 2013. Passeriformes. Perching Birds, Passerine Birds. Version 06 February 2013 (under construction).
474:, like most thrushes, has a complex near continuous song, consisting of discrete units often repeated and spliced by a string of pauses.
498:. However, although many songbirds have songs that are pleasant to the human ear, this is not invariably the case. Many members of the
2619:
629:
Scrubbirds and lyrebirds, of which there are just two species of each, represent the oldest lineage of songbirds on Earth. The
1910:
2085:
2164:
2360:
2492:
2412:
2447:
Lowi-Merri, Talia M.; Gjevori, Martina; Bochenski, Zbigniew M.; Wertz, Krzysztof; Claramunt, Santiago (2024-12-31).
2573:
2586:
2191:"Elevation and body size drive convergent variation in thermo-insulative feather structure of Himalayan birds"
2388:
406:
Songbirds form one of the two major lineages of extant perching birds (~4,000 species), the other being the
602:(though not exactly corresponding to the Sibley-Ahlquist arrangement), in addition to some minor lineages.
2555:
1756:
2448:
31:
2311:
Borgia, Gerald; Siani, Jennifer; Coyle, Brian; Patricelli, Gail Lisa; Coleman, Seth
William (2007).
395:, "songbird". The Passeriformes contains 5,000 or so species found all over the world, in which the
183:
566:
1427:
1399:
781:
17:
2508:
2389:
A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the
Oscines in the New World
2104:
Byers, Bruce E; Kroodsma, Donald E (2009). "Female mate choice and songbird song repertoires".
1346:
1742:
1729:
599:
457:
415:
396:
2432:
Chris Cooney, "How songbirds island-hopped their way from
Australia to colonise the world",
2202:
2014:
1944:
1604:
427:
141:
621:
to the
Passerida. The remaining 15 oscine families (343 species in 2015) form a series of
8:
1110:
923:
873:
133:
2206:
2018:
1948:
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2337:
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2002:
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1975:
1932:
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1980:
1806:
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514:
among birds is almost completely restricted to songbirds, some of which (such as the
511:
479:
452:
290:
38:
2313:"Female preferences drive the evolution of mimetic accuracy in male sexual displays"
2125:
2609:
2460:
2332:
2324:
2259:
2251:
2240:"Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird"
2210:
2113:
2030:
2022:
1970:
1952:
1907:
1886:
1770:
1408:
1135:
1131:
908:
826:
822:
673:
630:
326:
282:
166:
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2449:"Total-evidence dating and the phylogenetic affinities of early fossil passerines"
2117:
2003:"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"
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1914:
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1364:
1351:
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1002:
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1485:
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1375:
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1093:
986:
888:
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384:). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is
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2139:
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1156:
1119:
1080:
1046:
1006:
961:
865:
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791:
687:
522:) excel in imitating the sounds of other birds or even environmental noises.
495:
483:
334:
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263:
91:
1957:
2346:
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1984:
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typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate
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1855:
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554:
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423:
248:
66:
1931:
Barker, F. K; Cibois, A; Schikler, P; Feinstein, J; Cracraft, J (2004).
1890:
2215:
2190:
2189:
Barve, Sahas; Ramesh, Vijay; Dotterer, Toni M.; Dove, Carla J. (2021).
1966:
1811:
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1505:
1423:
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and absent from many parts of the world. The
Tyranni have a simpler
2525:
1833:
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1626:
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338:
215:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
2063:
Where Song Began: Australia's Birds and How They
Changed the World
1815:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1752:
1716:
1671:
1644:
1559:
1509:
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1330:
1308:
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1248:
1205:
1184:
1065:
1042:
1038:
1010:
594:
574:
431:
430:
and only about 40 million years ago, oscines started to colonize
407:
121:
96:
605:
In contrast, Sibley & Alquist's "Corvida" is a phylogenetic
510:(which are not songbirds) can be taught to repeat human speech,
2446:
1617:
1299:
1295:
1097:
1056:
1020:
836:
613:
methodology. The bulk of the "Corvida" make up the large clade
507:
435:
205:
1933:"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation"
1930:
1738:
1720:
1675:
1223:
1029:
389:
1518:
1290:
956:
844:
370:
225:
2310:
1372:: leaf-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
2361:"The Development of Birdsong | Learn Science at Scitable"
1101:
478:
Other birds (especially non-passeriforms) sometimes have
2238:
Sewall, K. B; Soha, J. A; Peters, S; Nowicki, S (2013).
2237:
2188:
1996:
1994:
2420:
1918:
1991:
2099:
2097:
2000:
2601:
2094:
1908:http://tolweb.org/Passeriformes/15868/2013.02.06
1902:
1900:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
626:songbirds originated and diverged in Australia.
529:
410:(~1,000 species), which are most diverse in the
2499:Tree of Life web project article July 31, 2006.
1937:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
37:"Passeri" redirects here. For the surname, see
640:One of the earliest known fossil songbirds is
2103:
1897:
1868:
2377:
2165:"The Northern Mockingbird: Nature's Copycat"
2408:Version 31 July 2006 (under construction).
1924:
561:
2410:http://tolweb.org/Oscines/29222/2006.07.31
153:
132:
2336:
2263:
2214:
2034:
1974:
1956:
916:: vangas, woodshrikes, and helmetshrikes
537:
490:can be contrasted with the variety of a
462:
2162:
684:Bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers
14:
2602:
2075:
707:Meliphagoidea: honeyeaters and allies
2507:
2506:
2393:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2163:Fleming, Kaitlin (11 December 2011).
2069:
2056:
2054:
617:(812 species as of 2015), which is a
2587:2b5cbfc9-ee56-45d8-baa6-53d41058d6c8
2001:Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015).
2453:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2080:. Pelagic Publishing. p. 182.
2060:
885:, jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes
24:
2051:
25:
2631:
2483:
2419:in The Tree of Life Web Project,
2404:Harshman, John. (2006). Oscines.
1917:in The Tree of Life Web Project,
182:
64:
2620:Extant Eocene first appearances
2440:
2425:
2398:
2353:
2304:
2280:
2231:
2182:
2169:FSU ornithology: the bird blogs
1227:genera, not closely related to
2156:
2132:
445:
13:
1:
2465:10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086
2118:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.10.003
1861:
1441:: laughingthrushes and allies
1245:: fairy-flycatcher and allies
1215:: some Hawaiian honeyeaters,
585:practice would rank these as
530:Song repertoire and courtship
1757:black-throated blue warblers
569:divided songbirds into two "
7:
1849:
995:: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
653:
10:
2636:
1339:: bush-warblers and allies
835:: New Zealand wattlebirds
36:
29:
2515:
2065:, Tyre: Penguin Australia
943:(formerly in Cracticidae)
356:
349:
276:
271:
179:Scientific classification
177:
164:
152:
140:
131:
48:
32:Songbird (disambiguation)
774:Australopapuan babblers
562:Taxonomy and systematics
2292:Encyclopedia Britannica
2144:Encyclopedia Britannica
1958:10.1073/pnas.0401892101
1883:IOC World Bird List 5.1
1745:(formerly Drepanididae)
1400:black-capped donacobius
609:and an artefact of the
380:of the perching birds (
2329:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0234
2256:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0344
2027:10.1126/sciadv.1501005
1841:: cardinals and allies
1743:Hawaiian honeycreepers
1347:streaked scrub-warbler
1049:(formerly Turnagridae)
549:
475:
2076:Reilly, John (2018).
1670:: estrildid finches (
1605:Old World flycatchers
802:Other basal lineages
635:Atrichornis rufescens
544:
469:
438:, and eventually the
2582:Fauna Europaea (new)
1333:and African warblers
874:crested berrypeckers
428:Australian continent
146:Eopsaltria australis
142:Eastern yellow robin
30:For other uses, see
2207:2021Ecogr..44..680B
2078:The Ascent of Birds
2019:2015SciA....1E1005C
1949:2004PNAS..10111040B
1891:10.14344/IOC.ML.5.1
1193:: silky-flycatchers
1152:Australasian robins
1111:white-winged chough
924:Bornean bristlehead
907:Machaerirynchidae:
518:or the aptly named
2495:2020-09-19 at the
2421:http://tolweb.org/
2415:2020-09-19 at the
2216:10.1111/ecog.05376
1919:http://tolweb.org/
1913:2022-10-31 at the
1807:New World sparrows
1755:, for example the
1730:Przevalski's finch
1449:Old World warblers
1356:yellow flycatchers
1283:: bearded reedling
949:: mottled whistler
589:), distributed in
567:Sibley and Alquist
550:
476:
171:Spizella passerina
2597:
2596:
2509:Taxon identifiers
2434:The Conversation,
2288:"Songbird | bird"
2140:"Songbird | bird"
2087:978-1-78427-203-6
1771:New World orioles
1435:: ground babblers
1409:Malagasy warblers
1136:birds of paradise
941:Australian magpie
697:Ptilonorhynchidae
542:
467:
373:belonging to the
363:
362:
291:Ptilonorhynchidae
267:
158:
39:Passeri (surname)
27:Suborder of birds
16:(Redirected from
2627:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2504:
2503:
2477:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2436:August 31, 2016.
2429:
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2179:
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2153:
2151:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2106:Animal Behaviour
2101:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:Low, T. (2014),
2058:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2013:(11): e1501005.
2007:Science Advances
1998:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1960:
1928:
1922:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1365:long-tailed tits
1268:: penduline-tits
823:Melanocharitidae
674:Atrichornithidae
631:rufous scrubbird
543:
468:
327:Melanocharitidae
283:Atrichornithidae
262:
187:
186:
167:chipping sparrow
160:
159:
136:
126:
63:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
2635:
2634:
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2599:
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2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2511:
2497:Wayback Machine
2486:
2481:
2480:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2426:
2417:Wayback Machine
2403:
2399:
2383:Selvatti, A.P.
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2317:Biology Letters
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2250:(4): 20130344.
2244:Biology Letters
2236:
2232:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2052:
1999:
1992:
1943:(30): 11040β5.
1929:
1925:
1915:Wayback Machine
1905:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1864:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1726:Urocynchramidae
1486:fairy-bluebirds
1352:Erythrocercidae
1191:Ptiliogonatidae
1007:shrike-thrushes
999:Pachycephalidae
901:Malaconotidae:
870:tit berrypecker
780:: Australasian
656:
648:Early Oligocene
564:
538:
532:
463:
448:
341:
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11:
5:
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2595:
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2569:Fauna Europaea
2565:
2552:
2537:
2521:
2519:
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2501:
2500:
2485:
2484:External links
2482:
2479:
2478:
2439:
2424:
2397:
2376:
2365:www.nature.com
2352:
2303:
2279:
2230:
2201:(5): 680β689.
2181:
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1990:
1923:
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1800:
1791:
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1710:
1701:
1692:
1679:
1665:
1661:: weavers and
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1439:Leiothrichidae
1436:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1376:Acrocephalidae
1373:
1370:Phylloscopidae
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1327:Macrosphenidae
1324:
1315:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1177:: rail-babbler
1172:
1163:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1104:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1032:
1023:
1014:
996:
990:
987:Eulacestomidae
984:
975:
969:
959:
950:
944:
926:
917:
911:
905:
899:
889:Platysteiridae
886:
876:
858:
857:
856:
847:
830:
820:
800:
799:
798:
786:
785:
784:
778:Pomatostomidae
772:
771:
770:
753:
744:
738:Dasyornithidae
735:
725:
705:
704:
703:
694:
682:
681:
680:
671:
658:
657:
655:
652:
591:Australo-Papua
563:
560:
531:
528:
472:American robin
447:
444:
361:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
315:Pomatostomidae
303:Dasyornithidae
274:
273:
269:
268:
256:
252:
251:
246:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
175:
174:
162:
161:
150:
149:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:snow buntings
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:honeycreepers
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:Passerellidae
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:olive warbler
1696:
1695:Peucedramidae
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:Nectariniidae
1639:
1637:
1636:flowerpeckers
1633:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:Chloropseidae
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:Tichodromidae
1540:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:Polioptilidae
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:Troglodytidae
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:dapple-throat
1464:
1463:Arcanatoridae
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:Locustellidae
1384:
1381:
1380:reed warblers
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:Scotocercidae
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:wren-babblers
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:Stenostiridae
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:Hylocitreidae
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:Bombycillidae
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:Picathartidae
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Paradisaeidae
1130:
1128:: ifritabirds
1127:
1124:
1122:: melampittas
1121:
1120:Melampittidae
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:Platylophidae
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:cuckooshrikes
963:
962:Campephagidae
960:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
906:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:Paramythiidae
864:
863:
862:
859:
855:
851:
850:Notiomystidae
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
829:and longbills
828:
824:
821:
819:
818:
817:Loboparadisea
813:
812:
808:: satinbirds
807:
806:Cnemophilidae
804:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:Orthonychidae
790:
789:
787:
783:
779:
776:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
752:
748:
745:
743:
739:
736:
733:
729:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
708:
706:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:: Australian
689:
688:Climacteridae
686:
685:
683:
679:
675:
672:
670:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
651:
649:
645:
644:
638:
636:
632:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
600:superfamilies
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
556:
547:
536:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:vocal mimicry
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:marsh warbler
493:
489:
485:
484:common cuckoo
481:
473:
461:
459:
454:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
382:Passeriformes
379:
376:
372:
368:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:Notiomystidae
332:
328:
324:
323:Cnemophilidae
320:
319:Orthonychidae
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Climacteridae
284:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:Passeriformes
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
55:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2516:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2323:(5): 463β6.
2320:
2316:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2112:(1): 13β22.
2109:
2105:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2010:
2006:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1882:
1839:Cardinalidae
1751:: New World
1735:Fringillidae
1713:Motacillidae
1686:indigo birds
1601:Muscicapidae
1564:mockingbirds
1555:treecreepers
1528:gnatcatchers
1473:Promeropidae
1454:Zosteropidae
1433:Pellorneidae
1414:Cisticolidae
1396:Donacobiidae
1361:Aegithalidae
1305:Hirundinidae
1296:Pycnonotidae
1229:Meliphagidae
1222:
1216:
1197:Hypocoliidae
1107:Corcoracidae
1062:Rhipiduridae
989:: ploughbill
974:: whiteheads
968:and trillers
953:Aegithinidae
947:Rhagologidae
933:butcherbirds
920:Pityriasidae
903:bush-shrikes
827:berrypeckers
815:
809:
756:Acanthizidae
747:Pardalotidae
742:bristlebirds
728:Meliphagidae
692:treecreepers
643:Resoviaornis
641:
639:
634:
628:
619:sister group
604:
565:
551:
533:
524:
520:mockingbirds
488:little crake
477:
449:
420:Acanthisitti
405:
392:
385:
377:
366:
364:
357:
311:Acanthizidae
307:Pardalotidae
299:Meliphagidae
277:
258:
242:
170:
145:
54:Early Eocene
43:
2541:Wikispecies
1856:Song system
1826:Calcariidae
1794:Emberizidae
1765:: American
1704:Prunellidae
1668:Estrildidae
1546:wallcreeper
1502:: elachuras
1500:Elachuridae
1405:Bernieridae
1318:Pnoepygidae
1272:Nicatoridae
1224:Chaetoptila
1170:rockjumpers
1166:Chaetopidae
1148:Petroicidae
1115:apostlebird
1071:Monarchidae
978:Neosittidae
893:wattle-eyes
879:Psophodidae
811:Cnemophilus
788:Logrunners
732:honeyeaters
715:fairy-wrens
678:scrub birds
661:Menuroidea
650:of Poland.
587:infraorders
555:Mate choice
546:Nightingale
492:nightingale
446:Description
424:New Zealand
397:vocal organ
56:to present
2604:Categories
2406:Songbirds.
2395:, 88:1-15.
2370:2020-12-02
2297:2020-12-02
2149:2020-12-02
1862:References
1822:and allies
1812:Thraupidae
1789:bananaquit
1785:Coerebidae
1767:blackbirds
1759:and allies
1663:widowbirds
1650:Passeridae
1597:and allies
1582:Buphagidae
1551:Certhiidae
1537:nuthatches
1506:Hyliotidae
1477:sugarbirds
1469:and allies
1458:white-eyes
1424:Timaliidae
1420:and allies
1418:cisticolas
1392:and allies
1390:grassbirds
1382:and allies
1257:chickadees
1238:hylocitrea
1208:: palmchat
1201:hypocolius
1187:and allies
1077:and allies
1053:Dicruridae
1026:Vireonidae
1013:and allies
993:Oreoicidae
937:currawongs
854:stitchbird
841:saddleback
833:Callaeidae
796:logrunners
764:thornbills
760:scrubwrens
751:pardalotes
723:grasswrens
701:bowerbirds
581:(standard
571:parvorders
453:give calls
412:Neotropics
331:Callaeidae
255:Suborder:
249:Eupasseres
165:Song of a
59:56β0
2615:Songbirds
2473:1477-2019
2387:. (2015)
2225:1600-0587
2195:Ecography
1834:longspurs
1763:Icteridae
1749:Parulidae
1659:Ploceidae
1632:Dicaeidae
1627:leafbirds
1614:Cinclidae
1586:oxpeckers
1577:starlings
1573:Sturnidae
1568:thrashers
1491:Regulidae
1445:Sylviidae
1337:Cettiidae
1287:Alaudidae
1281:Panuridae
1266:Remizidae
1175:Eupetidae
1143:Passerida
1126:Ifritidae
1085:jayshrike
1035:Oriolidae
1003:whistlers
982:sittellas
972:Mohouidae
929:Artamidae
909:boatbills
883:whipbirds
768:gerygones
734:and chats
719:emu-wrens
711:Maluridae
669:lyrebirds
665:Menuridae
646:from the
583:taxonomic
579:Passerida
516:lyrebirds
401:bird song
358:See text
343:Passerida
295:Maluridae
279:Menuridae
202:Kingdom:
196:Eukaryota
2526:Wikidata
2493:Archived
2413:Archived
2347:17623632
2274:23697642
2126:53146576
2045:26824065
1985:15263073
1911:Archived
1850:See also
1816:tanagers
1798:buntings
1779:cowbirds
1775:grackles
1753:warblers
1717:wagtails
1708:accentor
1682:Viduidae
1672:waxbills
1654:sparrows
1645:sunbirds
1595:thrushes
1591:Turdidae
1533:Sittidae
1510:hyliotas
1495:kinglets
1482:Irenidae
1428:babblers
1331:crombecs
1309:swallows
1276:nicators
1261:titmouse
1213:Mohoidae
1185:waxwings
1161:rockfowl
1090:Corvidae
1075:monarchs
1066:fantails
1043:figbirds
1017:Laniidae
1011:pitohuis
914:Vangidae
861:Corvides
782:babblers
654:Families
615:Corvides
611:phenetic
504:Corvidae
502:family (
440:Americas
375:suborder
367:songbird
351:Synonyms
339:Corvides
264:Linnaeus
216:Chordata
212:Phylum:
206:Animalia
192:Domain:
49:Songbird
2610:Passeri
2561:Passeri
2547:Passeri
2532:Q194240
2517:Passeri
2490:Oscines
2338:2391182
2265:3730647
2203:Bibcode
2174:18 June
2036:4730849
2015:Bibcode
1967:3372849
1945:Bibcode
1818:, true
1739:finches
1737:: true
1690:whydahs
1678:, etc.)
1652:: true
1618:dippers
1560:Mimidae
1313:martins
1300:bulbuls
1249:Paridae
1206:Dulidae
1098:magpies
1057:drongos
1039:orioles
1021:shrikes
730:: true
623:basally
595:Eurasia
575:Corvida
508:parrots
432:Eurasia
408:Tyranni
388:, from
386:Oscines
378:Passeri
272:Clades
259:Passeri
232:Order:
222:Class:
18:Oscines
2471:
2345:
2335:
2272:
2262:
2223:
2124:
2084:
2043:
2033:
1983:
1976:503738
1973:
1965:
1721:pipits
1676:munias
1259:, and
1100:, and
1047:piopio
1030:vireos
837:kokako
766:, and
458:syrinx
436:Africa
416:syrinx
266:, 1758
2574:10848
2459:(1).
2385:et al
2122:S2CID
1963:JSTOR
1609:chats
1519:wrens
1291:larks
1094:crows
1045:and β
957:ioras
897:batis
843:and β
607:grade
480:songs
393:oscen
390:Latin
369:is a
243:Clade
2469:ISSN
2343:PMID
2270:PMID
2221:ISSN
2176:2018
2082:ISBN
2041:PMID
1981:PMID
1832:and
1777:and
1741:and
1719:and
1688:and
1607:and
1566:and
1311:and
1253:tits
1221:and
1218:Moho
1113:and
1102:jays
939:and
895:and
872:and
845:huia
814:and
721:and
593:and
577:and
500:crow
470:The
371:bird
226:Aves
67:Preκ
2556:AFD
2461:doi
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2260:PMC
2252:doi
2211:doi
2114:doi
2031:PMC
2023:doi
1971:PMC
1953:doi
1941:101
1887:doi
573:",
494:or
486:or
422:of
2606::
2584::
2571::
2558::
2543::
2528::
2467:.
2457:22
2455:.
2451:.
2391:.
2363:.
2341:.
2331:.
2319:.
2315:.
2290:.
2268:.
2258:.
2246:.
2242:.
2219:.
2209:.
2199:44
2197:.
2193:.
2167:.
2142:.
2120:.
2110:77
2108:.
2096:^
2053:^
2039:.
2029:.
2021:.
2009:.
2005:.
1993:^
1979:.
1969:.
1961:.
1951:.
1939:.
1935:.
1899:^
1885:.
1870:^
1828::
1814::
1805::
1796::
1787::
1773:,
1769:,
1728::
1715::
1706::
1697::
1684::
1674:,
1643::
1634::
1625::
1616::
1603::
1593::
1584::
1575::
1562::
1553::
1544::
1535::
1526::
1517::
1508::
1493::
1484::
1475::
1465::
1456::
1447::
1426::
1416::
1407::
1398::
1388::
1378::
1363::
1354::
1345::
1329::
1320::
1307::
1298::
1289::
1274::
1255:,
1251::
1236::
1211:β
1199::
1183::
1168::
1159::
1150::
1134::
1109::
1096:,
1092::
1083::
1073::
1064::
1055::
1041:,
1037::
1028::
1019::
1009:,
1005:,
1001::
980::
964::
955::
935:,
931::
922::
891::
881::
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