675:
317:, refused to join and led the opposing faction whose members remained Muslims. This led to infighting within the organization and Sharif-Vaghefi and his second-in-command were murdered by the Marxist faction. The purge by the Marxists continued, however its scope is unknown. The group claimed that they had purged almost half of the members who refused to "correct" themselves. The rival Muslim faction, maintained that only as much as 20% of the members sided with the Marxist faction. Nonetheless, Peykar failed to dominate the MEK and the Muslim faction survived, partly in the provinces, in
542:. Ruhani also made Peykar "the first left-wing organization to personally criticize Khomeini", when he called Khomeini a "mediaeval obscurantist" and his regime "reactionary" and "fascistic." Later Ruhani was arrested and imprisoned. In May 1982 he appeared on television as one of the first of numerous opponents of the regime to recant their opposition in what is widely thought to have been the work of prison torture. Ruhani denounced his membership in Peykar, praised "the Imam" Khomeini and proclaimed that he felt freer in prison than "in the outside world."
1052:
1066:
3197:
1080:
1038:
897:. It stated that "in honest efforts to resolve the most basic problems of the revolution, we arrived at the truth of Marxism-Leninism", adding that "In spite of all the innovations that our Organization introduced to religious thought and in spite of all the efforts it made to revive and revitalize its historical content and upgrade its archaic principles and methods to the latest scientific contributions of society".
379:
Marxist-Leninist Branch of the People's
Mojahedin Organization of Iran)", and then during the 1979 Iran revolution it merged with Maoist groups, forming the group "Sazeman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-ye Tabaqeh-ye Kargar (The Combat Organization on the Road for the Emancipation of the Working Class)", which became known as "Paykar". Peykar had
909:
and the other
Islamic texts, you will see that they are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and recommend resistance only in dire situations; i.e. when one has actually been physically expelled from one's town or territory... Thus Islam leaves unanswered the question 'why should I struggle?' Marxism, on
690:
who were removed from power (led by Ahmadi-Rouhani and Sepasi-Ashtiani); the other which was unrepresented in the central committed and made a bid for leadership, called itself The
Revolutionary Line and accused the leadership of deviation to right-wing; the third faction which had one representative
383:
orientations and was joined by some other groups with such an ideology, while Peykar members who were less favorable to China formed another organization known as the Worker's Way. In his 1982 book "Iran
Between Two Revolutions", Abrahamian described Peykar as synonymous with the "Marxist Mojahedin".
1396:
The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the
Lebanese Shia By Arash Reisinezhad, page 337|quote="While the remaining primary members of MEK, including Masoud Rajavi, were imprisoned, some of the early members of MEK ... formed a new Marxist organization, later known as Organization of Struggle for the
511:
had founded in 1895). However, some refused to accept the changes and two other groups were established, namely the Group for the Combat for
Emancipation of the Working Class and the United Campaign for Fulfillment of Working-class Aspirations, which were small in comparison to Peykar. Another group
387:
According to
Iranian scholar Parvin Paidar, The split between the two groups strengthened the Islamic identity of the original People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran. The Muslim faction accused the Marxist faction of orchestrating a "coup d'état" in the MEK. Iranian opposition were surprised by the
1680:
However, when the imprisoned cadres faithful to the original orientation of the organization were released after the revolution, the
Marxist branch dropped the name Mojahedin-Khalq and chose the new name The Fighting Organization on the Road for the Liberation of the Working Class (Peykar dar Rah-e
293:
According to Dr. Allan
Hassaniyan, Peykar was founded in 1975, and after the Iran revolution it moved activities to Kurdistan. The members of the faction were neither raw recruits nor ideological simpletons, conversely many of the intellectuals surviving from the early MEK days were among them. Two
1553:
The
Marxist offshoot from the Sazman-i Mojahedin-i Khalq-i Iran. From 1975 to 1979, this organization was known as the Marxist Mojahedin. After the revolution, it adopted the title of Sazman-i Paykar dar Rah-i Azad-i Tabaqeh-i Kargar (The Fighting Organisation of the Road to Liberating the Working
471:, the total number of members who lost their lives was 30, of whom 16 were killed in action while 10 others were executed. One member committed suicide, one was tortured to death and the other two were missing. The members of the rival Muslim faction who lost their lives were 73, more than twice.
694:
From August 1981 onwards, Peykar was hit hard by the security forces and two leaders of the group were arrested in February 1982. Sepasi-Ashtiani died in custody while Ahmadi-Rouhani collaborated with the authorities. The latter not only appeared on television to confess and denounce Peykar, but
709:
The crackdown of Peykar led many members of the group flee the country, while those who remained inside Iran were imprisoned or executed. The remnants of the organization, the majority of whom belonged to the new policy faction, joined members of some other minor communist groups to found the
272:
the group in to make it purely Marxist. Originating in 1972 and officially founded in 1975, by the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active. Peykar was considered "the most extreme" among all Iranian communist groups active at the time. Peykar was subsequently suppressed and through
1769:
In 1976, the Mojaedin split into two opposing sections. A group of Mojahedin denounced the path of armed struggle and the reference to Islam, and split to set up a secular guerilla organisation by the name of Peykar Khalgh. This split served to strengthen the Islamic identity of the original
1261:
In 1975, the Mojahedin split into two factions. One faction denounced Islam and declared its loyalty to Marxism-Leninism through a Maoist interpretation. This faction renamed itself Peykar (Struggle) and emerged as one of the most active leftist revolutionary organizations during the 1979
54:
378:
In his 1989 book "Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin", Abrahamian says that the Marxist Mojahedin had originally taken the name of the "People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". Then in 1978, it assumed the name "Bakhsh-e Marksisti-Leninisti-ye Sazeman-e Mojahedin-e Khalq-e Iran (The
1590:
Converting to Marxism in the mid-1970s, he had led the Mojahedin's Marxist offshoot, which, after the revolution, adopted the name Sazeman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-ye Tabaqeh-ye Kargar (Combat organization on the road to the emancipation of the working class) - better known as
495:
from the ranks of the faction. By 1978, the MEK Marxist faction was in a weak position, both organizationally and theoretically. In the summer of 1978, a council of representatives met in order to reorganize the group and came to the conclusion that they should abandon
666:
happened, the government became determined to suppress Peykar despite the organization not supporting the MEK. The group adopted more radical slogans against the Iranian government, openly calling for its overthrow. In return, the Iranian government executed
904:
Religion has no answer to the fundamental question 'why should one struggle against oppression?' In fact, an individual can be highly devout and extremely observant of religious precepts, yet remain passive... If you examine carefully the
1646:, p. 146: "The 1975 conversion of the Mojahedin from Islam to Marxism was not the result of a sudden coup, as some claimed; it was rather the culmination of a slow and painful soul-searching process that lasted more than one year."
523:
was taking place, Peykar's role in the developments was marginal, because it was relatively small and unprepared for the events to come. Its activities during the final days to the revolution was limited to some political agitation.
1619:
Marxist-Leninist Mujahedin. Soon after the revolution it acquired a new name: Sazman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-e Tabaqah-e Kargar (The Combat Organisation on the Road to the Liberation of the Working Class), commonly known as Paykar,
391:
During the reorganization of the Marxist Mojahedin into Peykar in 1979, some members refused to accept the changes and formed splinter groups including the United Campaign for Fulfillment of the Working Class Aspirations
363:
After the Iranian 1979 Revolution, the group adopted the name "Sazman-i Paykar dar Rah-i Azad-i Tabaqeh-i Kargar (The Fighting Organisation of the Road to Liberating the Working Class)", also known as Peykar (or Paykar).
739:
Actual membership of Peykar was small while the group did not attempt to recruit new members. It had thousands of supporters, but the number of members who played a role in leading it was probably between 30 and 50.
1386:
The Democratic Islamic Republic of Iran in Exile The Mojahedin-e Khalq and its Struggle for Survival James A. Piazza|quote="Paykar, the Neo-Marxist splinter group which broke away from the Mojahedin prior to the
1726:
The Marxist group was later renamed Sazman-e Peykar dar Rah-e Azadi Tabagheh Kargar or simply Peykar (The Organization for the Liberation of the Working Class), but the Islamic Mojahedin retained the original
649:
Due to preaching secular opposition to the ruling clergy, Peykar became a principal target of suppression by the Iranian government. In February 1981, along with the MEK, Peykar was involved in a rebellion in
1235:, Appendix E: Armed Opposition: "PEYKAR (DISSIDENT MARXIST WING OF THE MUJAHIDIN EKHALQ) Leader Hossein Ruhani (arrested 1982). Maximum strength (from 1980 to 1982): 3,000 fighter equipped with light weapon"
1703:
The Marxist faction staged a coup and purged the non-Marxist elements. In 1978, the Marxist faction renamed itself Peykar and resumed its activities, and the Moslem members recaptured the leadership of the
637:
and encouraged the working class both in Iran and Iraq to unite and fight against anti-revolutionary forces in power. This position resulted in execution of some Peykar members by the Iranian government.
1572:
sided with the Marxist faction during the schism that produced two groups - one that stayed true to its original Islamic worldview and the other, the Marxist Mujahedin, which eventually became Paykar
1413:
a splinter organization from the People's Mojahedin of Iran (MEK). Peykar was a Marxist-Leninist organisation founded in 1975, and in the post-revolutionary era it moved its activities to Kurdistan
367:
Author Yadullah Shahibzadeh says that the Mojahedin's Marxist-Leninist faction generated several other Marxist-Leninist groups, and the most prominent of them became known as Peykar. According to
2969:
695:
became a born-again Muslim and collaborated with the government to uproot Peykar. Ahmadi-Rouhani was nonetheless executed and became a "nonperson", while Peykar refused to list him as a martyr.
2874:
633:
views. It was the only Marxist group that did not interpret the Iraqi invasion of Iran as imperialism's preemptive action against Iranian revolution. Instead, they said it was not a
458:
had strongly reacted against the assassination of Sharif-Vaghefi. Conservative clerics issued a fatwa that prevented Muslims from associating the Marxists, declaring that they are
450:
also denounced the faction and paid tribute to Muslim members who were murdered by the Marxists. Left-wing organizations did not endorse the purge done by the Marxist faction. The
2751:
375:
was complicated and lasted more than a year. The Islamic members of the Mojahedin refused to give up the Mojahedin name, and the Marxist Mojahedin later adopted the name Peykar.
611:
290:
with some members trying to change the organization from Muslim into a Marxist-Leninist group. This led to two rival Mojahedins, with the Marxist faction later forming Peykar.
3270:
2962:
504:
20:
2849:
1377:
Iran at War: 1500-1988 (General Military) by Kaveh Farrokh, page 450|quote="The Marxist branch was to name itself as the Paykar Group following the Iranian revolution"
768:
488:
2919:
764:
480:
3305:
3200:
2955:
3116:
728:
615:
503:
On 7 December 1978, the triumvirate officially declared existence as the Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (named after the
686:
Later that month, Peykar was split into three factions as a result of internal conflicts. One faction was in favor of adopting the new policy of supporting
3290:
2776:
877:
599:
451:
3275:
671:, one of the group's leader experienced in guerilla warfare. Fazel had been arrested in January 1981 on his way to Syria to make contact to Palestinians.
784:
3280:
2366:
2894:
577:
two small cells without offering full-membership to them. In the same month, the group started publishing an eponymous official weekly newspaper,
492:
306:
3285:
2978:
2791:
2513:
780:
724:
668:
562:
413:
310:
2909:
714:
in 1983. The few members remaining in exile did not succeed in reviving the organization, and it was soon considered defunct by mid-1980s.
344:) in 1978. Nevertheless, they modified the emblem from the beginning by dropping Islamic elements. They called each other by the title R
3255:
3245:
3240:
3111:
1093:
372:
287:
1662:
The Islamic wing of the Mojahedin refused to give up the name, and eventually the Marxist Mojahedin adopted the name Peykar (Struggle)
3295:
3235:
2618:
854:
1366:
It might be worth noting that Peykar had its origins within the Mojahedin. It once constituted the Marxist wing of the organization.
2771:
570:
3225:
2899:
2826:
2701:
2628:
2553:
1721:
1698:
872:
from its inception" and their understanding of Marxism was "at best, infantile, superficial and shallow" in comparison to the
3260:
2468:
2450:
2424:
2389:
2334:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2198:
1811:
1612:
1361:
1254:
595:
527:
Some small Maoist groups were also merged into Peykar. An example of groups joining Peykar was Comrades of Heydar Amu Oqli (
3220:
3250:
2781:
2736:
2706:
659:
2938:
2904:
2506:
2443:
Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979
602:(OIPFG). While accepting the OIPFG as the largest Iranian Marxist group, Peykar criticized it for being made up of the
538:
candidate in Tehran, and caused a major scandal in 1980 by divulging for the first time secret PMoI negotiations with
3230:
2859:
2568:
2523:
1658:
Iran Divided The Historical Roots of Iranian Debates on Identity, Culture, and Governance in the Twenty-First Century
591:
573:. As a result of Peykar's policy to place unity under its leadership, no agreement was achieved though it managed to
566:
225:
2924:
2884:
2864:
2623:
2613:
2578:
2573:
3121:
771:– are known and the names of the other three was never made public. Other leading members of the group included
3265:
2548:
587:
1753:
by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.558|quote="Paykar organization" (Marxist Mujahedin)"
268:
with other MEK members who refused to join it (on the grounds that they still believed in Islam) and tried to
2499:
834:
703:
663:
254:
130:
260:
Members associated with it declared that they no longer self-identify as Muslims but rather only believe in
3059:
2914:
2834:
2766:
2746:
2691:
157:
2372:
598:, a "bourgeois party" and accused it of collusion with the Iranian government. It had a mixed view of the
2681:
646:
Internal factionalism, as well as suppression by the Iranian government, led to dissolution of Peykar.
313:
to leave Islam, and through him started converting the branch subordinated to him. The other CC member,
2731:
426:, who was exiled in France at the time, slammed Peykar and labeled them as "fascists" in a tract named
1718:
Understanding Angry Groups: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Their Motivations and Effects on Society
3300:
3018:
2608:
2563:
691:
in the central committee called for the previous policies to continue and reshuffle the leadership.
2889:
2869:
2806:
895:
Manifesto of Ideological Positions of Organization of Iranian People's Mojahedin (Marxist-Leninist)
706:, the hostage-taking by 18 perpetrators lasted for two hours, and hostages were released unharmed.
447:
305:(CC) member. The ideological shift in the organization was completely top-to-bottom and started by
3141:
2947:
2666:
2558:
1162:
1126:
911:
717:
A total number of 255 Peykar members were executed between June 1981 and June 1985, according to
711:
674:
579:
298:
141:
2484:
2349:
2844:
2796:
2761:
2696:
2603:
2583:
687:
798:), as well as a teacher's wing named Organization of Trailblazing Teachers Supporting Peykar (
3090:
3013:
2879:
2756:
2651:
2491:
1085:
396:), simply known as 'Arman', the Group for the Combat for Emancipation of the Working Class (
2656:
811:
318:
314:
261:
170:
1676:
Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and United States
324:
From 1975 to 1979, Peykar was known as "the Marxist Mojahedin", before assuming the title
8:
3178:
3126:
3028:
2839:
2686:
2598:
873:
846:
719:
619:
423:
265:
3054:
3183:
3069:
2811:
2741:
2430:
845:
to Iran. They called the Soviet Union a "socialist-imperialist power" and regarded the
603:
539:
520:
297:
At the time the schism happened suddenly in October 1975, the MEK was operating with a
210:
195:
2344:
3162:
2992:
2464:
2446:
2434:
2420:
2385:
2330:
2312:
2294:
2276:
1608:
1279:
1250:
760:
749:
626:
550:
In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Peykar was able to reorganize freely.
468:
368:
302:
230:
200:
1189:"Immediately after the revolution, when the Marxist Mojahedin renamed itself Peykar"
841:
was the principal enemy of the revolution in Iran, Peykar considered the Soviets an
3095:
2801:
2711:
2532:
2412:
2353:. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112
1177:
1153:
1141:
1117:
1057:
886:
772:
484:
294:
members of the MEK's original Ideological Team were among senior Peykar members.
220:
454:(which was on friendly terms with the MEK) was very concerned about the issue and
3131:
2816:
2646:
2588:
1071:
910:
the other hand, has no difficulties answering it; for struggle is the essence of
893:
The faction first publicized its positions in late 1975 with a publication named
842:
776:
655:
513:
401:
3049:
2716:
861:
535:
508:
497:
2416:
1409:
Kurdish Politics in Iran: Crossborder Interactions and Mobilisation since 1947
273:
imprisonment and executions, its existence came to an end by the early 1980s.
3214:
3136:
3074:
3033:
3008:
2593:
1226:
838:
753:
744:
estimates that the group had 3,000 members at peak, mainly scattered through
741:
3064:
3023:
2854:
2671:
2661:
2638:
850:
830:
791:
629:
started in September 1980, Peykar launched a propaganda campaign promoting
558:
455:
86:
64:
27:
1142:[sɒːzˈmɒːnepʰejˈkʰɒːɹd̪ær‿ˈrɒːheɒːzɒːˈd̪iːjet̪ʰæbæˈʁejekʰɒːɹˈɡʲæɹ]
702:, damaged the property and took 6 people inside as hostages. According to
512:
whose membership included elements from the MEK's Marxist faction was the
500:
and concentrate on agitating the working class against the establishment.
339:
The Marxist-Leninist Branch of the People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran
2676:
1695:
The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution From Monarchy To Islamic Republic
1043:
662:
were deployed to the region amidst the war with Iraq. In June 1981, when
607:
1065:
26:
For the nationalist party of the same name active during the 1940s, see
2726:
2540:
1283:
881:
823:
479:
Peykar was co-founded by three leading members of MEK Marxist faction,
60:
814:
and from 1979 to 1982, it was considered "the main standard-bearer of
2026:
1247:
Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis
865:
819:
679:
574:
371:, the schism between the opposing Marxist and Muslim factions of the
301:
in three branches wholly separated from each other, each headed by a
180:
165:
2291:
Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran
923:
Group members and their future political affiliations (if any) are:
53:
2875:
People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran
900:
The manifesto further explains the reason behind leaving Islam as:
634:
630:
309:, one of the three CC members. He then persuaded another CC member
185:
3147:
Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
2977:
2787:
Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
698:
On 14 April 1982, Peykar assailants attacked Iranian consulate in
326:
Bakhsh-e Marksisti-Leninisti-ye Sazeman-e Mojahedin-e Khalq-e Iran
243:
Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
38:
Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
357:
1586:
Rules and Rights in the Middle East: Democracy, Law, and Society
534:
Hossein Rouhani was another prominent Peykar member. He ran for
514:
Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran – The Worker's Way
869:
829:
The organization was extremely hostile to policies of both the
815:
745:
699:
651:
554:
380:
175:
2521:
723:. Some members of Peykar who were imprisoned, did not survive
2721:
906:
460:
353:
269:
2384:, translated by Nicholas Elliott, Harvard University Press,
1732:
1245:
Jebnoun, Noureddine; Kia, Mehrdad; Kirk, Mimi, eds. (2013).
505:
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
21:
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
2850:
Office for the Cooperation of the People with the President
853:". The only communist state that the group favored was the
2365:
2032:
1765:
Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran
1637:
565:, two other Peykar offshoots who had refused to join it,
2920:
Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization
2400:
The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia
1276:
The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia
727:. Of the incomplete list of 615 victims compiled by the
545:
286:
In the mid-1970s, an internal coup was launched in the
3201:
Category:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1214:
641:
1568:
Contesting the Iranian Revolution: The Green Uprisings
553:
In May 1979, Peykar organized a "unity conference" in
1167:
1131:
394:
etteḥād-e mobāraza dar rāh-e ārmān-e ṭabaqa-ye kārgar
2324:
2309:
Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran
2095:
1875:
1397:
Emancipation of the Working Class or simply Peykar."
1033:
3271:
Militant opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran
1660:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 78.
1355:
59:The Marxist Mojahedin eliminated the Quranic verse
1715:
2777:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
2409:Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran
2325:Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018),
1891:, University of California Press, (1999), p.151-2
1655:
1583:
1554:Class). It is now known simply as Kaykar (Battle)
1273:
1267:
878:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
796:Sazman-e Daneshamouzan-e Pishtaz Havadar-e Peykar
610:. During the OIPFG schism, Peykar sided with the
600:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
452:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
3212:
2895:Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2128:
1810:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbrahamian1982 (
1530:
1528:
1526:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1017:Mahbubeh Motahedin (—; killed in action in 1976)
561:. Among participants in the conference were the
2371:, MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, archived from
2293:, University of California Press, p. 130,
1692:
1673:
1588:. University of Washington Press. p. 213.
1565:
1133:Sâzmâne peykâr dar râhe âzâdiye tabaqeye kârgar
1008:Leila Zomorrodian (—; killed in action in 1976)
822:in Iran". It has been also described as having
794:named Trailblazing Students Supporting Peykar (
594:. It considered the group's Kurdish rival, the
398:gorūh-e nabard barā-ye āzādī-e ṭabaqa-ye kārgar
3306:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
2979:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
2792:Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1625:
1605:Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals)
1244:
800:Sazman-e Mo'alleman-e Pishtaz Havadar-e Peykar
734:
725:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
658:. As a security measure two brigades from the
563:Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
414:Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
2963:
2507:
2241:
2224:
2205:
2163:
2140:
2125:
2043:
2041:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1787:
1775:
1762:
1523:
1511:
1490:
1458:
1418:
1014:Hasan Aladpoush (—; killed in action in 1976)
402:Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran
77:
41:
2910:Association for Defence of Revolution Values
2327:Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
1681:Azadi-e Tabaghey-e Kargar, hereafter Peykar)
1480:
1478:
1448:
1446:
890:served as a major influence on the faction.
731:, 3 are recorded as affiliated with Peykar.
3291:Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
2406:
2397:
1960:
1948:
1767:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
1631:
1570:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
1411:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1220:
431:
329:
2970:
2956:
2514:
2500:
2440:
2288:
2270:
2254:
2235:
2218:
2197:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMoss1978 (
2180:
2157:
2134:
2071:
2059:
2038:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1913:
1894:
1863:
1818:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1738:
1643:
1534:
1517:
1505:
1469:
1437:
1343:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1208:
52:
2752:Organization of Communist Revolutionaries
1475:
1443:
1339:
1337:
1335:
467:According to the information compiled by
152:Maximum 3,000 equipped with light weapons
3281:Political parties disestablished in 1983
3117:Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian
2486:In which direction is our society going?
2342:
1327:
673:
583:, which was printed until October 1981.
3276:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
3112:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2900:Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived
2306:
2119:
2047:
1936:
1907:
1851:
1484:
1452:
1290:
1094:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
373:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
288:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
3213:
2702:Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists
2461:Iran Since the Revolution (RLE Iran A)
2379:
2275:, I.B. Tauris, Yale University Press,
2083:
1984:
1972:
1546:
1332:
1232:
855:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
682:, attacked by Peykar on 25 August 1981
3286:Political parties established in 1979
2951:
2495:
2458:
2345:"COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953"
2107:
1176:
1140:
1011:Sedigheh Rezaei (—; killed in action)
971:Vahid Afrakhteh (—; executed in 1976)
783:, Qassem Abedini, Ebrahim Nazari and
596:Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
546:Early revolutionary years (1979–1980)
400:), simply known as 'Nabard', and the
388:rise of this faction within the MEK.
16:Political faction in Iran (1975–1983)
2929:Worker-Communist Unity Party of Iran
2343:Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (27 October 2011) .
2273:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin
2192:
1678:. Nova Science Pub Inc. p. 57.
1602:
1122:سازمان پیکار در راه آزادی طبقه کارگر
926:
642:Conflict and dissolution (1981–1982)
404:, also known as 'The Worker's Way' (
43:سازمان پیکار در راه آزادی طبقه کارگر
2707:United Front of Progressive Parties
1157:
1121:
67:from the original emblem of the MEK
42:
13:
14:
3317:
3256:Left-wing militant groups in Iran
3246:Defunct communist parties in Iran
3241:Defunct communist militant groups
3105:Related parties and organizations
2619:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2478:
1278:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
999:Bahram Aram (—; killed in action)
953:Mehdi Khosrowshahi (Worker's Way)
857:, which it took as a role model.
590:and had a tactical alliance with
321:and mainly among jailed members.
249:, also known by the earlier name
3296:Trotskyist organizations in Asia
3236:Banned political parties in Iran
3196:
3195:
2925:Islamic Iran Participation Front
2885:Front for the Liberation of Iran
2624:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
2096:Boroujerdi & Rahimkhani 2018
1876:Boroujerdi & Rahimkhani 2018
1078:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1005:Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani (Peykar)
253:, was a splinter group from the
2905:Coalition of Imam's Line groups
2524:political organizations in Iran
2186:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1799:
1756:
1744:
1709:
1686:
1667:
1649:
1596:
1577:
1559:
1540:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1349:
1183:
993:Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani (Peykar)
987:Alireza Tashayod (Worker's Way)
837:. While it maintained that the
618:, treating the latter like the
529:Goruh-e Yaran-e Heydar Amu Oqli
264:. They subsequently started an
3226:1983 disestablishments in Iran
2860:Muslim People's Republic Party
2629:Revolutionary Republican Party
2407:Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2019),
1770:Mojahedin Khalgh Organisation.
1238:
1202:
1147:
1111:
947:Ebrahim Jowhari (Worker's Way)
678:Iranian diplomatic mission in
352:(brother), stopped performing
1:
2554:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2445:, Syracuse University Press,
2347:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
2329:, Syracuse University Press,
2033:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
1099:
918:
763:, of which only two members –
704:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
474:
3261:Maoist organisations in Iran
3060:Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili
2915:Islamic Reconciliation Party
2835:Coalition of Islamic Parties
2767:Union of Communist Militants
2747:League of Iranian Socialists
2692:Azerbaijani Democratic Party
1751:Iran Between Two Revolutions
1549:Iran A Revolution in Turmoil
1356:Hooshang Amirahmadi (2019).
1196:
990:Alireza Zomorrodian (Peykar)
938:Ebrahim Avakh (Worker's Way)
759:The group had a five-member
7:
3221:1979 establishments in Iran
2772:Union of Iranian Communists
2441:Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010),
2411:, Palgrave Macmillan Cham,
2398:Reisinezhad, Arash (2018),
2289:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999),
2271:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989),
1716:Susan C. Cloninger (2017).
1168:
1132:
1029:
959:Hossein Qazi (Worker's Way)
864:, the group was "staunchly
805:
735:Organization and leadership
491:, the three who had ousted
360:' from their publications.
10:
3322:
3251:Far-left political parties
2732:Society of Muslim Warriors
2263:
1656:SHIREEN T. HUNTER (2014).
1607:. Routledge. p. 147.
1584:Ellis J. Goldberg (1993).
1274:Arash Reisinezhad (2018).
981:Mohammad Shafiiha (Peykar)
956:Mohammad Khansari (Peykar)
935:Morteza Aladpoush (Peykar)
835:People's Republic of China
614:and became hostile to the
569:and the newly-reorganized
441:our view of the hypocrites
412:was later merged into the
276:
255:People's Mojahedin of Iran
25:
18:
3192:
3171:
3155:
3104:
3083:
3042:
3019:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani
3001:
2985:
2936:
2865:National Democratic Front
2825:
2782:People's Democratic Front
2637:
2564:Moderate Socialists Party
2539:
2530:
2417:10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6
1551:. Springer. p. 151.
1407:Allan Hassaniyan (2021).
1249:. Routledge. p. 72.
965:Mohammad Rahmani (Peykar)
790:Peykar had an affiliated
281:
216:
206:
194:
156:
148:
136:
126:
118:
110:
85:
73:
51:
35:
3231:Banned communist parties
2890:Islamic Republican Party
2870:Radical Movement of Iran
2569:Union and Progress Party
2307:Behrooz, Maziar (1999),
1693:Mohsen M Milani (1994).
1674:Halleh Ghorashi (2014).
1566:Pouya Alimagham (2020).
1104:
996:Torab Haqshenas (Peykar)
571:Communist League of Iran
557:with an aim to create a
448:Freedom Movement of Iran
428:monafeqin az didgah-e ma
19:Not to be confused with
3142:Communist Party of Iran
2579:Unified Socialist Party
2549:Social Democratic Party
2380:Razoux, Pierre (2015),
2311:, Bloomsbury Academic,
1547:Afshar, Halehr (1985).
1002:Puran Bazargan (Peykar)
944:Masoud Esmaeilkhani (—)
932:Jalil Ahmadian (Peykar)
912:dialectical materialism
769:Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani
712:Communist Party of Iran
489:Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani
299:clandestine cell system
196:Political position
2614:Young Communist League
2584:Social Reformers Party
2459:Zabir, Sepehr (2011),
1763:Parvin Paidar (1995).
1358:Postrevolutionary Iran
984:Taghi Shahram (Peykar)
950:Fathollah Khamenei (—)
916:
765:Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani
683:
481:Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani
348:(comrade) instead of B
103:Rahman Vahid Afrakhteh
78:
3266:Marxist organizations
3091:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
3014:Mostafa Pourmohammadi
2880:Azadegan Organization
2757:Islamic Nations Party
1697:. Routledge. p.
1360:. Routledge. p.
1086:Modern history portal
902:
677:
3122:Fedaian Organisation
3043:Influential sponsors
2682:National Union Party
2402:, Palgrave Macmillan
2350:Encyclopædia Iranica
1889:Tortured Confessions
1887:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1603:Hiro, Dilip (2013).
1178:[pʰejˈkʰɒːɹ]
968:Mojtaba Taleqani (—)
941:Bahman Bazargani (—)
315:Majid Sharif-Vaghefi
207:National affiliation
3179:Mothers of Khavaran
3127:Tudeh Party of Iran
3029:Asadollah Lajevardi
2840:Quintuple Coalition
2797:Nationalists' Party
2687:National Will Party
2375:on 23 December 2013
2368:GTD ID 198204140006
1720:. Praeger. p.
874:Tudeh Party of Iran
424:Abolhassan Banisadr
266:intragroup conflict
3184:Raheleh Rahemipour
3070:Mohammad Reyshahri
2574:Progressives Party
1808:, pp. 480–481
1741:, pp. 14–148.
1472:, pp. 166–168
978:Kazem Shafiiha (—)
684:
604:petite bourgeoisie
540:Ayatollah Khomeini
521:Iranian Revolution
358:In the Name of God
211:Septuple Coalition
3208:
3207:
3163:Khavaran cemetery
2993:Ruhollah Khomeini
2945:
2944:
2470:978-0-415-61069-8
2452:978-0-8156-5147-5
2426:978-3-319-92522-6
2391:978-0-674-91571-8
2382:The Iran-Iraq War
2336:978-0-8156-5432-2
2318:978-1-86064-381-1
2300:978-0-520-21623-5
2282:978-1-85043-077-3
1866:, p. 173–174
1614:978-1-135-04381-0
1256:978-1-135-00731-7
1166:
1130:
1026:
1025:
785:Morteza Aladpoush
761:central committee
588:Kurdish rebellion
586:Peykar supported
469:Ervand Abrahamian
416:(simply known as
369:Ervand Abrahamian
251:Marxist Mojahedin
239:
238:
226:Political parties
3313:
3301:Hoxhaist parties
3199:
3198:
3096:Sadiq al-Shirazi
3055:Akbar Rafsanjanī
2972:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2827:Islamic Republic
2712:Iran Unity Party
2667:Motherland Party
2639:Pahlavi monarchy
2599:Reformers' Party
2533:Politics of Iran
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2473:
2455:
2437:
2403:
2394:
2376:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2339:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2161:
2155:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2122:, pp. 72–73
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:Shahibzadeh 2019
1958:
1952:
1949:Shahibzadeh 2019
1946:
1940:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1632:Shahibzadeh 2019
1629:
1623:
1622:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1544:
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1521:
1515:
1509:
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1415:
1404:
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1341:
1330:
1325:
1288:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1221:Reisinezhad 2018
1218:
1212:
1206:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1145:
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1069:
1068:
1060:
1058:Communism portal
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
927:
887:On Contradiction
812:Marxism–Leninism
810:Peykar espoused
773:Torab Haghsehnas
729:Majority Fedaian
688:Islamic liberals
654:that threatened
616:Majority faction
612:Minority faction
606:rather than the
485:Torab Haghshenas
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
262:Marxism–Leninism
221:Politics of Iran
171:Marxism–Leninism
81:
68:
56:
45:
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2932:
2845:Grand coalition
2821:
2817:Rastakhiz Party
2812:Iranians' Party
2633:
2609:Communist Party
2604:Socialist Party
2589:Learned Council
2535:
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2481:
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2427:
2392:
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2255:Abrahamian 1989
2253:
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2236:Abrahamian 1989
2234:
2225:
2219:Abrahamian 1989
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2191:
2187:
2181:Abrahamian 1989
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2158:Abrahamian 1989
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2021:Abrahamian 1999
2019:
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2009:Abrahamian 1999
2007:
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1997:Abrahamian 1999
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1864:Vahabzadeh 2010
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1806:Abrahamian 1982
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1800:
1794:Vahabzadeh 2010
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1782:Vahabzadeh 2010
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1739:Abrahamian 1989
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1535:Abrahamian 1989
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1518:Abrahamian 1989
1516:
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1506:Abrahamian 1989
1504:
1491:
1487:, p. 72–73
1483:
1476:
1470:Vahabzadeh 2010
1468:
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1451:
1444:
1438:Abrahamian 1989
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1344:Abrahamian 1999
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1209:Abrahamian 1999
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1072:Politics portal
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962:Hassan Rahi (—)
921:
843:imminent threat
808:
777:Pouran Bazargan
737:
656:Tabriz Air Base
644:
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440:
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127:Split from
106:
94:Hossein Rouhani
69:
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3050:Ahmad Khomeini
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2809:
2807:People's Party
2804:
2802:New Iran Party
2799:
2794:
2789:
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2769:
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2759:
2754:
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2717:Comrades Party
2714:
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2699:
2697:Democrat Party
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
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2654:
2652:Progress Party
2649:
2647:New Iran Party
2643:
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2559:Democrat Party
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2541:Qajar monarchy
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2489:
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2479:External links
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2013:
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988:
985:
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979:
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966:
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960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
925:
920:
917:
862:Maziar Behrooz
807:
804:
736:
733:
643:
640:
547:
544:
509:Vladimir Lenin
498:armed struggle
476:
473:
283:
280:
278:
275:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
223:
217:
214:
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138:
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108:
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98:
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91:
89:
83:
82:
75:
71:
70:
57:
49:
48:
40:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3318:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3075:Mohsen Rezaee
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3034:Alireza Avayi
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Ebrahim Raisi
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Toilers Party
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Justice Party
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Revival Party
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2463:, Routledge,
2462:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2257:, p. 148
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2238:, p. 147
2237:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2221:, p. 133
2220:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2195:, p. 241
2194:
2189:
2183:, p. 132
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2160:, p. 131
2159:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2137:, p. 157
2136:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2110:, p. 140
2109:
2104:
2098:, p. 337
2097:
2092:
2086:, p. 544
2085:
2080:
2074:, p. 216
2073:
2068:
2062:, p. 130
2061:
2056:
2050:, p. 124
2049:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2023:, p. 154
2022:
2017:
2011:, p. 152
2010:
2005:
1999:, p. 128
1998:
1993:
1987:, p. 173
1986:
1981:
1975:, p. 158
1974:
1969:
1963:, p. 211
1962:
1957:
1951:, p. 195
1950:
1945:
1939:, p. 123
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1910:, p. 122
1909:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1878:, p. 332
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 121
1853:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 169
1795:
1790:
1784:, p. 167
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1634:, p. 166
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1537:, p. 163
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1520:, p. 145
1519:
1514:
1508:, p. 164
1507:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1440:, p. 146
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1346:, p. 151
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1328:Ḥaqšenās 2011
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1211:, p. 150
1210:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
975:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
908:
901:
898:
896:
891:
889:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:According to
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:United States
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Pierre Razoux
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:
715:
713:
707:
705:
701:
696:
692:
689:
681:
676:
672:
670:
665:
661:
660:28th Division
657:
653:
647:
639:
636:
632:
628:
627:Iran–Iraq War
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
522:
517:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
494:
493:Taghi Shahram
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
429:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
408:). The group
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
385:
382:
376:
374:
370:
365:
361:
359:
356:and dropped '
355:
351:
347:
327:
322:
320:
319:Tehran bazaar
316:
312:
308:
307:Taghi Shahram
304:
303:Central Cadre
300:
295:
291:
289:
274:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
55:
50:
34:
29:
22:
3194:
3146:
3132:Worker's Way
3065:Ali Khamenei
3024:Majid Ansari
3002:Perpetrators
2855:Eponym Group
2786:
2672:Jungle Party
2662:Peykar Party
2485:
2460:
2442:
2408:
2399:
2381:
2373:the original
2367:
2357:12 September
2355:. Retrieved
2348:
2326:
2308:
2290:
2272:
2188:
2120:Behrooz 1999
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2048:Behrooz 1999
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1937:Behrooz 1999
1908:Behrooz 1999
1888:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1852:Behrooz 1999
1801:
1789:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1513:
1485:Behrooz 1999
1455:, p. 71
1453:Behrooz 1999
1412:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1387:revolution."
1382:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1228:
1223:, p. 8.
1216:
1204:
1185:
1149:
1113:
1020:
922:
903:
899:
894:
892:
885:
859:
851:fifth column
831:Soviet Union
828:
809:
799:
795:
792:student wing
789:
781:Mohsen Fazel
758:
738:
718:
716:
708:
697:
693:
685:
669:Mohsen Fazel
648:
645:
624:
585:
578:
559:united front
552:
549:
533:
528:
526:
518:
502:
478:
466:
459:
456:Hamid Ashraf
427:
422:
417:
409:
406:rāh-e kārgar
405:
397:
393:
390:
386:
377:
366:
362:
349:
345:
325:
323:
296:
292:
285:
259:
257:(PMOI/MEK).
250:
246:
245:, or simply
242:
240:
140:
97:Taghi Sahram
74:Abbreviation
65:olive branch
28:Peykar Party
2742:Third Force
2677:Azure Party
2522:Historical
2084:Razoux 2015
1985:Razoux 2015
1973:Razoux 2015
1262:revolution.
1233:Razoux 2015
1044:Iran portal
847:Tudeh Party
620:Tudeh Party
608:proletariat
418:Razmandegan
311:Bahram Aram
3215:Categories
2727:Aria Party
2108:Zabir 2011
1284:B07FBB6L8Y
1100:References
919:Membership
882:Mao Zedong
849:a Soviet "
824:Trotskyist
750:Azerbaijan
664:MEK unrest
475:Foundation
149:Membership
100:Baram Aram
3084:Opponents
2435:158481376
2193:Moss 1978
1704:Mojahedin
1197:Citations
1163:romanized
1127:romanized
884:'s essay
866:Stalinist
820:Stalinism
680:The Hague
231:Elections
181:Stalinism
166:Communism
137:Newspaper
119:Dissolved
1030:See also
876:and the
833:and the
806:Ideology
752:and the
635:just war
631:anti-war
247:Struggle
201:Far-left
186:Hoxhaism
158:Ideology
63:and the
3172:Related
3137:Komalah
2264:Sources
1591:Paykar.
1165::
1154:Persian
1129::
1118:Persian
826:views.
720:Mojahed
519:As the
446:). The
435:
354:prayers
333:
277:History
111:Founded
3156:Buried
2467:
2449:
2433:
2423:
2388:
2333:
2315:
2297:
2279:
1620:Combat
1611:
1282:
1253:
1169:Peykâr
1021:
870:Maoist
816:Maoism
746:Tehran
700:Geneva
652:Tabriz
592:Komala
580:Peykar
575:co-opt
567:Komala
555:Tehran
536:Majles
507:which
381:Maoist
350:aradar
282:Schism
176:Maoism
142:Peykâr
87:Leader
79:Peykâr
2986:Order
2722:SUMKA
2431:S2CID
1727:name.
1158:پيکار
1105:Notes
907:Koran
754:North
625:When
461:najis
410:Arman
270:purge
2762:JAMA
2465:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2359:2016
2331:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2199:help
1812:help
1609:ISBN
1280:ASIN
1251:ISBN
1174:IPA:
1138:IPA:
818:and
767:and
487:and
432:lit.
346:afiq
330:lit.
241:The
122:1983
114:1975
61:4:96
2413:doi
1722:url
1699:url
1362:url
802:).
531:).
420:).
131:MKO
3217::
2429:,
2419:,
2243:^
2226:^
2207:^
2165:^
2142:^
2127:^
2040:^
1915:^
1896:^
1820:^
1724:.
1701:.
1617:.
1525:^
1492:^
1477:^
1460:^
1445:^
1420:^
1364:.
1334:^
1292:^
1259:.
1172:,
1160:,
1156::
1136:,
1124:,
1120::
880:.
787:.
779:,
775:,
756:.
748:,
622:.
516:.
483:,
464:.
2971:e
2964:t
2957:v
2515:e
2508:t
2501:v
2415::
2361:.
2201:)
2035:.
1814:)
1286:.
914:.
868:–
444:'
438:'
430:(
392:(
342:'
336:'
328:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
