897:. The lack of parents leaves the characters to pursue more exciting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls, and depriving them of more prosaic lives. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection. Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding by attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, and removing the parents makes the character's difficulties more severe. Parents, furthermore, can be irrelevant to the theme a writer is trying to develop, and orphaning the character frees the writer from depicting such an irrelevant relationship; if one parent-child relationship is important, removing the other parent prevents complicating the necessary relationship. All these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors.
105:
160:
38:
77:
860:(1939-1945), with its massive numbers of deaths and vast population movements, left large numbers of orphans in many countries—with estimates for Europe ranging from 1,000,000 to 13,000,000. Judt (2006) estimates there were 9,000 orphaned children in Czechoslovakia, 60,000 in the Netherlands 300,000 in Poland and 200,000 in Yugoslavia, plus many more in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, China and elsewhere.
869:
1237:"Have you not seen those who deny the faith and the Day of Judgment? Those are people who drive orphans away harshly, and do not encourage feeding the indigent. So woe be upon those who do prayer but are neglectful of it or show it off out of vanity, and those who deny even small kindnesses to others." - (The Quran,
1655:
The industrial revolution touched both villages and cities, with migration from one to the other going hand-in-hand with urban overpopulation and severe poverty. Urban population growth also led to an increase in abandonment, the poor swinging between finding work, begging or claiming social
67:
In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan. When referring to animals, only the mother's condition is usually relevant (i.e., if the female parent has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the father's condition).
1138:
759:: Street children have a major presence in Latin America; some estimate that there are as many as 40 million street children in Latin America. Although not all street children are orphans, all street children work and many do not have significant family support.
171:
Orphans are relatively rare in developed countries because most children can expect both of their parents to survive their childhood. Much higher numbers of orphans exist in war-torn nations such as
1251:"...They will ask you about the property of orphans. Say, 'Managing it in their best interests is best'. If you mix your property with theirs, they are your brothers..." (The Quran, The Heifer: 220)
1181:"Be joyful at your festival—you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levites, the foreigners, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns".(Hebrew Bible,
1090:, and Carnage can also be included on this list, though they killed one or both of their parents. Supporting characters befriended by the heroes are also often orphans, including the
1261:"Keep a close check on orphans until they reach a marriageable age, then if you perceive that they have sound judgement hand over their property to them..." (The Quran, The Women: 6)
1205:"Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world." (
2702:
1254:"Give orphans their property, and do not substitute bad things for good. Do not assimilate their property into your own. Doing that is a serious crime." (The Quran,
1406:
767:: About 2 million children in the United States (or about 2.7 percent of children) have a deceased mother or father. About 100,000 children have lost both parents.
1028:. One recurring storyline has been the relationship that the orphan can have with an adult from outside their immediate family, as seen in Lyle Kessler's play
60:
is a child whose parents have died, are unknown or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the
1468:
1457:
USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS (2002) "Children on the brink 2002: a joint report on orphan estimates and program strategies", Washington: USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS.
1353:
The
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition "One deprived by death of father or mother, or (usu.) of both; a fatherless or motherless child."
1492:
132:
2504:
1509:
747:
650,000 children are housed in orphanages. They are released at age 16, and 40% become homeless, while 30% become criminals or commit
2595:
2292:
813:
portrayed the horrible conditions of his orphanage in his artwork. Other notable orphans include entertainment greats such as
2697:
1815:
1445:
1861:
1729:
Bullen, John. "Orphans, Idiots, Lunatics, and More Idiots: Recent
Approaches to the History of Child Welfare in Canada,"
1417:
1381:
1656:
assistance from the State as a means of integrating themselves and their family, including their children, into society.
2661:
1153:, contain the idea that helping and defending orphans is a fundamental and God-pleasing matter. The religious leaders
2631:
1693:
1641:
128:
2345:
755:
124:
bereft through "death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents".
2489:
2335:
2656:
2646:
782:
777:
89:
2651:
2376:
2192:
2013:
1441:
727:
2570:
2416:
2312:
2287:
2058:
1475:
1195:"To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress." (Hebrew Bible,
85:
909:
Several well-known authors have written books featuring orphans. Examples from classic literature include
2509:
2232:
1030:
97:
2692:
2431:
2262:
2257:
1063:
1042:
Orphans are especially common as characters in comic books. Many popular heroes are orphans, including
45:
2641:
2600:
2436:
2156:
1988:
732:
135:(UNAIDS), and other groups label any child who has lost one parent as an orphan. In this approach, a
1759:
Children of the
Laboring Poor: Expectation and Experience Among the Orphans of Early Modern Augsburg
1540:
1496:
2008:
1738:"The Unwanted Child: The Fate of Foundlings, Orphans and Juvenile Criminals in Early Modern Germany
890:
17:
1188:"Leave your orphans; I will protect their lives. Your widows too can trust in me." (Hebrew Bible,
2464:
1854:
1291:
31:
1161:
were orphaned as children. Several scriptural citations describe how orphans should be treated:
2687:
2297:
2136:
116:
Various groups use different definitions to identify orphans. One legal definition used in the
1616:
1604:
2626:
2187:
2111:
2038:
2003:
1527:
1001:
127:
In everyday use, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for them. However, the
2484:
2411:
2360:
2121:
2096:
2086:
1119:
976:
951:
8:
2499:
2426:
2350:
2171:
2151:
2106:
2043:
1926:
1878:
1182:
1102:
1095:
910:
159:
147:
is a child/teen/infant who has lost both parents. This contrasts with the older use of
2545:
2282:
2018:
1847:
1580:
1555:
1469:"Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies"
1017:
981:
894:
794:
81:
37:
1764:
Sen, Satadru. "The orphaned colony: Orphanage, child and authority in
British India,"
1636:. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2017).
1244:"(Be good to) orphans and the very poor. And speak good words to people." (The Quran,
104:
2636:
2479:
2401:
2381:
2252:
2131:
2126:
2091:
2068:
1998:
1983:
1811:
1689:
1637:
1612:
1585:
1281:
1055:
882:
830:
93:
76:
1633:
Orphans and
Abandoned Children in European History: Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries
1363:
1336:
1219:"And they feed, for the love of God, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive," - (
2519:
2355:
2330:
2322:
2078:
1962:
1941:
1575:
1567:
1106:
996:
961:
946:
941:
857:
109:
1773:
Abandoned
Children of the Italian Renaissance: Orphan Care in Florence and Bologna
1202:"I will not leave you as orphans; I will come to you." (New Testament, John 14:18)
872:
Mime offers food to the young
Siegfried, an orphan he is raising; Illustration by
2682:
2550:
2469:
2306:
2267:
2166:
1916:
1822:
Widows And
Orphans First: The Family Economy And Social Welfare Policy, 1880-1939
1713:
1705:
1631:
1311:
1306:
1067:
991:
986:
920:
814:
806:
798:
61:
2610:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2535:
2212:
2141:
1931:
1175:
1125:
1110:
1091:
1059:
1013:
971:
877:
873:
818:
790:
1571:
1385:
2676:
2605:
2514:
2459:
2454:
2396:
2227:
2063:
2048:
2033:
1946:
1906:
1787:
Like Our Very Own: Adoption and the
Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851-1950
1630:
Roman, Nicoleta (8 November 2017). "Introduction". In Roman, Nicoleta (ed.).
1206:
1025:
763:
117:
49:
1686:
The Writer's Guide to
Fantasy Literature: From Dragon's Lair to Hero's Quest
2555:
2406:
2391:
2247:
2237:
2023:
1444:
about The Society for the Relief of Half-Orphan and Destitute Children, or
1296:
1171:
1009:
956:
925:
810:
1589:
1522:
Tacon, P. (1982). "Carlinhos: the hard gloss of city polish". UNICEF news.
889:
Orphaned characters are prevalent as literary protagonists, especially in
2565:
2540:
2386:
2222:
2207:
1993:
1921:
1911:
1316:
1286:
1276:
1238:
1114:
1071:
966:
826:
802:
172:
121:
2580:
2474:
2277:
2202:
2146:
2116:
2053:
1951:
1493:"China to insure orphans as preventitive health measure_English_Xinhua"
1083:
1051:
1021:
935:
930:
902:
786:
735:
in 2005 showed that China has about 573,000 orphans below 18 years old.
2271:
2242:
2217:
2101:
1956:
1870:
1808:"Kinship by Design: A History of Adoption in the Modern United States
1709:
1301:
1245:
1220:
915:
822:
2560:
2494:
1901:
1271:
1231:
1224:
1189:
1158:
1087:
1075:
1043:
849:
845:
285:
1466:
2197:
2161:
1255:
1079:
853:
748:
322:
1605:"Parental Mortality and Outcomes among Minor and Adult Children"
2421:
2340:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1752:
The Orphans of Byzantium: Child Welfare in the Christian Empire
1196:
1047:
739:
396:
359:
1745:
A Child for Keeps: The History of Adoption in England, 1918-45
1230:"Therefore, treat not the orphan with harshness," (The Quran,
1154:
1150:
1146:
164:
1839:
900:
Orphans are common in fairy tales, such as most variants of
2028:
1801:
A Second Home: Orphan Asylums and Poor Families in America
1667:
For a high estimate see I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot, eds.
1137:
2302:
1829:
Abandoned: Foundlings in Nineteenth-Century New York City
868:
841:
92:
wearing mourning clothes after the death of their father
1008:
More recent authors featuring orphan characters include
1117:, and several main characters in children's shows like
743:: According to Russian reports from 2002 cited in the
1074:. Orphans are also very common among villains: Bane,
151:to describe children who had lost only one parent.
1170:"Do not take advantage of a widow or an orphan." (
2703:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
2674:
1467:TvT Associates/The Synergy Project (July 2002).
856:have led to many children becoming orphans. The
1141:Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, Zimbabwe (2005)
133:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS
1855:
100:, had died a couple of years before, in 1826.
1794:Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives
1768:, Oct-Dec 2007, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 463-488
1382:"USCIS definition for immigration purposes"
723:2001 figures from 2002 UNICEF/UNAIDS report
64:translation, for example, is "fatherless".
1862:
1848:
1766:Indian Economic and Social History Review
1671:(1995) p. 208; for lower, see Tony Judt,
1579:
1448:about the Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum.
1136:
867:
158:
143:is a child whose father has died, and a
103:
75:
36:
1673:Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945
1553:
1101:Other famous fictional orphans include
14:
2675:
1733:May 1985, Vol. 18 Issue 35, pp 133–145
1602:
1843:
1629:
1521:
1512:". The New York Times. July 21, 2002.
1510:"A Summer of Hope for Russian Orphans
1132:
1669:The Oxford companion to World War II
1145:Many religious texts, including the
139:is a child whose mother has died, a
1474:. UNAIDS and UNICEF. Archived from
24:
2662:Parents Against Child Exploitation
1603:Weaver, David (5 September 2019).
1556:"Street children in Latin America"
771:
25:
2714:
2632:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1835:
1731:Histoire Sociale: Social History,
1037:
253:AIDS orphans as % of orphans
250:Orphans as % of all children
1779:
1710:To Enjoy and Bring Joy to Others
27:Child who has lost their parents
2490:Management of domestic violence
2336:Corporal punishment in the home
1723:
1698:
1678:
1661:
1623:
1596:
1547:
1515:
1503:
1495:. July 22, 2009. Archived from
2647:National Fatherhood Initiative
1485:
1460:
1451:
1434:
1399:
1374:
1356:
1347:
1329:
785:include world leaders such as
778:List of orphans and foundlings
218:Latin America & Caribbean
154:
129:United Nations Children's Fund
71:
13:
1:
2652:National Parents Organization
2377:Adverse childhood experiences
1869:
1322:
863:
2698:Effects of death on children
2417:Effects of domestic violence
2059:Social emotional development
1442:this 19th-century news story
731:: A survey conducted by the
259:Total orphans (AIDS related)
234:
223:
212:
201:
108:Orphan on mother's grave by
7:
2233:Identification (psychology)
1407:"UNAIDS Global Report 2008"
1265:
231:
220:
209:
198:
84:and his sisters Princesses
10:
2719:
2657:Parent–teacher association
2432:Parental abuse by children
2313:Positive Parenting Program
2263:Parent management training
2258:Normative social influence
836:
775:
29:
2642:National Childbirth Trust
2619:
2528:
2445:
2437:Stress in early childhood
2369:
2321:
2180:
2157:Taking children seriously
2077:
1989:Applied behavior analysis
1972:
1877:
1572:10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1596
733:Ministry of Civil Affairs
575:
432:
281:
167:orphanage in January 2002
2298:The talk (sex education)
2009:Developmental psychology
2505:Parental responsibility
2465:Cost of raising a child
1716:- Laws of the Festivals
1341:www.merriam-webster.com
1292:Legitimacy (family law)
805:; and athletes such as
271:Paternal (AIDS related)
265:Maternal (AIDS related)
96:in 1834. Their mother,
32:Orphan (disambiguation)
1535:Cite journal requires
1337:"Definition of ORPHAN"
1142:
886:
809:. The American orphan
277:Double (AIDS related)
189:Orphans as percentage
168:
113:
101:
53:
2627:Families Need Fathers
2188:After-school activity
2112:Concerted cultivation
2107:Buddha-like parenting
2039:Nature versus nurture
2004:Cognitive development
1481:on December 23, 2003.
1140:
1002:The Lord of the Rings
871:
162:
107:
79:
40:
2485:Right to family life
2412:Dysfunctional family
2122:Free-range parenting
2097:Attachment parenting
2087:Achievement ideology
1792:Carp, E. Wayne, ed.
1771:Terpstra, Nicholas.
1757:Safley, Thomas Max.
1736:Harrington, Joel F.
1554:Scanlon, TJ (1998).
977:Edgar Rice Burroughs
952:Anne of Green Gables
163:An Afghan girl at a
30:For other uses, see
2500:Parental alienation
2427:Narcissistic parent
2351:Positive discipline
2172:Work at home parent
2152:Strict father model
2137:Nurturant parenting
2044:Parental investment
1879:Kinship terminology
1785:Berebitsky, Julie.
1750:Miller, Timothy S.
1566:(7144): 1596–2100.
1183:Book of Deuteronomy
1103:Little Orphan Annie
2546:T. Berry Brazelton
2283:Social integration
2019:Identity formation
1799:Hacsi, Timothy A.
1440:See, for example,
1143:
1133:In religious texts
982:Tarzan of the Apes
895:fantasy literature
887:
797:; writers such as
795:Pedro II of Brazil
169:
165:Kabul, Afghanistan
114:
102:
82:Pedro II of Brazil
54:
2693:Human development
2670:
2669:
2480:Family disruption
2402:Cinderella effect
2382:Child abandonment
2356:Tactical ignoring
2253:Moral development
2132:Helicopter parent
2127:Gatekeeper parent
2092:Atlas personality
2069:Social psychology
2014:Human development
1999:Child development
1984:Attachment theory
1820:Kleinberg, S. J.
1816:978-0-226-32760-0
1282:Child abandonment
1232:The Morning Hours
1120:Diff'rent Strokes
831:Frances McDormand
718:
717:
239:
238:
46:Thomas Kennington
16:(Redirected from
2710:
2520:Shared parenting
2331:Blanket training
2323:Child discipline
1963:In loco parentis
1942:Shared parenting
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1743:Keating, Janie.
1717:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:. Archived from
1411:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1384:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1239:Small Kindnesses
1113:and his sister,
1107:Anakin Skywalker
997:J. R. R. Tolkien
962:Jude the Obscure
947:L. M. Montgomery
942:Huckleberry Finn
911:Charlotte Brontë
858:Second World War
848:(such as AIDS),
268:Paternal (total)
262:Maternal (total)
241:
240:
191:of all children
186:orphans (1000s)
178:
177:
98:Maria Leopoldina
21:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2615:
2596:Matthew Sanders
2551:Rudolf Dreikurs
2524:
2510:Parents' rights
2470:Deadbeat parent
2447:
2441:
2365:
2317:
2293:The talk (race)
2176:
2167:Tiger parenting
2073:
1968:
1917:Extended family
1873:
1868:
1838:
1827:Miller, Julie.
1806:Herman, Ellen.
1782:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1714:Peninei Halakha
1706:Eliezer Melamed
1703:
1699:
1684:Philip Martin,
1683:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1609:papers.ssrn.com
1601:
1597:
1552:
1548:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:. May 16, 2023.
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1312:Empower Orphans
1307:Street children
1268:
1135:
1068:Captain America
1040:
992:The Jungle Book
987:Rudyard Kipling
921:Charles Dickens
866:
839:
815:Louis Armstrong
807:Aaron Hernandez
799:Edgar Allan Poe
780:
774:
772:Notable orphans
745:New York Times,
190:
185:
157:
141:paternal orphan
137:maternal orphan
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Mothers' Union
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2611:Benjamin Spock
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Penelope Leach
2588:
2586:Annette Lareau
2583:
2578:
2576:Alan E. Kazdin
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Mary Ainsworth
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2448:social aspects
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Dishabituation
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Slow parenting
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1973:Theories
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1952:Blended family
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Nuclear family
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
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1875:
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1867:
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1859:
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1844:
1837:
1836:External links
1834:
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1797:
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1537:|journal=
1514:
1502:
1499:on 2009-07-22.
1484:
1459:
1450:
1433:
1398:
1373:
1368:Dictionary.com
1355:
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1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1134:
1131:
1126:Punky Brewster
1111:Luke Skywalker
1092:Newsboy Legion
1082:are examples.
1064:Captain Marvel
1039:
1038:Other examples
1036:
1018:A. F. Coniglio
1014:Lemony Snicket
972:Les Miserables
878:Richard Wagner
874:Arthur Rackham
865:
862:
838:
835:
819:Marilyn Monroe
791:Andrew Jackson
783:Famous orphans
776:Main article:
773:
770:
769:
768:
760:
752:
736:
724:
716:
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712:
709:
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703:
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633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
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475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
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374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:Double (total)
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
237:
236:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
156:
153:
73:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Child welfare
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:Organizations
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:B. F. Skinner
2604:
2602:
2601:William Sears
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Thomas Gordon
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Child support
2458:
2456:
2455:Child custody
2453:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Child neglect
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Homeschooling
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Socialization
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Paternal bond
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Maternal bond
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Single parent
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Alloparenting
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
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1851:
1846:
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1823:
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1798:
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1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:United States
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:0-87116-195-8
1691:
1687:
1681:
1675:(2006) p. 21.
1674:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1645:
1643:9781351628839
1639:
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1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1529:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1423:on 2019-06-17
1419:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1388:on 2019-07-30
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1257:
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1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1209:, James 1:27)
1208:
1207:New Testament
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
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1160:
1156:
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1139:
1130:
1128:
1127:
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1069:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:J. K. Rowling
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
973:
968:
964:
963:
958:
954:
953:
948:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:
912:
907:
905:
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896:
892:
885:
884:
879:
875:
870:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
834:
832:
828:
824:
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816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
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779:
766:
765:
764:United States
761:
758:
757:
756:Latin America
753:
750:
746:
742:
741:
737:
734:
730:
729:
725:
722:
721:
720:
713:
710:
707:
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686:
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682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
256:Total orphans
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
228:
227:
217:
216:
206:
205:
195:
194:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
174:
166:
161:
152:
150:
146:
145:double orphan
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
118:United States
111:
106:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
69:
65:
63:
59:
51:
50:oil on canvas
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2556:David Elkind
2407:Codependency
2392:Child labour
2248:Latchkey kid
2238:Introjection
2024:Introjection
1974:
1961:
1936:
1927:Noncustodial
1828:
1821:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1724:Bibliography
1700:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1647:. Retrieved
1632:
1625:
1608:
1598:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1528:cite journal
1517:
1505:
1497:the original
1487:
1476:the original
1462:
1453:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1413:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1297:Orphan Train
1213:
1212:
1172:Hebrew Bible
1164:
1163:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1100:
1041:
1029:
1010:A. J. Cronin
1007:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
967:Victor Hugo
960:
957:Thomas Hardy
950:
940:
934:
926:Oliver Twist
924:
914:
908:
901:
899:
888:
881:
840:
811:Henry Darger
781:
762:
754:
744:
738:
726:
719:
170:
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
115:
66:
57:
55:
41:
2566:Haim Ginott
2541:John Bowlby
2387:Child abuse
2307:educational
2223:Habituation
2208:Co-sleeping
1994:Behaviorism
1922:Foster care
1912:Coparenting
1649:25 November
1317:Euro-orphan
1277:AIDS orphan
1115:Leia Organa
1072:Green Arrow
827:Ray Charles
803:Leo Tolstoy
173:Afghanistan
155:Populations
149:half-orphan
110:Uroš Predić
72:Definitions
2677:Categories
2581:Truby King
2475:Disownment
2288:Television
2278:Role model
2203:Child care
2181:Techniques
2147:Soccer mom
2117:Enmeshment
2054:Pediatrics
1427:2023-08-14
1392:2015-10-21
1323:References
1246:The Heifer
1096:Rick Jones
1084:Lex Luthor
1052:Spider-Man
1022:Roald Dahl
936:Tom Sawyer
931:Mark Twain
903:Cinderella
891:children's
864:In fiction
787:Aaron Burr
181:Continent
131:(UNICEF),
2515:Paternity
2446:Legal and
2346:Grounding
2243:Kommune 1
2218:Education
2193:Allowance
2102:Baby talk
1957:Surrogacy
1871:Parenting
1302:Orphanage
1256:The Women
1225:The Human
1221:The Quran
1060:The Flash
916:Jane Eyre
883:Siegfried
850:pandemics
846:epidemics
823:Babe Ruth
705:1,144,000
693:1,731,000
562:1,019,000
550:1,456,000
407:1,015,000
354:< 100
317:< 100
184:Number of
86:Francisca
2561:Jo Frost
2495:Marriage
2361:Time-out
1937:Orphaned
1902:Adoptive
1688:, p 16,
1446:this one
1364:"orphan"
1272:Adoption
1266:See also
1190:Jeremiah
1159:Muhammad
1149:and the
1088:Deadpool
1076:Catwoman
1044:Superman
714:257,000
679:159,000
579:Botswana
571:211,000
436:Botswana
348:< 100
342:< 100
336:< 100
305:< 100
286:Botswana
232:107,964
90:Januária
80:Emperor
18:Orphaned
2529:Experts
2305: (
2270: (
2198:Bedtime
2162:Theybie
1810:(2008)
1617:3471209
1590:9596604
1581:1113205
1414:UN AIDS
1080:Magneto
1031:Orphans
854:poverty
837:History
749:suicide
711:315,000
708:581,000
702:517,000
699:902,000
696:884,000
676:194,000
673:315,000
670:624,000
667:282,000
664:506,000
661:468,000
658:937,000
644:32,000
635:108,000
623:137,000
614:Lesotho
609:61,000
568:282,000
565:450,000
559:341,000
556:720,000
553:617,000
536:41,000
530:115,000
527:442,000
521:305,000
518:163,000
515:664,000
471:Lesotho
428:44,000
425:122,000
422:138,000
419:700,000
413:437,000
410:177,000
382:346,000
376:233,000
370:524,000
323:Lesotho
247:Country
210:65,504
199:34,294
196:Africa
112:in 1888
94:Pedro I
42:Orphans
2683:Family
2422:Incest
2341:Curfew
2079:Styles
1897:Father
1892:Mother
1887:Parent
1831:(2007)
1824:(2006)
1814:
1803:(1997)
1796:(2003)
1789:(2000)
1775:(2005)
1761:(2006)
1754:(2009)
1747:(2009)
1740:(2009)
1704:Rabbi
1692:
1640:
1615:
1588:
1578:
1287:Foster
1241:: 1–7)
1214:Qu'ran
1199:10:18)
1197:Psalms
1192:49:11)
1185:16:14)
1178:22:22)
1176:Exodus
1078:, and
1070:, and
1048:Batman
995:, and
852:, and
793:, and
740:Russia
684:Uganda
649:Malawi
641:37,000
638:63,000
632:38,000
629:66,000
626:73,000
606:62,000
603:69,000
600:91,000
597:58,000
594:69,000
591:69,000
588:98,000
541:Uganda
533:83,000
524:78,000
506:Malawi
501:1,000
492:52,000
486:31,000
480:77,000
466:3,000
460:13,000
457:37,000
451:19,000
448:18,000
445:55,000
416:72,000
397:Uganda
391:6,000
388:55,000
385:23,000
379:11,000
373:30,000
360:Malawi
345:49,000
339:31,000
333:73,000
308:23,000
302:14,000
296:34,000
229:Total
221:8,166
202:11.9%
62:Hebrew
58:orphan
52:, 1885
2370:Abuse
1977:Areas
1479:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1248:: 83)
1165:Bible
1155:Moses
1151:Quran
1147:Bible
1056:Robin
728:China
576:2001
498:7,000
495:4,000
489:1,000
483:4,000
463:5,000
454:7,000
433:1995
351:8,000
314:2,000
311:1,000
299:1,000
282:1990
244:Year
235:7.6%
224:7.4%
213:6.5%
207:Asia
122:minor
120:is a
2272:date
2268:Play
2029:Love
1812:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1651:2020
1638:ISBN
1613:SSRN
1586:PMID
1541:help
1258:: 2)
1234:: 9)
1227:: 8)
1157:and
1123:and
1094:and
1024:and
999:'s
939:and
893:and
842:Wars
829:and
801:and
690:51.1
687:14.6
655:49.9
652:17.5
620:53.5
617:17.0
585:70.5
582:15.1
547:42.4
544:14.9
512:24.6
509:14.2
474:10.3
442:33.7
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