754:(1999) that it was also managed under the Fisheries Management Act(1991) and Fisheries Administration Act (1991) and that the commercial take of orange roughy allowed continued recovery and that it is listed in a section of the EPBC Act that allowed this commercial take. However, the Arbitrator found that her view was that the standard could not have intended threatened species to be certified and that the goal for threatened species should be zero catch. Further, that because orange roughy was listed under the EPBC Act that it should be considered as an endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species as part of MSC Principle 2 and could therefore not also be considered as a target or subject stock under Principle 1.
272:
711:
factor was the use of new acoustic technology, developed by the fishing industry, in recent surveys. The multi-frequency acoustic optical system (AOS) enables scientists to differentiate the types of fish acoustically βseenβ during the survey and works on slopes that previously made effective surveying impossible in some areas. The AOS also has the potential to allow scientists to see in real-time video, what is being measured by the survey. Other research-derived data were also critical to the success of the stock assessments, notably age-frequencies from improved ageing methods.
758:
acknowledge therefore that the remand decision will be all the more unwelcome by the CAB and the fishery client. However, the difficulty, in my view, lies in the narrow terms of the
Standard when read against the Australian ETP legislation. It is not open to me to go beyond my interpretation, in light of any views I might have on the otherwise sustainability of the stock and the suitability of the unit of assessment for certification. The remedy to this lies outside of this process in seeking a change either to the Australian legislation or clarity in the Standard.
460:, which make up to 20% of their diet. The diet of the orange roughy is depth-related, with adult diets inversely related to that of juveniles. For example, juvenile consumption of crustaceans is lowest at 900 metres (3,000 ft) but increases with depth, while crustaceans in the adult diet peak at 800β1,000 metres (2,600β3,300 ft) and decrease with depth. The consumption of fish is the opposite: juvenile consumption decreases with depth while adult consumption increases. This inverse feeding pattern may be an example of
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biomass is reduced to a level that will provide the maximum sustainable yield. For example, a fishery with a hypothetical unfished biomass of 100,000 tonnes will be allowed to be fished down to a biomass of 40,000 tonnes (assuming that this is the biomass that provides for the maximum sustainable yield) over a number of years. The rate of this "fish-down" can vary depending on the objectives of the fishery, but catches would then be more strictly controlled to maintain the biomass at around 40,000 tonnes.
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ORH1. This was because of a strict interpretation of the
Fisheries Act that required an accurate estimation of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield. As a result of this decision, the Fisheries Act 1996 was amended to allow TACs to be set based on the best available information in the absence of an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield.
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exceeded those catch limits because of burst nets, escape windows in nets and lost gear. Catch limits were reduced in the mid-1990s, although they were increased again following indications that stocks had begun to rebuild. This was later found not to be the case and a number of fisheries were closed completely or had catch limits reduced to one tonne to allow the stocks to rebuild.
662:(QMS), under which individuals or companies own quota shares for a stock of a particular species or species group. For each stock, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is set that maintains the stock at or above a level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield or that will move the stock toward that level. Orange roughy has been managed within the QMS since 1986.
1444:""Mercury: how much is safe?". Green Left. June 24, 1998. An average woman weighing 60 kilograms can ingest 60 x 0.1 = 6 micrograms of mercury per day without exceeding the EPA reference dose. If each gram of fish contains 0.2 micrograms of mercury, our average woman could only eat 6/0.2 = 30 grams of fish per day without exceeding the EPA reference dose"
627:
the biological characteristics meant that they were overfished. By the end of the 1990s, three of the eight New
Zealand orange roughy fisheries had collapsed and were closed. Because its longevity, late maturation and relatively low fecundity, orange roughy stocks tend to recover slower than most other species.
263:. Many stocks (especially those off New Zealand and Australia, which were first exploited in the late 1970s), became severely depleted within 3β20 years, but several have subsequently recovered to levels that fisheries management believe are sustainable, although substantially below unfished populations.
768:
The precedent set by this decision has raised questions about the future of MSC in
Australia given that a number of fish species involved in existing MSC certificates are listed under the EPBC Act. The current apparent incompatibility of the MSC Standard and Australian legislation is one reason why
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was agreed that would define what catch limits should be given an estimate of stock status. Catch limits for those fisheries are currently consistent with the outputs of the agreed
Harvest Control Rule. In May 2014, three orange roughy fisheries entered full assessment against the Marine Stewardship
689:
In one New
Zealand fishery, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was reduced in 2008 from 1,470 tonnes to 914 tonnes, but this reduction was challenged in court. In February 2008, the High Court overturned the new quota, ruling that the Minister of Fisheries did not have the legal power to set quotas for
685:
For the New
Zealand orange roughy fisheries, productivity parameters and resulting estimates of unfished biomass were incorrectly estimated in the first decade of the fishery. Catch limits exceeded recommended estimates of sustainable yields for a subsequent decade and catches were estimated to have
710:
In 2014, Bayesian model-based stock assessments were completed for four of New
Zealand's main orange roughy stocks, one of which had been closed to fishing since 2000. The stock assessments used data collected by research surveys carried out by research organizations and the fishing industry. A key
626:
Orange roughy fisheries exist in New
Zealand, Australia and Namibia. Annual global catches began in 1979 and increased significantly to a high of over 90,000 tonnes in the late 1980s. These high catch levels quickly decreased as stocks were fished down. For many stocks, the lack of understanding of
613:
in its tissues, having a range of 0.30β0.86 ppm compared with an average mercury level of 0.086 ppm for other edible fish. Based on average consumption and the recommendations of a
National Marine Fisheries Service study, in 1976 the FDA set the maximum safe mercury level for fish at 1 ppm. Regular
570:
Historically, the United States has been the largest consumer of orange roughy, however, in recent years, the market for orange roughy in China has increased significantly. In 2014, the U.S. imported around 1,455 tonnes (4.4 million lb) (mainly fillets) from New Zealand, China, Peru and Indonesia.
757:
In her second decision (February 2021) the Arbitrator summarised her decision by stating, "This particular stock is, according to the CAB and I have no reason within my limited remit, to disagree with this view, well managed and currently sustainably fished in terms of the prevailing science. I do
718:
In addition, an industry sponsored Management Strategy Evaluation was completed that provided an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield (β25β27% of the unfished biomass). Based on this output, the fishing industry agreed to aim to maintain the orange roughy stocks
681:
Fishery farming of orange roughy was initiated in the mid-1970s, but full exploitation did not begin until 1979. There was no regulation of these early catches, and records indicate that they were very high. For many fisheries, management settings allow for a "fishing down" period during which the
638:
have orange roughy stocks that are managed within their jurisdictions. These organizations have made progress toward collecting better information on total orange roughy catches and also with setting catch limits for fisheries on the high seas. For example, SPRFMO limited orange roughy catches and
549:
of orange roughy otoliths gave estimated ages of 125 to 156 years. One specimen caught 1500 km east of Wellington in 2015 was estimated to be over 230 years old. Orange roughy caught near Tasmania have been aged at 250 years. The orange roughy is the longest-lived commercial fish species, and
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The 2014 stock assessments, which were subject to a robust peer review process, indicated that three of the stocks had recovered enough to sustain increased catches. The TACs for these stocks were subsequently increased. The fourth stock was estimated to be at a low stock status and the TAC was
654:
New Zealand currently operates the largest orange roughy fisheries in the world, with a total catch of over 8,500 tonnes in the 2014 calendar year. This accounts for 95% of the total estimated catch of orange roughy. Exports of orange roughy provided an estimated revenue to New Zealand of NZ$ 53
753:
The Arbitrator issued her decision in three iterations in early 2021 each following representations from the Appellants, CAB and Fishery Client. During the process the Australian Minister for fisheries wrote to the MSC explaining that although orange roughy was listed under Australia's EPBC Act
732:
The Australian orange roughy fishery was not discovered until the 1970s, but by 2008, the biomass of some stocks remained high while others was estimated to be down to 10% of the unfished level after years of commercial fishing. It was the first commercially sought fish to appear on Australia's
562:
The flesh is firm with a mild flavour; it is sold skinned and filleted, fresh or frozen. This species was first given the common name "Orange Roughy" by scientists in New Zealand in 1975 following the discovery of large aggregations during a deep-water research cruise. A large scale fishery for
520:
is low, with each female producing only 22,000 eggs per kg of body weight, less than 10% of the average for other species of fish. Females rarely produce more than 90,000 eggs in a single spawning event. Spawning may last up to three weeks and starts around June or July. Orange roughy are very
516:, rising to around 200 m (660 ft) to develop, with the young fish eventually descending to deeper waters as they mature. Orange roughy are also synchronous, shedding sperm and eggs at the same time. The time between fertilization and hatching is thought to be 10 to 20 days;
1345:
Sissenwine, M.P. & Mace, P.M. 2007. Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably? In: Report and documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas. Bangkok, Thailand, 21β23 November 2006. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 838. Rome, FAO. 2007. pp.
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has categorized orange roughy as "vulnerable to exploitation". It is bathypelagic, found in cold (3 to 9 Β°C or 37 to 48 Β°F), deep (180-to-1,800-metre or 590-to-5,910-foot) waters of the Western Pacific Ocean, eastern Atlantic Ocean (from Iceland to Morocco; and from
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for the available food at depths where prey is less abundant. The orange roughy's metabolic phases are thought to be related to seasonal variations in prey concentrations. The inactive phase conserves energy during lean periods. Orange roughy can live for over 200 years.
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raised late objections. MSC's decision to allow objections from these two eNGOs who did not engage in the more than year long process in contravention of the MSC Standard is seen by many as raising questions about the independence and credibility of the standard itself.
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to define criteria for seafood that may be stocked. In addition, a number of ecolabels exist to help retailers and consumers identify seafood that has been independently assessed against a robust, scientific standard. One of the best known such programmes is that of the
532:
When commercial fishing of orange roughy began in the 1970s, they were thought to live for only 30 years. Since the 1990s, however, there is clear evidence that this species lives to an exceptional age. Early estimates of 149 years were determined via
736:
In July 2020, a leading US-based MSC consultancy (conformity assessment body or CAB) acting for a group of Australian eastern zone orange roughy quota holders, released a scoring report recommended that the orange roughy eastern zone stock be given
358:(a measurement that excludes the tail fin) of 75 cm (30 in) and a maximum weight of 7 kg (15 lb). The average commercial catch size is commonly between 35 and 45 centimetres (14 and 18 in) in length, again, varying by area.
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Endangered Seas Program argues, "probably no such thing as an economically viable deep-water fishery that is also sustainable." However, others have argued that deepwater fisheries can be managed sustainably provided that it is recognized that
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The New Zealand fishing industry contracted a pre-assessment of selected orange roughy fisheries against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Standard in 2009. Following the pre-assessment, the industry representative body
707:(FIPs) to deliver improvements in the fisheries that would enable them to meet the certification requirements of the MSC. These FIPs are public and have been monitored by the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership.
646:. This fishing method has been heavily criticized by environmentalists for its destructive nature. This, combined with heavy commercial demand, has focused criticism from both environmentalists and media.
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several hundred kilometers between localized spawning and feeding areas each year and form large spawning aggregations (possibly segregated according to gender) wherein the fish release large, spherical
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249:(off New Zealand and Australia), and in the eastern Pacific off Chile. The orange roughy is notable for its extraordinary lifespan, attaining over 200 years. It is important to commercial deep-
378:; they form aggregations with a natural population density of up to 2.5 fish per m, now reduced to about 1.0 per m. These aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea
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orange roughy subsequently developed around New Zealand, and imports into the United States increased where it was renamed from the less gastronomically appealing "slimehead" through a U.S.
386:, where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense prey concentrations. The aggregations are not necessarily for spawning or feeding; the fish are thought to cycle through
524:
The maturation age used in stock assessments ranges from 23 to 40 years, which limits population growth/recovery, because each new generation takes so long to start spawning.
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Fenton, G.E; Short, S.A.; Ritz, D.A. (June 1991). "Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Pb: 226 Ra disequilibria".
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Lack, M., Short, K. & Willock, A., 2003. Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries:lessons from orange roughy, TRAFFIC Oceania and WWF Australia, Sydney.
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and adherent. The lateral line is uninterrupted, with 28 to 32 scales whose spinules or 'ctenii' largely obscure the lateral line's pores. The eyes are large.
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accreditation, scoring the fishery and its management highly (289/300) in each of the three assessment principles. However, environmental groups the
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A number of orange roughy stocks live outside the jurisdiction of any particular nation, making it more challenging to limit overall catches. The
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Like other slimeheads, orange roughy is slow-growing and late to mature, resulting in a very low resilience, making them extremely susceptible to
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NRC (National Research Council) (2002). Effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor habitat. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC
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consumption of orange roughy can have adverse effects on health. Compared to most edible fish, orange roughy is a very poor source of
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slow-growing and do not begin to breed until they are at least 20 years old, when they are around 30 cm (12 in) in length.
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added orange roughy (deep sea perch) to its seafood red list, which contains fish generally sourced from unsustainable fisheries.
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threatened species list because of overfishing. By late 2017, a number of Australian orange roughy fisheries had been re-opened.
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the MSC system has been so slow to develop in Australia and that Australian consumers have little recognition of the MSC brand.
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A number of major food retailers have established seafood sustainability policies to reassure customers that they are stocking
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conditions to congregate during each phase. They lose almost all pigmentation while inactive, when they are very approachable.
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Roberts, C.M. (2002). Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. Trends In Ecology and Evolution 17(5): 242-245
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The Fishery Client subsequently withdrew the stock from assessment. Documents from the objection process can be found here
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program during the late 1970s that identified underused species that should be renamed to make them more marketable.
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Lorance, P.; Uiblein, F.; Latrouite, D. (April 2002). "Habitat, behaviour and colour patterns of orange roughy
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1099:"Orange roughy fishery report recommends 'sustainable seafood' status - but is slammed by conservation groups"
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1657:"Orange roughy: Down and out: An unsustainable seafood choice from a destructive trawl fishery"
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https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/australia-orange-roughy-eastern-zone-trawl/@@assessments
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Francis, R. I. C. C.; Clark, M. R. (1998). "Inferring spawning migrations of orange roughy (
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Jacquet, J. L.; Pauly, D. (May 2008). "Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood".
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cavity is a bluish black; the mouth itself is large and strongly oblique. The scales are
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1190:. Jenny Haworth. Christchurch, N.Z.: Hazard Press for the Fishing Industry Association.
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1358:"Updating the Existing Risk Management Strategy for Mercury in Retail Fish β Canada.ca"
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Clark, M.R. 2001. Are deepwater fisheries sustainable? β the example of orange roughy (
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within a management target range of 30β50% of the unfished biomass. Further to this, a
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Environment, jurisdiction=Commonwealth of Australia; corporateName=Department of the.
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In 2015, China imported at least 4,000 tonnes (8.8 million lb) (mainly whole fish).
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2.0β2.5 millimetres (0.079β0.098 in) in diameter, made buoyant by an orange-red
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The orange roughy is not a vertically slender fish. Its rounded head is riddled with
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is responsible for the implementation of the QMS and its enabling legislation, the
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256:. The fish is a bright, brick-red color, fading to a yellowish-orange after death.
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Morgan, L.E., Norse, E.A., Roger, A.D., Haedrich, R.L. & Maxwell, S.M. 2005.
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990:"Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries: lessons from Orange Roughy"
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Collette, B.; Fernandes, P.; Heessen, H.; Herrera, J.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2015).
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Roughy on the rise : the story of New Zealand's most controversial fishery
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phases (active or feeding and inactive or resting) and seek areas with ideal
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The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
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Because of its longevity, the orange roughy accumulates large amounts of
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1682:"Trawled fish on endangered list β Environment β Specials β smh.com.au"
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The orange roughy is the largest known slimehead species at a maximum
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869:"Hoplostethus atlanticus β Orange Roughy, Deep-sea Perch, Red Roughy"
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does not breed every year, which has important implications for its
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1155:. Kim Westerskov. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press.
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contains three spines and 10 to 12 soft rays. The 19 to 25 ventral
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1514:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture β Regional fishery bodies (RFB)"
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3798:
3683:
3530:
3485:
3036:
2936:
2351:
2341:
2306:
2175:
2165:
1988:
1955:
425:
379:
242:
100:
1708:"Orange roughy decision shows changes are needed β Scoop News"
5013:
4691:
4291:
4236:
4201:
4196:
4100:
4080:
3868:
3818:
3560:
3437:
3134:
2361:
2311:
2296:
2245:
2098:
2073:
1993:
902:"Diet and food consumption of a deep-sea fish, orange roughy
509:
457:
422:
399:
316:
296:
250:
4741:
3333:
1595:
Why the world needs a time-out on high-seas bottom trawling.
1125:"Science fact sheet: Orange Roughy - delicacy from the deep"
3917:
3823:
3668:
3570:
3565:
3490:
3391:
2291:
2230:
2093:
2003:
1187:
Hooked : the story of the New Zealand fishing industry
958:
fisheries, estimation methods, biology and stock structure"
448:; mature adults consume smaller fish, predominantly of the
344:
328:
2618:
1827:
Orange Roughy Management Co. Ltd. Retrieved March 2, 2005.
4191:
3575:
3422:
3041:
2263:
2128:
1495:
508:
directly into the water. The fertilized eggs, (and later
498:
632:
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
3360:
1772:
1780:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK
906:(Pisces: Trachichthyidae), off southeastern Australia"
1408:"Techno-economic data on Mercury and major compounds"
335:
contain 15 to 18 soft rays each; the pelvic fins are
3212:
Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
1821:
Seafood Watch. Retrieved March 2, 2005. (PDF file.)
715:reduced by over 40% to allow the stock to rebuild.
1336:) in New Zealand. Fisheries Research, 51: 123β135.
1777:(Pisces: Trachichthyidae) in the Bay of Biscay".
658:Fisheries in New Zealand are managed through the
303:system), as is typical of slimeheads. The single
5072:
1496:"South Pacific Regional Management Organisation"
1152:Deep New Zealand : blue water, black abyss
1016:
597:A 2003 joint report by the TRAFFIC Oceania and
578:. These policies often involve partnering with
642:Orange roughy is fished almost exclusively by
3376:
2634:
1941:
947:
945:
943:
941:
339:and contain one spine and six soft rays; the
323:) form a hard, bony median ridge between the
1830:
1267:
899:
885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
693:
370:A preserved specimen on display at a museum
3383:
3369:
2641:
2627:
1948:
1934:
1597:The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. 14pp.
1253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
938:
48:
29:
1313:Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
1289:
1218:
973:
929:
606:are low and catches are set accordingly.
417:When active, juveniles feed primarily on
374:Orange roughy are generally sluggish and
343:is forked. The interior of the mouth and
900:Bulman, C.M.; Koslow, J.A. (June 1992).
703:) put four orange roughy fisheries into
649:
365:
270:
1750:
1737:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1183:
1096:
962:South African Journal of Marine Science
866:
727:
5073:
1631:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1561:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1355:
1148:
1090:
982:
951:
743:Australian Marine Conservation Society
636:South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
4773:
4772:
3364:
2622:
1929:
1105:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
893:
843:
5058:215DA335-F31B-435F-8359-BDC64C482704
5019:90DA56D8-BDBE-807A-6DCD-AAC66A6837FB
4967:a13fa6e6-637e-4786-b5ad-ebdebd678fc3
1383:"Seafood Network Information Center"
1225:. Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand.
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
1470:"Case for trawl ban 'overwhelming'"
809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1857:
1306:
14:
5127:
5106:Marine fish of Southern Australia
1906:
1075:. 2 December 2011. Archived from
828:
565:National Marine Fisheries Service
5081:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4752:
4751:
4740:
3467:
3461:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3140:
3139:
3047:
3046:
2912:
2911:
2457:
2450:
2443:
618:, averaging less than 3.5 g/kg.
286:Faroese stamp issued: 7 Feb 1994
77:
1700:
1674:
1649:
1639:
1600:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1462:
1436:
1417:. June 13, 2006. Archived from
1400:
1375:
1356:Canada, Health (9 March 2007).
1349:
1339:
1326:
1317:
1261:
1212:
1177:
1142:
1117:
667:Ministry for Primary Industries
472:
361:
1837:Marine and Freshwater Research
1061:
1010:
910:Marine Ecology Progress Series
860:
791:
580:non-governmental organizations
557:
266:
1:
4410:Countries by meat consumption
1097:Kilvert, Nick (5 July 2020).
1069:"Diary from the deep: part 3"
784:
676:
5116:Taxa named by Robert Collett
4697:Non-vegetarian food in India
4415:Countries by meat production
1300:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.06.007
844:Evans, Kate (NovβDec 2019).
724:Council Fisheries Standard.
621:
545:(ear bone); counting by the
541:found in an orange roughy's
311:and 15 to 19 soft rays; the
7:
4420:Food and drink prohibitions
3166:Fish diseases and parasites
2648:
1918:Fishes of Australia :
954:"A review of orange roughy
772:
655:million (US$ 37M) in 2015.
527:
398:include large, deep-roving
234:Marine Conservation Society
10:
5132:
5111:Marine fish of New Zealand
3459:
1825:"Biology of Orange Roughy"
975:10.2989/025776101784529006
739:Marine Stewardship Council
585:Marine Stewardship Council
232:(Trachichthyidae). The UK
5101:Fish of the East Atlantic
4781:
4735:
4633:
4568:
4525:
4477:
4462:Psychology of eating meat
4437:
4402:
4322:
4315:
4066:
4006:Black soldier fly maggots
3991:
3887:
3709:
3589:
3476:
3398:
3327:
3299:List of seafood companies
3284:Gathering seafood by hand
3266:
3220:
3194:
3153:
3060:
2925:
2857:
2769:
2656:
2583:
2466:
2441:
2403:
2375:
2327:
2282:
2254:
2221:
2114:
2049:
1974:
1965:
1835:) from spawning ogives".
1816:"Orange Roughy Fact Card"
1801:10.1017/S0025315402005519
1733:"Hoplostethus atlanticus"
779:List of fish common names
705:Fishery Improvement Plans
599:World Wildlife Foundation
466:intraspecific competition
179:
172:
74:Scientific classification
72:
46:
37:
28:
23:
4535:Beef hormone controversy
3390:
3181:Scombroid food poisoning
1754:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
694:Current situation (2016)
592:Greenpeace International
221:, is a relatively large
4840:Hoplostethus_atlanticus
4827:Hoplostethus_atlanticus
4813:Hoplostethus atlanticus
4783:Hoplostethus atlanticus
3085:List of raw fish dishes
1920:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1881:. National Geographic.
1867:. Ebury Press, London.
1863:Clover, Charles. 2004.
1833:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1775:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1758:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1334:Hoplostethus atlanticus
1219:Pankhurst, Tim (2017).
1184:Johnson, David (2004).
956:Hoplostethus atlanticus
952:Branch, Trevor (2001).
904:Hoplostethus atlanticus
846:"The 230-year-old fish"
802:Hoplostethus atlanticus
660:Quota Management System
283:Hoplostethus atlanticus
206:Hoplostethus atlanticus
183:Hoplostethus atlanticus
5096:Fish described in 1889
4560:Water holding capacity
3070:List of seafood dishes
1913:Environmental concerns
1149:Batson, P. B. (2003).
873:www.environment.gov.au
850:New Zealand Geographic
371:
292:
4545:Feed conversion ratio
4447:Ethics of eating meat
2593:World fish production
1956:Principal commercial
1877:Earle, Sylvia. 2009.
1819:Monterey Bay Aquarium
1768:. March 2005 version.
650:New Zealand fisheries
462:resource-partitioning
369:
307:contains four to six
274:
209:), also known as the
4598:Environmental impact
3202:Seafood mislabelling
1891:Tim Pankhurst. 2017
816:: e.T155168A45884209
804:(Europe assessment)"
728:Australian fisheries
721:Harvest Control Rule
299:canals (part of the
3253:Pain in crustaceans
3238:Eating live seafood
3207:Sustainable seafood
3186:Shellfish poisoning
3090:List of tuna dishes
3080:List of fish dishes
3075:List of crab dishes
1793:2002JMBUK..82..321L
1282:2008MarPo..32..309J
1031:1991MarBi.109..197F
922:1992MEPS...82..115B
747:World Wildlife Fund
701:Deepwater Group Ltd
616:omega-3 fatty acids
576:sustainable seafood
552:conservation status
430:euphausiids (krill)
40:Conservation status
4722:Warmed-over flavor
4490:Semi-vegetarianism
3319:Seafood restaurant
3289:History of seafood
3228:Declawing of crabs
2608:Fisheries glossary
2598:Commercial species
2588:Commercial fishing
1976:Large pelagic fish
1893:Roughy on the Rise
1688:. 10 November 2006
1476:. 15 November 2006
1450:. 6 September 2016
1424:on 27 January 2009
1039:10.1007/BF01319387
931:10.3354/meps082115
671:Fisheries Act 1996
639:effort from 2007.
604:sustainable yields
535:radiometric dating
477:Orange roughy are
372:
293:
241:, Namibia, to off
165:H. atlanticus
131:Trachichthyiformes
5068:
5067:
5001:Open Tree of Life
4775:Taxon identifiers
4766:
4765:
4433:
4432:
3358:
3357:
3350:Category: Seafood
3274:Fish preservation
3233:Eyestalk ablation
3195:Advisory services
2616:
2615:
2513:Freshwater prawns
2439:
2438:
1879:The World is Blue
1232:978-0-947493-40-0
634:(SPRFMO) and the
481:(wholly marine),
245:, South Africa),
225:belonging to the
197:
196:
67:
5123:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5034:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4995:
4983:
4982:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4947:
4946:
4944:NHMSYS0000335558
4934:
4933:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4868:
4856:
4855:
4843:
4842:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4770:
4769:
4755:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4717:Roadkill cuisine
4512:Meat alternative
4507:Plant-based diet
4425:Meat substitutes
4320:
4319:
3471:
3465:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3294:History of sushi
3143:
3142:
3050:
3049:
2915:
2914:
2907:List of seafoods
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2029:southern bluefin
2019:Atlantic bluefin
1972:
1971:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1852:
1812:
1769:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1659:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1610:. Archived from
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1537:. Archived from
1536:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1127:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:
986:
980:
979:
977:
949:
936:
935:
933:
897:
891:
890:
884:
876:
864:
858:
857:
841:
826:
825:
823:
821:
795:
488:: that is, they
290:Astrid Andreasen
185:
82:
81:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5091:Commercial fish
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5051:
5043:
5038:
5030:
5025:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4975:Observation.org
4973:
4965:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4846:
4838:
4833:
4825:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4747:Food portal
4739:
4731:
4653:Case-ready meat
4635:
4629:
4603:Factory farming
4564:
4521:
4473:
4439:
4429:
4398:
4311:
4068:
4062:
3987:
3892:
3883:
3705:
3585:
3556:Lamb and mutton
3472:
3466:
3457:
3394:
3389:
3359:
3354:
3339:Food portal
3331:
3323:
3279:Fish processing
3262:
3243:Live fish trade
3216:
3190:
3171:Mercury in fish
3149:
3056:
3017:Shark liver oil
2928:
2921:
2853:
2765:
2652:
2647:
2617:
2612:
2579:
2518:Gilt-head bream
2462:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2426:Lobster fishing
2399:
2371:
2323:
2278:
2256:Other wild fish
2250:
2223:Freshwater fish
2217:
2110:
2045:
2024:Pacific bluefin
1961:
1954:
1909:
1860:
1858:Further reading
1855:
1849:10.1071/MF97253
1741:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1608:"Archived copy"
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:"Archived copy"
1530:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1291:10.1.1.182.1143
1266:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
992:
988:
987:
983:
950:
939:
898:
894:
878:
877:
865:
861:
842:
829:
819:
817:
796:
792:
787:
775:
730:
696:
679:
652:
644:bottom trawling
624:
560:
530:
475:
412:snake mackerels
408:merluccid hakes
364:
356:standard length
287:
285:
281:Orange roughy,
280:
269:
193:
187:
181:
168:
141:Trachichthyidae
76:
68:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
5129:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5049:
5036:
5023:
5010:
4997:
4984:
4971:
4961:
4948:
4935:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4883:
4870:
4857:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4803:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4758:Category: Meat
4749:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4623:Slaughterhouse
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:Pollotarianism
4497:
4495:Pescetarianism
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:Salmon cannery
3311:
3306:
3304:Pescetarianism
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3267:Related topics
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3221:Animal welfare
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Metagonimiasis
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3154:Health hazards
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3130:Shark fin soup
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Fish and chips
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3062:Seafood dishes
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Fermented fish
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2870:Marine mammals
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
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2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
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2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:Fishing topics
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2431:Shrimp fishery
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Crab fisheries
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
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2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:Smelt-whitings
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:Alaska pollock
2141:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:species groups
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1907:External links
1905:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1875:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1843:(2): 103β108.
1828:
1822:
1813:
1787:(2): 321β331.
1770:
1752:Froese, Rainer
1748:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1699:
1673:
1648:
1638:
1599:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1523:
1505:
1487:
1474:News.bbc.co.uk
1461:
1435:
1415:Rsde.ineris.fr
1399:
1374:
1348:
1338:
1325:
1316:
1305:
1276:(3): 309β318.
1260:
1231:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1161:
1141:
1116:
1089:
1060:
1025:(2): 197β202.
1019:Marine Biology
1009:
981:
937:
892:
859:
827:
789:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
774:
771:
729:
726:
695:
692:
678:
675:
651:
648:
623:
620:
559:
556:
529:
526:
474:
471:
456:families, and
404:cutthroat eels
363:
360:
268:
265:
219:deep sea perch
195:
194:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
121:Actinopterygii
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
70:
69:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Orange roughy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5128:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
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5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
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4953:
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4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
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4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
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4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4814:
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4804:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4759:
4750:
4748:
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4734:
4728:
4725:
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4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Cultured meat
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4632:
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4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4570:Meat industry
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Vegetarianism
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Animal rights
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:List articles
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Luncheon meat
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
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4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
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4104:
4102:
4099:
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4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
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4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
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3956:
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3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
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3936:
3934:
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3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
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3852:
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3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
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3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Pacific saury
3812:
3810:
3809:Orange roughy
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
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3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
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3712:
3708:
3700:
3697:
3696:
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3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
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3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
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3534:
3532:
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3527:
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3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
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3497:
3494:
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3475:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
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3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:Shark finning
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Cod liver oil
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:Other seafood
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Krill fishery
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Cod fisheries
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Sea cucumbers
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
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2300:
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2272:
2270:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Orange roughy
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
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2116:Demersal fish
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1663:on 2008-07-20
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1614:on 2016-02-16
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1544:on 2015-06-04
1540:
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1448:Greenleft.org
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1389:on 2012-11-23
1388:
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1271:
1270:Marine Policy
1264:
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1215:
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1199:
1197:1-877270-64-4
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1162:1-877257-09-5
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1131:on 2007-07-09
1130:
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1079:on 2017-11-25
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501:globule) and
500:
496:
491:
487:
484:
480:
479:oceanodromous
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:Butterflyfish
447:
443:
439:
438:benthopelagic
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
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401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:pectoral fins
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:
284:
278:
277:Faroe Islands
273:
264:
262:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
228:
224:
223:deep-sea fish
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
201:orange roughy
191:
186:
184:
178:
175:
174:Binomial name
171:
167:
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161:
158:
157:
154:
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149:
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80:
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65:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5086:Hoplostethus
4782:
4687:Mystery meat
4643:Arachnophagy
4583:Branch house
4550:Preservation
4527:Meat science
4478:Alternatives
4467:Meat paradox
4389:Smoked foods
4028:Grasshoppers
3973:Sea cucumber
3968:Shrimp/prawn
3808:
3248:Pain in fish
3125:Seafood boil
3022:Shrimp paste
3012:Salted squid
2887:Sea cucumber
2829:Prawn/Shrimp
2543:salmon trout
2192:
1919:
1892:
1878:
1864:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1740:. Retrieved
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1651:
1641:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1602:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1414:
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1308:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1221:
1214:
1186:
1179:
1151:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1072:
1063:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
984:
965:
961:
955:
913:
909:
903:
895:
872:
862:
853:
849:
818:. Retrieved
813:
807:
801:
793:
767:
760:
756:
752:
735:
731:
717:
713:
709:
697:
688:
684:
680:
664:
657:
653:
641:
629:
625:
608:
596:
589:
573:
569:
561:
547:growth rings
531:
523:
505:
476:
473:Reproduction
444:, and other
416:
373:
362:Life history
353:
301:lateral line
294:
282:
275:Fish in the
258:
247:Indo-Pacific
218:
214:
210:
205:
204:
200:
198:
182:
180:
164:
163:
152:Hoplostethus
151:
63:
18:
4900:iNaturalist
4807:Wikispecies
4670:Entomophagy
4658:Meat diaper
4648:Cannibalism
4324:Meat dishes
4106:Charcuterie
4069:preparation
4053:Mopane worm
4043:Mezcal worm
3027:Smoked fish
3007:Salted fish
2967:Fish fillet
2947:Canned fish
2844:Crustaceans
2839:Sea urchins
2377:Echinoderms
2284:Crustaceans
2051:Forage fish
1712:Scoop.co.nz
1362:Hc-sc.gc.ca
997:Traffic.org
968:: 181β203.
916:: 115β129.
558:Consumption
454:Lanternfish
446:crustaceans
434:mesopelagic
419:zooplankton
325:pelvic fins
267:Description
261:overfishing
5075:Categories
4727:White meat
4702:Pink slime
4680:Artificial
4555:Tenderness
4440:psychology
4438:Ethics and
4272:Salt-cured
3978:Sea urchin
3546:Guinea pig
3120:Fried fish
2997:Fish stock
2992:Fish steak
2987:Fish paste
2982:Fish sauce
2957:Cured fish
2942:Dried fish
2671:Barramundi
2390:Sea urchin
1742:30 January
1717:13 October
1692:13 October
1686:Smh.com.au
1667:2009-01-31
1618:2016-05-10
1548:2016-05-10
1500:sprfmo.int
1480:13 October
1454:13 October
1428:13 October
1393:2012-10-22
1367:13 October
1135:2007-08-17
1083:2018-12-15
1002:13 October
785:References
677:Historical
514:planktonic
392:hydrologic
341:caudal fin
319:(modified
305:dorsal fin
297:muciferous
239:Walvis Bay
211:red roughy
55:Vulnerable
4618:Slaughter
4540:Drip loss
4262:Rillettes
4222:Marinated
4160:Forcemeat
4146:Fermented
4086:Barbecued
4058:Palm grub
3889:Shellfish
3859:Swordfish
3794:Mahi Mahi
3624:Crocodile
3599:Alligator
3478:Livestock
3408:Cassowary
3161:Ciguatera
3115:Fish soup
3032:Stockfish
2972:Fish head
2927:Processed
2865:Jellyfish
2771:Shellfish
2761:Whitebait
2741:Swordfish
2404:Fisheries
2269:Whitebait
2213:Toothfish
2039:yellowfin
1999:Swordfish
1286:CiteSeerX
1249:cite book
1241:987574122
1073:Bbc.co.uk
1047:0025-3162
622:Fisheries
590:In 2010,
537:of trace
518:fecundity
464:to avoid
442:amphipods
396:Predators
388:metabolic
384:seamounts
254:fisheries
227:slimehead
215:slimehead
159:Species:
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
4918:10705784
4874:FishBase
4798:Q1479333
4792:Wikidata
4712:Red meat
4707:Raw meat
4636:subjects
4517:Veganism
4384:Meatball
4247:Pemmican
4232:Meatloaf
4227:Meatball
4067:Cuts and
4048:Silkworm
4038:Mealworm
4016:Crickets
3928:Crayfish
3908:Calamari
3804:Milkfish
3789:Mackerel
3784:Kingfish
3759:Flounder
3659:Pangolin
3644:Kangaroo
3629:Elephant
3614:Bushmeat
3110:Fish pie
3002:Lutefisk
2977:Fish oil
2849:Molluscs
2834:Scallops
2799:Crayfish
2736:Sturgeon
2716:Mackerel
2706:Flounder
2701:Flatfish
2676:Billfish
2560:Scallops
2538:Atlantic
2357:Scallops
2329:Molluscs
2236:Sturgeon
2203:Rockfish
2156:flounder
2151:Flatfish
2134:Atlantic
2104:european
2084:Sardines
2079:Menhaden
2034:skipjack
2009:albacore
1984:Mackerel
1809:86387051
1765:FishBase
1627:cite web
1557:cite web
1206:57574484
1171:52201441
1103:ABC News
1055:84942308
881:cite web
773:See also
539:isotopes
528:Lifespan
506:en masse
486:spawners
421:such as
376:demersal
337:thoracic
313:anal fin
288:Artist:
137:Family:
111:Chordata
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
5053:ZooBank
4892:2357093
4675:Marbled
4634:Related
4613:Packing
4588:Butcher
4452:Carnism
4394:Sausage
4369:Seafood
4337:Chicken
4307:Tartare
4302:Tandoor
4282:Sausage
4267:Roasted
4252:Poached
4242:Pickled
4165:Cretons
4155:supreme
4096:Braised
4091:Biltong
3993:Insects
3958:Scallop
3948:Octopus
3938:Lobster
3933:Dolphin
3903:Abalone
3895:seafood
3879:Walleye
3864:Tilapia
3839:Sardine
3829:Pollock
3779:Herring
3774:Halibut
3769:Haddock
3764:Grouper
3749:Crappie
3739:Catfish
3719:Anchovy
3689:Venison
3506:Buffalo
3496:Beefalo
3433:Ostrich
3413:Chicken
3400:Poultry
3309:Raw bar
3145:more...
3100:Chowder
3052:more...
2929:seafood
2917:more...
2892:Seaweed
2882:Octopus
2824:Oysters
2819:Mussels
2814:Lobster
2804:Geoduck
2784:Cockles
2779:Abalone
2746:Tilapia
2726:Sardine
2711:Herring
2686:Catfish
2666:Anchovy
2650:Seafood
2575:Tilapia
2565:Seaweed
2553:chinook
2528:Oysters
2523:Mussels
2508:Catfish
2491:crucian
2481:bighead
2395:more...
2367:more...
2352:Oysters
2347:Octopus
2342:Mussels
2337:Abalone
2319:more...
2302:Lobster
2274:more...
2241:Tilapia
2198:Pollock
2183:Haddock
2161:halibut
2139:Pacific
2124:Catfish
2069:Herring
2064:Capelin
2059:Anchovy
1958:fishery
1789:Bibcode
1518:fao.org
1346:61β112.
1278:Bibcode
1027:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
611:mercury
543:otolith
490:migrate
483:pelagic
380:canyons
349:ctenoid
190:Collett
147:Genus:
127:Order:
117:Class:
58: (
5045:126402
5006:816600
4993:126402
4980:598225
4964:NZOR:
4931:166139
4905:459402
4756:
4608:Jobber
4593:Cutter
4578:Broker
4379:Steaks
4297:Stewed
4287:Smoked
4277:Salumi
4257:Potted
4207:Kidney
4187:Ground
4182:Frozen
4151:Fillet
4131:Cutlet
4121:Corned
4116:Confit
4101:Burger
4032:locust
4011:Cicada
3953:Oyster
3943:Mussel
3913:Chiton
3893:other
3834:Salmon
3799:Marlin
3684:Turtle
3674:Rabbit
3649:Monkey
3639:Iguana
3581:Ε»ubroΕ
3536:Snails
3531:Donkey
3486:Alpaca
3453:Turkey
3438:Pigeon
3348:
3095:Bisque
3037:Surimi
2937:Caviar
2721:Salmon
2570:Shrimp
2533:Salmon
2501:silver
2486:common
2468:Farmed
2312:Prawns
2307:Shrimp
2188:Mullet
2176:turbot
2166:plaice
2014:bigeye
1989:Salmon
1899:
1885:
1871:
1807:
1288:
1239:
1229:
1204:
1194:
1169:
1159:
1109:5 July
1053:
1045:
512:) are
510:larvae
440:fish,
426:shrimp
410:, and
400:sharks
331:. The
321:scales
317:scutes
309:spines
243:Durban
230:family
192:, 1889
64:Europe
5040:WoRMS
5032:68455
5027:SPRAT
5014:Plazi
4957:96778
4913:IRMNG
4866:3MN73
4853:11104
4692:Offal
4403:Other
4292:Steak
4237:Offal
4212:Liver
4202:Kebab
4197:Jerky
4177:Fried
4136:Dried
4126:Cured
4081:Bacon
4021:Flour
3983:Whale
3869:Trout
3844:Shark
3819:Perch
3679:Snake
3654:Mouse
3561:Llama
3551:Horse
3511:Camel
3501:Bison
3443:Quail
3428:Goose
3135:Sushi
2902:Algae
2897:Squid
2875:Whale
2809:Krill
2789:Conch
2751:Trout
2731:Shark
2496:grass
2362:Squid
2297:Krill
2246:Trout
2099:Sprat
2089:Saury
2074:Ilish
1994:Shark
1805:S2CID
1542:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1051:S2CID
993:(PDF)
820:4 May
503:sperm
458:squid
423:mysid
251:trawl
4988:OBIS
4952:NCBI
4926:ITIS
4887:GBIF
4848:BOLD
4374:Veal
4357:Pork
4352:Lamb
4347:Goat
4342:Fish
4332:Beef
4170:PΓ’tΓ©
4111:Chop
4076:Aged
4001:Ants
3963:Seal
3923:Crab
3918:Clam
3874:Tuna
3854:Swai
3849:Sole
3824:Pike
3734:Carp
3729:Bass
3724:Basa
3711:Fish
3699:Wolf
3669:Hare
3619:Boar
3609:Bear
3591:Game
3571:Veal
3566:Pork
3541:Frog
3521:Goat
3491:Beef
3448:Rhea
3418:Duck
3392:Meat
2794:Crab
2756:Tuna
2681:Carp
2658:Fish
2548:coho
2476:Carp
2292:Crab
2231:Carp
2171:sole
2094:Shad
2004:Tuna
1967:Wild
1897:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1744:2006
1719:2017
1694:2017
1633:link
1563:link
1482:2017
1456:2017
1430:2017
1369:2017
1255:link
1237:OCLC
1227:ISBN
1202:OCLC
1192:ISBN
1167:OCLC
1157:ISBN
1111:2020
1043:ISSN
1004:2017
887:link
822:2024
814:2015
745:and
665:The
495:eggs
452:and
436:and
382:and
345:gill
329:anus
327:and
217:and
199:The
4939:NBN
4879:334
4861:CoL
4835:AFD
4822:ADW
4362:Ham
4192:Ham
4141:Dum
3891:and
3754:Eel
3744:Cod
3694:Dog
3664:Rat
3634:Fox
3604:Bat
3576:Yak
3526:Dog
3516:Cat
3423:Emu
3042:Roe
2696:Eel
2691:Cod
2264:Eel
2129:Cod
1845:doi
1797:doi
1296:doi
1035:doi
1023:109
970:doi
926:doi
854:160
499:oil
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