Chinese surname - Knowledge

2052:) or simplified. Historically there are close to 12,000 surnames recorded including those from non-Han Chinese ethnic groups, of which only about 3,100 are in current use, a factor of almost 4:1 (about 75%) reduction. A 2019 figure however put the total number of Chinese family names at 6,150. Of Han Chinese surnames, the largest number ever recorded was 6,363 (3,730 single-character surnames, 2,633 multiple-character surnames), around 2,000 of which are still in use. Chinese Surname extinction is due to various factors, such as people taking the names of their rulers, orthographic simplifications, taboos against using characters from an emperor's name, and others. A recent example of near surname extinction is the rare surname Shan (𢒉). The character may not be displayed on computer systems used by government officials, and people born after the system change as well as people who want to avoid possible problems changed their name to another character such as Xian (冼). The name is still used by the older people, but some people from the village are concerned that future generations will forget their name origin. 2868:

to promote surname identity. Clan cohesion was usually encouraged by successive imperial governments since it aided in social stability. During the Qing dynasty surname associations often undertook extrajudicial roles, providing primitive legal and social security functions. They played important roles in the Chinese diaspora to South-East Asia and elsewhere, providing the infrastructure for the establishment of trading networks. In southern China, however, clans sometimes engaged in armed conflict in competition for land. Clans continued the tradition of tracing their ancestry to the distant past as a matter of prestige. Most of these origin myths, though well established, are spurious.

3206: 2753: 3017: 2860:. To differentiate between different surnames, the Tang also choronyms before stating beforehand, for example Lǒngxī Lǐshì 隴西李氏, meaning Li of Longxi. These were generally the names of commanderies used prior to the reorganization during the Tang, so that they became exclusively associated to clans as their common use had died out. Cadet branches were also listed for further differentiation, such as Gūzāng Fáng 姑臧房, meaning Clan Li of Guzang. 2872:

San-Jiou-Lang who had no son, and he took the oath that he should be in the name of Liao when alive and should be in the name of Chang after death." In some places, there are additional taboos against marriage between people of the same surname, considered to be closely related. Conversely, in some areas, there are different clans with the same surname which are not considered to be related, but even in these cases surname

2813:. Chinese emperors sometimes passed their own surnames to subjects as honors. Unlike European practice in which some surnames are obviously noble, Chinese emperors and members of the royal family had regular surnames except in cases where they came from non-Han ethnic groups. This was a result of Chinese imperial theory in which a commoner could receive the 1421:. Those with a Western first name can write their name in English in various ways – some may add the Western first name in front and the Chinese given name last (the surname is therefore in the middle), or fully Westernised with both the Western and Chinese given names before the Chinese surname. Examples include 2867:

and his father. As competition for resources and positions in the bureaucracy intensified, individuals used their common ancestry and surname to promote solidarity. They established schools to educate their sons and held common lands to aid disadvantaged families. Ancestral temples were also erected

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In a 1990 study, the top 200 family names accounted for over 96% of a random sample of 174,900 persons, with over 500 other names accounting for the remaining 4%. In a different study (1987), which combined data from Taiwan and China (sample size of 570,000 persons), the top 19 names covered 55.6%,

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where the father's surname is passed on to his children, but more recently some people have opted to use both parents' surnames; although this practice has increased in recent times, it is still relatively uncommon in China, with those who adopted both parents' surnames numbering at only 1.1 million

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in which surnames are written last. Around 2,000 Han Chinese surnames are currently in use, but the great proportion of Han Chinese people use only a relatively small number of these surnames; 19 surnames are used by around half of the Han Chinese people, while 100 surnames are used by around 87% of

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Throughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete

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proposed that there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. These may be names associated with a ruling dynasty such as the various titles and names of rulers, nobility and dynasty, or they may be place names of various territories, districts,

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The Tang dynasty was the last period when the great aristocratic families, mostly descended from the nobility of pre-Qin states, held significant centralized and regional power. The surname was used as a source of prestige and common allegiance. During the period many genealogical records called

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While new names have arisen for various reasons, this has been outweighed by old names disappearing. The most significant factor affecting the surname frequency is other ethnic groups identifying as Han and adopting Han names. In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a

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Some Chinese outside of mainland China, particularly those from the Chinese immigrant communities around the world and those who have acquired a Christian or Western first name, have adopted the Western convention when giving their name in English, placing their surname last. Examples of those

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Why the lack of surnames, then? The reason, according to Du Ruofu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is that all societies experience an 'evolutionary dwindling' of family names as less-common ones die out. Because the Chinese have used surnames for thousands of years (compared to just a few

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Due to the different pronunciations and romanizations, it is sometimes easy to tell whether a Chinese person has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, or Taiwan. Generally, people of Mainland descent will have their surnames and names in

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As a result of the importance of surnames, rules and traditions regarding family and marriage grew increasingly complex. For example, in Taiwan, there is a clan with the so-called "double Liao" surname. The story is that "Chang Yuan-zih of Liao's in Siluo married the only daughter of Liao

3161:(張簡) and Chiangfan (姜范). However, names in Taiwan show less diversity than China as a whole: the top ten comprise 52.63% of the Taiwanese population and the top hundred 96.11%. There were also only 1,989 surnames recorded by the Ministry's survey, against China's four or five thousand. 1441:). Some Chinese surnames that appear to be the same written in English may also be different in Chinese due to different characters having the same or similar pronunciations, dialectal differences, or non-standard romanizations (see section on variation in romanization below). 4409:

Only 3,100 surnames are now in use in China compared with nearly 12,000 in the past. An 'evolutionary dwindling' of surnames is common to all societies. ut in China, says, where surnames have been in use far longer than in most other places, the paucity has become

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Due to the different spelling conventions and dialects as well as the different spelling preferences in the various countries these Chinese find themselves in, many people of the same Chinese surname can appear differently when written in English, for example the

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of the surnames based on different languages and Chinese dialects. Countries that have adopted the system of Chinese surnames such as Vietnam and Korea also spell them according to their own pronunciations. As a result, it is common for the same surname to be

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sinogram could reflect the fact that in the royal court of Zhou, at least in the beginning, only females (wives married into the Zhou family from other clans) were called by their birth clan name, while the men were usually designated by their title or fief.

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cover 84.77% of China's population. The top 10 surnames each have populations greater than 20 million. The MPS survey revealed that the top 3 surnames in China have a combined population larger than Indonesia, the world's fourth-most-populous country.

2184:). Sima, Zhuge, and Ouyang also happen to be the surnames of four extremely famous premodern Chinese historical figures. There are family names with three or more characters, but usually those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo ( 1400:) and not "Wei Zhang". Chinese women generally retain their maiden name and use their name unchanged after marriage, but in modern times in some communities, some women may choose to attach their husband's surname to the front. Chinese surname is 810:: Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyang Village, whose descendants took the surname 1941:

has found that of all the people with a particular surname, there tends to be a population concentration in a certain province, as tabulated to the right. It does not show, however, the most common surnames in any one province.

788:: Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames in the present day such as 678:

towns, villages, and specific locations, the title of official posts or occupations, or names of objects, or they may be derived from the names of family members or clans, and in a few cases, names of contempt given by a ruler.

209:, and Chinese people may view their surnames as part of their shared kinship and Han Chinese identity. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except sometimes in places with more western influences such as 673:(風俗通姓氏篇), there are 9 origins of Chinese surnames: dynasty names, posthumous titles, ranks of nobility, state names, official positions, style names, places of residence, occupations, and events. Modern scholars such as 3100: – are similar to those in southeast China but differ somewhat from the distribution of names among all Han Chinese. According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese 2012:

dialect. As with the concentration of family names, this can also be explained statistically, as a person with an uncommon name moving to an unsettled area and leaving his family name to large number of descendants.

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and become emperor. Upon becoming emperor, the emperor would retain his original surname. Also as a consequence, many people also had the same surname as the emperor, but had no direct relation to the royal family.

2258:) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the 1918:

both on the provincial and county levels. Additionally, it was found that counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the

2075:, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world. In Chinese, the phrase "third son of Zhang, fourth son of Li" ( 1961:(Xiāo) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiào) was extremely rare, if not non-existent (it is mentioned only sporadically in historical texts). The first round of simplification in 1956 simplified 蕭 into 1969:

in 1977, which has long been abolished, merged 萧 and 肖 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.

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were not permitted to marry each other and a woman married into an aristocratic clan needed to be of a different name. Based on observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the

511:, however, are unconvinced by the matriarchy theory of Chinese surnames due to a lack of independent evidence. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed, suggesting that the use of female radical in 2008:), which is only the 47th most common overall, is much more common in San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States, although the surname is more often than not romanized as Fong, as based on the 263:(with the surname Feng), who was said to have established the system of Chinese surnames to distinguish different families and prevent marriage of people with the same family names. Prior to the 572:

and the surname was transmitted paternally, the practice continued, but it had changed to marriage between families of men on the paternal side being prohibited, but not on the maternal side.

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The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 38; Volume 101, Harry Houdini Collection, John Davis Batchelder Collection, Leavitt, Trow, & Company, 1883 p. 852

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languages. The younger generation from Singapore often has their surname in dialect ((Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese, Cantonese, and Hakka) and given names in English, Mandarin, or both.

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so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname "

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estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world, but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have omitted the claim.

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of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception to this pattern could be explained by

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romanization. People from Southeast Asia (mainly Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and Hong Kong usually base their romanization of surnames and names on the

2891:, surname culture was actively persecuted by the government with the destruction of ancestral temples and genealogies. Moreover, the influx of Western culture and forces of 4305: 4105: 2805:

Later, during the Han dynasty, these tables were used by prominent families to glorify themselves and sometimes even to legitimize their political power. For example,

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for a couple of millennia, passing from father to children. This system of patrilineal surnames is unusual in the world in its long period of continuity and depth of

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most common, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common surnames in Mainland China are

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with individuals having the same surname, often with a common male ancestor. They usually intermarry with others from nearby villages, creating genetic clusters.

1425:, originally named Cheng Yuet-ngor (Cheng is the surname), but who has acquired her husband's surname Lam and a Western first name as Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor. 596:

were created to distinguish between noble lineages according to seniority, though in theory they shared the same ancestor. In this way, a nobleman would hold a

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indicated a child born to the primary wife. These were sometimes adopted as surnames. Of these, Meng is the best known, being the surname of the philosopher

4389:, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, pp. 18–22 (History of Chinese surnames and sources of data for the present research), archived from 2993:

as the most common ones, with each shared by over 100 million people in China. Each of the most common 23 surnames in China has more than 10 million users.

2852:) were compiled to trace the complex descent lines of families or clans and their marriage ties to other families or clans. Many of these were collected by 832:: Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples, 200 of which are two-character surnames. Often an ancestor's 267:(fifth century BC), only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was a difference between ancestral clan names or 4481: 552:

indicating a clan or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean "lady of such or such clan". The structure of the

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Chinese Society in Singapore, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays, Maurice Freedman, George William Skinner, Stanford University Press, 1979, pp. 133

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During the Song dynasty, ordinary clans began to organize themselves into corporate units and produce genealogies. This trend was led by the poet

1242:), an old Chinese surname, when they were required to use Chinese surnames during the Ming dynasty as it sounded close to the first syllable of 4351: 3097: 2973:(周). The same names were also found (in slightly different orders) by a fairly comprehensive survey of 296 million people in 2006, and by the 3164:

As is typical of China as a whole, these surnames conflate many different lineages and origins, although tradition may bind them to the same

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The use of different systems of romanization based on different Chinese language variants from 1900~1970 also contributed to the variations.

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Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the modern era, most have either been lost (see

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may be appended to the surname of a person; for example, a man with the Zhang surname may be referred to respectfully as Zhang-

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Chinese surnames have a history of over 3,000 years. Chinese mythology, however, reaches back further to the legendary figure

4250:' Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology. The authoritative results of this survey were previously published on the 4116: 1254:

A ruler may bestow his own surname on those he considered to have given outstanding service to him; for example, the surname

690:: These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the ancient royal family, with collateral lineages taking their own 2056:

character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified.

1990: 2108:

and the top 100 names covered 87% of the sample. Other data suggest that the top 50 names comprise 70% of the population.

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in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes. Most surnames that survive to the present day were originally

5093: 3929: 3899: 3829: 3699: 3674: 3582: 3536: 3506: 3367: 1903:, the most common surname is Lĭ (李), taking up 7.7%, followed by Wáng (王), Zhāng (张/張), Chan/Chén (陈/陳) and Liú (刘/劉). 388:

instead of his full name. It is used in particular for the paternal surname of a married woman, therefore in this case

86:, each shared by over 100 million people in China. The remaining eight of the top ten most common Chinese surnames are 3790: 3730: 3101: 3011: 1906:

A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beijing, but there were fewer than 300 family names in

592:(feudal) society. As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as 5067: 3605: 3276: 2978: 2909: 2741: 2255: 2060: 75: 4330: 2998: 2835: 1309:. Others may modify their name in order to escape from their enemies at times of turmoil, for example Duanmu ( 4453: 4422: 3173: 2827: 2328: 1950: 822:, but few have survived to the present. Some families acquired their surname during the Han dynasty from the 4091: 4463: 1954: 445: 3867: 2323:, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). In certain dialects, different surnames could be 782:, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their original form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. 4247: 2586: 2268: 4473: 881:) were used to denote the second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family. For the first son 3846: 2251: 2049: 1397: 1163: 173:) branch lineage names. Later, the two terms began to be used interchangeably, and in the present day, 4266: 5004: 4377: 4348: 1359:

It may also have occurred through error, or changed due to a dissatisfaction with the name (e.g. Ai

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is believed to have been originally transmitted through women of noble birth, while noble men have

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Household Registration Administration Research Centre (公安部户政管理研究中心) (8 February 2021). 石璐言 (ed.).

1474: 715: 5061: 3260: 3153: 226: 1348:), or reducing from double or multiple character names to single character names, e.g. Duangan ( 893: 4662: 4631: 3919: 3399: 2761: 2737:

Malaysia/Singapore/Indonesia/Philippines: various spellings are used depending on name origin.

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Liu, Y.; Chen, L.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, J. (2012). "A study of surnames in China through isonymy".

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The Ten-Thousand Families of Surnames from Netor (NETOR纪念:万家姓氏) (in simplified Chinese only)

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Chen, Jiawei; Chen, Liujun; Liu, Yan; Li, Xiaomeng; Yuan, Yida; Wang, Yougui (August 2019).

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Most commonly occurring Chinese family names have only one character; however, about twenty

5029: 4949: 3601: 3184: 2809:, who forced the abdication of the last Han emperor in his favor, claimed descent from the 1855:

Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wáng (

1341: 508: 247:, lit. "hundred surnames") are used in Chinese to mean "ordinary folks", "the people", or " 3454: 3425: 2879:

Surname identity and solidarity has declined markedly since the 1930s with the decline of

8: 5024: 4934: 3104:'s Department of Population in February 2005, the ten most common surnames in Taiwan are 2974: 2888: 2562: 2319:(鄭/郑) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng (in 2292: 855: 2756:

Many village names in China are linked to surnames. Pictured is Jiajiayuan (贾家源), i.e. "

847:) as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames. 5009: 4818: 4772: 4727: 4652: 4566: 4521: 4279: 4194: 4014: 3982:"An index of Chinese surname distribution and its implications for population dynamics" 3981: 3628: 3338: 3234: 3121: 2990: 2938: 2895:

have also contributed to erode the previous sociological uses of the Chinese surnames.

2752: 2515: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2296: 2064: 1928: 1887:) is the most common, being shared by 10.6% of the population. Next are Lǐ (李), Huáng ( 1846: 1593: 1567: 1517: 1381: 1267: 1246:; it was also fitting for some of those who were caravaneers as the word means "horse". 967: 919: 873: 823: 771: 747: 83: 70: 4717: 3188: 4442: 4326: 4210: 4019: 4001: 3962: 3925: 3895: 3825: 3786: 3726: 3695: 3670: 3632: 3606:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity" 3578: 3532: 3502: 3453:

Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity". In Melissa Brown (ed.).

3363: 2814: 1949:) appears to be very rare in Hong Kong. This is explained by the fact Hong Kong uses 549: 181:

may refer either the clan or maiden name. The two terms may also be used together as

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centuries in many parts of Europe), this effect has become particularly significant.

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may be the more ancient surname that referred to the ancestral tribe or clan, while

5098: 4009: 3993: 3954: 3620: 3430:["2020 national report on personal names" published] (in Chinese). gov.cn. 3165: 2785: 2259: 2218: 2076: 1859:) is the most common surname, being shared by 9.9% of the population. Next are Lǐ ( 1027: 991: 955: 811: 427: 423: 206: 154: 128: 54: 4959: 4924: 4898: 4838: 4747: 3016: 2490:

gate, gateway, mountain pass, originated as a title for guards in mountain passes

1152:), bestowed amongst other gifts to Kuang Yuping, previously Fang Yuping (方愈平), by 1077: 911: 310: 5044: 5039: 4878: 4798: 4742: 4621: 4616: 4546: 4526: 4355: 4309: 4286: 4217: 3716: 3647: 3291: 3254: 3117: 3113: 2958: 2942: 2616: 2427: 2316: 2284: 2198: 2072: 2021: 1924: 1841: 1725: 1669: 1546: 1538: 1525: 1503: 1495: 1487: 1470: 1389: 1145: 457: 103: 87: 4969: 4757: 1550: 1349: 1310: 1223: 1135: 1119: 1023: 1011: 1007: 999: 987: 979: 971: 963: 959: 951: 815: 5034: 5014: 4989: 4939: 4888: 4868: 4833: 4762: 4707: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4561: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4516: 3141: 3125: 3105: 2986: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2934: 2810: 2707: 2539: 2304: 2272: 2174: 2068: 1828: 1803: 1712: 1612: 1608: 1499: 1326: 1275: 1187: 1099: 995: 927: 883: 797: 318: 202: 115: 107: 99: 95: 79: 3747: 3624: 492:

itself is composed of a female radical and the character for "give birth" (生,

5087: 5019: 4999: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4944: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4858: 4853: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4788: 4767: 4712: 4702: 4626: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4581: 4571: 4403: 4005: 3266: 3244: 3137: 3133: 3109: 2946: 2892: 2757: 2729: 2468: 2431: 2376: 2288: 2206: 1915: 1900: 1833: 1777: 1751: 1738: 1665: 1625: 1597: 1554: 1542: 1491: 1430: 1250:

Many also changed their surnames throughout history for a number of reasons.

1107: 1037: 1003: 975: 833: 759: 731: 668: 651: 541: 465: 292: 42: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 159: 133: 4984: 4863: 4752: 4737: 4732: 4596: 4586: 4576: 4556: 4023: 3966: 3239: 3224: 3211: 3169: 3148: 3129: 2966: 2923: 2880: 2703: 2447:(some surnames have multiple origins, provided below are only one of many) 2391: 2300: 2263: 2210: 2037: 2017: 1790: 1699: 1682: 1642: 1302: 1283: 1235: 1199: 1171: 1167: 1057: 1049: 789: 674: 545: 532: 520: 321:(同) and others. The distinction between the two began to be blurred by the 297: 221: 111: 66: 38: 4383:

Chinese Surnames and the Genetic Differences between North and South China

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Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 , 2000 and 2010

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The 2019 report by Chinese Ministry of Public Security gives the surnames

2780:, which contain tables recording the descent lines of noble houses called 1911: 291:

denoted a branch of the tribe or clan. For example, the ancestors of the

4503: 3271: 3093: 2660: 2438: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2280: 2202: 2032:) family, for example, migrated from the northern capital and settled in 2009: 1410: 1401: 1263: 1085: 583: 481: 393: 342: 329:, name usage was standardised, commoners started to acquire a surname or 326: 198: 34: 3917: 3821:

In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames

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In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames

3577:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency, LLC. pp. 140–141. 3342: 1336:

The name may also be changed by simplification of the writing, e.g. Mu (

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Two distinct types of Chinese surnames existed in ancient China, namely

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after the Song dynasty revolts. Villages are often made up of a single

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Others, however, may avoid using the name of a ruler, for example Shi (

1231: 1215: 1127: 1065: 891:) was meant for a child born to a secondary wife or a concubine, while 837: 632: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 1910:. Furthermore, a 2012 study found that there was the lowest amount of 1393: 1385: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1298: 1290: 1279: 1271: 1259: 1239: 1211: 1203: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1149: 1111: 1103: 1089: 1081: 1069: 1061: 1053: 1041: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 915: 897: 888: 878: 868: 860: 844: 841: 801: 793: 775: 767: 763: 755: 751: 743: 735: 727: 719: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 694:. The traditional description was what were known as the "Eight Great 477: 469: 461: 453: 280: 272: 244: 241: 4243: 2933:

on 24 April 2007, the ten most common surnames in mainland China are

2884: 2773: 2769: 2331:" are all Mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames Lí ( 2276: 2236: 2033: 1994: 1982: 1938: 1482: 1434: 1019: 840:

took the second character of his grandfather's courtesy name Boyuan (

548:: the 女 radical seems to appear during the Zhou period next to Shang 214: 210: 58: 1914:

in surnames among the population around middle and lower reaches of

818:). There are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of 3219: 2324: 1798: 1785: 1620: 1465: 1418: 1306: 1243: 1010:, "minister of works", akin to minister of infrastructure), Sīshì ( 588: 406: 248: 62: 3249: 2873: 2423: 1772: 1759: 1746: 1694: 1677: 1637: 1588: 1511: 1438: 1227: 1131: 1123: 1073: 1045: 947: 901: 516: 449: 236: 50: 4828: 4793: 4697: 4667: 3157:, as well as a number of relatively recently created names like 1580: 739: 473: 3177: 2864: 2843: 2806: 2793: 2613:

was born in the woods during his family's exile, thus bestowed

2610: 2409: 2386:

Some people use non-standard romanizations, e.g. the Hong Kong

2364: 2320: 2240: 2235:), an extremely rare surname reportedly used by members of the 2226: 2152: 2095: 1998: 1907: 1811: 1707: 1562: 1533: 1219: 1195: 1115: 1015: 435: 164: 138: 1997:, where it is usually romanized as Tan, and is also common in 396:, which a Chinese woman would continue to use after marriage. 4454:

Chinese family name information from the US National Archives

2768:

for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early

2214: 2134: 1986: 1733: 1720: 1660: 1650: 1575: 1294: 1207: 666:

According to the chapter on surnames in the Han dynasty work

46: 4376:

Du, Ruofu; Yida, Yuan; Hwang, Juliana; Mountain, Joanna L.;

3921:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

723: 564:

were not permitted to marry each other, those with the same

217:

in that people tend to marry those with different surnames.

4994: 4682: 3918:

Patrick Hanks; Richard Coates; Peter McClure, eds. (2016).

2020:, surname distributions in China largely settled down. The 1899:) and Zhāng (张/張). Around the major crossing points of the 260: 3092:

Names in Taiwan – both among the immigrant

2059:

Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the

4929: 4591: 4531: 2927: 1820: 1764: 1255: 635:'s consort Lady Mujiang (穆姜), who bore the clan name (姓, 353:. The great majority of Han Chinese surnames (now called 230:, which lists over 400 names. The colloquial expressions 91: 4267:

China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names

2640:

King or Prince, Used mainly by descendants of royalties

27:

Surnames used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups

1452:

Regions with high concentration of particular surnames

480:). This is taken as evidence that they originated from 2359:

which is usually omitted in foreign transliterations.

2217:

characters is Lunalouyugumuzheshuduotumuku'adebu'axi (

2173:, suggesting an Irish origin to English-speakers, and 1156:, upon making Yuping's daughter an imperial concubine. 220:

The most common Chinese surnames were compiled in the

4504:

100 most common family names in mainland China (2020)

2676:

Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Hee,See

1927:

migration observed where the Han Chinese migrated to

185:

for family names or surnames. Most Chinese surnames (

3600: 3201: 3147:

Taiwanese surnames include some local variants like

2307:

can appear as Chou, Chew, Jew and many others (e.g.

305:, but the descendants were subdivided into numerous 3924:. OUP Oxford. pp. 470, 484, 1583, 1591, 2991. 2996:A commonly cited fact from the 1990 edition of the 361:) that survive to modern times have their roots in 201:, but Han Chinese family name has been exclusively 5073:101–200 Most Common Family Names in mainland China 3817: 3662: 3554:"The complex origins of Chinese names demystified" 1166:sometimes took the name of their ethnic groups as 380:survives as a word to refer to the clan. The term 4418:"China's Identity Crisis: Many People, Few Names" 2532:Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Wong,Bong 5085: 3891:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 3782:Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts 3725:]. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. ix. 3528:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 3359:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition 2394:'s surname 邵 is spelt as Shaw (Shao in pinyin). 2115:have survived into modern times. These include 4449:Chinese-sounding surnames in the 1990 US census 3944: 2747: 2744:for the different spellings and more examples. 2696:Teo,Teow,Teoh,Tieu,Tiew / Teo,Teow,Teoh / Chong 4459:Meaning Behind 19 Most Common Chinese Surnames 4181:"Siluo Liao's Family Temple (3rd grade relic)" 3887: 3596: 3594: 3524: 3355: 2243:province, with seventeen characters in total. 681:The following are some of the common sources: 661: 4489: 4400: 4289:". 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012. 4036: 3979: 3689: 3645: 3282:Naming laws in the People's Republic of China 2246: 2213:. The longest recorded surname written using 1376:Chinese surnames or family names are written 4269:". 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012. 4252:National Citizen Identity Information Center 4197:." 14 November 2007. Accessed 26 March 2012. 3551: 2262:into all parts of the world resulted in the 1989:, where it is romanized as Chan. It is the 3778: 3591: 3574:Warp and Weft, Chinese Language and Culture 3456:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan 3329:Du Ruofu (June 1986). "Surnames in China". 1444: 778:) as the last one instead of Rèn. Of these 213:. Traditionally Chinese surnames have been 74:the population. A report in 2019 gives the 4496: 4482: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4205: 4203: 4088:"Sun Bin: Chinese and Korean Family Names" 3392:"Wang is the most common surname in China" 3172:. For example, some Taiwanese converts to 2898: 2435:(Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore/Philippines) 1965:, keeping 蕭/萧 and 肖 distinct. However the 650:After the states of China were unified by 568:can. By the Han dynasty when everyone had 4375: 4220:." 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012. 4074: 4013: 3986:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3947:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3913: 3911: 3723:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames 3499:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 2706:, surname bestowed upon fletchers by the 1945:The 55th most common family name "Xiào" ( 4358:." 8 June 2010. Accessed 31 March 2012. 3862: 3860: 3328: 3151:(塗), which do not even appear among the 3015: 2917:Sizes of the 20 largest Chinese surnames 2751: 2585:Gold, one of the five phases (metal) in 1981:) is perhaps the most common surname in 974:, "chief musician"), and in the case of 535:). In ancient times, people of the same 531:also did not exist in the Shang dynasty 405: 234:(老百姓; lit. "old hundred surnames") and 4336: 4200: 4193:Xinhua News. 24 April 2007. "中国姓氏排行". " 4085: 4049: 4047: 3868:"A guide to names and naming practices" 3694:. Pelanduk Publications. pp. 1–3. 3520: 3518: 3389: 2922:According to a comprehensive survey of 14: 5086: 4187: 4068: 3908: 3531:. McFarland & Co. pp. 18–19. 3376: 3183:) in honor of the Canadian missionary 2232:Lǔnàlóuyúgǔmǔzhēshúduōtǔmǔkǔ'ādébǔ'āxǐ 2043: 586:(3rd century BC), China was largely a 4477: 4256: 3894:. McFarland & Co. pp. 7–10. 3857: 3452: 426:. They generally contain a "female" ( 57:communities around the world such as 4415: 4044: 3714: 3545: 3515: 3490: 3434:from the original on 8 February 2021 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 2442:(Hong Kong/Macau/Singapore/Malaysia) 1417:(Chinese name Choo Yeang Keat), and 4323:1990 Guinness Book of World Records 3844: 3745: 3570: 2908:For a more comprehensive list, see 1409:commonly known in the West include 1405:in 2018 (up from 118,000 in 1990). 853:: In ancient usage, the characters 608:, however, was more important than 24: 3362:. McFarland & Co. p. 35. 3020:Distribution of Taiwanese surnames 2772:among the royalty can be found in 2104:) is used to mean "just anybody". 627:starting with women. For example: 25: 5110: 4436: 3760:from the original on 25 July 2022 3552:Wee Kek Koon (18 November 2016). 3309: 3012:List of common Taiwanese surnames 2903: 2299:may appear as Lee (an example is 2001:, where it is romanized as Chén. 1262:) was granted by emperors in the 1026:, "minister of bandits", akin to 962:, "grand historian"), Zhōngháng ( 808:Name of a fief or place of origin 189:) in current use were originally 4312:". 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012. 3847:"A basic guide to Chinese names" 3799:from the original on 3 July 2021 3390:Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019). 3204: 1396:) family is called "Zhang Wei" ( 1384:. Therefore, someone named Wei ( 1164:Non-Han Chinese peoples in China 990:, "minister of horses", akin to 414:with the female radical 女 in red 69:begin with surnames, unlike the 5068:List of common Chinese surnames 4469:Top 10 Chinese Surnames in 2019 4315: 4295: 4272: 4226: 4173: 4148: 4126: 4098: 4079: 4030: 3973: 3938: 3881: 3845:Wei, Shao (24 September 2018). 3838: 3811: 3779:Leif Manger (18 October 2013). 3772: 3739: 3708: 3683: 3656: 3639: 3564: 3277:List of common Chinese surnames 2910:List of common Chinese surnames 2742:List of common Chinese surnames 2484:Kwang,Kuang / Kweng,Kueng / Kan 2256:List of common Chinese surnames 1413:(Chinese name Chan Kong-sang), 1274:) during the Tang dynasty, and 1006:", akin to treasurer), Sīkōng ( 3501:]. Clearfield. p. 3. 3484: 3475: 3466: 3446: 3414: 3349: 3331:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2999:Guinness Book of World Records 2887:in Mainland China. During the 2848: 2839: 2831: 2798: 2760:'s Spring", in Honggang Town, 2510:carry; what; how; why; which, 2271:differently. For example, the 2231: 2205:), was the family name of the 2100: 1951:traditional Chinese characters 1448: 515:may have arisen from the clan 440: 275:) and branch lineage names or 169: 143: 13: 1: 4443:Chinese Surnames (Simplified) 4423:The Christian Science Monitor 4416:Cook, Steven (6 March 1997), 3877:. March 2006. pp. 58–62. 3297: 2723:Teow,Teo / Teh,Tay,Tey / Chao 2169:), occasionally romanized as 2113:double-character family names 1955:simplified Chinese characters 770:), though some sources quote 376:is the surname, but the word 4086:Sun Bin (19 December 2005). 3824:. Clearfield. pp. 8–9. 3715:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2000). 3669:. Clearfield. pp. 4–7. 3491:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2009). 3302: 2748:Sociological use of surnames 1433:(林) may also appear as Lam ( 836:would be used. For example, 76:most common Chinese surnames 7: 4407:, p. 32, 3 June 1995, 4325:. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. 4248:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4183:. Yunlin County Government. 3818:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009). 3746:褚興英, ed. (21 August 2021). 3663:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009). 3422:Ministry of Public Security 3197: 3098:indigenous Taiwanese people 2931:Ministry of Public Security 1991:most common Chinese surname 1160:Ethnic and religious groups 1142:Royal decree by the Emperor 851:Seniority within the family 662:Origins of Chinese surnames 147:) ancestral clan names and 10: 5115: 4368: 3785:. Routledge. p. 132. 3009: 2914: 2907: 2252:Transliteration of Chinese 2247:Variations in romanization 2197:, also romanized from the 2050:extinction of family names 1957:. Originally, the surname 942:, "store manager"), Jiàn ( 938:, "granary manager"), Kù ( 422:were surnames held by the 254: 177:refers to the surname and 18:Origin of Chinese surnames 5094:Chinese-language surnames 5053: 4917: 4781: 4645: 4509: 3625:10.1017/S0362502800004259 3176:adopted the name Kai (偕, 3005: 2789: 2514:(韩) misheard as He(何) in 2445:Surname meaning / origin 2222: 2080: 1459: 1456: 1451: 631:referred to Duke Xuan of 560:While people of the same 431: 158: 132: 4301:Badan Pusat Statistik. " 4285:22 February 2014 at the 4211:公安部统计：'王'成中国第一大姓有9288万人 4160:Humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk 4136:. 東方日報. 東網. 5 April 2015 3753: 3748: 3717: 3558:South China Morning Post 3493: 3426: 3230:Chinese compound surname 3102:Ministry of the Interior 2876:is generally practiced. 2634:Ong / Heng / Wung / Wong 2367:. Those from Taiwan use 2283:), Tan (Hokkien), Tang ( 1445:Distribution of surnames 1371: 1154:Emperor Xiaozong of Song 625:Spring and Autumn period 365:rather than the ancient 5062:Hundred Family Surnames 4378:Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca 4354:16 October 2013 at the 3888:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3525:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3356:Emma Woo Louie (2008). 3261:Hundred Family Surnames 3154:Hundred Family Surnames 2899:Common Chinese surnames 2883:and later, the rise of 2565:doctor Xu Jianbo (续简伯) 2561:Simple, descendants of 1879:). In the south, Chén ( 1367:, "heartfelt feeling"). 966:, "commander of middle 934:, "ice master"), Cāng ( 615:The difference between 519:system used during the 399: 227:Hundred Family Surnames 4347:中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. " 4156:"ㄓㄠˋ [zhao4] " 4134:"中國最奇怪複姓「第五」最長複姓17個字" 3690:Russell Jones (1997). 3646:Kiang Kang-Hu (1934). 3089: 2764: 2762:Tongshan County, Hubei 2682:To allow, State of Xu 1138:, "Duke's grandchild") 1004:minister of the masses 926:, "royal librarian"), 820:two-character surnames 698:s of High Antiquity" ( 623:became blurred in the 575: 415: 4401:"O rare John Smith", 4263:People's Daily Online 3044: 張 Chang (5.26%) 3038: 黃 Huang (6.01%) 3026: 陳 Chen (11.06%) 3019: 2755: 2619:with the surname Lin 2609:Forest, Quan, son of 2461:Tan / Tan,Tang / Chin 2339:, 理 and 里); and Lì ( 1363:, "sorrow", to Zhong 978:'s "Five Officials" ( 409: 323:Warring States period 265:Warring States period 4308:18 July 2011 at the 4280:新'百家姓'图腾，快来看看您的尊姓啥模样 4242:It was conducted by 4216:4 March 2016 at the 4106:"Cultural Diversity" 4055:"电脑打不出来山东200村民被迫改姓" 3602:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 3571:Lee, Keekok (2008). 3185:George Leslie Mackay 3080: 楊 Yang (2.66%) 3074: 蔡 Tsai (2.91%) 3056: 王 Wang (4.12%) 2555:Kan / Kam,Kang / Kan 2275:can appear as Chan ( 2209:royal family of the 954:, "high official"), 830:Names of an ancestor 796:, 9th most common), 671:– Xingshi Pian 509:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 488:. The character for 345:, families only had 4396:on 20 November 2012 4122:on 13 January 2006. 3749:百家姓中為何沒有"鄺"？鄺姓源出何處？ 3086: Other (47.4%) 3068: 劉 Liu (3.17%) 3050: 李 Lee (5.11%) 3032: 林 Lin (8.28%) 2924:residential permits 2889:Cultural Revolution 2858:New History of Tang 2836:traditional Chinese 2504:Ho,Hoe,Hoh /Ho / Ho 2355:) depending on the 2044:Surnames at present 1034:General occupations 804:, 10th most common) 484:societies based on 4321:McFarlan, Donald. 3998:10.1002/ajpa.23863 3959:10.1002/ajpa.22055 3649:On Chinese Studies 3235:Chinese given name 3090: 3062: 吳 Wu (4.04%) 2828:simplified Chinese 2778:Historical Records 2765: 2295:) and others; the 2254:family names (see 1929:Northeastern China 1380:the first name or 1170:surnames, such as 1096:Titles of nobility 908:Official positions 416: 410:The character for 5081: 5080: 4240:on 21 April 2008. 3851:Asia Media Centre 3652:. pp. 127–8. 3462:. pp. 11–36. 3170:ban intermarriage 3166:ancestral temples 2815:Mandate of Heaven 2735: 2734: 2654:Goh,Go / Goh / Ng 2223:魯納婁于古母遮熟多吐母苦啊德補啊喜 1853: 1852: 1305:with the name of 1293:) was changed to 1018:", akin to chief 507:Scholars such as 486:maternal lineages 372:In modern usage, 197:surname might be 71:Western tradition 41:ethnic groups in 16:(Redirected from 5106: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4431: 4412: 4397: 4395: 4388: 4362: 4361: 4345: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4276: 4270: 4260: 4254: 4241: 4236:. Archived from 4230: 4224: 4223: 4207: 4198: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4115:. Archived from 4113:HM Land Registry 4110: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4094:on 2 March 2006. 4090:. Archived from 4083: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4051: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4017: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3610: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3402:on 8 August 2019 3398:. Archived from 3387: 3374: 3373: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3326: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 2926:released by the 2850: 2841: 2833: 2800: 2791: 2702:Verb, to draw a 2413:(Mainland China) 2403: 2402: 2305:Zhou (周) surname 2273:Chen (陳) surname 2260:Chinese diaspora 2233: 2224: 2102: 2093: 1449: 1178:, "barbarian"), 1028:attorney general 992:defence minister 918:, "historian"), 826:they resided in. 442: 433: 171: 162: 145: 136: 55:overseas Chinese 31:Chinese surnames 21: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5049: 4913: 4777: 4641: 4505: 4502: 4439: 4434: 4393: 4386: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4356:Wayback Machine 4346: 4337: 4320: 4316: 4310:Wayback Machine 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287:Wayback Machine 4277: 4273: 4261: 4257: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218:Wayback Machine 4208: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4035: 4031: 3978: 3974: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3428: 3427:《二〇二〇年全国姓名报告》发布 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3377: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3327: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3292:Vietnamese name 3255:Generation name 3210: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3174:Presbyterianism 3168:and rituals or 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3008: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2750: 2603:Lim / Lim / Lim 2579:Kim / Kim / Kim 2446: 2441: 2434: 2419: 2412: 2400:Some examples: 2249: 2237:Yi ethnic group 2199:Manchu language 2101:Zhāng sān Lǐ sì 2046: 1842:Northeast China 1447: 1374: 1014:, "minister of 950:"), Shàngguān ( 664: 580: 404: 317:(宋), Kong (空), 257: 207:written history 193:. The earliest 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4438: 4437:External links 4435: 4433: 4432: 4413: 4398: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4335: 4314: 4294: 4271: 4255: 4225: 4199: 4186: 4172: 4147: 4125: 4097: 4078: 4075:Du et al. 1992 4067: 4043: 4029: 3992:(4): 608–618. 3972: 3937: 3931:978-0199677764 3930: 3907: 3901:978-0786438778 3900: 3880: 3856: 3837: 3831:978-0806349466 3830: 3810: 3791: 3771: 3738: 3731: 3707: 3701:978-9679786194 3700: 3682: 3676:978-0806349466 3675: 3655: 3638: 3590: 3584:978-1606932476 3583: 3563: 3544: 3538:978-0786438778 3537: 3514: 3508:978-0806349466 3507: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3445: 3413: 3375: 3369:978-0786438778 3368: 3348: 3337:(2): 315–328. 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3199: 3196: 3118:Chang or Zhang 3094:ethnic Chinese 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3010:Main article: 3007: 3004: 2905: 2904:Mainland China 2902: 2900: 2897: 2811:Yellow Emperor 2749: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2708:Yellow Emperor 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2540:State of Huang 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2297:Li (李) surname 2248: 2245: 2045: 2042: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1829:Inner Mongolia 1825: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1357: 1334: 1303:avoid conflict 1287: 1248: 1247: 1230:tribe). Many 1157: 1139: 1114:, "marquis"), 1093: 1056:, "butcher"), 1031: 970:"), Yuèzhèng ( 905: 848: 827: 805: 783: 663: 660: 579: 574: 448:, for example 403: 398: 256: 253: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5111: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404:The Economist 4399: 4392: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4129: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4038:The Economist 4033: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953:(3): 341–50. 3952: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3792:9781136818578 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3759: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3732:9780806349466 3728: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3692:Chinese names 3686: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267:Japanese name 3265: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245:Courtesy name 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3018: 3013: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2896: 2894: 2893:globalization 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2730:State of Zhao 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699:Cheung/Cheong 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2469:State of Chen 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:Zheng surname 2315:); while the 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916:Yangtze River 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321:), and Gong ( 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022:) and Sīkòu ( 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 903: 899: 896: 895: 890: 886: 885: 880: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857: 852: 849: 846: 843: 839: 835: 834:courtesy name 831: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 697: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 682: 679: 676: 675:Kiang Kang-Hu 672: 670: 659: 657: 653: 652:Qin Shi Huang 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590: 585: 582:Prior to the 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 558: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:Shang dynasty 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 437: 429: 425: 421: 413: 408: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325:. During the 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 252: 250: 246: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 166: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 140: 135: 130: 126: 125: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 68: 67:Chinese names 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43:Greater China 40: 36: 32: 19: 5060: 4445:, with sound 4427: 4421: 4408: 4402: 4391:the original 4382: 4360:(in Chinese) 4322: 4317: 4297: 4291:(in Chinese) 4278:挑灯看剑踏雪寻梅. " 4274: 4262: 4258: 4238:the original 4228: 4222:(in Chinese) 4189: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4159: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4128: 4117:the original 4112: 4100: 4092:the original 4081: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4037: 4032: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3920: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3850: 3840: 3820: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3781: 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3741: 3722: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3665: 3658: 3648: 3641: 3616: 3612: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3547: 3527: 3498: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3455: 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3400:the original 3395: 3358: 3351: 3334: 3330: 3259: 3240:Chinese name 3225:Chinese clan 3212:China portal 3191: 3180: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3091: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2979:100 surnames 2921: 2881:Confucianism 2878: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2847: 2823: 2820: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2766: 2739: 2736: 2614: 2563:State of Jin 2406:Written form 2399: 2396: 2392:Run Run Shaw 2385: 2361: 2301:Lee Kuan Yew 2264:Romanization 2250: 2230: 2211:Qing dynasty 2170: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2038:patrilineage 2018:Song dynasty 2015: 2003: 1972: 1967:second-round 1953:rather than 1944: 1933: 1905: 1901:Yangzi River 1854: 1498:(邝/鄺), Chan/ 1427: 1407: 1377: 1375: 1284:Song dynasty 1249: 1234:adopted the 1159: 1141: 1095: 1088:") and Chú ( 1033: 907: 892: 882: 872: 864: 854: 850: 829: 807: 785: 779: 695: 691: 686: 685: 680: 667: 665: 655: 649: 644: 643:姜氏, " Jiang 640: 639:) Jiang, as 636: 620: 616: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 587: 581: 576: 569: 565: 561: 559: 553: 544:through the 536: 533:oracle bones 528: 524: 521:Zhou dynasty 512: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 439: 419: 418:The ancient 417: 411: 400: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338: 337:also became 334: 330: 306: 302: 296: 288: 284: 276: 268: 258: 235: 231: 225: 222:Song dynasty 219: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 168: 149: 148: 142: 123: 122: 120: 33:are used by 30: 29: 4165:11 November 4060:1 September 3613:Early China 3406:15 November 3272:Korean name 2975:1982 census 2770:genealogies 2693:Chang/Zhang 2661:State of Wu 2589:Philosophy 2388:media mogul 2281:Jackie Chan 2269:transcribed 2203:Aisin Gioro 1934:A study by 1871:) and Liú ( 1522:Zhang/Chong 1516:Liang (梁), 1488:Liang/Leung 1431:Lin surname 1411:Jackie Chan 1402:patrilinear 1388:) from the 1352:) to Duan ( 1282:) from the 1264:Han dynasty 1232:Hui Muslims 1106:, "king"), 1068:"), Jiàng ( 766:) and Rèn ( 669:Fengsu Tong 584:Qin dynasty 523:(the words 482:matriarchal 424:noble clans 394:maiden name 343:Han dynasty 333:, and the 327:Qin dynasty 203:patrilineal 199:matrilinear 35:Han Chinese 5088:Categories 4331:189205101X 3718:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 3494:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏 3298:References 3287:Onomastics 3189:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 3159:Changchien 2977:. The top 2915:See also: 2854:Ouyang Xiu 2758:Jia Family 2726:Chiu/Chiew 2617:Wu of Zhou 2417:Wade-Giles 2369:Wade-Giles 2313:Jimmy Choo 2309:Wakin Chau 2293:Vietnamese 2016:After the 1936:geneticist 1921:dendrogram 1863:), Zhāng ( 1504:Huang/Wong 1437:) or Lim ( 1423:Carrie Lam 1415:Jimmy Choo 1382:given name 1236:surname Ma 1216:Hui people 1144:, such as 1098:, such as 1092:, "cook"). 1036:, as with 982:), namely 910:, such as 838:Yuan Taotu 824:Commandery 786:State name 714:), namely 309:including 232:lǎobǎixìng 65:. Written 53:and among 4244:Yuan Yida 4195:天下第一大姓——王 4006:0002-9483 3633:162159081 3303:Citations 3140:(蔡), and 3122:Lee or Li 2969:(吴), and 2885:Communism 2774:Sima Qian 2516:Jianghuai 2467:Vintage, 2439:Cantonese 2381:Cantonese 2291:), Trần ( 2287:), Chin ( 2277:Cantonese 2177:(or Sito 2034:Guangdong 1995:Singapore 1983:Hong Kong 1939:Yuan Yida 1605:Shanghai 1483:Guangdong 1460:Surnames 1435:Cantonese 1313:) to Mu ( 1210:"), Huí ( 1208:Di people 1190:"), Mǎn ( 1168:sinicized 1074:craftsman 1020:ombudsman 550:sinograms 341:. By the 249:commoners 215:exogamous 211:Hong Kong 59:Singapore 39:Sinicized 4380:(1992), 4352:Archived 4349:中国台湾姓氏排行 4306:Archived 4283:Archived 4234:"人口数据统计" 4214:Archived 4024:31140593 3967:22460442 3797:Archived 3758:Archived 3619:: 1–27. 3604:(2000). 3432:Archived 3343:23767123 3220:Art name 3198:See also 2538:Yellow, 2518:Dialect 2420:(Taiwan) 2325:homonyms 2162:, simp. 2144:, simp. 2126:, simp. 1895:), Lín ( 1819:(董) and 1799:Shandong 1786:Xinjiang 1621:Zhejiang 1466:Liaoning 1419:Yo-Yo Ma 1307:Sima Shi 1244:Mohammad 754:), Yún ( 641:Jiangshi 589:fengjian 351:xing-shi 63:Malaysia 5099:Surname 5054:Related 5045:Cháng 常 5040:Xiàng 向 4909:Jiāng 江 4879:Xióng 熊 4804:Jiāng 姜 4799:Zhōng 钟 4743:Chéng 程 4718:Jiǎng 蒋 4622:Liáng 梁 4617:Zhèng 郑 4547:Huáng 黄 4527:Zhāng 张 4369:Sources 4246:of the 4140:26 July 4015:6771642 3803:22 July 3764:25 July 3438:24 July 3396:GBTimes 3250:Exogamy 2928:Chinese 2874:exogamy 2856:in his 2799:shìbiǎo 2786:Chinese 2782:shibiao 2679:Hui/Hua 2558:Kan/Gan 2428:Teochew 2424:Hokkien 2335:); 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